RU2138149C1 - Method and apparatus for producing mineral fertilizer solution on the base of mineralized and/or sweet water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, production of mineral fertilizer solutions for simultaneous irrigation and fertilizer application. SUBSTANCE: method involves treating cation-exchange resin and anion-exchange resin in ionic forms with at least one solution containing cation-exchange resins and anion-exchange resins, which are normally contained in fertilizers; directing basic water through succession of treated cation-exchange and anion-exchange resins. Apparatus has ion-exchange unit with two vertical columns filled with cation-exchange resin and anion-exchange resin, respectively, and provided with upper and lower branch pipes. Lower branch pipe of each column is connected with upper branch pipe of other column via pipeline provided with valve. Apparatus is further provided with two solution supply units, basic water supply pipeline, concentrate discharge line and ready product discharge line. EFFECT: increased efficiency, wider operational capabilities and enhanced reliability in operation. 18 cl, 3 dwg, 2 tbl, 8 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of preparation of water and aqueous solutions and can be used in land reclamation and agrochemistry to obtain solutions of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and simultaneous application of nutrients to the soil for agricultural crops, based on fresh water, as well as slightly salted, brackish and saline surface and groundwater and mineralized industrial waters of various types, united under the general name "Mineralized waters" [S.R. Krainov, V.M. Shvets, Hydrochemistry, - M .: Nedra, 1992,463]:
The invention can be successfully used in regions of irrigated agriculture with a shortage of fresh water for irrigation, as well as in conditions of limited opportunities for the use of desalination plants and the disposal of waste mineralized solutions after these plants.

 The invention can also be used for processing fresh and slightly saline waters in modern agrochemical irrigation technologies with the simultaneous introduction of nutrients (fertigation and chemical) in order to regulate the introduction of nutrients and improve the quality of the applied mineral fertilizers.

 There is a method of preparing a solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and simultaneous application of fertilizers, in which mineral fertilizers are added to fresh water and fertigation is carried out, for example, by drip irrigation or another method [Vedpal Singh, Fundamentals of Irrigation and Fertilizers, Agricultural Research Information Center, Hisar India, 1988, 235 p .; Bar-Josef B., Fertilization under Drip Irrigation, J. of Fert.Sci.Technol. Ser., 1992, v7, p. 285-329.].

 The disadvantage of this method is the need to have available or pre-receive the source of fresh water, as well as the inability to control the qualitative composition of fertilizers applied for agriculture.

 The closest technical solution to the proposed one is a method of obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers based on fresh and mineralized waters, including the dissolution of micro and macro fertilizers in the source water [O.G. Grammatikati, A.A. Abaeva, “The Role of Micro- and Macro-Fertilizers in Improving the Properties of Mineralized Waters,” Collection of Scientific Papers “Improving the Quality of Irrigation Water,” M., Agropromizdat, 1990, p. 41-45].

 The disadvantage of this method is that it does not allow the complete or partial replacement of agrochemically harmful salts in the source water with useful micro- and macro-fertilizers. The method only allows you to add fertilizer to the source water. In the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers using mineralized water according to the specified method, the initial content of agrochemically harmful salts is completely preserved. In this regard, the obtained solutions cannot be used for watering most crops for which the maximum rate of addition of sodium chloride solution cannot exceed 2 g / l. Even when using this method for watering a few crops that are resistant to harmful salts, the yield of these crops is significantly reduced compared to using a solution of mineral fertilizers based on fresh water.

 The known method does not allow you to adjust the composition of mineral fertilizers in the resulting solution compared with the initial composition of the used mineral fertilizers. All components that make up mineral fertilizers, including agrochemically harmful ones, ultimately end up in the composition of the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers. Thus, the known method limits the range of used source mineral fertilizers, in particular cheap fertilizers containing agrochemically harmful components.

 The closest technical solution to the proposed one is a plant for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers, including a solution preparation unit, a feed water supply line and a finished product discharge line [USSR Author's Certificate N 82032, cl. A 01 C 21/00, publ. 5.04.61 g.].

 The solution preparation unit is made in the form of a tank, inside of which a stirrer is placed.

 Before applying mineral fertilizers to the soil, mineral fertilizer is poured into the barrel in an amount corresponding to the irrigation area. Then it is filled with water, which, mixing with a mixer with fertilizer, dissolves the latter. Next, the prepared solution is fed through the pipeline for irrigation.

 A disadvantage of the known installation for obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers is that the installation does not allow for the complete or partial replacement of agrochemically harmful salts in the source water with useful micro and macro fertilizers. Installation allows you to only add fertilizer to the source water. In the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers using mineralized water with the help of this installation, the initial content of agrochemically harmful salts in the source water is completely preserved.

 In addition, the known installation does not allow the use of cheaper and low-grade fertilizers using solutions of mineral fertilizers that do not contain agrochemically harmful components.

 The objective of the technical solution is to expand the range of source water used for irrigation with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, by involving higher salinity (up to 10 g / l) in the use of mineralized water. Another objective of the invention is to expand the field of use of solutions of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized water by providing the ability to control the content of agrochemically harmful components, as well as expanding the range of mineral fertilizers used by regulating the transfer to the composition of the solution for irrigation of only the necessary cations and anions from among all ions, included in the composition of mineral fertilizers of any type. The objective of the technical solution is also to reduce the cost of obtaining solutions of mineral fertilizers by eliminating the desalination stage from the process when using mineralized source water, as well as by making it possible to use cheaper and low-grade fertilizers.

 The tasks are solved in that the solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and fertilizing is obtained as follows: pre-treat the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in ionic forms with at least one solution containing at least one cation and at least one anion included in fertilizer composition, and then the initial mineralized and / or fresh water is passed sequentially through the treated cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin.

 The cation exchanger and anion exchanger are treated by sequentially passing through the anion exchanger and cation exchanger or in the opposite direction of the same solution containing the cations and anions that make up the fertilizer.

 In addition, the treatment of cation exchanger and anion exchanger can be carried out by parallel passing through them different solutions containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizer.

 In one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to treat the cation exchanger and anion exchanger in several stages, each of which is carried out by sequentially passing through the anion exchanger and cation exchanger the same solution or by simultaneously passing different solutions of different composition containing anions and cations that are part of the fertilizer.

 It is advisable to treat cation exchanger and anion exchanger with a solution or solutions containing anions and cations that are part of the fertilizer, to pass through the cation exchanger and anion exchanger of any of the cations or anions that are part of mineral fertilizers, in a concentration of not more than 10% of the initial concentration of the cation and anion in the above solution or solutions.

 It is advisable to choose cations from the series including potassium, ammonium, magnesium and calcium ions, and anions from the series including ions containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur.

 In addition, a solution containing anions and cations that are part of the fertilizer may additionally contain trace elements selected from the series including cations of iron, copper, manganese and zinc, and the series including anions of manganese, boron and molybdenum.

 Preferably, the source mineralized and / or fresh water is passed in the opposite direction to the transmission direction of the treatment solution containing cations and anions included in the fertilizer.

 The initial mineralized and / or fresh water is passed until the total concentration of cations and anions that make up these fertilizers in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers decreases by no more than 50%.

 In the case of using mineralized water as the source, the latter is passed through cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin until the concentration of sodium chloride in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers exceeds 2 g / l.

 It is advisable to process the cation exchanger and anion exchanger and to pass the feed water through them in a batch mode.

 To solve these problems, a plant for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers can be used, including an ion-exchange unit consisting of at least two vertical columns filled with cationite and anionite, respectively, equipped with upper and lower pipes with concentration control pipelines connected to them, each of which has a concentration sensor and a two-way valve mounted at the end of this pipeline, while the lower pipe of each column is connected to the upper pipe of another There are two nodes for supplying processing solutions, each consisting of a tank with inlet and outlet nozzles, a pump, a pipeline for supplying a solution with a valve and a pipeline for returning a solution, while the pipeline for supplying a solution on one side is connected to the outlet pipe of the tank, and on the other hand, with the bottom pipe of the column, and the solution return pipe is connected on the one hand with the inlet pipe of the tank, and on the other hand with a two-way valve for the concentration control of the lower part columns, a source water supply line connected through valves to the upper pipe of each column, a concentrate discharge line connected to two-way valves for monitoring the concentration of the upper part of the columns and a finished product discharge line equipped with a piping system, each of which is connected to one of the outlets of each two-way valves of concentration control pipelines.

