RU2149536C1 - Logging method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry. SUBSTANCE: method involves felling, packetizing, logging and sorting trees in the process of forest cutting; loading trees (trunks) onto log truck; transporting trunks to downstream yard; delimbing trunks; grading trunks; sorting out graded material; reprocessing wood material for obtaining process or combustible wood chips. During felling, trees are graded into 3-4 groups. Each group is processed in special process lines. During felling and packetizing, thin trees are sorted out into coniferous and foliar subgroups laid into separate stacks and processed by group (pack) method. Large-sized trees are sorted out into commercial and low-grade (defective) tree subgroups. Commercial trees are processed to produce round timber and low-grade trees are processed into wood chips. EFFECT: increased efficiency and reduced timber production costs. 4 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to technologies and techniques for logging and can be used by logging and forestry enterprises producing logs by clear cutting for general use, transporting wood with whips or trees, as well as processing wood for timber in lower warehouses.

 The closest in essence and the achieved result to the claimed one is the method of logging, which consists in felling, baling, skidding of trees, sorting of trees in the process of logging, loading trees (whips) on a timber transport, removal of trees (whips) on the lower a warehouse, cutting branches from trees, cutting logs into logs, sorting and stacking trees, processing wood logs into technological and fuel chips (see, for example, the book of G. Vinogorov, K. Technology le Procurement. M.: Forestry, 1984, p. 20, 137).

 The disadvantage of this method is that the production lines in the lower warehouses are designed to process the largest trees found in cutting areas. They have a large capacity, sufficient for processing large trees, high metal consumption and low speed. Processing on these slow-moving lines of fine trees (whips) is inefficient. Since the number of fine-sized trees in cutting areas can reach 50 percent or more of the total number of trees (in pieces), their processing on production lines designed for large-sized trees significantly reduces the productivity of these lines and the efficiency of production of round timber in general.

 Another disadvantage of this method is that on the technological lines of the lower warehouses, along with business trees (whips), low-quality trees (whips) are also processed. Assortments obtained from low-quality trees (whips) - technological raw materials and fuel wood are further processed into technological or fuel chips for use in the manufacture of wood-based panels or for burning in industrial boiler houses. This wood chip, like firewood itself, having lower consumer properties than commercial timber, is sold at prices 2-3 times lower than commercial timber. Meanwhile, the cost of producing assortments from low-quality and business trees (whips) is the same. Thus, wood and wood chips produced from it are sold below cost, at a loss that logging companies compensate for by selling business assortments. This reduces the production efficiency of round timber.

 Another disadvantage of the existing method is that the sorting of a large number of assortments worked out on the production line requires a large number of storage pockets, which increases the cost of the sorting conveyor or makes it impossible to sort the timber into the required number of assortments or their gradations in size and quality.

 The technical result, which the claimed method aims to achieve, is to reduce the cost of production of logging products when transporting wood to the lower warehouses of logging enterprises with trees (whips) by increasing the efficiency of processing trees (whips) by increasing the efficiency of processing fine trees and reducing the loss-making of low-quality (foot) trees ) trees, increasing the possibility of sorting round timber in the lower warehouse.

 To achieve a technical result according to the method of logging, including felling, palletizing, skidding of trees, sorting of trees during logging operations, loading trees (whips) into a timber transport, cutting trees to a lower warehouse, cutting branches from trees, cutting whips into assortments, sorting logs, processing wood logs for technological and fuel chips, according to the invention, the production of timber is carried out by harvesting trees with sorting and 3-4 or more groups in the process of cutting operations and process each group of trees on specialized production lines, and fine-sized trees in the process of felling and packing are sorted into one or two groups - coniferous and deciduous with stacking in separate stacks and processed as a group ( by the pack method, large-sized trees are sorted into business and low-quality (foot) trees, followed by processing of business trees into round timber and processing of low-quality trees into chips, bypassing the stage development of assortments. At the same time, fine-sized trees can be processed by the bundle method on chips for pulp and paper industry, bypassing the stage of developing assortments. Processing of small-sized business and large-sized low-quality trees into wood chips, bypassing the stage of production of assortments, can be carried out by the consumer. Sorting of trees into groups for subsequent processing on specialized lines can be carried out at the upper, lower warehouses of logging enterprises and raw material consumer exchanges of wood.

 In the implementation of the proposed technological process of logging, the efficiency of production of logging products is increased, firstly, due to the exemption from processing of thin trees of the existing production line of the lower warehouse, the technical parameters of which are designed to process large trees (whips) and processing on which small trees is not effective due to their low speed. Due to this, the productivity of the existing production line is increased without changing its parameters. Secondly, due to the fact that thin-sized trees are processed on a specialized production line not in pieces, but in bundles, which increases the efficiency of their processing. Thirdly, large-sized low-quality (foot) trees, from which, according to the well-known technology, assortments are first produced, and then the resulting assortments are processed to wood chips, in accordance with the invention, they are processed on a specialized line for wood chips, bypassing the stage of production of assortments. In addition, the possibility of sorting round timber in the lower warehouse increases due to the fact that already sorted trees are fed for processing.

