RU2160697C2 - Method for controlling shape of synthesized particles and producing materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures (alternatives) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: nanotechnology and highly dispersed materials including those containing metal. SUBSTANCE: method used for developing and producing functional components for electronic and electrical engineering, optical and nonlinear systems and devices, magnetooptic systems, as well as for designing new components for magnetic memory and magnetic data media, producing colloid particles for magnetorheologic and electrorheologic liquids, and also for biomedicine from materials containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures involves synthesizing particles and shaping nanostructures; novelty is that particle synthesizing and nanostructure shaping processes are conducted under effect of external electric field or external electric and magnetic fields. Subjected to impact of external dc and/or ac electric fields are additional stages chosen from group that includes shaping of system of source chemical agents and compounds controlling particle synthesis and stabilization processes, particle concentration variation stage, particle extraction stage, stage of particle inclusion in compound being polymerized, particle orientation stage, stage of shaping oriented and ordered particle ensembles and/or elongated nanostructures, material polymerization and curing stage; area wherein particle and/or nanostructure synthesis and/or nanostructure processes occur may include liquid, condensed, and/or gas phases and their interface, or solid-state surface, or areas of porous material. EFFECT: improved effectiveness of controlling shape and orientation of particles being synthesized and provision for producing elongated linear nanostructures. 52 cl, 5 dwg, 1 ex

Description

 The invention relates to nanotechnology and to highly dispersed materials, in particular to metal-containing materials, metal polymers and thin-film magnetic materials, in particular magnetic materials, and can be used to develop functional elements in electronics, electrical engineering, in optical and nonlinear optical systems and magneto-optical devices systems, as well as to create new elements of magnetic memory and magnetic information carriers, to obtain colloidal particles for magneto- and electro-rheology eskih liquids as well as for biomedical applications.

State of the art
Dispersed condensed and liquid materials, including inorganic, including metal-containing, micro- and nanoparticles, are widely used in technology. Such materials include, in particular, magneto-and electrorheological liquids. Metal polymers, for example, are used as electrically conductive adhesives, sealants, protective coatings and screens to protect against various environmental factors (corrosion, electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation), for the manufacture of parts and elements of various mechanisms and devices. Magnetic thin-film materials are mainly used as carriers of information recorded in a magnetic way. As a rule, the composition of such materials includes magnetic micro- and nanoparticles localized in an organic polymer matrix.

 The properties of the material, including metal-containing particles, strongly depend on the nature of the metal, the shape and size of the particles, the orientation and location of the particles in the structure of the material.

So, for the manufacture of magnetic recording materials, such as magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, ferromagnetic particles (for example, particles of iron oxide γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ or barium ferrite BaO (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) ₆ ) dispersed in a binder polymer matrix are traditionally used. Magnetic particles are obtained, as a rule, by mechanical grinding of a bulk ferromagnetic material in a ball mill in the presence of the necessary stabilizing reagents, as well as by chemical synthesis, for example, in the decomposition of organometallic compounds or as a result of redox reactions. The quality of the resulting magnetic coating is determined by such parameters as surface smoothness and mechanical strength, degree of magnetic orientation, coercive force, etc. Ferromagnetic particles that are part of the dispersed material tend to form aggregates. The prevention of such aggregation is necessary to reduce the effective size of the magnetic particles of the material and increase the uniformity of the material, which is important to increase the density of magnetic recording and improve the quality of the magnetic material. To reduce the aggregation of magnetic particles, special stabilizing compounds (polymeric or surfactants) are usually introduced into the composition of the material, as a result of which a monomolecular shell of organic molecules is formed for each particle, which prevents the aggregation of magnetic particles. For traditional technologies for producing magnetic coatings, the volumetric content of particles in the material does not exceed 20-30% and cannot be increased more due to restrictions on the rheological properties of the initial liquid dispersed material from the technologies used. The liquid magnetic material deposited on a solid-state substrate is oriented by an external magnetic field and polymerized. The magnetic coating can then be machined to reduce its thickness and increase surface smoothness. Additional coatings can be applied to the surface to improve the mechanical properties of the material.

A known method of producing a thin-film magnetic material containing inorganic ferromagnetic microparticles (USSR copyright certificate N 1608210, A1, int. Class G 11 B 5/68). This method is used to obtain magnetic coatings for magnetic recording media (magnetic tapes and magnetic disks). The known method consists in the preliminary creation of ferromagnetic microparticles (average particle size of 0.3-0.4 microns) by grinding in a ball mill bulk magnetic material (γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ ) in the presence of a number of compounds added to stabilize and disperse the ferromagnetic particles polymerization of the magnetic material and imparting the necessary mechanical properties to the magnetic coating. Then the suspension containing the magnetic microparticles is filtered, applied to the mylar base, solidified at 120 ^° C. and as a result a thin magnetic coating is obtained.

 The disadvantage of this method is that the size, size heterogeneity and shape of the magnetic microparticles are determined by the limitations of the methods and conditions of their preparation used in the known method, in particular by grinding in a ball mill. There are limitations in the minimum size of such microparticles - about 0.3 microns. The shape of the resulting particles is uncontrollable in the process of their production. The known method includes a number of time-consuming and lengthy stages, which makes it relatively expensive and inefficient. In a known manner it is impossible to obtain a two-dimensional planar system of oriented magnetic particles (monolayer) of anisotropic shape with a narrow distribution of particles by their size. The material obtained in this way can only be a bulk polymer dispersed material.

 Methods are also known for producing metal-containing particles and films by decomposing the starting organometallic and coordination compounds (for example, metal carbonyls) under the influence of external influences, such as chemical reduction, heating, ultrasonic exposure, or irradiation, in a solvent with organic and polymeric components.

One of the closest technical solutions to the claimed method is a method for producing magnetic iron particles in accordance with US patent N 3281344, (int. C. C 08 J 3/28, C 08 K 3/22), in which inorganic magnetic iron-containing particles are obtained by decomposing molecules of organometallic compounds such as iron carbonyls, in particular iron pentacarbonyl. Iron particles ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm in this method are obtained by decomposing an organo-iron compound by electromagnetic radiation or by heating in the presence of an inert solvent, polymer, and small organic additives. The resulting dispersed iron particles exist in the form of a colloidal suspension in an inert solvent. The solvent used is characterized by a dielectric constant in the range of 1.7-20 and should be inert with respect to the starting reagents and reaction products. Inert hydrocarbons and, especially, aromatic hydrocarbons with a carbon number of 6 to 16 are preferred. The properties of a material containing particles obtained in this way (coercive force, particle size and uniformity of particle size distribution) can be improved by incorporating the initial reaction mixtures of special additives in an amount of from 0.05% to 5%. As such additives, low molecular weight compounds such as ethers and esters, ketones and their sulfur-containing analogues were used. Each formed particle is surrounded by a polymer shell, which serves as a buffer layer that prevents particles from sticking together and the formation of multiparticle aggregates. Derivatives of methacrylate, in particular polyhexyl methacrylate, were used as polymers. As a rule, particles in the bulk of the material form ordered structures in the form of chains, both linear and cyclic. The weight of the metal is usually from 0.5% to 5% (maximum 10%) of the weight of the entire composition. To decompose iron carbonyls during the formation of nanoparticles, this method provides for exposure to the initial mixture with electromagnetic radiation or heating to temperatures in the range from 110 ^o C to 225 ^o C. The coercive force of the resulting bulk material was about 300 E.

 The disadvantages of the above method include the impossibility of obtaining in this way a two-dimensional planar system of magnetic particles (monolayer) with a narrow distribution of particles by their size. The material obtained in this way can only be a bulk polymer dispersed material. The shape of the particles obtained in this way is close to spherical and cannot be changed during the preparation of the material.

 It is known that the action of an external magnetic field on a liquid material containing colloidal magnetic particles (magnetic fluid) leads to the formation of ordered linear field-oriented chain structures of such particles [Silva AS, Wirtz D. Dominant diffusing mode in the self-similar phase separation of a magnetic suspension in a magnetic field, Langmuir, 1998, v. l4, p. 578-581]. The polymerization of such a material in a state where magnetic particles form spatially ordered structures makes it possible to obtain materials with an anisotropic structure and, accordingly, anisotropic properties, in particular, conductivity. So, one of the closest technical solutions to the claimed method is the method of producing films and coatings having anisotropic conductivity, in accordance with US patent N 5851644 (int. CL 32 V 7/02, 32 V 5/16, H 01 1/06, H 01 C 1/06), in which the polymerizable liquid dispersed material (magnetic fluid, including colloidal magnetic particles and electrically conductive particles, forming ordered ensembles under the action of an external magnetic field in the liquid state of the material) is cured by an external magnetic field what about provides fixation of the spatially ordered arrangement of particles in the material and anisotropy of the conductive properties of the material. Such materials with anisotropic conductivity are used in the electronics industry. The disadvantages of the above method include the impossibility of obtaining in this way a two-dimensional planar system of magnetic particles (monolayer) with a narrow distribution of particles by their size. The disadvantages of the above method is that the size, size heterogeneity and shape of the magnetic and conductive particles used are determined by the limitations of the methods and conditions of their preliminary preparation. The shape and composition of the magnetic particles used in this method is not controlled during their preparation and cannot be changed during the formation of a thin-film coating.

It is known that the action of an external magnetic field on the initial reagents used in the synthesis of magnetic particles can significantly improve the chemical and particle size uniformity of the resulting particles. So, close to the claimed method, the technical solution is a method for producing barium ferrite powder in accordance with the patent of the Russian Federation N 2022716 (int. CL B 22 F 9/16, H 01 F 1/11), in which the main ferrite-forming component of the initial reaction mixture - iron oxide of the γ phase (γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ ) is pre-treated with a pulsed magnetic field with a strength of 0.1-3 T. As a result of this treatment, significant magnetostrictive deformations occur and the chemical activity of iron oxide increases, as a result of which the characteristic size of the obtained barium ferrite crystallites of a hexagonal shape decreases (up to 0.1 μm), and the chemical and particle size uniformity of the obtained particles also increases. The difference between the aforementioned invention and the inventive method is that in the aforementioned method, a magnetic field acts on the reactants before the synthesis of magnetic particles begins. Moreover, the above method does not allow to vary the hexagonal shape of the synthesized particles of barium ferrite.