 In one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to use an ion-exchange unit, additionally containing vertical columns filled with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, forming respectively the first and second group of columns. At the same time, the columns of each group are connected in the upper and lower parts by collectors (Fig. 2). The collectors have, respectively, upper and lower nozzles, while the upper nozzle of the first group is connected by the lower nozzle of the second group, and the upper nozzle of the second group is connected to the lower nozzle of the first group.

It is advisable to determine the number of columns of the first and second groups from the following ratio
n _k / n _a = V _a • q _a / V _k • q _k ,
where n _k and n _a are the number of columns filled respectively with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin;
V _r and V _a - the useful volume of each column with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, respectively;
q _k and q _and - volume container used cation exchanger and the anion exchanger, respectively.

 In addition, it is advisable to provide each processing solution supply unit with an additional return pipe with a valve, one end of which is connected to the solution supply pipe, and the other with a tank, and the source water supply line with an additional pipe with a valve, one end of which is connected to the specified line, and another with a finished product line.

 In the case of using fresh water as the source, the installation may additionally contain a concentrate storage tank with inlet and outlet pipes, an injector, a concentrate return pipe, a drain pipe and three valves, while one end of the concentrate return pipe is connected to the inlet pipe of the storage tank, and the other through valves with a concentrate discharge line, the outlet pipe of the storage tank is connected by a drain pipe through a valve with an injector installed on the feed line water.

 In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an installation for implementing the proposed method, where 1,2 are ion-exchange columns; 3-6 - pipe nozzles; 7-10 - concentration control pipelines; 11-14 - concentration sensors; 15-18 - two-way automatic valves having left (15l-18l) and right (15p-18p) outputs; 19-22 - pipelines and valves; 23.24 - containers; 25-28 - nozzles of containers; 29.30 - pumps; 31-34- pipelines for supplying the processing solution (i.e., a solution containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizer) and valves; 35.36 - pipelines return processing solution; 37-39 - source water line and valves; 40 - line discharge concentrate; 41-45 - outlet line of the finished product with a piping system; 46-49 - additional piping return processing solution and valves; 50.51 - additional pipeline of the source water supply line and valve.

 In FIG. 2 shows an ion-exchange assembly unit for implementing the proposed method, comprising two groups of columns. 52-55 - collectors attached to the corresponding pipes 3-6.

 Figure 3 shows the source water supply line of the installation for implementing the proposed method for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers based on fresh water with a low salt content, 56 - concentrate storage tank, 57 - injector, 58 - concentrate return pipe, 59 - drain pipe, 60- 63 - valves and 64 - bypass piping.

 The treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin taken in ionic forms, for example, sodium and chlorine, respectively, is carried out with a solution of mineral fertilizers containing, for example, potassium, ammonium, magnesium and calcium cations or their mixtures in various combinations, and anions containing phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur or mixtures thereof in various combinations. The specified solution is prepared in a tank 24 using a pump 30 using a small amount of fresh water and soluble mineral fertilizers in the same quantities and proportions (without additional special costs) that are introduced in the traditional way under the agricultural crops that need to be irrigated. The finished solution with a concentration of 100 - 250 g / l is supplied from the tank 24 by the pump 30 sequentially through columns 1 and 2. In this case, chlorine anions are displaced from column 2, and the anion exchange resin passes into the form of anions that are part of mineral fertilizers, and from column 1 are displaced sodium cations, and cation exchange resin transforms into the form of cations that make up mineral fertilizers. In general, a highly utilized highly concentrated solution of sodium chloride (100-250 g / l) is displaced from the system, and the system becomes ready for the stage of obtaining directly a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized and / or fresh water. For this, the initial mineralized and / or fresh water, having a total salinity of, for example, up to 10 g / l, and containing agrochemically harmful and populating soils, sodium and chlorine ions, is passed in a direction opposite to the direction of passage of the treatment solution sequentially through columns with cation exchange resin 1 and anion exchange resin 2. In this case, sodium ions (and partially calcium) are retained on cation exchanger 1, and chlorine ions (and partially sulfate) are retained on anion exchange resin 2. The resulting solution with the same salinity as the source water, but containing agrochemically digestible nutrients, is sent for irrigation with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers in dissolved form. The passage of the source water and the production of a solution of mineral fertilizers continue for no longer than in the resulting mineral fertilizer solution intended for irrigation, the total concentration of cations and anions that make up these fertilizers will decrease by 50%. In this case, at the beginning of the stage of transmission of the initial water through cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in columns 1 and 2 above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the intergranular space (porosity), the treatment solution remains, therefore, the switching of flows after column 2 is regulated by a concentration sensor 14 (measurements are performed using electrical conductivity). At the signal of the concentration sensor 14, the concentrated solution - the treatment solution, is returned to the tank 24 through the concentration control pipe 10 and the return pipe of the treatment solution 36, and then the diluted mineral fertilizer solution is sent through pipelines 10 and 44 to the product line 41 (irrigation solution).

 The treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin converted to ionic forms of the source water ions, for example, sodium mixed with calcium and chlorine mixed with sulfate, with a solution of mineral fertilizers, which is prepared in tank 24 using pump 30 using a small amount of the obtained irrigation solution and soluble mineral, is repeated. fertilizers. The finished solution with a concentration of 100 - 250 g / l is supplied from the tank 24 by the pump 30 sequentially through columns 2 and 1. At the same time, anions of chlorine and partially sulfate are displaced from column 2, and the anion exchange resin passes into the form of anions that are part of mineral fertilizers from the column 1, sodium and partially calcium cations are displaced, and cation exchanger passes into the form of cations that are part of mineral fertilizers. On the whole, a highly utilized highly concentrated sodium chloride solution (100-250 g / l) mixed with sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate is displaced from the system, and the system again becomes ready for the stage of obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized and / or fresh water. The specified stage of treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a concentrated solution of mineral fertilizers is continued for no longer than before passing through the cation exchange resin or anion exchange resin of any of the cations or anions included in the composition of mineral fertilizers in a concentration of not more than 10% of the initial concentration of these cations or anions of the above processing solution. At the same time, at the beginning of the treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a treatment solution of mineral fertilizers in the columns above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the porous space of the ion exchangers, a diluted solution of mineral fertilizers with a mineralization corresponding to the mineralization of the source water remains, therefore, the flow switching after column 1 is regulated by a concentration sensor 11. At the signal of the sensor 11, the diluted solution through the pipelines 7, 42 is sent to the product line 41 - solution for irrigation, and then leaving the concentrated minutes sodium chloride solution is routed to discharge and disposal (in the concentrate discharge line 40). The process is organized in such a way that diluted solutions in any part of the system are always located above concentrated solutions, therefore there is no mixing of solutions (due to longitudinal dispersion) and loss of useful components.

 Next, all these operations are repeated, and the process is thus carried out in a batch mode.

 As a result of carrying out one period (cycle) of the process in accordance with the installation scheme in FIG. 1, the entire amount of mineral fertilizers used previously for the treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin is returned with the ready-made solution for irrigation and is ultimately consumed for its intended purpose - to feed agricultural crops along with their irrigation. Moreover, due to the use of the proposed method, the entire amount (or the required amount) of agrochemical harmful components populating the soil is delayed and discharged in the form of an easily utilized concentrated solution.