 When conducting scientific and technical analysis of a known level of logging technology, it was found that the claimed solution in terms of the method of logging with sorting of trees and processing them on specialized lines does not follow explicitly from the known level, which indicates that the claimed technical solution meets the criteria of the invention - novelty, inventive step , industrial applicability.

The invention in terms of the method of logging when exporting trees (whips) to the lower warehouse with the sorting of trees during logging operations and their processing on specialized lines is illustrated by the drawings, which show:
in FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the development of a cutting area with two-stage tree sorting using small-sized feller bunchers (feller with a gasoline-powered tool) and skidders at the first stage, and feller bunchers of the type LP-19 with a mobile cable skidder and skidder or skidder (tractor ) in the second stage;
in FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the development of a cutting area with tree sorting using a feller buncher;
in FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the development of a cutting area with tree sorting by a feller with a gasoline-powered saw and a tractor with cable-drawn equipment;
in FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the processing of trees (whips) in the lower warehouse of a logging enterprise with specialized lines for processing fine, large, low-quality (foot) and large-sized business trees (whips).

 The figures show the section of the cutting area to be developed, a small-sized feller buncher (feller with a gasoline-powered tool) 1, packs of coniferous 2 and packs of deciduous 3 small-sized trees, small-sized skidding machine 4, loading area 5, a timber train 6 for transporting small-sized trees, felling -batching machine (feller with a gasoline-powered tool) 7 for felling large-sized trees, a bundle of large-sized business trees 8, a pack of large-sized low-quality (foot) trees 9, a mobile cable I skidder (skidder tractor) 10, consisting of a wheeled or tracked base chassis 11, a winch 12 for skidding trees, a winch 13 for moving a cable skidding and loading plant through the cutting area, a hydraulic manipulator 14, a freight trolley 15, a forest truck for hauling large trees 16, a stack of trees at a loading point 17, a bridge crane in the lower warehouse 18, a delimbing unit 19, a processing line for processing large-sized business trees as part of a trestle 20 with a tree stretcher, hydroma an emulator 21, a bucking machine 22, a sorting conveyor 23, storage pockets 24, a processing line for processing fine trees as part of an overpass 25, a hydraulic manipulator 26, a receiving device 27, an end equalizer 28, a bucking machine 29, a processing line for processing large-sized fauna trees the structure of the platform 30, hydraulic manipulator 31, chipper 32 with feed conveyor, hopper 33 for wood chips, gantry crane 34, cassettes 35 for laying fine grades, stacks of 36 round le somaterials.

 A method for sorting trees during logging operations in accordance with FIG. 1 is carried out as follows. After the preparatory work, the development of the cutting area begins with the harvesting of small-sized trees by small-sized machines capable of working under the forest canopy. A small-sized feller buncher 1, operating under a forest canopy, with the help of a gripping-cutting device with a tree store produces felled trees with their stacking in bundles under a forest canopy. At the same time, felling of coniferous and deciduous trees is carried out separately with their stacking in different bundles 2 and 3. It is possible to roll thin-sized trees under the forest canopy using hand-held power tools (not shown). Skidding of packs of fine trees from under the forest canopy to the loading point is carried out by a small skidding machine 4. Coniferous and deciduous trees skid into separate stacks. Thin-sized trees are transported to the lower warehouse by a forest train 6 with a hydraulic manipulator for loading trees (other known methods of loading and hauling trees are also possible). Thin-sized trees exported to the lower warehouse are unloaded, for example, by a bridge crane 18 and fed to the delimbing unit 19, and then to the overpass 25 of the tonometer processing line. From the trestle, the trees are fed in batches by means of a hydraulic manipulator 26 to a receiving device 27, in which the butt are aligned at the tree bundles with an end-leveling device 28, and they are cut into timber by a cutting unit 29. With the same hydraulic manipulator 26, the generated forest products are stacked in cassettes 35 for further transportation and stacking 36.

 Large trees remaining in the cutting area after harvesting of the tonometer are harvested using a feller buncher 7 for harvesting large trees. At the same time, trees are sorted and stacked in different bundles of business 8 and low-quality (foot) 9 trees. Skidding of business and low-quality bundles of trees 16 is carried out, for example, by means of a cable skidding and loading machine 10 with a winch 12 by means of a freight trolley 15. Skidding of trees by other known methods, for example skidding tractors, is possible. Trees shot at a loading point by a hydraulic manipulator 14 of a cable skidding and loading installation 10 are loaded onto a timber train 16 for transporting large trees. At the same time, business and low-quality trees are loaded on different road trains. When trees of one category are loaded onto a timber transport road train, trees of another category are stacked by a hydraulic manipulator 14 on the ground in a bundle 17, and then loaded onto another road train. Business trees exported by road train 16 by crane 18 from the road train are fed to delimbing unit 19, and then to the platform 20 of the business coarse-grained processing line. With a hydraulic manipulator 26, the trees are fed to the conveyor for feeding to the delimbing and cutting unit 22, and the resulting timber is sorted by means of a sorting conveyor 23 and put into storage pockets 24, and then, for example, are fed by crane 34 to stacks 36.