 The simultaneous action of an electric and magnetic field on a suspension of colloidal particles having both magnetic and electric dipole moments provides an additional useful effect associated with a controlled change in the macroscopic mechanical properties of such a suspension. So, one of the closest technical solutions to the claimed method is a method for producing and using a magnetoelectric fluid, in which magnetorheological and electrorheological effects are manifested simultaneously with the simultaneous action of an electric and magnetic field on it, in accordance with US patent N 5523157 (Int. Cl. B 32 B 5/16), in which the liquid dispersed material includes colloidal conductive ferromagnetic particles, the surface of which is coated with an electrically insulating layer, suspended in heating solvent. Magnetoelectroheological fluid similar in properties is also described in US patent N 5714084 (int. Class C 10 M 171/00; C 10 M 169/04; H 01 F 001/44). In this invention, the magnetoelectric fluid is a suspension of particles that have a magnetic core enclosed in an electrically conductive shell. The surface of such particles is coated with a layer of surfactant, and the particles are suspended in an electrically insulating liquid. With the simultaneous action of external electric and magnetic fields on a magnetoelectroheological fluid, stronger and more rapid changes in its rheological mechanical properties (due to the formation of ordered oriented linear chain aggregates of particles) occur as compared to changes that occur in such a fluid under the influence of only a magnetic or only electric field. The difference between the above inventions and the claimed method is that in them the electric and magnetic fields simultaneously act on the system of previously obtained stabilized colloidal particles, while the individual particles do not undergo changes under the influence of external fields.

 Trends in the development of information recording and storage systems are characterized by a steady increase in the recording density of information on the information carrier. To increase the magnetic recording density of information when using the traditional longitudinal recording method, it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the magnetic recording coating and reduce the size of the magnetic particles in it. In the limit, this is a monolayer of magnetic particles and a further increase in the recording density is due to the possibility of reducing the size of magnetic particles, and an increase in the density of their packing in a monolayer.

Closest to the claimed method, the technical solution is a method for producing a thin-film magnetic coating (US patent N 4333961; nats. C. 427/13; int. C. B 05 D 1/04). The coating obtained in accordance with this method is a monolayer of magnetically oriented magnetic particles uniformly distributed in the coating material, while the thickness of the magnetic layer is limited only by the diameter of the magnetic particles used. To implement the invention, industrially produced ferromagnetic particles of γ-Fe ₂ O _{3 with a} size of ~ 100 nm were used. In accordance with this method, the initial particles of γ-Fe ₂ O _{3 were} dispersed in a HCl solution to ensure separation of aggregated particles. Then, the pH of the solution was adjusted to a value of 3.5 and it was mixed with a colloidal solution containing an excess amount of silica particles (SiO ₂ ) with a diameter of 7 nm at the same pH value. At this pH, the γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ particles are positively charged, and the silica particles are negatively charged. As a result of adsorption of silica particles on the surface of iron oxide particles, a dispersion was obtained consisting of γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ particles coated with a layer of silica particles. The surface of the obtained particles was negatively charged. The process of forming a magnetic coating on a substrate in this invention is based on the electrostatic interaction of charged magnetic particles with an oppositely charged surface of the substrate in an aqueous environment. In this case, the magnetic particles are oriented under the action of an external magnetic field until they are adsorbed onto the substrate surface. Since particles of the same name repel each other, as a result of their adsorption, a monolayer of individual non-aggregated magnetic particles is formed on the surface of the substrate. To increase the magnetic signal of the information carrier obtained in this way, a new active adsorbing layer can be applied to the formed layer of magnetic particles, and the process of adsorption of magnetic particles can be repeated. As a result, it is possible to form a multilayer magnetic structure in which the magnetic layers can have the same or different coercive force. To stabilize the obtained monolayer of magnetic particles and give the surface of the magnetic layer the necessary mechanical properties, additional coatings are made of polymerizable materials, such as epoxy compounds, polyurethanes. For their polymerization, the entire system is subjected to the necessary heat treatment. Then the surface of the coating is machined mechanically (polished) to achieve the necessary evenness and reduce defects.

 The disadvantage of the above method is that the size, size heterogeneity and shape of the magnetic particles used are determined by the limitations of the methods and conditions of their preparation, in particular by grinding in a ball mill. There are restrictions on the minimum size of such particles. The shape and composition of the magnetic particles used in this method is not controlled during their production and cannot be controlled in a controlled manner during the formation of a thin-film monolayer magnetic coating. The minimum distance between particles in the material is ~ 14 nm, which prevents them from denser packing in the material.

To date, using traditional longitudinal magnetic recording technology, a recording density of about 5 • 10 ⁹ bit / sq. Inch has already been achieved. With such a recording density, the size of the disk surface area per one bit of information is about 1.2 x 0.104 microns. It is considered possible to achieve a recording density of 10 • 10 ⁹ bit / sq. Inch using traditional longitudinal recording technology. In this case, one “bit” will occupy an area of 1 x 0.07 μm, and the film thickness will be 30 nm [Awschalom DD, DiVincenzo DP, Complex dynamics of mesoscopic magnets. Physics Today, 1995, V. 48, N 4, p. 43-48]. A further increase in the recording density using this technology encounters problems caused by the effects of thermally induced relaxation of the residual magnetization, the mutual influence of neighboring “bits” and internal demagnetizing fields, and a decrease in the value of the useful signal with respect to noise and distortions produced by the environment. As a result, information recorded in this way will be relatively quickly lost over time or may not be recorded at all.

 To further increase the recording density, magnetic recording materials are developed in which information is recorded by magnetizing the magnetic coating perpendicularly (or at a right angle) to its surface. With this recording method, the volume of magnetic particles and, accordingly, the magnetic energy can be increased by increasing the thickness of the magnetic coating (and, accordingly, the effective volume of the magnetic material) while decreasing the diameter of vertically oriented magnetic particles. As a result, the problem of thermal destabilization of recorded information can be overcome [Simonds J.L., Magnetoelectronics today and tomorrow, Physics Today, 1995, V. 48, No. 4, p.p. 26-32]. With this method of magnetic recording, it is important that the layer of recording magnetic material possesses significant perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Such a recording layer is applied to a soft magnetic layer localized on a solid-state substrate.

 A further increase in the information recording density means a further decrease in the physical sizes of the areas corresponding to one bit of the recorded information. In this regard, the question arises about the possibility of using an individual single-domain particle for recording and storing one bit of information.

 As a rule, magnetic particles with sizes of ~ 100 nm or more are multi-domain. With a decrease in particle size, a situation arises when more than one domain cannot exist in a particle, and such particles are called single domain or subdomain. The magnetic properties of single-domain particles are determined by the interaction of their magnetic moments with an external field. Factors determining the coercive force of magnetic particles are: crystalline and surface anisotropy, anisotropy of shape, stress, and exchange interactions. In this regard, it is important to develop methods for controlling the shape of magnetic particles and obtaining anisotropic oriented magnetic particles in order to improve the magnetic properties of materials containing such particles.

A decrease in the volume of a magnetic particle and a corresponding decrease in its magnetic energy compared to kT inevitably leads to the so-called superparamagnetic state of the particle, when thermal energy or quantum effects destabilize the residual magnetization of an individual single-domain particle and exclude the possibility of maintaining oriented magnetization of such a particle in the absence of an external field [Awschalom DD , DiVincenzo. DP, Complex dynamics of mesoscopic magnets. Physics Today, 1995, V. 48, N 4, pp 43-48]. To overcome the superparamagnetic limit of reducing the size of single-domain particles, it is proposed to use ordered ensembles of interacting magnetic nanoparticles with useful collective magnetic properties [Simonds JL, Magnetoelectronics today and tomorrow. Physics Today, 1995, V. 48, N 4, pp 26-32]. Achieving a recording density of 100 • 10 ⁹ bit / sq. Inch will require reducing the area of one bit on the disk surface to 80x80 nm. It is assumed that the magnetic medium for such a high recording density can be a system of vertically oriented chains of single-domain particles [Simonds JL, Magnetoeloctronics today and tomorrow. Physics Today, 1995, V.48, N 4, pp 26-32].

 With a decrease in the size of magnetic particles, the ratio of their surface area to volume inevitably increases. It is known that the magnetic properties of surface layers often differ significantly from the properties of the bulk phase of a magnetic material [Awschalom D.D., DiVincenzo D.P., Complex dynamics of mesoscopic magnets. Physics Today, 1995, V. 48, N 4, p. 43-48; Dowben, P. A., Mellroy, D. N., "Surface magnetism of the lanthanides", Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 24, ed. by K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. and L. Eyring, Elsevier Science, New York 1997, p.p. 1-46]. It is even possible to obtain an extremely thin magnetic medium (the thickness of the magnetic layer corresponds to the size of one metal atom), magnetic ordering in which is observed at temperatures above the Curie temperature of the corresponding bulk metal [Bor Ya., Gudoshnikov S. A., Koksharov Yu.A., Snigirev O .V., Tishin A.M. and Khomutov G.B. International application PCT / RU97 / 00150, international publication W098 / 10442 of 03/12/98.]. In this regard, it is important to develop methods for controlling the composition and surface properties of synthesized particles.

 Electronics development trends are also characterized by a decrease in the characteristic sizes of functional elements and the development of semiconductor devices [Alivisatos AR, Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, Science, 1996, vol. 271, P.933-937.] And cluster nanostructures [Gubin S. P., Kolesov V.V., Soldatov E.S., Trifonov A.S., Yakovenko S.A., Khanin V.V. and Khomutov G. B., Tunneling device and method of producing a tunneling device, PCT International Patent WO 97/36333, Application PCT / RU97 / 00082, 02 October 1997].

 From the foregoing, the need arises to create new materials containing ordered semiconductor systems that conduct, in particular, metal and magnetic nanoparticles, methods for controlling the shape, size, structure, composition and orientation of such nanoparticles, creating stable two-dimensional and linear one-dimensional nanoparticle systems, as well as the corresponding mono- and multilayer systems, which is the task of the invention.

 The inventive method provides a solution to a number of technological problems in producing anisotropic and oriented nanoparticles and nanostructures.

 The technical result of the invention is the ability to effectively control the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles and also to obtain extended linear nanostructures.

Disclosure of Invention
The inventive method for controlling the shape of synthesized particles and obtaining materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and linear extended nanostructures is based on studies of the physicochemical processes of the formation of nanoparticles and nanostructures under the action of external magnetic and electric fields. In the present method, the reaction of nucleation and growth of particles, the processes of their orientation, the formation of ordered ensembles of particles and linear extended nanostructures are carried out under the influence of external electric or electric and magnetic fields. Particle growth and orientation processes are controlled by external electric and magnetic fields and by varying the state of the reaction medium.

 In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling the shape of synthesized particles and manufacturing materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, including preparing a reaction mixture and carrying out particle synthesis and nanostructure formation processes, characterized in that the processes of particle synthesis and nanostructure formation are carried out under action of an external electric field.

 Particle synthesis and nanostructure formation processes are carried out in a medium in which the dielectric constant is lower than in the material of synthesized particles and nanostructures.