 When the method is carried out in parallel processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, the treatment of cation exchange resin taken in the initial ionic form, for example, sodium ion, is carried out with a solution of mineral fertilizers containing nutrients in the form of cations associated with any type of anions, optionally agrochemically useful. examples of such fertilizers are potassium and ammonium chlorides, etc. The solution is prepared in tank 23 using pump 29. A finished solution with a concentration of 100-250 g / l is supplied from tank 23 by pump 29 to column 1. In parallel, anionite taken in the original ionic acid is treated in the form, for example, of a chlorine ion, with a concentrated solution of mineral fertilizers containing nutrients in the form of anions bound to cations of any type, optionally agrochemically useful. Examples of such fertilizers are sodium phosphates and nitrates, double superphosphate, etc. The solution is prepared in tank 24 using pump 30. The finished solution with a concentration of 100-250 g / l is supplied from tank 24 by pump 30 to column 2. During processing from column 2 chlorine anions are displaced, and the anion exchange resin passes into the form of anions that are part of mineral fertilizers. In general, a highly utilized highly concentrated solution of sodium chloride (100-250 g / l) is displaced from the system, and the system becomes ready for the stage of obtaining directly a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized and / or fresh water. For this, the initial mineralized and / or fresh water, having a total salinity of, for example, up to 10 g / l, and containing, among other things, agrochemically harmful and soil-populating ions, is fed sequentially through columns 37 through columns with treated cation exchange resin 1 and anion exchange resin 2 in the form agrochemically useful cations and anions, respectively. The passage of the source water and the production of a solution of mineral fertilizers continue no longer than in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation, the total concentration of cations and anions that make up these fertilizers will decrease by 50%. At the same time, concentrated processing solutions remain at the beginning of the passage of the source water in the columns above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the intergranular space (porosity), therefore, the switching of flows after columns 1 and 2 is controlled by concentration sensors 13 and 14. According to the signal from sensors 13 and 14 concentrated treatment solutions are returned to containers 23 and 24, respectively, partially processed source water leaving column 1 is then sent through line 19 to column 2, and those leaving column 2 are ready th solution of mineral fertilizers through pipelines 10 and 44 - into the exhaust line of the finished product 41- solution for irrigation and fertilizing.

 The treatment of cation exchanger and anion exchanger, converted to ionic forms of the ions of the source water, for example, sodium mixed with calcium and chlorine mixed with sulfate, with solutions of mineral fertilizers, is repeated. These solutions are prepared using a small amount of the obtained irrigation solution and soluble mineral fertilizers containing nutrients in the form of anions in a tank 24 using a pump 30 and containing nutrients in the form of cations in a tank 23, respectively, using a pump 29. Finished processing solutions are passed through columns 1 and 2 using pumps 29 and 30, respectively, no longer than before passing through the cation exchanger or anion exchanger of any of the cations or anions that are part of mineral fertilizers at the end centration of not more than 10% of the initial concentration of the cations or anions in said treatment solution. In this case, at the beginning of the treatment stage in the columns above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the porous space of the ion exchangers, there remains a diluted solution of mineral fertilizers with a mineralization corresponding to the mineralization of the source water, therefore, the switching of flows after columns 1 and 2 is regulated by concentration sensors 11 and 12, s with the help of which the specified solution is sent through pipelines 7.42 and 8, 45 to the drainage line of the finished product 41 — water for irrigation, and then concentrated solutions of sodium chloride mixed with sul Sodium phosphate and calcium sulfate are sent via line 40 for discharge and disposal. The process is organized in such a way that diluted solutions in any part of the system are always above concentrated solutions, therefore, solutions do not mix (due to longitudinal dispersion) and loss of useful components.

 In general, a highly utilizable highly concentrated sodium chloride solution with an admixture of sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate (100-250 g / l) is displaced from the system, and the system becomes ready for the next stage of passing the source water to obtain a solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and fertilizing.

 Next, all these operations are repeated, and the process is thus carried out in a batch mode.

 As a result of carrying out the process in accordance with the installation diagram in FIG. 1, not only the entire amount of mineral fertilizers used previously for the treatment of ion exchangers, is returned together with the obtained solution of mineral fertilizers based on the source water and consumed for its intended purpose - to feed agricultural crops along with their irrigation, but also the quality of these fertilizers is improved, since it is agrochemical useless or populating the soil cationic or anionic components of the original fertilizers are not converted to irrigation water. It is the nutrients that are introduced into the soil. In particular, if the initial fertilizers taken for processing are chloride, then in the fertigation process according to the proposed method, food is supplied to agricultural crops with chlorine-free fertilizers, which in a traditional form would be several times more expensive fertilizers. Thus, due to the use of the proposed method, the entire amount (or the required amount) of agrochemical harmful components that populate the soil from the initial processed water, as well as from the original mineral fertilizers taken for processing, is delayed and removed from the system in the form of an easily utilized concentrated solution.

 A distinctive feature of the proposed method for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized water due to which the goal is achieved - to reduce the cost of the process, is the possibility of safe irrigation, discovered by the authors, in which agricultural crops, consuming mineral components from specially prepared water, themselves carry out the desalination process with subsequent consumption of this water . The authors are not aware of any methods for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized water for irrigation, in which this distinctive feature was discovered and used.

The proposed method for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized and / or fresh water can be used to fully or partially ensure the irrigation of various agricultural crops while applying fertilizers. It depends on the salinity of the source water and on the possibility of maintaining a balance between the irrigation norms and the corresponding norms of mineral fertilizers for different crops. For example, when exceeding the permissible norms of mineralization of water for irrigation - 2 g / l, i.e. with the initial total mineralization of about 4 g / l, with an irrigation rate of 500 m ³ / ha and a fertilizer application rate of 1 t / ha, the proposed method completely solves the problem of irrigation and fertilizer application. With the corresponding figures of 2 g / l, 4 g / l, 500 m ³ / ha and 0.5 t / ha, the method solves the irrigation problem by 50%, thereby removing the load from expensive desalination methods by 50%.

 In this case, to provide both irrigation and fertilizer in full according to the proposed method, it is advisable to mix (dilute) the source of mineralized water with another source of fresh water, thus using the source of mineralized and fresh water.

 The proposed method allows to obtain a solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and fertilizing, not only on the basis of the source of saline water or saline and fresh water, but also on the basis of the source of fresh water. At the same time, by regulating the qualitative composition of anions and cations in the resulting solution, which were originally part of the processing solution, the previously unknown possibility of using low-grade fertilizers or substances containing fertilizer components appears, while ensuring that only agrochemically useful cations and anions. The proposed method provides such a possibility for the case of using the source of mineralized water, as well as for the case of using the source of mineralized and fresh water.

 In the case of using initial mineralized and / or fresh water and low-grade fertilizers, as well as substances partially containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizers, it is advisable to treat the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with several solutions of different composition by passing them parallel or parallel and sequentially through the indicated cation exchanger and anion exchanger.

 To reduce the cost of the proposed method, it is advisable to use cation exchanger and anion exchanger repeatedly, for which it is necessary to process the cation exchanger and anion exchanger and the passage of the source water in a batch mode.

 To prevent losses of mineral fertilizers during the processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, it is advisable to pass the treatment solution until a break through the cation exchange resin or anion exchange resin of any of the cations or anions included in the composition of mineral fertilizers in a concentration of not more than 10% of the initial concentration of these cations or anions of the specified treatment solution . With a larger value of the slip and taking into account multiple processing in a batch mode, the loss of fertilizer becomes so high that the proposed method becomes unprofitable.

 In order to prevent the possibility of salinization of the soil with the solution obtained in accordance with the proposed method in the case of using mineralized source water and to ensure simultaneous irrigation of fertilizer application in the case of using mineralized and / or fresh water, it is advisable to pass the initial mineralized and / or fresh water through cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin or in the opposite direction until the total concentration of cations and anions in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers entering into the composition of these fertilizers will decrease by no more than 50%. With a greater decrease in the total concentration of these cations and anions, the resulting solution based on mineralized and / or fresh water becomes useless from the point of view of fertilizing, and the solution based on mineralized water becomes dangerous from the point of view of the possibility of salinization of soils.

 It is advisable to use the starting cation exchanger in one of the pure ionic forms: potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, or mixtures thereof in various proportions determined by the norms of applying mineral fertilizers for various agricultural crops, with or without an admixture of sodium ions. In this regard, it is advisable to treat the cation exchange resin with solutions of mineral fertilizers containing these ions in pure form or in mixtures with each other at the required ratios.

It is advisable to use the starting anion exchange resin in one of the pure ionic forms: phosphate, nitrate or sulfate, or mixtures thereof in various proportions, determined by the norms of applying mineral fertilizers for various agricultural crops, with or without an admixture of chlorine anions. In this regard, it is advisable to treat the anion exchange resin with solutions of mineral fertilizers containing these ions in pure form or in mixtures with each other at the required ratios
It is advisable to use the starting cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in the indicated ionic forms mixed with agrochemically useful microcomponents, such as iron, copper, manganese, zinc in the cationic form, and such as boron, molybdenum and manganese in the anionic form. In this regard, it is advisable to carry out the treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with solutions of mineral components containing impurities of the indicated micronutrients in amounts determined by the norms of making microcomponents for various agricultural crops.