 Low-quality (foot) trees from the truck 16 by crane 18 are fed to the platform 30 of the processing line for processing low-quality large-sized trees, and then by hydraulic manipulator 31 they are fed to the chipper 32. The produced wood chips enter the hopper 33.

 The method of logging with the sorting of trees during logging operations in accordance with FIG. 2 is carried out as follows. The cutting area is being developed by feller buncher 7. The feller buncher 7 is equipped with a conic having a tree divider, which allows trees to be laid into it divided into two groups. At each parking lot, the feller buncher 7 fels and stacks all the trees located in the area of its hydraulic manipulator with their sorting into 4 categories. Thin-sized coniferous and thin-leaved deciduous trees are stacked after they are cut from the root into a conic with a separator. Fine-sized conifers are laid in a conic on one side of the separator, deciduous fine-trees are laid after they are cut from the root into a conic on the other side of the separator. Large-sized trees are laid down at an angle to the direction of movement of the machine from behind or in front of it, depending on the direction of movement of the feller buncher when developing the next apiary so that the nodes of the trees are directed towards the skidding of the trees. In this case, large-sized business trees and large-sized wood trees are stacked in different bundles in one of the known ways. Then the feller buncher moves to another parking lot, from which felling and tree packing are performed as described above. As you move around the developed apiary and fill the conic of the feller buncher with thin trees, the latter are dumped onto the apiary behind the machine. Then the work continues as described above. Logging of each category of trees is carried out by a skidder 4 with stacking of trees of each category in different stacks 5. The trees are transported to the lower warehouse and processed in the lower warehouse on specialized lines as in FIG. 1 and 4.

 The method of logging with the sorting of trees during logging operations in accordance with FIG. 3 is carried out as follows. The development of the cutting area is carried out according to narrow-risk technology by a feller 1 with a gasoline-powered saw and a skidder 4 with cable-eye equipment. At the same time, from a narrow apiary to be developed, the feller makes felling of fine trees, first, for example, conifers. Logging tractor logs these trees into a stack of thin coniferous trees. Then, in the same narrow apiary, felling and skidding of thin-leafed deciduous trees, felling and skidding into a separate stack of large-sized business trees, felling and skidding into a separate stack of large-sized wood trees are successively carried out. After that, the next and subsequent narrow apiaries begin to be developed in the same sequence. The removal of trees to the lower warehouse and their processing in the lower warehouse on specialized lines is carried out as in FIG. 1 and 4. The development of cutting areas with their sorting into 3-4 categories can be carried out in other ways using other machines and equipment.

 Thus, when implementing the proposed method of logging with the sorting of trees in the process of logging operations and processing them on specialized lines, the existing production line for the production of round timber due to the sorting of trees in the process of logging operations is freed from processing thin trees that reduce its productivity, as well as from low-quality trees, the processing of which by traditional technology leads to significant losses that reduce the efficiency of production Twa Round Timber. In addition, these measures make fuller use of the capabilities of the sorting conveyor line, because by reducing the number of assortments produced on this line, it becomes possible to sort them into a greater number of gradations both in size and quality, which is very important in the production of sawlogs with the aim of increasing the output of lumber .

 A positive effect is also achieved by sorting and processing sorted fine-sized trees using the pack method, which significantly increases labor productivity when processing thin-gauge, the amount of which often exceeds 50% of the total number of trees in the cutting area.

 The effect is also achieved by sorting and processing on a specialized line of low-quality trees. The economic effect is achieved due to the fact that the trees are processed into wood chips, bypassing the stage of developing assortments, due to which labor-intensive operations such as cutting branches, logging, sorting, and piling are excluded from the technological process. The biomass of the tree is used more fully, since the chips are produced from the whole tree, including branches and branches.

Claims (4)

 1. A method of logging, including felling, palletizing, skidding of trees, sorting of trees during logging operations, loading of trees (whips) into timber transport, removal of trees to the lower warehouse, cutting of knots from trees, cutting of whips into assortments, sorting of assortments, processing logs for technological and fuel wood chips, characterized in that the production of timber is carried out by harvesting trees with sorting of 3 to 4 or more groups in the process of cutting operations and process each group of trees on specialized production lines, and fine trees during their felling and packaging are sorted into two groups - coniferous and deciduous with stacking in separate stacks and processed by the group (pack) method, large trees are sorted into business and low-quality (foot) with the subsequent processing of business trees for round timber and processing of low-quality trees for wood chips.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fine-sized trees are processed by the bundle method on technological chips for the pulp and paper or wood-based industry.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the processing of fine-sized business and large-sized low-quality trees into chips is carried out by the consumer.  4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sorting of trees into groups for subsequent processing on specialized lines is carried out in the upper, lower warehouses of logging enterprises and raw material exchanges of wood consumers.

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