 In the proposed method, additionally carried out stages selected from the group including: the stage of stabilization of particles, the stage of changing the concentration of particles, the stage of extraction of particles, the stage of inclusion of particles in the polymerizable composition, the stage of orientation of particles, the stage of formation of oriented ordered ensembles of particles and / or extended nanostructures , the stage of polymerization and curing of the material, with additional stages, as well as the stage of preparation of the reaction mixture, including the formation of the initial system reagents and compounds that regulate the processes of synthesis and stabilization of particles are carried out under the action of external homogeneous or inhomogeneous electric fields, and the intensities, directions of these external fields, the duration and time intervals of their action are regulated to control the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles, while the region in which processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures occur, may include liquid, condensed, and / or gas phases and their interface, or solid state surface, or cavities porous material.

 In the proposed method, nonuniform and alternating electric fields, for example, pulsed, can be used.

 The processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures can be carried out in several stages, which vary in duration, temperature, and also the magnitude of the intensity of these external fields. In particular, the synthesis processes of extended nanostructures are carried out in two stages, in this case, discrete nanoparticles are formed at the first stage, and oriented extended nanostructures are synthesized by increasing the temperature under the influence of these external fields.

 If the region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them are in the gas atmosphere, then the necessary composition of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them is provided.

 The proposed method may include additional stages, which consist in the sequential formation of one layer of material on another layer, while in the material layers can be formed that do not contain particles and / or nanostructures and obtained by known methods, resulting in a multilayer structure, with the composition, the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can be the same or different.

 The initial reagents are initially deposited on the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, while particles and / or nanostructures are synthesized in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid-gas phase interface at a certain compression ratio monolayer.

 In this case, a change in the degree of compression and transfer of a monolayer containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures to a solid-state substrate is carried out under the influence of external electric fields.

 The number of monolayers deposited on a solid-state substrate and containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures is N, and the total total number of monolayers of a surfactant deposited on a substrate is K, with K ≥ N ≥ 1, and the composition and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers may be different.

 If the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase, a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants is formed at the liquid-gas phase interface, then the solid-state substrate is immersed in the liquid phase with the Langmuir monolayer of the reaction mixture located on the surface of the liquid phase, and the monomolecular is transferred layer of the reaction mixture on a solid-state substrate, while repeating the procedure for transferring the Langmuir monolayer, the result is the number of molecules monolayers of the reaction mixture deposited on a solid-state substrate equal to F, and the total total number of monolayers of surfactants deposited on a substrate equal to Z, with Z ≥ F ≥ 1, while the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of oriented ordered ensembles of particles are produced in the reaction region, which is an ordered layered structure on the surface of a solid-state substrate.

 If the initial reagents are initially deposited on the surface of the liquid phase and are formed in the form of a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, then the synthesis of particles is carried out directly in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid-gas phase interface, then the monolayer is transferred containing components of the reaction mixture and synthesized particles on a solid-state substrate, while the number of monolayers deposited on the substrate and containing particles is equal to P and the total total number of surfactant monolayers deposited on the substrate is Q, with Q ≥ P ≥ 1, then, in the obtained monolayer or multilayer structure, the process of particle growth under the influence of external fields is initiated by varying the temperature.

 In this case, the liquid phase contains components that interact with the Langmuir monolayer.

 The liquid phase may contain metal ions, metal ion complexes and / or metal-containing compounds interacting with the Langmuir monolayer.

 The starting reagents can be applied to the surface of the aqueous subphase as a mixture with a surfactant in a volatile non-polar solvent.

If an initial metal-containing compound of the general formula M _m (L) _k is introduced into the starting reagent system, where M is a metal or several different metals, L is a ligand or several different ligands, then the resulting particles and extended nanostructures are metal-containing or metallic.

The formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures can be carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of external physical, chemical influences and / or their combinations.

The formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures can be carried out by thermal decomposition of the starting metal or metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k ; by decomposing the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of radiations of various nature, for example, under the influence of electromagnetic radiation or under the action of irradiation with ultraviolet light.

A metal carbonyl compound, in particular iron pentacarbonyl Fe (CO) _{5, is} used as the starting metal-containing compound M _m (L) _k .

 The reaction mixture may additionally contain polymerizable compounds, as well as additives that determine the properties of the resulting material.

 After the synthesis of particles and / or extended nanostructures and their orientation is completed, polymerization and / or curing of the material is carried out.

 The area in which the polymerization and / or curing of the material is carried out may be exposed to electric fields.

 A material containing synthesized particles and nanostructures can additionally be coated with a protective layer.

 When a solid-state substrate is used for the manufacture of materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, a layer of another material, for example, a layer of soft magnetic material, is preliminarily formed on it.

 According to a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for controlling the shape of synthesized particles and manufacturing materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, including preparing a reaction mixture and carrying out processes of particle synthesis and nanostructure formation, characterized in that the processes of particle synthesis and nanostructure formation are carried out under the influence of external electric and magnetic fields.

 In this case, the processes of synthesis and formation of particles and nanostructures are carried out in a medium in which the values of permittivity and magnetic permeability are lower than in the material of the synthesized particles and nanostructures.

 According to the second embodiment of the invention, in the same way as in the first embodiment, steps selected from the group including the step of stabilizing particles, the step of changing the concentration of particles, the step of extracting particles, the step of incorporating particles into the polymerizable composition, the step of orienting the particles, and the step of the formation of oriented ordered ensembles of particles and / or extended nanostructures, the stage of polymerization and curing of the material, with additional stages, as well as the stage of preparation I of the reaction mixture, including the formation of a system of starting reagents and compounds that regulate the processes of synthesis and stabilization of particles, is carried out under the action of external homogeneous or inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields, and the intensities, directions of these external fields, the duration and time intervals of their action are regulated to control the shape and the orientation of the synthesized particles, while the region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures occur may include liquid, condensed and / or g zovuyu phase and their interface, or a solid surface or cavities of the porous material.

 According to a second embodiment of the invention, inhomogeneous and alternating electric and magnetic fields, for example pulsed, are used.

 The region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them, located in the gas atmosphere, provide the necessary composition of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them.

 As in the first embodiment, the method according to the second embodiment may include additional stages, which consist in sequentially forming one layer of material on another layer, while layers that do not contain particles and / or nanostructures and are obtained by known methods can be formed in the material, as a result of which a multilayer structure is obtained, while the composition, shape and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can be the same or differ in a given way.

 The requirements for the starting reagents and the conditions for the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures, which is carried out in a Langmuir monolayer at the liquid-gas phase interface with a certain degree of compression of the monolayer, are the same as in the first embodiment.

 Since the synthesis of particles, as well as all or some of the above stages, is carried out under the influence of external electric and / or magnetic fields, the conditions for the process of particle synthesis, including its duration, temperature, intensity of external magnetic and electric fields, duration and time the intervals of their action vary over a wide range in such a way that provides the possibility of effective control of the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles, as well as obtaining extended x linear nanostructures.

 In the case of the synthesis of metal-containing particles in the absence of external fields, the resulting particles can have a different shape, due, in particular, to the structural features of their crystal lattice, the state, composition and structure of the reaction medium in which they are synthesized, etc. So, for example, in the aforementioned patent of the Russian Federation N 2022716 describes the synthesis of anisotropic crystallites of barium ferrite lamellar hexagonal shape. At the same time, the aforementioned US patent N 3281344 describes the synthesis of magnetic iron particles having a shape close to isotropic spherical. In the absence of external fields, we obtained isotropic flat disk-shaped particles of iron and cobalt in the synthesis process at the interface between the water and gas phases (Fig. 1). Under the action of external magnetic and electric fields, as a result of the same synthesis reaction, strongly anisotropic elongated particles and extended metal nanostructures are formed (Figs. 2–6), which retain their shape after the termination of the external field. This indicates that the shape anisotropy of the synthesized particles is due to the influence of external fields on the kinetics of particle growth processes.

где U_xi - энергия дальнодействующего межчастичного взаимодействия (в частности, дипольдипольного магнитного и электростатического), n_i - объемная концентрация частиц типа i, k_xi = k₀ ^xi exp(-E_a ^xi/kT) - истинная константа скорости бимолекулярной реакции реагентов x и i, E_a ^xi - энергия активации, представляющая собой энергетический барьер, который необходимо преодолеть взаимодействующим частицам x и i типов для эффективной коалесценции. E_a ^xi является аддитивной функцией и включает компоненты, определяющие вероятность эффективной коалесценции взаимодействующих частиц (например, присутствие слоя поверхностно-активных веществ на поверхности частиц, препятствующего коалесценции). k_xi ^D = 4πD_xir_xi ^* представляет собой константу скорости диффузионно-контролируемой реакции, характеризующую диффузионные ограничения скорости реакции роста частиц, D_xi = (D_x + D_i), где D_i - коэффициент трансляционной диффузии реагента типа i, r_xi ^* является эффективным геометрическим параметром, зависящим от межчастичных взаимодействий:

где r_xi - эффективный радиус частиц (для сферических частиц r_xi = r_x + r_i, где r_i - радиус частицы типа i). В простейшем случае в первом приближении наблюдаемая мгновенная частота ν_xi эффективных столкновений индивидуальной частицы x со всеми частицами типа i может быть представлена в виде:
ν_xi ≅ ν_0,xiexp(-U_xi/kT); (1)
где U_xi - энергия дальнодействующего межчастичного взаимодействия (в частности, дипольдипольного магнитного и электростатического), ν_0,xi - частота эффективных столкновений индивидуальной частицы типа x с частицами типа i в отсутствие дальнодействующего межчастичного взаимодействия. Величина ν_x пропорциональна exp(-U_xi/kT), что в случае анизотропии межчастичного взаимодействия U_xi и при условии U_xi > kT обусловливает неодинаковость значений ν_xi при различной взаимной ориентации взаимодействующих частиц.The formation of such particles can be represented as an irreversible bimolecular reaction of the interaction of intermediate active intermediates (resulting from the decomposition, dissociation, or reduction of the initial metal-containing reagents) with each other with the formation of particle nuclei. Particle growth occurs as a result of effective bimolecular collisions of the formed particle nuclei with active intermediates and with each other, as a result of their aggregation. In the general case of bimolecular interaction of reagents of various types x and i, the observed instantaneous frequency ν _{xi of} effective collisions of an individual particle x with all particles of type i can be represented as:

where U _xi is the energy of long-range interparticle interaction (in particular, dipole dipole magnetic and electrostatic), n _i is the volume concentration of particles of type i, k _xi = k ₀ ^xi exp (-E _a ^xi / kT) is the true constant of the rate of the bimolecular reaction of the reactants x and i, E _a ^xi is the activation energy, which is an energy barrier that must be overcome by interacting particles of types x and i for effective coalescence. E _a ^xi is an additive function and includes components that determine the probability of effective coalescence of interacting particles (for example, the presence of a layer of surfactants on the surface of particles that prevents coalescence). k _xi ^D = 4πD _xi r _xi ^* is the diffusion-controlled reaction rate constant characterizing the diffusion restrictions of the particle growth reaction rate, D _xi = (D _x + D _i ), where D _i is the translational diffusion coefficient of the reagent type i, r _xi ^* is an effective geometric parameter depending on interparticle interactions:

where r _xi is the effective radius of the particles (for spherical particles, r _xi = r _x + r _i , where r _i is the radius of a particle of type i). In the simplest case, to a first approximation, the observed instantaneous frequency ν _{xi of} effective collisions of an individual particle x with all particles of type i can be represented as:
ν _xi ≅ ν _{0, xi} exp (-U _xi / kT); (1)
where U _xi is the energy of long-range interparticle interaction (in particular, dipole-dipole magnetic and electrostatic), ν _{0, xi} is the frequency of effective collisions of an individual particle of type x with particles of type i in the absence of long-range interparticle interaction. The value of ν _{x is} proportional to exp (-U _xi / kT), which, in the case of anisotropy of the interparticle interaction U _xi and under the condition U _xi > kT, makes the values of ν _xi different for different mutual orientations of the interacting particles.