 It is advisable to carry out the treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with the same solution of a mixture of mineral fertilizers. It is advisable to pass the solution for processing in the direction opposite to the direction of transmission of the source water at the stage of obtaining the solution of mineral fertilizers. This eliminates the problem of mixing heterogeneous solutions and eliminates the loss of valuable components due to the process under conditions where the concentration profiles of all components (exchange fronts) at all stages of the process remain inside the ion-exchange columns.

Example 1. The apparatus shown in FIG. 1, with the following characteristics: column 1 is loaded with KU-2x8 industrial cation exchanger in the Na form with an exchange capacity per unit layer of 1.75 geq / l with a sorbent layer volume of 0.9 m ³ and the parameters of this layer L = 1.5 m, S = 0.6 m ² . Column 2 is loaded with industrial anion exchange resin AB-17x8 in Cl-form with an exchange capacity per layer unit of 1.15 g-equiv / l with a sorbent layer volume of -1.35 m ³ and the parameters of this layer are L = 1.5 m, S = 0.9 m ² . Columns 1 and 2 are provided with lower and upper drainage devices.

The following groundwater or ground brackish water is used according to macrocomponents: Na ⁺ - 0.67 g / l (0.029 g-eq / l); Ca ²⁺ 0.22 g / L (0.011 g-equiv / L); Mg ²⁺ - 0.10 g / l (0.008 g-eq / l); Cl ^- 1.1 g / l (0.031 g-eq / l); SO ₄ ^2- - 0.85 g / L (0.017 g-equiv / L). The total salinity of the solution is 2.95 g / l (0.048 g-eq / l).

Using the proposed method for irrigation of olive trees in climatic and agrochemical conditions of subarid and dry subtropical climates (Middle East, North Africa and other regions), which correspond to the following average annual irrigation and top dressing rates: 6 m ³ water and 6 kg combined per adult tree fertilizers in three doses.

a. In a container 24 with a volume of 2.5 m ^3, pour 2 m ^{3 of} fresh water (or raw mineralized water) and load 316 kg of soluble combined fertilizer - nitroammophoski containing at least 90% (≈300 kg) of useful components. Using pump 30, the entire amount of fertilizer is dissolved in a circulating water stream, after which a solution is obtained containing the following concentrations of cations and anions: NH ₄ ⁺ - 16.2 g / l, K ⁺ - 36 g / l, NO ₃ ^- - 55, 8 g / l, HPO ₄ ^2- - 43.2 g / l (total concentration - 150 g / l), which corresponds in units of equivalent concentrations to 0.9 N solution for each of the useful components or 1.8 N solution for the total cations or the sum of anions. All these operations are carried out within 0.3 hours.

b. The sensor 11 is turned on. Using the pump 30, the indicated solution is passed through the columns 2 and 1 at a speed of 1 m ³ / h sequentially when the solution is supplied from the bottom to the top in each column. The transmission process is continued until at the outlet from the upper part of column 1 any of the above ions is detected in concentrations exceeding 0.04 g-equiv / l (5% of the initial concentrations). A total of 1.7 m ^{3 of} solution was passed over 1.7 hours. The resulting solution of sodium chloride with a concentration of 105 g / l (1.8 g-eq / l) resulting from column 1 is sent for discharge or disposal to a special pool for solar evaporation. Turn on the sensor 14 and turn off the sensor 11. After which the installation is ready for operation.

in. The feed stream of mineralized water supplied at a speed of 10 m ³ / h is divided into two identical flows of 5 m ³ / h, one of which is passed sequentially through columns 1 and 2 from top to bottom in each column, after which the flow of treated water, passed through the installation, combined with an equal flow of untreated mineralized water. At the same time, the prepared water for irrigation (10 m ³ / h) contains permissible amounts of agrochemically harmful and soil ions of chlorine and sodium: the total concentration of sodium chloride is less than 1 g / l (with a maximum tolerance of up to 2 g / l). At the same time, this preparation provides plant nutrition with useful components - calcium, magnesium and sulfate due to the source water.

d. The passage of water through the installation at a speed of 5 m ³ / hour is carried out for 6 hours. At the same time, at the beginning of the transmission process, for the first 10 minutes, a concentrated solution of mineral fertilizers with a volume of 0.85 m ³ comes out from column 2, which after the process according to p. remains in the intergranular (porous) space in columns 1 and 2, in a free volume outside the ion exchanger layers in the columns and in pipelines. The sensor 14 is configured so that the indicated volume is directed back to the tank 24 through the outlet 18p of the two-way valve 18, after which the valve automatically switches with opening 18l and closing 18p, and the outgoing solution is sent to mix with the source water and then to the trees by drip method or other known methods.

 The mixed water obtained for irrigation contains a total of 1.68 g / l (0.024 g-eq / l) of combined fertilizers and 1.47 g / l (0.024 g-eq / l) of salts from among the components of the initial mineralized water.

Thus, the entire cycle of water processing, including processes according to paragraphs. a. - g., takes 8 hours. After the cycle is completed, a container 24 contains 1.15 m ³ of a mineral fertilizer solution with a concentration of 150 g / l, and columns 1 and 2 are in the form of sodium, calcium and magnesium cations and, accordingly, chlorine and sulfate anions from the source mineralized water. The porous space and free volume in the columns, as well as in the pipelines, contain 0.85 m ^{3 of} treated water (before mixing with the source) with a concentration of 3.36 g / l of fertilizers (0.048 g-equiv / l).

d. In the tank 24 add 0.85 m ³ fresh water and load 135 kg of soluble combined fertilizer. Using pump 30, a dissolution is carried out in a circulating stream, after which again 2 m ^{3 of a} solution is obtained that fully complies with the composition of the mineral fertilizer solution (150 g / l) obtained as a result of performing the operations of item a. 0.9 N solution for each of the useful components or 1.8 N solution for the sum of cations or the sum of anions. These operations are carried out within 0.3 hours.

e. Repeat all operations according to item b, except that at the beginning of the process from the top of the column 1 leaves the treated solution remaining in the porous space and free volume of the columns, as well as in the pipelines after performing the full cycle of operations in accordance with paragraphs. A.-g. The volume of this solution is 0.85 m ^{3 the} duration of the output is the first 0.85 hours (51 minutes). The sensor 11 is configured so that the indicated volume is sent via line 42 to the line 41 for mixing with the obtained irrigation solution, after which the opening of the valve outlet 15 is automatically switched from 15 l to 15 p, and the outlet solution or suspension is a mixture of sodium chloride, calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate - sent for disposal or disposal in a special pool for solar evaporation. In this case, the solution (supersaturated with calcium sulfate) or suspension has the following composition: total concentration - 110 g / l (1.8 g-eq / l), calcium sulfate content - 28 g / l (0.41 g-eq / l ), the content of magnesium sulfate 15 g / l (0.25 g-eq / l), the content of sodium chloride 67 g / l (1.14 g-eq / l). The volume of solutions for discharge or disposal is less than 3% of the volume of recycled water.

 g. Repeat all operations in paragraphs. b. and g. and complete the next cycle of processing.

As a result of the implementation of example 1 for every 6 hours from the corresponding 8, equal to one cycle, with a capacity of 10 m ³ / hour receive water for irrigation containing 1.68 kg / m ^{3 of} mineral fertilizers. The resulting water is used to irrigate plantations on 300 olive trees in three doses, corresponding to the irrigation and feeding season, each of which has a duration of 480 hours (60 plant operation cycles or - 1 month with two-shift operation). Moreover, this plantation is fully provided with mineral fertilizers (3 times 6000 kg each) and 60% is provided with irrigation water (3 times 3600 m ³ each).