The condition for anisotropic particle growth due to kinetic factors is the non-uniformity of the particle growth rate V _x for various directions fixed relative to the body and the particle surface. In the case of the same long-range anisotropic interaction between particles in the system, synthesis of anisotropic particles is possible if the frequency ν _{x of} effective collisions of a growing x-type particle with other particles and active intermediates is not the same for different parts of the particle surface. To fulfill this condition, it is necessary that ν _x be different for different directions in space relative to the particle’s body. In this case, the anisotropy of the shape of the synthesized particles depends on the ratio between the effective velocity ν _BP changes in the orientation of the particle’s body relative to the characteristic spatial directions of the anisotropy of the particle growth reaction rate and the maximum and minimum values of the anisotropic ν _x . The occurrence of anisotropy of the shape of the particles in this case becomes possible when the condition:
ν _bp <Δν _x ; (2)
where Δν _x - is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the anisotropic quantity ν _x . The anisotropy of the shape of the synthesized particles increases with decreasing ν _bp and the maximum possible anisotropy of the form in this reaction is achieved when ν _bp _ → 0.
It is known that with increasing particle concentration, the role of interparticle interactions increases. If the interacting particles have effective dipole moments, then the anisotropic forces of the dipole-dipole interaction act between them, the energy U _{d of} which has the meaning of U _xi in equation (1) and is equal to:
U _d = r ^-3 (d ₁ d ₂ ) - 3 (d ₁ , r) (d ₂ r) r ^-2 ]; (3)
where d ₁ is the dipole moment of the particle i, r is the distance between the dipoles (between the centers of the particles at their maximum approximation, if the particles have a spherical shape). The interaction energy of two identical particles due to the dipole-dipole interaction is of the order of d ² / r ³ , depending on the mutual orientation of the dipoles it takes positive and negative values and is significant for interparticle interaction when its value exceeds kT. Under these conditions, in accordance with equations (1) and (3), the dipole – dipole interaction of aggregating particles leads to strong spatial anisotropy of the particle growth rate, depending on the direction of their dipole moments. The probability of collision and aggregation of interacting particles with dipole moments is substantially anisotropic and maximum when the dipole moments of the approaching particles are equally directed and are on the same line. The anisotropy of the shape of the synthesized particles, due to the anisotropy of the interparticle dipole-dipole interaction, depends on the speed and anisotropy of the rotational motion of the particle and its dipole moment.

Significant for the proposed method, the effect of an external field on the shape of the synthesized particles is due to the interaction of the dipole moments of the synthesized particles between themselves and with external fields. The energy U _{H of the} dipole magnetic moment m in an external field H ₀ is equal to U _H = -mH ₀ cosϑ, whereϑ is the angle between the direction of the magnetic moment and the external field. The maximum magnetic moment m of a uniformly magnetized single-domain particle is m = J _s V, where J _s is the saturation magnetization of the particle material, V is the particle volume. Similarly, the energy of the electrostatic dipole p in the external field E ₀ is equal to U _E = -pE ₀ cosϑ. The conditions U _H >> kT and U _E >> kT, under which the magnetic and electric dipole moments of free particles are oriented strictly in the direction of the vector of the applied field strength, can easily be satisfied for small particles by a corresponding increase in the external field strength.

A characteristic property of colloidal particles with a significant dipole moment is the dependence of the gradient diffusion coefficients on the strength of the external homogeneous field (for an electrostatic dipole on the strength of the electric field, for a magnetic dipole on the strength of the magnetic field, respectively) and the anisotropic nature of diffusion in the external field. The mobility of such particles becomes a tensor quantity. It is known, for example, that in magnetic fluids, which are a suspension of stabilized colloidal single-domain magnetic particles, the coefficient of translational diffusion of particles along the direction of the external magnetic field increases significantly, and decreases in the transverse field [Morozov K.I., Colloid Journal, 1998, vol. 60, N 2, p. 222-226]. As a result, the rate of a bimolecular reaction involving particles with a dipole moment in an external field is also substantially anisotropic. The condition of anisotropic particle growth in this case has the form ν _r <Δν _x , where ν _r is the effective rate of change in the orientation of the particle body relative to the direction of the external field, equal to:
ν _r = ν _r0 exp (-ΔU / kT); (4)
where ν _r0 = 2D _r is the characteristic velocity of the Brownian rotational motion of the particle, D _r is the coefficient of rotational diffusion of the particle, ΔU is the energy barrier that must be overcome to change the orientation of the particle body relative to the direction of the external field (coinciding with the direction of the dipole moment of the particle) to the opposite. The rotational diffusion coefficient of a spherical particle D _r (D _r = kT / 8πR ³ η, where η is the viscosity of the medium, R is the particle radius) sharply decreases with increasing particle size, which leads to a slowdown in its isotropic rotation. Particles anisotropic in shape perform the corresponding strongly anisotropic rotational motion, due to the dependence of the viscous resistance of the medium to the rotation of the particle on its shape. The localization of particles at the phase boundary (for example, on the surface of an aqueous phase or a solid-state substrate) and the presence of a stabilizing molecular layer on their surface also leads to restrictions on rotational diffusion.

The non-spherical anisotropic nature of the dipole-dipole interaction of particles under the condition | U _d | > kT leads to the appearance of the distinguished configurations of the energetically favorable spatial arrangement of particles with a dipole moment — chain clusters. For | U _d | <kT the thermal motion of particles prevents the formation of
chain aggregates and clusters. Such chain aggregates are characteristic, for example, of a single-domain magnetic particle system (they are described, for example, in the aforementioned US patent N 3281344). In the absence of an external magnetic field, the average length of the chains is small and they are randomly oriented. In sufficiently strong external magnetic fields, the magnetic dipole moments of the particles are oriented along the field and for | U _{d, m} | > kT particles quickly form tightly packed chains parallel to the field and penetrating through the entire volume of the particle suspension, the chains in turn aggregate to form dense “columns” oriented along the field [Silva AS, Wirtz D. Dominant diffusing mode in the self-similar phase separation of a magnetic suspension in a magnetic field, Langmuir, 1998, v. l4, p. 578-581]. Similar phenomena of the rapid formation of linear field-oriented aggregates of colloidal particles with an electric dipole moment under the influence of a sufficiently strong external electric field are observed in electrorheological liquids [Halsey, TS, Electrorheological Fluids, Science, 1992, v. 258 p. 761-766]. This effect corresponds to a selective change in the magnitude and anisotropy of the observed interaction rate constant of relatively large particles reaching a certain size (for which | U _d |> kT. Moreover, since the dipole moments of such particles are oriented along the field in the presence of a sufficiently strong external field, their effective collisions and the resulting growth in accordance with equations (1) - (3) will occur along the lines of force of the external field.

As noted above, the anisotropy of the translational diffusion of particles with a dipole moment and the spatial anisotropy of the particle growth reaction rate can be ensured by the creation of the corresponding external magnetic and electric fields and the fulfillment of the condition | U _d | > kT. The anisotropy of a particle’s rotation and its orientation in an external field can be due to the anisotropy of the shape of the growing particle and the dependence of the total free energy U of the particle on its size, shape and orientation relative to the direction of the external field. A particle in an external field is affected by the moment of forces M = ∂U / ∂φ, where φ is the angle characterizing the orientation of the particle in space (for example, the direction of a certain characteristic distinguished axis of the particle relative to the direction of the external field), U is the total free energy of the particle.

For particles whose dipole moment direction is effectively fixed relative to the particle body due to a sufficiently large value of the anisotropy energy barrier Δ U, the orientation of the dipole moment by an external field means a certain spatial orientation of the particle itself. In the case of particles whose dipole moment is induced by an external field, when the direction of the external field does not coincide with the axis of symmetry of such an ellipsoidal particle, an additional force moment acts on the particle due to the difference in the directions of the induced dipole moment of the particle (magnetization in the case of magnetic particles, polarization in the case of dielectric and conductive particles ) and an applied external field, which seeks to orient the particle with the axis of symmetry in the direction of the field. In the general case, the equilibrium orientation of a particle in an external field is determined by the condition ∂U / ∂φ = 0.
It is known that the magnitude of the demagnetization coefficient of a magnet having an elongated ellipsoidal shape is minimal along the long axis of symmetry of the ellipsoid (and tends to 0 with its infinite elongation). The dependence of the energy of a magnetic particle on its shape is clearly illustrated by the known effects of the influence of an external magnetic field on the shape of a liquid magnet (magnetic fluid). A spherical drop of magnetic fluid under the action of a uniform external magnetic field takes an elongated ellipsoidal shape and is oriented by a long axis along the direction of the external field. Thus, the minimum magnetostatic energy of an amorphous magnetic particle in an external magnetic field corresponds to just such its orientation, while the value of this energy U _N (and, accordingly, the chemical potential) will be less for particles having a more elongated shape (and, accordingly, a smaller value demagnetization coefficient). This leads to the fact that the formation of anisotropic elongated oriented amorphous magnetic particles in an external magnetic field is energetically beneficial. It is known, for example, that during the synthesis of magnetic iron particles in an external magnetic field anisotropic elongated particles are obtained [Prozorov T., Prozorov R., Koltypin Yu., Felner I., Gedanken A., Sonochemistry under an applied magnetic field: determining the shape of a magnetic particle, J. Phys. Chem. B, V. 102, 1998, pp. 10165-10168; Cain JL, Nikies DE, Preparation of acicular iron nanoparticles by reduction of ferrous salt in the presence of tubular lecithin assemblies, J. Appl. Phys. V.79, 1996, PP.4860-4862]. The limited influence of the external magnetic field on the anisotropic growth of magnetic particles is due to the fact that the maximum changes in the magnitude of the magnetocrystalline energy are U _K (U _K = KVsin ² Θ, where K is the magnetic anisotropy constant, V is the particle volume, Θ is the angle between the directions of the easy magnetization axis and the magnetic moment of the particle, ΔU _K = KV) and the magnetostatic energy U _N (U _N = 1/2 μ ₀ VJ • N • J, where J is the magnetization of the particle material, N is the demagnetization coefficient tensor. ΔU _N = 1 / 2μ ₀ VJ ² (N ₂ -N ₁₎ where N ₁ and N ₂ - demagnetization coefficients along the minor large ellipsoid axes (apparently for a spherical particle ΔU _N = 0) the particles occurring when varying the orientation of the particle body with respect to the direction of its dipole moment and which contribute to ΔU, a well U _{d, m} the saturation state of the magnetization does not depend on the intensity of the external field and determined properties of the particles themselves, such as saturation magnetization J _s , magnetic anisotropy constants, particle size and shape, and in the case of amorphous particles, U _K = 0.

Similar energy patterns also exist in the case of electrically polarized substances [Landau L. D., Lifshits E. M., Electrodynamics of continuous media / - M .: Nauka, 1992]. Unlike small single-domain magnetic particles having a constant intrinsic dipole magnetic moment, the induced dipole electric moment of polarized particles (consisting of a material having a significantly higher dielectric constant compared to the external environment in which the particles are located) is proportional to the strength of the external electric field. The interaction energy of the electric dipoles of the contacting particles induced by an external field U _{d, el} is determined by the polarizability of the particle material and is proportional to the particle volume and the square of the external field strength.

These effects of orientation and interaction of particles having dipole moments in an external field also directly apply to metallic electrically conductive particles. In the case of the direction of the coordinate axes along the axes of the conducting ellipsoid, its induced dipole moment in the external electrostatic field E ₀ has the projections P _i = ε ₀ E _oi V / N _i , where N _i is the depolarization coefficient along the i axis, depending only on the shape of the ellipsoid ( equal in magnitude to the demagnetization coefficient in the case of magnetic ellipsoids), V is the particle volume [Landau LD, Lifshits EM, Electrodynamics of continuous media. - M.: Science, 1992]. From these relations it is seen that the magnitude of the dipole moment and, accordingly, the decrease in the energy of an anisotropic metal particle in an external electric field, U _el = - (1/2) P • E _{0, is} greater for more elongated particles. The potential energy of a metal electrically conductive particle in an external field, depending on the shape of the particle, and the energy of the electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction U _{d, el of} such particles, in contrast to magnetic particles, are proportional to the square of the external electric field strength, which can vary widely. This fact makes it possible to more effectively control the anisotropic growth of conducting metal particles and extended metal nanostructures using an external electric field of sufficiently high intensity.

In the case of a magnetic metallic electrically conductive particle, its total free energy U in external electric and magnetic fields, depending on the shape and orientation of the particle, consists of the free magnetic and electrostatic energies of the particle: U = U _m + U _el in this case in equation (4) ΔU = ΔU _m + ΔU _el . This shows that the possibilities of influencing external fields on the magnitude and changes in the total energy and, accordingly, the orientation of magnetic metal particles are significantly enhanced by the simultaneous action of external magnetic and electric fields. Moreover, since each particle in the external electric and magnetic fields will have magnetic and induced electric dipole moments, the dipole-dipole interaction energies of such particles are also summed in the case of parallel directed electric and magnetic fields U _dd = U _{d, et} + U _{d, m} . Since the magnitude of this energy is included in the exponent in relation (1), this leads to corresponding additional changes in the magnitude and anisotropy of the growth rate of such particles. Such an increase in the influence of external electric and magnetic fields on particle aggregation processes when they simultaneously act on a suspension of colloidal conductive ferromagnetic particles is described, for example, in the aforementioned US patents N 5523157 and 5714084. This opens up the possibility of obtaining significantly more anisotropic magnetic metal particles with a smaller diameter at the combined action of external electric and magnetic fields than with their synthesis only in a magnetic field. This effect of enhancing the shape anisotropy of the synthesized magnetic metal particles as a result of the simultaneous action of external electric and magnetic fields was established and illustrated in FIG. 3. Fusion reactions of metal particles previously synthesized and organized into dense linear chain structures under strong external fields and elevated temperature of the reaction region lead to the formation of extended linear metal nanostructures (nanowires) shown in FIG. 6. The formation of such structures is due to the effective fusion of particles forming extended dense linear chain aggregates oriented along field lines of force and penetrating through the entire space of the reaction region. Accordingly, the length of such "nanowires" is limited only by the size of the region in which they are synthesized. This particle fusion and the formation of metal “nanowires” elongated along the field direction are promoted by the well-known effect associated with a significant decrease in the melting temperature of metal nanoparticles as compared with the melting temperature of the corresponding bulk metal.

 It is known that the action of variables, in particular pulsed, external fields on colloidal systems also leads to the efficient formation of ordered chain structures from colloidal particles with corresponding dipole moments [Wirtz D., Fermigier M., One-dimensional patterns and wavelength selection in magnetic fluids Phys. Rev. Letters, 1994, v. 72, No. 14, p. 2294-2297]. Accordingly, in the inventive method, it is possible to use both constant and variable external fields.

For the formation of a liquid reaction mixture, including initial reagents, stabilizing surface-active compounds, a solvent, polymerizable components, compounds that affect the kinetics of chemical reactions of the synthesis of inorganic particles, various additives that determine the mechanical characteristics of the resulting material and improve its electrical and other physicochemical properties (in particular additives of preformed conductive or magnetic particles), various solvents may be used and, inert with respect to the initial reagents and reaction products, in which the values of dielectric and / or magnetic permeability are significantly lower than in the material of synthesized particles and nanostructures. Preferred are non-polar and slightly polar solvents having low dielectric and magnetic permeability values, for example inert hydrocarbons, in particular decalin, xylene, chloroform, as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular benzene. The properties of a material containing particles obtained in this way (shape anisotropy, particle size and uniformity of particle size and shape distribution) can be improved by including special additives in the composition of the initial reaction mixture in an amount of from 0.01% to 10%. As such additives, low molecular weight organic compounds such as ethers and esters, ketones and their sulfur-containing analogues, as well as glims can be used. The reaction mixture can be formed in a certain volume, and also in the form of a layer can be applied to the surface of a solid-state or liquid substrate. On the surface of the solid-state substrate, a liquid mixture of the starting reagents can be applied by known methods (e.g., watering, dipping, etc.)
The starting reagents can also initially be in a condensed state and represent bulk metal-containing compounds (for example, oxalate or iron citrate), a metal-containing thin-film structure (for example, a Langmuir-Blodgett film), amorphous, crystalline substances (for example, iron oxide in the case of synthesis of ferrite particles barium) or alloy. In such systems, the action of external fields can additionally lead to magneto-and electrostatic deformations, contributing to an increase in the chemical activity of reagents. The formation of the system of starting reagents in the form of a condensed layered structure by the Langmuir-Blodgett method provides the most thin and uniform layer of the reaction mixture. In the latter case, a mixed monolayer of the starting reagents is formed at the liquid – gas phase interface. Then, such a monolayer is transferred to the surface of the solid-state substrate. The sequential transfer of monolayers of the reaction mixture allows the thickness of the reaction layer to be increased in a strictly deterministic manner.

 It is known that ferromagnetic microparticles in dispersed magnetic materials, for example, in ferro-lacquers used for the manufacture of working layers of information carriers for magnetic recording of information, can stick together and form aggregates due to particle attraction due to dipole-dipole and van der Waals interactions. In order to prevent magnetic particles from sticking together and increase the homogeneity of such a material, a so-called dispersant is introduced into it along with ferro-powder and binding polymer compounds - a substance that forms a thin (usually monomolecular) layer on the surface of magnetic particles that prevents their aggregation. As dispersing agents use various surface-active compounds, including amphiphilic derivatives of fatty acids, phosphoric and orthophosphoric acids, compounds containing an amino group.

 Similar problems arise when obtaining a stable magnetic fluid, which is a solution of colloidal magnetic metal-containing nanoparticles. In order to obtain a stable magnetic fluid, in order to stabilize metal-containing nanoparticles and prevent their aggregation, a surface-active substance layer, in particular an unsaturated fatty acid, is formed on the surface of such nanoparticles.

 In the above technical solution, which is close to the claimed method (in accordance with US patent N 3281344), the synthesis of magnetic iron-containing microparticles is coated with an acrylic polymer shell, which serves as a buffer layer that prevents further particle growth. Moreover, varying the ratio of the initial metal-containing reagents and surfactant molecules, as well as the temperature, can significantly change (by an order of magnitude) the final size of the synthesized particles.

The existence of a characteristic maximum size of particles synthesized in the presence of stabilizing surfactants and effective time stabilization of such particles reflects a corresponding sharp increase in the activation energy of the reaction of their aggregation when the particles reach a certain size, due to the formation of a sufficiently dense layer of surfactant molecules on the surface of the reactive particles, capable of prevent fusion and further growth of particles in their collisions. With increasing temperature, melting and desorption of surfactant molecules from the surface of the particles occurs, which creates the conditions for overcoming the activation barrier and efficient fusion of particles. This allows us to carry out the process of obtaining extended metal nanostructures in two stages. Initially, at a certain (for example, room) temperature, relatively small particles are synthesized (with or without a field) for which the condition U _dd > kT can be satisfied, the size of which is determined by the termination of their growth reactions due to effective stabilization due to steric interactions of the surface layers of molecules Surfactant. Such particles form chain structures under the influence of an external field, but do not aggregate. Then, under the action of strong external fields, the temperature of the reaction region rises and such particles grow together in chains with the formation of continuous metal "nanowires" that penetrate the entire space of the reaction region.

 In the inventive method, stabilization of synthesized particles having a dipole moment can also be achieved by the presence in the reaction mixture of the corresponding stabilizing compounds (surface-active as well as polymerizable, for example acrylic) adsorbed onto the surface of the synthesized particles, which allows one to obtain individual non-aggregated metal-containing nanoparticles in a monolayer and ordered ensembles of particles.

 It is known that highly dispersed composite materials containing nanoparticles and clusters can be obtained by synthesizing particles in polymer matrices, for example, in carbochain polymer matrices based on polyethylene, Teflon, as well as polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, sulfosol and other polysorb, in particular graphite, zeolites [ Chemical Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990, Volume 2, p. 403; Gubin S.P., Kosobudsky I.D. Advances in Chemistry, 1983, v. 52, p. 1350]. In the case of the synthesis of magnetic and metal particles in such a matrix, the use of external magnetic and electric fields in a certain way oriented in space and with respect to each other in accordance with the claimed method allows one to obtain material containing particles oriented in a given direction and forming certain spatial ensembles, which leads to improved material properties.