 Example 2. The process is carried out in accordance with the operations of paragraphs. azh of example 1, except that they use the source water with a total salinity of 5.6 g / l with the same component ratios as in example 1, and the operation in accordance with paragraphs. in. and g. carried out as described below.

in. The feed water stream, equal to 7 m ³ / h, is divided into two streams using valve 51: one of them is a flow equal to 5 m ³ / h, pass through columns 1 and 2, after which the flow of the resulting solution is combined with the feed mineralized stream water equal to 2 m ³ / hour. In this case, the irrigation solution (7 m / h) contains permissible amounts of agrochemically harmful and soil ions of chlorine and sodium: the total concentration of sodium chloride is less than 1 g / l.

d. The passage of water through the installation at a speed of 5 m ³ / hour is carried out for 3 hours. The mixed water obtained for irrigation contains a total of 4 g / l of combined fertilizers and 1.5 g / l of salts from among the initial components of the initial mineralized water.

As a result of the implementation of example 2 for every 3 hours from the corresponding 5, equal to one cycle, with a capacity of 7 m ³ / hour receive irrigation water containing 4 kg / m ^{3 of} mineral fertilizers. The resulting water is used to irrigate plantations on 3600 olive trees in three doses, corresponding to the irrigation and feeding season, each of which has a duration of 450 hours (90 plant operation cycles or - 1 month with two-shift operation). Moreover, this plantation is fully provided with mineral fertilizers (3 times 7500 kg each) and 32% is provided with irrigation water (3 times 1890 m ³ each).

Example 3. The process is carried out as described in example 1, except that the resulting solution is used for irrigation and top dressing tomatoes on 15 hectares of protected soil, with the following rates of top dressing and watering for one agrochemical cycle (V.I. Pyzhenkov, Vegetable crops protected soil, L., Lenizdat, 1981): the average total amount of fertilizer (based on a yield of at least 10 kg / m ² ) - 120 g / m ² (1.2 t / ha); the average irrigation rate per cycle is 1200 m ³ / ha. As a result of all the operations in accordance with example 1 of the proposed method, these tomatoes are 100% provided with mineral fertilizers and 60% with irrigation water.

 Example 4. The process is carried out in the installation shown in FIG. 1, using feed water and agricultural irrigation as described in example 1.

a. 1 m ^{3 of} fresh water is poured into a container 23 and 151 kg of potassium chloride and 107 kg of ammonium chloride (calculated on pure salts) are loaded there. Using pump 29, the entire amount of fertilizers is dissolved in a circulating water stream, after which a solution is obtained containing the following concentration of cations: NH ⁺ - 36 g / l K ⁺ - 80 g / l, which in units of equivalent concentrations corresponds to a 2N solution for each of the useful components or 4N solution by the sum of cations.

1.38 m ^{3 of} fresh water is poured into a container 24 and 57.5 kg of double superphosphate, 57.5 kg of sodium monohydrogen phosphate and 176 kg of sodium nitrate (calculated on pure dry salts) are loaded therein. With the use of pump 30 in a circulating water stream dissolved all the amount of fertilizer, after which a solution containing the following anions concentration: NO ₃ ^- - 93 g / l, HPO ₄ ^2- - 72 g / l, in units of equivalent concentrations corresponding to 1, 5 N solution for each of the useful components or 3N solution for the sum of the anions. All of these operations under item a. spend within 0.3 hours.

b. The solution from the tank 23 using the pump 29 is passed through the column 1 in the direction from the bottom up with a speed of 0.5 m ³ / hour. The transmission process is continued until potassium or ammonium cations are detected at a concentration of more than 0.1 g-equiv / l (5% of the initial concentrations) at the exit from the top of column 1. A total of 0.85 m ^{3 of} solution was passed over 1.7 hours. The solution of sodium chloride with a concentration of 234 g / l (4 g-eq / l) obtained at the exit from column 1 is sent for mixing with the concentrate leaving column 2, and then, for discharge or disposal into a special pool for solar evaporation. The solution from the tank 24 using the pump 30 is passed through the column 2 in the direction from bottom to top at a speed of 0.75 m ³ / hour. The transmission process is continued until 2 potassium or ammonium ions are detected at the outlet from the top of the column in concentrations exceeding 0.075 g-eq / L (5% of the initial concentrations). A total of 1.28 m ^{3 of} solution was passed over 1.7 hours. The resulting solution of sodium chloride with a concentration of 175.5 g / l (3 g-eq / l) resulting from column 2 is sent to be mixed with the concentrate leaving column 1, and then, after receiving a mixed concentrate with a volume of 2.13 m ³ with a concentration sodium chloride 198.9 g / l (3.4 g-eq / l), for discharge or disposal into a special pool for solar evaporation. Sensors 11, 12, 13 and 14 are turned on, after which the installation is ready for operation.

in. The initial mineralized water stream equal to 10 m ³ / h is divided into two identical flows of 5 m ³ / h, one of which is passed sequentially through columns 1 and 2 in the direction from top to bottom in each column, after which the flow of irrigation solution passed through the installation, combined with the equal in magnitude flow of the initial mineralized water.

d. The passage of water through the installation at a speed of 5 m ³ / hour is carried out for 6 hours. At the same time, at the beginning of the transmission process, for the first 4 minutes, a concentrated solution of mineral fertilizers with a volume of 0.35 m ³ comes out from column 1, which after the process according to p. remains in the intergranular (porous) space in column 1 and in the free volume outside the cation exchanger layer in column 1 and in pipelines. The sensor 13 is configured so that the indicated volume is sent back to the container 23, after which the valves automatically switch, and the effluent is directed to the entrance to the column 2. During the first 6 minutes, starting from the moment the solution was supplied to the column 2, concentrated a solution of mineral fertilizers with a volume of 0.5 m ³ , which after the process according to p. remains in the intergranular (porous) space in column 2 and in the free volume outside the anionite layer in the column and in pipelines. The sensor 14 is configured so that the indicated volume is sent back to the tank 24, after which the valves automatically switch, and the effluent is sent to mix with the source water and then to the trees by drip or other known methods.

d. In a container 23 add 0.5 m ^{3 of} fresh water and add 75.5 kg of potassium chloride and 53.5 kg of ammonium chloride (calculated on pure salts). Using pump 29, a dissolution is carried out in a circulating stream, after which again 1 m ^{3 of a} solution is obtained that completely complies with the composition of the solution of cationic mineral fertilizers obtained as a result of operations according to item a: 2N solution for each of the useful components or 4N solution for the sum of cations. 0.78 m ^{3 of} fresh water is added to tank 24 and 37.5 kg of double superphosphate, 37.5 kg of sodium monohydrogen phosphate and 114.5 kg of sodium nitrate (based on pure dry salts) are added. Using pump 30, a dissolution is carried out in a circulating stream, after which again 1.38 m ^{3 of a} solution is obtained that fully complies with the composition of the solution of cationic mineral fertilizers obtained as a result of operations according to item a .: 1.5N solution for each of the useful components or 3N solution by the sum of anions. The operations indicated in p.d. are carried out within 0.3 hours.

e. Repeat all operations according to item b, except that at the beginning of the process from the top of columns 1 and 2 there is a solution remaining in the porous space and free volume of the columns, as well as in the pipelines after completing the full cycle of operations in accordance with paragraphs. A.-g. The volume of such a solution leaving the column 1 is 0.35 m ³ , the duration of the exit is the first 40 minutes. The volume of such a solution leaving the column is 2-0.5 m ³ , the output time is the first 40 minutes. Sensors 11 and 12 are configured so that the indicated volumes are sent for mixing with the source mineralized water and receiving water for irrigation, after which the valves automatically switch, and the effluent solution or suspensions - mixtures of sodium chloride, calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate - are mixed with each other , and then sent for dumping or disposal in a special pool for solar evaporation. In this case, the averaged solution from two columns (supersaturated with calcium sulfate) or the averaged suspension have the following composition: total concentration - 110 g / l (1.8 g-equiv / l), calcium sulfate content - 28 g / l (0.41 g-eq / l), the content of magnesium sulfate 15 g / l (0.25 g-eq / l), the content of sodium chloride 67 g / l (1.14 g-eq / l). The volume of concentrate for discharge or disposal is less than 3% of the volume of the source recyclable water.

 g. Repeat all operations in paragraphs. in. and g. and complete the next cycle of processing.