где M - металл или несколько разных металлов, L - лиганд или несколько разных лигандов из числа перечисленных выше, m, n и q - целые числа. Выделяющиеся индивидуальные атомы металла [М] группируются в простейшие кластеры M_q (зародыши частиц), дальнейшие реакции нуклеации и роста частиц приводят к формированию металлических и металлсодержащих частиц. Кроме гомометаллических соединений, например CO₂(CO)₈, Co(NO)(CO)₃, Fe(CO)₅, HAuCl₄, [Ag(NH₃)₂] BPh₄, можно также использовать соединения с атомами двух разных металлов в одной молекуле (и большим числом разных металлов, например Fe₄RhCoC(CO)₁₆) [Губин С.П., Химия кластеров. - М.: Наука, 1987, с. 209.]. При этом образуются гетерометаллические частицы с точным стехиометрическим соотношением металлов, например из смешанного карбонила состава Sm_qCo_m(CO)_k таким путем можно получать наночастицы известного магнитного материала Sm_qCo_m.It is known that many organometallic and coordination compounds (such as, for example, metal carbonyls, cyclopentadienyl, arene, diene, π-allyl, olefin metal complexes, alkyl and aryl metal compounds, etc.) are capable of being destroyed by various chemical and physical effects, such as chemical reduction, increase in ambient temperature, mechanical (acoustic) effects (in particular ultrasound), radiation of various nature (infrared, ultraviolet and visible range zones, x-rays, etc.) with the release of metal atoms or active metal-containing intermediates:

where M is a metal or several different metals, L is a ligand or several different ligands from the above, m, n and q are integers. The separated individual metal atoms [M] are grouped into the simplest clusters M _q (nuclei of particles), further reactions of nucleation and growth of particles lead to the formation of metallic and metal-containing particles. In addition to homometallic compounds, for example, CO ₂ (CO) ₈ , Co (NO) (CO) ₃ , Fe (CO) ₅ , HAuCl ₄ , [Ag (NH ₃ ) ₂ ] BPh ₄ , compounds with atoms of two different metals can also be used in one molecule (and a large number of different metals, for example Fe ₄ RhCoC (CO) ₁₆ ) [Gubin SP, Chemistry of clusters. - M .: Nauka, 1987, p. 209.]. In this case, heterometallic particles are formed with an exact stoichiometric ratio of metals, for example, from a mixed carbonyl of the composition Sm _q Co _m (CO) _k, nanoparticles of the known magnetic material Sm _q Co _m can be obtained in this way.

 Metallic and metal-containing particles can be synthesized by other known methods, for example, electrochemical, by reducing the metal from salt solutions, by chemical coprecipitation in solution, by vacuum deposition, vapor deposition, using plasma methods, etc. The metals that make up the starting reagents in the claimed the method may relate to s-metals, p-metals, d-metals, f-metals, in particular to transition metals, rare earth metals, platinum metals.

It is known that a mixed Langmuir monolayer formed on the surface of the aqueous phase containing surfactant molecules and nanoparticles, including metal-containing and magnetic, as well as semiconductor, for example CdS (synthesized or prepared in advance and embedded in a monolayer), can then be transferred onto a solid-state substrate known Langmuir-Blodgett method or its varieties. As a result, a strictly two-dimensional planar mono- or multilayer film containing nanoparticles is formed on the surface of the solid-state substrate. In this case, the starting reagents are applied to the surface of the aqueous subphase in the form of a mixture with a surfactant in a volatile non-polar solvent, for example chloroform. Moreover, the components of the aqueous phase, for example divalent and trivalent metal cations, can bind to the polar groups of surfactant molecules of the Langmuir monolayer. When conducting reactions of the synthesis of nanoparticles in a surfactant monolayer at the liquid / gas phase interface, such cationic surfactant complexes are in dynamic equilibrium and exchange with surfactant molecules in contact with the surface of the synthesized particles, resulting in the transfer of water phase cations to the surface of the synthesized particles . Charged or neutral metal-containing compounds and complexes present in the aqueous phase, for example, AuCl ₄ ^-, can also bind to the polar groups of surfactant molecules. The creation of ordered linear ensembles of particles with dipole moments, and their spatial arrangement in such planar mono- and multilayer structures, can, in accordance with the claimed method, be controlled and changed by an external magnetic and electric field.

The area in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of a material containing them in accordance with the claimed method are located in a special gas atmosphere, providing the necessary composition of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material. This gas atmosphere may be inert or contain reagents involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles. For example, during the interaction of atomic metal decomposition products of organometallic compounds containing Pb or Cd, or the interaction of ions of these metals with H ₂ S, semiconductor particles of PbS and CdS are formed from the gas phase, respectively.

Fixing the orientation and ordered arrangement of the synthesized particles and nanostructures in the organic polymer matrix in the present method is possible by polymerizing it under the influence of external electric and / or magnetic fields. For this, polymerizable compounds containing reactive groups, such as —CH = CH ₂ ; -CH = CH-; -CH = CH-CH = CH-; -C = N-; -C = N, etc.

 A common essential feature of the proposed method and analogues, which use the method of producing nanoparticles by their synthesis, are, in particular, the following: the initial reaction mixture is formed in a certain volume, particle synthesis reactions are carried out in a certain area. Another significant feature of the proposed method and analogues is the effect of external fields on a system of colloidal particles having dipole moments.

 Distinctive essential features of the proposed method in comparison with the above are the following: the synthesis of particles is carried out under the influence of external magnetic and electric fields, while the stages of stabilization, particle orientation and polymerization of the material can also be carried out under the influence of these fields, tension, direction, duration and intervals of action of which can vary widely. The minimum intensity of the generated external magnetic field in the inventive method is 100 Oe, and the minimum intensity of the external electric field is 150 V / m.

 Common essential features of the proposed method and prototype are the following: in the process of forming a monolayer of a material containing particles (in the prototype - magnetic particles) to orient the particles, the system is exposed to an external magnetic field; mono- and multilayer structures containing oriented particles are possible.

 Distinctive essential features of the proposed method in comparison with the prototype are the following: particle synthesis is carried out directly in the reaction region exposed to external magnetic and electric fields, which provides additional control over the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles; The claimed method also allows to obtain oriented extended metal-containing nanostructures.

 The novelty and positive effect of the proposed method lies in the fact that it provides new opportunities for controlling the shape, composition and orientation of the synthesized particles, and also allows you to get ordered ensembles of particles and linear extended nanostructures. The method allows to obtain discrete inorganic, in particular metal and metal-containing particles, including semiconductor and magnetic particles, the shape of which can change in a predetermined manner during their synthesis from quasispherical and / or disk-shaped to linearly anisotropic ellipsoidal and needle with characteristic sizes of 2-100 nm . In this case, a targeted synthesis of mixed metal-containing particles and extended nanostructures, which include various metals, is possible. It is also possible to obtain metal-containing particles, the composition of the surface layer of which differs from the composition of the internal bulk phase of the particle. The method allows to obtain thin-film, as well as bulk condensed polymeric, ceramic and amorphous (glass-like) materials in which discrete anisotropic particles and extended nanostructures can be oriented in a given direction and form certain spatial ensembles, including oriented linear chain structures, which leads to an improvement material properties, in particular its mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal and magnetic properties. In addition, in this way it is possible to obtain extended oriented inorganic, including metal, filamentary nanostructures (nanowires) with a transverse size of ~ 10 nm or less. The method allows one to obtain ordered mono- and multilayer systems of substantially anisotropic particles and nanostructures oriented in a specific way relative to a solid-state substrate, with a given number of monolayers (and, thus, a strictly determined thickness of a thin-film material containing particles and nanostructures, and a high degree of planarization of the material (evenness its surface)). In this case, the composition, shape and orientation of particles and / or nanostructures in different layers of the material can vary in a predetermined manner. Separate particles coated with a polymer shell can be obtained, as well as ensembles of particles included in the structure of larger polymer granules and nanosystems. The method allows to obtain magnetic materials with increased coercive force due to the synthesis of magnetic particles with significant shape anisotropy, oriented in space as necessary relative to the substrate and forming ordered chain structures. In the inventive method, such a useful effect is achieved in that the synthesis of magnetic particles is carried out directly in external fields directed in a certain direction relative to the substrate with the reaction mixture deposited or distributed in a certain way in the space including the substrate. As a result, the formed anisotropic particles turn out to be oriented by their easy magnetization axes in the directions specified by external fields. This orientation of the magnetic particles is fixed by curing (polymerization) of the material. Obtained by the claimed method, materials, including oriented anisotropic metal-containing and metal nanoparticles and nanostructures, can have corresponding anisotropic optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties, determined by the composition, shape anisotropy, mechanical stresses and spatial organization of the nanoparticles and extended nanostructures included in their composition, however, these parameters can vary widely in a controlled manner.

 Chemical reactions of particle synthesis in the inventive method proceed directly in the volume of the reaction mixture under the action of external magnetic and electric fields interacting with the magnetic and electric dipole moments of the resulting particles, which causes the anisotropy of the translational and rotational diffusion of the forming particles and the anisotropy of the reaction rate of their growth. As a result, the particle growth turns out to be anisotropic and they acquire an elongated ellipsoidal shape (in the case when the magnetic and / or dielectric constant of the particle material is greater than the magnetic and / or dielectric constant of their environment), while being oriented along the lines of force of the external field. In this case, particles having an electric dipole moment are exposed to an external electric field, and particles having both electric and magnetic dipole moments are exposed to external electric and magnetic fields.

 The synthesis of metallic and metal-containing particles and nanostructures in the claimed method is carried out in the process of interaction of active complexes, intermediates, atoms and metal ions formed as a result of decomposition or dissociation of the initial metal-containing compound or metal, with each other, with the components of the reaction mixture and with the already formed nuclei of particles. The decomposition of metal-containing, in particular organometallic compounds, can occur due to rupture of chemical bonds in them under the influence of external physical influences, which ensure the supply of energy necessary for this. Such effects can be mechanical (acoustic, for example, ultrasound), thermal (heating) or represent various types of radiation, in particular of electromagnetic nature, for example, irradiation with ultraviolet light. Management of such external influences (i.e., in fact, regulation of the energy flow supplied to the system) allows controlling the rate of decomposition of the initial metal-containing compounds and the formation of metal-containing particles.

 A significant positive effect of the proposed method, as well as the prototype, is the ability to obtain even one ordered two-dimensional monolayer of particles, including magnetic ones. An important point of the proposed method in the case of obtaining a thin-film magnetic material is the reaction of synthesis of magnetic metal-containing electrically conductive particles under the influence of external electric and magnetic fields. As a result, the magnetic particles formed are characterized by a significant anisotropy of the shape and, accordingly, an increased coercive force, turn out to be magnetically oriented in a given direction, and also form ordered chain structures.

 When synthesizing particles in porous materials, for example, in polymer matrices based on carbochain polymers, for example polyethylene, teflon, as well as polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, sulfosmol, and other polysorb, in particular graphite and zeolites, the claimed method allows to obtain a material containing particles oriented in a given direction , which leads to an improvement in the properties of the material, in particular its mechanical, magnetic, electrical and optical properties. In the synthesis in accordance with the claimed method of crystalline magnetic particles (for example, particles of barium ferrite or iron oxide) under the action of external magnetic and electric fields, the corresponding magneto-and electrostrictive effects cause an increase in the chemical activity of the reactants and allow you to influence the size of the formed magnetic particles.

 At the final stage, the material with synthesized and oriented particles is exposed to the effect of removing more unnecessary components (for example, solvent) from it and curing (polymerization) of the material. In this case, the polymerization of the material is carried out under the influence of external fields or in their absence.

 Thus, the inventive method opens up the possibility of obtaining fundamentally new materials and devices containing anisotropic oriented particles, their ordered ensembles and extended nanostructures, which leads to its significant positive effect.

Distinctive essential features of the proposed method and its advantages are:
1. The ability to control the size, shape and orientation of the synthesized nanoparticles using external magnetic and electric fields.

2. The possibility of changing over a wide range of conditions for chemical reactions of particle synthesis and, thus, the ability to vary the size, composition, structure and, accordingly, the properties of the resulting particles and nanostructures, in particular:
a) it is possible to vary the composition of the initial reaction mixture;
b) it is possible to vary the time and intensity of the decomposition reaction of the starting metal-containing compounds, for example, by varying the exposure time of the initial reaction mixture with ultraviolet radiation;
c) it is possible to vary the temperature of the chemical process of formation of nanoparticles;
d) it is possible to vary the composition and state of phases in contact with the region in which the synthesis of particles is carried out;
d) it is possible to vary the strengths and directions of external magnetic and electric fields.

 4. Greater uniformity of size and properties of the resulting particles.

 5. Reducing the number of technological stages of the formation of a polymer layer containing dispersed particles, which is an advantage when creating materials for magnetic recording of information.

 6. The possibility of obtaining substantially anisotropic magnetic particles is an important factor in increasing the coercive force and, accordingly, improving the properties of a magnetic material containing such particles.

 7. The possibility of targeted synthesis of mixed metal-containing particles and extended nanostructures, which include various metals.

 8. The ability to obtain metal-containing particles, the composition of the surface layer of which differs from the composition of the internal bulk phase of the particle.

 9. The ability to achieve a high degree of planarization of mono- and multilayer structures containing nanoparticles, provided through the use of the Langmuir-Blodgett method.

An example implementation of the proposed method
To enable direct visualization of the influence of external fields on the shape of the synthesized particles using the scanning tunneling microscopy method, metal-containing magnetic particles were synthesized at the water-gas phase interface and the monolayer of synthesized particles was transferred to a substrate of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. For this purpose, a mixture of the starting metal-containing compound (octacarbonyldicobalt CO ₂ (CO) ₈ or iron pentacarbonyl Fe (CO) ₅ ) with stearic acid was applied to the surface of the aqueous phase, which was deionized water, obtained using a MilliQ water purification system (United States) acid in chloroform, concentration 2 • 10 ^-4 . The pH of the aqueous subphase was 5.6-5.8. The molar ratio of the starting metal-containing compound to stearic acid in the mixture was from 10: 1 to 100: 1, respectively. After the mixture spreads over the surface of the aqueous phase and evaporation of chloroform, a Langmuir monolayer was formed by varying the surface area of the aqueous phase coated with a mixture of the starting reagents with stearic acid and irradiating this surface with ultraviolet radiation from an IVR source with a wavelength of λ = 300 nm and a power of P = 100 mW for various time intervals. The monolayer was pressed by the Teflon barrier at a rate of 3 A ² / stearic acid molecule x min. The surface pressure in the monolayer P was measured using a Wilhelmy scale.

 A monolayer of stearic acid with synthesized particles, pressed to a surface pressure of P = 30 mN / m, was transferred by horizontal immersion of the substrate onto a solid-state substrate (fresh cleavage of pyrolytic graphite 10 x 10 mm in size). During the transfer, the surface pressure P in the monolayer was kept constant by means of a moving barrier. Ultraviolet irradiation of the Langmuir monolayer of the reaction mixture was carried out at room temperature (P ≅ 1-7 mN / m) under the influence of an external uniform magnetic field of 3-6 kOe, an electric field of 20-300 V / cm or without field. Particles and extended metal nanostructures were also synthesized in a thin layer of the reaction mixture, initially deposited on a solid-state substrate, in particular, by the Langmuir-Blodgett method.

 To study the ultrastructure of the formed mixed monolayer of stearic acid + nanoparticles, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used. Microtopography images of mixed monolayers transferred onto a graphite surface were obtained using a modified Nanoscope I scanning tunneling microscope (Digital Instruments, USA). The measurements were carried out at room temperature while maintaining a constant current of 0.5 nA; the voltage between the STM needle and the substrate was 300 mV. The image of the surface of the control monolayer of pure stearic acid (in the absence of the starting metal-containing compound in it) is a plateau without any features with vertical deviations from the plane of not more than 0.3 nm. The obtained images of monolayers containing synthesized metal-containing particles indicate the formation of particles with characteristic sizes of 2-5 nm. In the absence of an external field, the synthesized particles had an almost isotropic round shape in the plane of the monolayer (Fig. 1). A similar particle synthesis, carried out under the influence of a uniform external magnetic field, acting during the illumination of the initial reagents with ultraviolet radiation, led to the formation of anisotropic ellipsoidal particles oriented with long axes in the field direction (Fig. 2). The size of the nanoparticles largely depends on the time of irradiation of the monolayer of the reaction mixture with ultraviolet - with increasing exposure time, the particle size increased (Fig. 2). The anisotropy of the shape of the synthesized particles increases significantly with the simultaneous action of magnetic and electric fields acting on the reaction region during the time of illumination of the initial reagents with ultraviolet radiation (Fig. 3).

 Isotropic iron-containing particles synthesized in the absence of an external magnetic field form linear chain clusters shown in FIG. 4. At the same time, by the claimed method, it is possible to obtain tightly packed oriented systems of anisotropic magnetic particles synthesized under the influence of an external magnetic field (Fig. 5).

An increase in temperature in the region of the process of synthesis of iron-containing particles on the surface of a solid-state substrate (graphite) up to 90 ^o C, the intensity of an external magnetic field up to 6 kOe and the duration of its action up to 60 min leads to the formation of extended linear metal nanostructures oriented in the direction of the external field (nanowires) , a characteristic view of which is shown in FIG. 6.

 It should be noted that the synthesized particles and nanostructures are not aggregates of smaller particles, but uniform stable formations that are stable and reproducible during repeated scans with a STM needle and varying the tunneling scanning voltage.

Brief description of figures and drawings
The invention and the achieved result are illustrated in the following drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows microtopography of a monolayer of stearic acid and synthesized iron-containing particles on the surface of pyrolytic graphite, obtained using STM. Iron-containing particles are synthesized in the absence of external electric and magnetic fields. The initial composition of the reaction mixture: a mixture of Fe (CO) ₅ with stearic acid in chloroform in a ratio of 15: 1, respectively. UV exposure time 5 min. Conditions for obtaining STM images: I _tun = 0.5 nA, U _tun = 300 mV. a) a top view, b) a quasi-three-dimensional image. Temperature 295 K.

In FIG. Figure 2 shows the STM image of microtopography of a monolayer of stearic acid and iron-containing particles on the surface of pyrolytic graphite (top view). Iron-containing particles are synthesized under the influence of a uniform magnetic field with a strength of 3 kOe. The initial composition of the reaction mixture: a mixture of Fe (CO) ₅ with stearic acid in chloroform in a ratio of 15: 1, respectively. The conditions for obtaining the STM image are the same as in FIG. 1. a) UV exposure time of 5 minutes, b) UV exposure time of 10 minutes. Temperature 295 K.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows the STM image of microtopography of a monolayer of stearic acid and iron-containing particles on the surface of pyrolytic graphite. Iron-containing particles are synthesized under the action of a parallel directed uniform magnetic field of 3 kOe and a uniform electric field of 1000 V / cm. The initial composition of the reaction mixture: a mixture of Fe (CO) ₅ with stearic acid in chloroform in a ratio of 15: 1, respectively, UV irradiation time of 5 minutes. The conditions for obtaining the STM image are the same as in FIG. 1. a) a top view, b) a quasi-three-dimensional image. Temperature 295 K.

In FIG. Figure 4 shows the STM image of microtopography of a monolayer of stearic acid and iron-containing particles forming chain aggregates on the surface of pyrolytic graphite. Iron-containing particles are synthesized in the absence of an external magnetic field. The initial composition of the reaction mixture: a mixture of Fe (CO) ₅ with stearic acid in chloroform in a ratio of 30: 1, respectively. UV exposure time 10 min. Conditions for obtaining STM images: I _tun = 0.5 nA, U _tun = 300 mV. a) top view, b) quasi-three-dimensional image. Temperature 295 K.

In FIG. Figure 5 shows the STM image of microtopography of a monolayer of stearic acid and iron-containing particles forming chain aggregates on the surface of pyrolytic graphite. Iron-containing particles are synthesized under the influence of a uniform magnetic field with a strength of 3 kOe. The initial composition of the reaction mixture: a mixture of Fe (CO) ₅ with stearic acid in chloroform in a ratio of 30: 1, respectively. UV exposure time 10 min. Conditions for obtaining STM images: I _tun = 0.5 nA, U _tun = 150 mV. a) top view, b) quasi-three-dimensional image. Temperature 295 K.

Industrial applicability
The inventive method for controlling the shape of synthesized particles and obtaining materials and devices containing anisotropic oriented particles and nanostructures can be used to obtain materials, in particular metal-polymer materials, including thin-film, as well as ceramic and amorphous glass-like materials, with improved anisotropic optical, electrical , magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties, for the development of functional elements in electronics (in particular tunnel devices), anotechnology, electrical engineering, in optical and nonlinear optical systems and devices, magneto-optical systems, as well as to improve parameters and create new elements of magnetic memory and magnetic storage media, to obtain colloidal particles for magneto-and electrorheological liquids, for biomedical applications, as well as for obtaining coatings with desired properties, including protective and absorbent coatings.