As a result of the implementation of example 4, as well as example 1, for every 6 hours from the corresponding 8 equal to one cycle, with a productivity of 10 m ³ / hour, irrigation water containing 2 kg / m ^{3 of} mineral fertilizers is obtained. The resulting water is used to irrigate plantations on 3600 olive trees in three doses, corresponding to the irrigation and irrigation seasons, each of which has a duration of 480 hours (60 plant operation cycles or - 1 month with two-shift operation). Moreover, this plantation is fully provided with mineral fertilizers (3 times 7200 kg each) and 50% is provided with irrigation water (3 times 3600 m ³ each). In this case, as a result of the implementation of Example 3, cheap chlorine and sodium containing fertilizers are taken as initial fertilizers, and a solution of chlorine-free combined fertilizer containing both cationic and anionic components against acceptable and controlled concentrations of sodium chloride is added together with water for irrigation to agriculture. .

Example 5. The process is carried out in accordance with paragraphs. well of example 1, except that the flow is not divided into two parts, as in item 1 of example 1 — the entire flow of 10 m ³ / h is passed through the installation shown in FIG. 1, and also with the exception that fresh water with a total mineralization of 0.5 g / l is taken as the source water, and Solufeed212 combined soluble mineral fertilizer (with a ratio of N: P: K = 2: 1: 2), from among those manufactured specifically for fertigation technology by Solufeed Ltd. (England), and the resulting solution is used for irrigation and top dressing of sweet pepper per 10 hectares of protected soil, with the following rates of top dressing and watering for one agrochemical cycle (120 days): average total amount of fertilizer - 100 g / m ² (1 t / ha ); the average irrigation rate per agrochemical cycle is 2000 m ³ / ha. At the same time, the solution for irrigation and fertilizing obtained in accordance with paragraph g) of Example 1 contains 0.5 g / l of combined fertilizers. In this case, in contrast to paragraph g) of example 1, in this example, the transmission of source water at a speed of 10 m ³ / hour is carried out for 18 hours, and the total ion-exchange cycle of water processing, including the processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, lasts 20 hours. As a result of all the operations in accordance with example 1 of the proposed method, pepper is 100% provided with mineral fertilizers and 100% with irrigation water.

Example 6. The process is carried out in accordance with paragraphs. A.-. Example 4, except that the flow is not divided into two parts as in item 4 of Example 4 — the entire flow of 10 m ³ / h is passed through the installation shown in FIG. 1, and also with the exception that fresh water with a total mineralization of 0.5 g / l is taken as the source water, and the resulting solution is used for irrigation and top dressing of sweet pepper on a protected ground, subject to the modes of transmission of the source water through the installation, and also at the norms of top dressing and watering for one agrochemical cycle, indicated in example 5. As a result of all the operations in accordance with example 4 of the proposed method, pepper is 100% provided with irrigation water and, as in example 5, it is provided 100% complete mineral fertilizers that do not contain choir and sodium ions. However, compared with example 5, the cost of the original mineral fertilizers used in this example is significantly (2-5 times) less.

Example 7. The process is carried out in the installation shown in FIG. 1, using an additional unit for supplying the source water shown in FIG. 3. As the source water using fresh water with the same ratio of concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium salts as in example 1, but with an initial mineralization of 0.25 g / l (4.1 • 10 ^-3 g-equiv / l ) Carry out the process in accordance with paragraphs. A.-e. of example 1 except that the stream is not divided into two parts as in item in example 1 - the entire stream of 10 m ³ / hour for 36 hours is passed through the installation shown in figure 1, as well as except that when passing the processing solution of mineral fertilizers through columns 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) in accordance with item 1 of example 1, the solution or suspension exiting through outlet 15p - a mixture of sodium chloride, calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate - is not completely directed into the pipeline 40 for discharge or disposal, and part of it is sent to the pipeline 58 (figure 3) and yes then into the storage tank of the concentrate 56 (by closing the valve 62 and opening the valve 61). From the volume of waste concentrate 0.85 m ³ obtained in each cycle of treatment of ion exchangers, a volume of 0.41 m ^{3 is} collected in a storage tank 56. The specified concentrate has the following composition: total salt concentration -1 g / l (1.8 g - equiv / l), the content of calcium sulfate is 28 g / l (0.41 g-equiv / l), magnesium sulfate is 15 g / l (0.25 g-equiv / l), sodium chloride is 67 g / l (1 14 geq / L). The next cycle of transmission of the initial solution (with a speed of 10 m ³ / hour) through the installation is carried out for 18 hours with the valve 60 open (Fig. 3) and uniformly injecting concentrate from the tank 56 into the stream of the initial solution at a rate of 22.78 l / hour. In this case, the total mineralization of the solution passed through the installation becomes 0.5 g / l, as in Example 5. Next, the operations for preparing the treatment solution (0.3 hours) and ion exchange treatment (1.7 hours at a speed of 1 m ³ / h) are repeated. with the selection of 0.41 m ³ into the tank 56 and passing the initial solution through the unit (18 hours at a speed of 10 m ³ / h) with preliminary uniform injection of the concentrate (18 hours at a speed of 22.78 l / h) to obtain a solution for irrigation with the content of mineral fertilizers is 0.5 g / l. The resulting solution is used as in example 5 for irrigation and feeding sweet pepper per 10 hectares of protected soil. As a result of all operations in accordance with example 1 of the proposed method, pepper is 100% provided with mineral fertilizers and 100% with irrigation water.

Example 8. The process is carried out as described in example 7 except that from the volume of waste concentrate 0.85 m ³ (1.8 g-equiv / l) obtained in each cycle of treatment of ion exchangers, a volume equal to 0.73 m ³ are collected in a container 56. In each cycle, the initial solution is passed through the installation at a speed of 5 m ³ / h for 6 hours with the valve 60 open (Fig. 3) and uniformly injecting concentrate from the container 56 into the stream of the initial solution at a speed of 121.67 l / hour In this case, the total mineralization of the solution passed through the installation becomes 2.95 g / l as in Example 1. Next, the operations for preparing the treatment solution (0.3 hours) and ion exchange treatment (1.7 hours at a speed of 1 m ³ / h) are repeated. with the selection of 0.73 m ³ waste concentrate in the tank 56 and passing the initial solution through the installation (6 hours at a speed of 5 m ³ / h) with preliminary uniform injection of the concentrate (6 hours at a rate of 122.67 l / h) to obtain a solution for irrigation with the content of mineral fertilizers 2.95 g / l. Before irrigation, the stream of treated water passing through the installation is combined with a stream of 15 m ³ / h of raw untreated water. The resulting solution is used as in example 1 for irrigation of olive trees at the norms of watering and top dressing: for one adult tree 6 m ^{3 of} water and 6 kg of combined fertilizers in three doses. As a result of the implementation of Example 8, for every 6 hours from the corresponding 8 equal to one cycle with a capacity of 20 m ³ / h, irrigation water containing 1 kg / m ^{3 of} mineral fertilizers is obtained. The resulting water is used to irrigate plantations on 3600 olive trees in three doses, corresponding to the irrigation and irrigation seasons, each of which has a duration of 480 hours (60 plant operation cycles or - 1 month with two-shift operation). Moreover, this plantation is 100% provided with mineral fertilizers (3 times 7200 kg each) and 100% provided with irrigation water (3 times 7200 m ³ each).

 The installation for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers based on mineralized and / or fresh water includes an ion-exchange unit, consisting of two vertical columns respectively filled with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin 1 and 2, equipped with upper and lower pipes 3, 4 and 5, 6 with them connected concentration control pipelines 7.8.9, 10, each of which has a concentration sensor II, 12, 13, 14, and a two-way valve, respectively, 15, 16, 17, 18, installed at the end of each pipeline. The lower pipe 5 of column 1 is connected to the upper pipe 4 of column 2 by a pipe 19 provided with a valve 20. The lower pipe 6 of column 2 is connected to the upper pipe 3 of a column 1 by pipe 21 provided with a valve 22.