Claims (52)

 1. A method of controlling the shape of synthesized particles and the manufacture of materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, including preparing the reaction mixture and carrying out processes for the synthesis of particles and the formation of nanostructures, characterized in that the processes of particle synthesis and the formation of nanostructures are carried out under the influence of an external electric field.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the processes of particle synthesis and the formation of nanostructures are carried out in a medium in which the dielectric constant is lower than in the material of the synthesized particles and nanostructures.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further conducts the stages selected from the group including: the stage of stabilization of the particles, the stage of changing the concentration of particles, the stage of extraction of particles, the stage of inclusion of particles in the polymerizable composition, the stage of orientation of the particles, the stage of formation oriented ordered ensembles of particles and / or extended nanostructures, the stage of polymerization and curing of the material, with additional stages, as well as the stage of preparation of the reaction mixture, including the formation of systems Volumes of the initial reagents and compounds regulating the processes of synthesis and stabilization of particles are carried out under the action of external homogeneous or inhomogeneous electric fields, and the intensities, directions of these external fields, the duration and time intervals of their action are regulated to control the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles, while in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures take place, may include a liquid, condensed and / or gas phase and their interface, or a solid surface, or cavities of a porous material.  4. The method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them are located in a gas atmosphere, providing the necessary composition of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them.  5. The method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that it includes additional stages, which consist in the sequential formation of one layer of material on another layer, while in the material layers can be formed that do not contain particles and / or nanostructures and obtained by known methods resulting in a multilayer structure, while the composition, shape and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can be the same or different.  6. The method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, while the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures is carried out in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid – gas phase interface at a certain degree of compression of the monolayer.  7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the change in the degree of compression and transfer of a monolayer containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures to a solid-state substrate is carried out under the influence of external electric fields.  8. The method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the number of monolayers deposited on a solid-state substrate and containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures is N, and the total total number of monolayers of a surfactant deposited on a substrate is K, K ≥ N ≥ 1, and the composition and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can be different.  9. The method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surface-active substances at the liquid-gas phase interface, then the solid-state substrate is immersed in the liquid phase with located on the surface of the liquid phase Langmuir monolayer of the reaction mixture, and carry out the transfer of the monomolecular layer of the reaction mixture on a solid-state substrate, while repeating the transfer of the Langmuir mo a nanolayer, the result is the number of molecular monolayers of the reaction mixture deposited on a solid substrate equal to F, and the total total number of monolayers of surfactants deposited on a substrate is Z, with Z ≥ F ≥ 1, with particle synthesis and / or nanostructures and the formation of oriented ordered ensembles of particles is carried out in the reaction region, which is an ordered layered structure on the surface of a solid-state substrate.  10. The method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surface-active substances at the liquid-gas phase interface, while the synthesis of particles is carried out directly in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid – gas phase interface, then a monolayer containing the components of the reaction mixture and synthesized particles is transferred onto a solid-state substrate, while the number of monolayers deposited on p particles containing particles is equal to P, and the total total number of surfactant monolayers deposited on the substrate is Q, with Q ≥ P ≥ 1, then, in the obtained mono- or multilayer structure, the process of particle growth is initiated by varying the temperature the action of external fields.  11. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the liquid phase contains components that interact with the Langmuir monolayer.  12. The method according to p. 10, characterized in that the liquid phase contains metal ions, metal ion complexes and / or metal-containing compounds interacting with the Langmuir monolayer.  13. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 12, characterized in that the starting reagents are applied to the surface of the aqueous subphase in the form of a mixture with a surfactant in a volatile non-polar solvent. 14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the starting metal-containing compound of the general formula M _m (L) _k is introduced into the starting reagent system, where M is a metal or several different metals, L is a ligand or several different ligands, while the resulting particles and extended nanostructures are metal-containing or metallic. 15. The method according to 14, characterized in that the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of external physical, chemical influences and / or combinations thereof. 16. The method according to clause 15, wherein the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by thermal decomposition of the starting metal or metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k . 17. The method according to p. 15, characterized in that the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of radiation of various nature. 18. The method according to 17, characterized in that the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. 19. The method according to 17, characterized in that the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the action of irradiation with ultraviolet light. 20. The method according to any of paragraphs.14 to 19, characterized in that as the starting metal-containing compound M _m (L) _k , a carbonyl metal compound, in particular iron pentacarbonyl Fe (CO) _{5, is used} .  21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the reaction mixture further comprises polymerizable compounds, as well as additives that determine the properties of the resulting material.  22. The method according to p. 21, characterized in that after the synthesis of particles and / or extended nanostructures and their orientation, the polymerization and / or curing of the material.  23. The method according to item 22, wherein the region in which the polymerization and / or curing of the material is carried out is exposed to electric fields.  24. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a protective layer is additionally applied to a material containing synthesized particles and nanostructures.  25. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that when using for the manufacture of materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, a solid-state substrate, a layer of another material is preliminarily formed on it.  26. The method according to p. 25, characterized in that a layer of magnetically soft material is preliminarily formed on a solid-state substrate.  27. A method for controlling the shape of synthesized particles and manufacturing materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, including preparing a reaction mixture and carrying out processes of particle synthesis and nanostructure formation, characterized in that the processes of particle synthesis and nanostructure formation are carried out under the influence of external electric and magnetic fields.  28. The method according to item 27, wherein the processes of synthesis and formation of particles and nanostructures are carried out in a medium in which the values of permittivity and magnetic permeability are lower than in the material of the synthesized particles and nanostructures.  29. The method according to p. 27, characterized in that it further conducts stages selected from the group including: the stage of stabilization of the particles, the stage of changing the concentration of particles, the stage of extraction of particles, the stage of inclusion of particles in the polymerizable composition, the stage of orientation of the particles, the stage of formation oriented ordered ensembles of particles and / or extended nanostructures, the stage of polymerization and curing of the material, with additional stages, as well as the stage of preparation of the reaction mixture, including the formation of sys topics of the initial reagents and compounds that regulate the processes of synthesis and stabilization of particles are carried out under the action of external homogeneous or inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields, and the intensities, directions of these external fields, the duration and time intervals of their action are regulated to control the shape and orientation of the synthesized particles, while the region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures take place may include liquid, condensed and / or gas phases and their interface, or solid state th surface or cavities of the porous material.  30. The method according to item 27 or 29, characterized in that the region in which the processes of synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them are located in a gas atmosphere, providing the necessary composition of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures and the formation of the material containing them.  31. The method according to item 27 or 29, characterized in that it includes additional stages, which consist in the sequential formation of one layer of material on another layer, while in the material layers can be formed that do not contain particles and / or nanostructures and obtained by known methods as a result of which a multilayer structure is obtained, while the composition, shape and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can be the same or differ in a given way.  32. The method according to p. 27 or 29, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, while the synthesis of particles and / or nanostructures is carried out in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid – gas phase interface at a certain degree of compression of the monolayer.  33. The method according to p, characterized in that the change in the degree of compression and transfer of a monolayer containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures to a solid-state substrate is carried out under the influence of external electric and magnetic fields.  34. The method according to any of paragraphs.31 to 33, characterized in that the number of monolayers deposited on a solid-state substrate and containing synthesized particles and / or nanostructures is N, and the total total number of monolayers of a surfactant deposited on a substrate is K, with K ≥ N ≥ 1, and the composition and orientation of the synthesized particles and / or nanostructures in different layers can differ in a given way.  35. The method according to p. 27 or 29, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, then the solid-state substrate is immersed in the liquid phase with located on the surface of the liquid phase Langmuir monolayer of the reaction mixture, and carry out the transfer of the monomolecular layer of the reaction mixture on a solid-state substrate, while repeating the transfer of Langmuir monolayer, the result is the number of molecular monolayers of the reaction mixture deposited on a solid-state substrate equal to F, and the total total number of monolayers of surface-active substances deposited on a substrate is Z, with Z ≥ F ≥ 1, with particle synthesis and / or nanostructures and the formation of oriented ordered ensembles of particles is carried out in the reaction region, which is an ordered layered structure on the surface of a solid-state substrate.  36. The method according to p. 27 or 29, characterized in that the initial reagents are initially applied to the surface of the liquid phase and are formed as a mixed Langmuir monolayer of surfactants at the liquid-gas phase interface, while the synthesis of particles is carried out directly in the Langmuir monolayer at the liquid-gas phase interface, then a monolayer containing components of the reaction mixture and synthesized particles is transferred onto a solid-state substrate, while the number of monolayers deposited on p the substrate and containing particles is equal to P, and the total total number of surfactant monolayers deposited on the substrate is Q, with Q ≥ P ≥ 1, then the particle growth process is initiated in the obtained mono- or multilayer structure by varying the temperature the action of external fields.  37. The method according to any of paragraphs.32 to 36, characterized in that the liquid phase contains components that interact with the Langmuir monolayer.  38. The method according to p. 34, wherein the liquid phase contains metal ions, metal ion complexes and / or metal-containing compounds interacting with the Langmuir monolayer.  39. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 36, characterized in that the starting reagents are applied to the surface of the aqueous subphase in the form of a mixture with a surfactant in a volatile non-polar solvent. 40. The method according to any one of claims 27 to 36, characterized in that the starting metal-containing compound of the general formula M _m (L) _k is introduced into the starting reagent system, where M is a metal or several different metals, L is a ligand or several different ligands, while the resulting particles and extended nanostructures are metal-containing or metallic. 41. The method according to p. 40, characterized in that the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of external physical, chemical influences and / or combinations thereof. 42. The method according to paragraph 41, wherein the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by thermal decomposition of the starting metal or metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k . 43. The method according to paragraph 41, wherein the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of radiation of various nature. 44. The method according to item 43, wherein the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. 45. The method according to item 43, wherein the formation of metal-containing and / or metal particles and nanostructures is carried out by decomposition of the starting metal-containing compounds of the general formula M _m (L) _k under the action of irradiation with ultraviolet light. 46. The method according to any one of claims 40 to 45, characterized in that the carbonyl metal compound, in particular iron pentacarbonyl Fe (CO) ₅ , is used as the starting metal-containing compound M _m (L) _k .  47. The method according to any one of paragraphs.27 to 39, characterized in that the reaction mixture further comprises polymerizable compounds, as well as additives that determine the properties of the resulting material.  48. The method according to p. 45, characterized in that after the synthesis of particles and / or extended nanostructures and their orientation, the polymerization and / or curing of the material.  49. The method according to p, characterized in that the region in which the polymerization and / or curing of the material is carried out, is exposed to electric and magnetic fields.  50. The method according to any one of paragraphs.27 to 39, characterized in that a protective layer is additionally applied to a material containing synthesized particles and nanostructures.  51. The method according to any one of paragraphs.27 to 39, characterized in that, when used for the manufacture of materials and devices containing oriented anisotropic particles and nanostructures, a solid-state substrate, a layer of another material is preliminarily formed on it.  52. The method according to p. 51, characterized in that a layer of magnetically soft material is preliminarily formed on a solid-state substrate.

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