 The installation also includes two nodes for supplying processing solutions, each consisting of a container 23 and 24 with inlet and outlet nozzles, respectively, 25, 26 and 27, 28, a pump 29 and 30, a solution supply pipeline, respectively, 31 and 32 with a valve, respectively , 33 and 34 and the solution return pipe, respectively, 35 and 36. In this case, the solution delivery pipe 31 is connected on one side through the pump 29 to the outlet pipe 26 of the vessel 23 and, on the other hand, to the lower pipe 5 of the column 1, and the solution return pipe 35 is connected on one side with the input pa by cutting 25 of the vessel 23, and on the other hand with a two-way valve 17 of the concentration control pipe 9 of the bottom of the column 1. At the same time, the solution supply pipe 32 is connected on the one hand through the pump 30 to the outlet pipe 28 of the tank 24, and on the other hand to the lower pipe 6 columns 2, and the return pipe 36 is connected on the one hand with the inlet pipe 27 of the tank 24, and on the other hand with a two-way valve 18 of the concentration control pipe 10 of the lower part of the column 2.

 The installation also includes a source water supply line 37 connected through valves 38 and 39 to the upper nozzles 3 and 4, respectively, columns 1 and 2, a concentrate discharge line 40 connected to two-way valves 15 and 16 of the concentration control pipes 7 and 8 of the upper part of the columns 1 and 2. The installation also includes an outlet line for the finished product 41, equipped with a system of pipelines 42, 43, 44 and 45, each of which is connected to one of the outputs, respectively, of two-way valves 15, 17, 18, 16 of the concentration control pipelines, respectively, 7 , 9, 10, and 8.

 In addition, each processing solution supply unit is equipped with an additional return pipe, 46 and 47, respectively, with a valve, 48 and 49, respectively, one end of which is connected to the solution supply pipe, 31 and 32, respectively, and the other, with a capacity of 23 and 24.

 Also, the feed water supply line 37 contains an additional pipeline 50 with a valve 51, one end of which is connected to the specified line 37, and the other to the finished product line 41.

 In one embodiment of the invention, the ion-exchange unit of the installation further comprises vertical columns filled with cation exchanger and anion exchanger, forming respectively the first and second group of columns. In this case, the columns of each group are connected in the upper and lower parts by collectors 52, 53 and 54, 55 (Fig. 2). The collectors have, respectively, upper 3.4 and lower 5.6 nozzles, while the upper nozzle 3 of the first group is connected by the lower nozzle 6 of the second group, and the upper nozzle 4 of the second group is connected to the lower nozzle 5 of the first group.

The number of columns of the first and second groups is determined from the following ratio
n _k / n _a = V _a • q _a / V _k • q _k ,
where n _k and n _a are the number of columns filled respectively with cation exchanger and anion exchanger;
V _to and V _a - the useful volume of each column with cateonite and anion exchange resin, respectively;
q _k and q _and - volume container used cation exchanger and the anion exchanger, respectively.

 The installation further comprises a concentrate storage tank 56 with inlet and outlet nozzles, an injector 57, a concentrate return pipe 58, a drain pipe 59 and three valves 60, 61, 62, respectively. In addition, the installation includes a valve 63 mounted on the source water supply line 37, and bypass pipe 64, on which the injector 57 is mounted. In this case, one end of the concentrate return pipe 58 is connected to the inlet pipe of the storage tank 56, and the other through valves 61 and 62, respectively, with the concentrate discharge line 40, yhodnoy pipe storage capacitance 56 connected to drain conduit 59 via a valve 60 to the injector 57. The ends of the bypass conduit 64 connected to the untreated water feed line 37 and valve 63 located between the ends of said bypass conduit 64.

 Installation in the sequential treatment of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a fertilizer treatment solution works as follows. In the tank 24 using a pump 30 using fresh water and soluble mineral fertilizers preparing a processing solution of fertilizers. In this case, valve 49 is opened and valve 34 is closed. The finished solution is supplied from the tank 24 by the pump 30 sequentially through the columns 2 and 1 and then to the discharge through the concentrate discharge line 40. In this case, the valves 34, 20 are open, and the two-way valve 15 with the sensor 11 so that when the concentrated solution passes, the right exit of the two-way valve 15p opens, connected to line 40. The valves 49, 22, the left exit of the two-way valve 15l and both outputs of the two-way valve 16 are closed. After working out the cation exchanger and anion exchanger, the end criterion of which is an independent analysis of the leakage of ions from the composition of mineral fertilizers (not more than 10% of the initial concentration) is performed or the corresponding time step is completed according to control cyclograms; the valves are switched in manual or automatic mode to carry out the stage of passing the initial mineralized and / or fresh water and obtain a solution of mineral fertilizers. The valves 38, 20, the outlet 18l are opened and the valves 22 and the outlet 15p are closed. Valves 39, outlet 15l, and fully two-way valves 16.17 and 18p should also be closed. The feed water is passed in the opposite direction to the flow of the treatment solution sequentially through columns with cation exchange resin 1 and anion exchange resin 2. The flow of feed water and obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers continue no longer than in the resulting mineral fertilizer solution intended for irrigation, the total concentration of cations and anions, included in these fertilizers will decrease by 50%. After establishing a stable operating mode of the installation, the end of transmission is determined by time sequences for automatic control. At the beginning of the passage of the source water through the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in columns 1 and 2 above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the intergrain space (porosity), the treatment solution remains, therefore, the switching of flows after column 2 is regulated by a concentration sensor 14 (measurements are carried out by electrical conductivity) in accordance with the modes shown in the table. 1. At the signal of the concentration sensor 14, the concentrated solution - the treatment solution, is returned to the tank 24 through the concentration control pipe 10 and the return pipe of the treatment solution 36, and then the diluted mineral fertilizer solution is sent through line 44 to the outlet line of the finished product 41 (irrigation solution )

 The stages of preparation of a solution of mineral fertilizers and the processing of anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin in columns 2 and 1 are repeated. At the beginning of the stage of processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a treatment (concentrated) solution of mineral fertilizers in the columns above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the porous space of the ion exchangers, diluted solution of mineral fertilizers based on the source water with a salinity corresponding to the salinity of the source water, so the switching of flows after column 1 is regulated by a concentration sensor 11 . According to the signal of the sensor 1] (in accordance with the modes shown in table. 1), the diluted solution through pipelines 7, 42 is sent to the outlet line of the finished product 41 - solution for irrigation, and then the concentrated sodium chloride solution is sent for discharge and disposal (to the concentrate discharge line 40). Next, all these operations are repeated, and the process is thus carried out in a batch mode in accordance with the valve control modes shown in Table. 1.

 Installation in parallel processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a fertilizer treatment solution works as follows. In the tank 23 using the pump 29 and in the tank 24 using the pump 30 using fresh water and soluble mineral fertilizers preparing the processing solution of fertilizers. In this case, valves 48 and 49 are open and valves 33 and 34 are closed. The finished solution is supplied from the tank 23 by the pump 29 through the column 1 and then to the discharge through the concentrate discharge line 40. In this case, the valve 33 is open, and the two-way valve 15 with the sensor 11 is configured that when the concentrated solution passes, the right exit of the two-way valve 15p opens, connected to line 40. The valves 48, 20, the left exit of the two-way valve 15l and both outputs of the two-way valve 17 are closed. The finished solution from the tank 24 is pumped 30 through the column 2 and then to discharge through l the outlet of the concentrate 40. In this case, the valves 34 are open, and the two-way valve 16 with the sensor 12 is configured so that when the concentrated solution passes, the left exit of the two-way valve 16l opens, connected to line 40. The valves 49, 22 are closed, the right output of the two-way valve 16p and both outputs of a two-way valve 18.

 After processing the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, the end criterion of which is an independent analysis of the breakthrough of ions from the composition of mineral fertilizers (not more than 10% of the initial concentration) or the completion of the corresponding time stage according to control cyclograms, the valves are switched in manual or automatic mode to carry out the transmission stage of the initial mineralized and / or fresh water and obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers. The valves 38, 20, the outlet 18l are opened and the valves 22 and the outlet 15p are closed. Valves 39, exits 15l, 18p, and fully two-way valves 16 and 17 must also be closed. The source water is passed in the direction opposite to the direction of transmission of the treatment solution sequentially through columns with cation exchange resin 1 and anion exchange resin 2. The transmission of the initial water and the production of a solution of mineral fertilizers do not continue longer than in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation, the total concentration of cations and anions that make up these fertilizers will decrease by 50%. After establishing a stable operating mode of the installation, the end of transmission is determined by the cyclograms for automatic control. At the beginning of the stage of transmission of the initial water through cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin in columns 1 and 2 above the layers and under the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the intergranular space (porosity), the treatment solution remains, therefore, the switching of flows after ion-exchange columns 1 and 2 is regulated by concentration sensors 13 and 14 ( measurements are carried out by electrical conductivity) in accordance with the valve switching modes shown in the table. 2.

 At the beginning of the first stage (in the first part of the first stage), according to the signal from the concentration sensor 13, the concentrated solution — the treatment solution of useful cations — returns to the tank 23 through the concentration control pipeline 9 and the treatment solution return pipe 35, after which the second part of the first stage when the diluted solution emerging from the column 1 is sent through the pipeline 20 to the column 2, after which, following the signal from the concentration sensor 14, the concentrated solution is a processing solution of useful anions it is stored in the tank 24 through the concentration control pipeline 10 and the processing solution return pipe 36. After the first stage, when the diluted fertilizer solution begins to pass through the concentration control pipeline, according to the signal of the sensor 14, this solution passes through the pipeline 44 to the finished product discharge line 41 (irrigation solution).

 The installation can also function when the source water is passed in the direction from the column with anion exchange resin 2 to the column with cation exchange resin 1. Inside the ion-exchange unit, the direction of transmission of the source water remains opposite to the transmission direction of the treatment solutions. The operation of the installation in this case is determined (by analogy with the above) valve switching modes shown in table. 2.

 A plant operation mode is possible in which the source water is divided into two parts, one part is passed through the ion-exchange unit of the installation, and the other part is combined with the finished product. In this case, the flow separation is controlled by valve 51.

 The stages of preparation of a solution of mineral fertilizers and processing of anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin in columns 2 and 1 are repeated. At the beginning of the stage of processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with a treatment (concentrated) solution of mineral fertilizers in columns above and below the layers of ion exchangers, as well as in the porous space of the ion exchangers, the diluted a solution of mineral fertilizers based on source water with salinity corresponding to the salinity of the source water, therefore, the switching of flows after column 1 is regulated by a concentration sensor 11. According to the signal of the sensor 11 (in accordance with the modes shown in Table 2), the diluted solution through pipelines 7, 42 is sent to the outlet line of the finished product 41 — the irrigation solution, and then the concentrated sodium chloride solution is sent for discharge and disposal (in concentrate discharge line 40). At the signal of the sensor 12 (in accordance with the modes shown in Table 2), the diluted solution is sent through pipelines 8, 45 to the outlet line of the finished product 41 — the irrigation solution, and then the concentrated sodium chloride solution is sent for discharge and disposal (in concentrate discharge line 40). Next, all these operations are repeated, and the process is thus carried out in a batch mode in accordance with the valve control modes shown in Table 2.

 When using the source of fresh water to ensure a balance of the amounts of water for irrigation in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers and the amount of fertilizer applied, it is possible to operate the plant with a continuous increase in the salinity of the source water by using part of the concentrate directed to the discharge. To do this, use the installation, as shown in FIG. 1, with the additional device shown in FIG. 3. In each operation cycle of the installation, the concentrate stream using valves 61 and 62 is divided into parts, part of the concentrate is sent to the discharge through the concentrate discharge line 40, as described above, and part through the pipeline to return the concentrate 58 to the concentrate storage tank 56. Close valve 63 ( fig. 3) on the line of the source water 37, and the source water is launched through the bypass pipe 64 on which the injector 57 is mounted. The opening of the valve 60 mounted on the pipe 59 is controlled so that during the supply of the source water into it through the injector 57 is equal The calculated amount of concentrate was supplied exactly.

 The proposed method and installation for its implementation through the use of special techniques allow you to expand the range of source water to obtain solutions of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and simultaneous application of fertilizers, and makes it possible to use mineralized water. The method allows to significantly (2-5 times) reduce the cost of obtaining solutions of mineral fertilizers by eliminating the desalination stage from the process of preparing mineral fertilizer solutions, and also by making it possible to use cheaper and low-grade fertilizers.

Claims (18)

 1. The method of obtaining a solution of mineral fertilizers intended for irrigation and fertilizing, characterized in that the pre-treated cation exchanger and anion exchanger in ionic forms with at least one solution containing at least one cation and at least one anion included in the fertilizer and then the initial mineralized and / or fresh water is passed sequentially through the treated cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin are treated by sequentially passing through the anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin or in the opposite direction of the same solution containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizer.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the processing of cation exchanger and anion exchanger is carried out by parallel passing through them different solutions containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizer.  4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin is carried out in several stages, each of which is carried out by sequentially passing through the anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin the same solution and parallel transmission of different solutions containing cations and anions, included in the fertilizer.  5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the treatment of the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin with solutions or solutions containing the cations and anions included in the fertilizer, lead to the passage through the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin of any of the cations or anions included in the composition mineral fertilizers in a concentration of not more than 10% of the initial concentration of the cation and anion in the above solution or solutions.  6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cations are selected from a series including potassium, ammonium, magnesium and calcium ions.  7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the anions are selected from the range including ions containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur.  8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solution containing cations and anions that are part of the fertilizer additionally contains trace elements selected from the series including cations of iron, copper, manganese and zinc, and a series including anions containing manganese boron and molybdenum.  9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the initial mineralized and / or fresh water is passed in a direction opposite to the direction of transmission of the solution containing cations and anions included in the fertilizer.  10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the initial mineralized and / or fresh water is passed until the total concentration of cations and anions that make up these fertilizers in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers decreases by no more than 50 %  11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that in the case of using mineralized water as the source, the latter is passed through cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin until the concentration of sodium chloride in the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers exceeds 2 g / l.  12. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the processing of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin and passing the initial mineralized and / or fresh water through them is carried out in a batch mode.  13. Installation for producing a solution of mineral fertilizers, including a solution preparation unit, a source water supply line and a finished product discharge line, characterized in that the solution preparation unit comprises an ion-exchange unit consisting of at least two vertical columns filled with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, respectively, equipped with upper and lower pipes and concentration control pipelines connected to them, each of which has a concentration sensor and a two-way valve mounted at the end of this a pipeline, wherein the lower nozzle of each column is connected to the upper nozzle of the other column by a pipeline provided with a valve, two nodes for supplying processing solutions, each consisting of a container with inlet and outlet nozzles, a pump, a solution supply pipeline with a valve and a solution return pipeline, while the solution supply pipe is connected on one side to the tank outlet pipe, and on the other hand to the lower column pipe, the solution return pipe is connected on one side to the tank inlet pipe and, on the other hand, with a two-way valve for the concentration control of the lower part of the column, and a concentrate discharge line connected through valves with two-way valves for the concentration control of the upper part of the columns, in addition, the feed water supply line is connected through valves to the upper nozzle of each column and the finished product line is equipped with a piping system, each of which is connected to one of the outlets of each of the two-way valves of the concentration control pipelines.  14. Installation according to item 13, wherein the ion-exchange unit further comprises vertically filled with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, respectively forming the first and second group of columns and connected in the upper and lower parts in parallel to the upper and lower collectors, which have upper and lower nozzles, respectively while the upper pipe of the first group is connected to the lower pipe of the second group, and the upper pipe of the second group is connected to the lower pipe of the first group. 15. Installation according to 14, characterized in that the number of columns of the first and second groups is determined from the following ratio
n _k / n _a = V _a • g _a / V _k • g _k ,
where n _k and n _a are the number of columns filled respectively with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin;
V _k and V _a - the useful volume of each column with cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin, respectively;
g _k and g _a are the volumetric capacities of the used cation exchanger and anion exchanger, respectively.  16. Installation according to item 13, wherein each node for supplying the treated solution is equipped with an additional solution return pipe with a valve, one end of which is connected to the solution supply pipe, and the other to the tank.  17. The installation according to item 13, wherein the source water supply line is provided with an additional pipeline with a valve, one end of which is connected to the specified line, and the other to the finished product line.  18. The installation according to item 13, characterized in that in the case of using fresh water as the initial installation further comprises a storage tank of concentrate with inlet and outlet pipes, an injector, a concentrate return pipe, a drain pipe and three valves, with one end of the return pipe concentrate is connected to the inlet pipe of the storage tank, and the other through the valves to the discharge line of the concentrate, and the output pipe of the storage tank is connected by a drain pipe through the valve to the injector m installed on the untreated water supply line.

Images