RU2130444C1 - Method and apparatus for producing sapropel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: organic fertilizers. SUBSTANCE: sapropel is preliminarily loosened, sucked in through pipeline onto a specially selected spot in riverside area, and subjected to freezing to remove excess moisture. For loosening and suction, buoyant running gear of caterpillar armored troop-carrier with suspended pump and ripper is used. Apparatus contains suction tube accommodating worm attached to shaft, pump, and drive. Loosening cutter with spiral knives is mounted coaxially with worm shaft. Suction tube inlet is protected by grid. Worm shaft and loosening cutter are supported by bearings allowing their rotation in inverse directions. EFFECT: reduced effort and enabled operational mobility. 3 cl, 8 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the production (cultivation) of organic food.

 Currently, in Russia as a result of the use of chemical fertilizers, the amount of phosphates and nitrates has sharply increased. The desire to increase productivity through the introduction of chemical fertilizers and the use of herbicides, as a rule, leads to a deterioration in the quality of land and food.

 It is necessary as soon as possible to stop further saturation of the soil with harmful elements. Therefore, despite the deteriorating state of nature, priority should be directed to the creation of environmentally friendly technologies, methods for growing food.

 Currently, nitrates are being fought by washing and cooking products, as a result of which the amount of nitrates is reduced by 20 - 40%. For example, at the table beetroot, the upper and lower parts of the root crop are cut off, in cabbage - the upper covering foliage and stalks are cleaned, from the squash - the upper part adjacent to the stem is cut off, from the zucchini - peel, it is better to peel the peel and cut the tail. If the potatoes are soaked for a day in a 1% solution of sodium chloride and ascorbic acid, the level of nitrates and tubers will decrease by almost 90% (1).

 The disadvantage of the above fight against nitrates is that it is necessary to additionally spend labor costs for cooking parts of root crops when soaking, soaking in the required percentage solution. Most of the grown product goes to waste, and the waste itself, once again falling into the ground, is again infected with nitrates.

 A global struggle is needed for a clean, environmentally friendly product - to eliminate the use of chemicals in agriculture, replacing them with organic fertilizers, including sapropel.

 It is known that in Russia there are more than 2 million freshwater lakes. These lakes are rich in diverse life. Perennial plants, such as reeds, peas, etc., incidentally, containing starch, penetrate the entire thickness of the water, accumulate at the bottom. Billions of living organisms live in the soil of lakes and water. Every autumn, a significant portion of plants and animals die, sinks to the bottom, and demolitions from the shores fall here, so an organic mass called sapropel accumulates at the bottom of the lakes. As a result of a complex and lengthy biological process, a valuable product is formed - a natural sapropel concentrate. This is not bottom sludge, these deposits are different in origin and composition with soil composition. Sapropel is formed in stagnant lakes, in the silt sediments of flowing lakes contains up to 15% of organic substances, in sapropel - up to 96%.

 Physical properties are also different. The dried bottom sludge crumbles into powder, the dried sapropel turns into stone. If wet sapropel is frozen and then dried, it becomes friable.

 According to the forecasts of scientists in the lakes of the Russian Federation, 230 billion cubic meters of sapropel are accumulated (of which 50 in the Non-Chernozem region).

 It is proved that when sapropel is applied as a fertilizer, the fertility of the land dramatically improves. (2). The addition of sapropel significantly increases the yield of almost any agricultural crops, both grain and garden. It can be introduced without any dosing restrictions.

 There is a method of extracting sapropel from the bottom of dying lakes, including its preliminary loosening using a cultivator, suction by a pump through a pipeline using dredgers to a previously prepared site on the coastal surface and subsequent freezing of excess moisture (3).

 The known method has drawbacks - low efficiency of pumping water, there is little sapropel in it, and therefore the use of dredgers has not been properly developed, mainly due to the lack of sufficient mobility of equipment that makes it possible to extract sapropel in any lake.

 It is known that the thickness of the deposit is from 2 - 5 meters to 40 meters. There are lakes, the water layer in which is literally a few centimeters, almost the entire bowl is occupied by sediments. The deeper the sapropel, the higher its quality. Therefore, in order to obtain the necessary pulp for an dredging projectile, the sapropel must be loosened, it is necessary to install sedimentation tanks for freezing the sapropel, followed by loosening, drying and packing in appropriate containers for sale at warehouses, retail outlets, etc.

 A device for producing sapropel is known, comprising a suction pipe with a screw installed in it on the shaft, a pump and a drive (4). The known device does not provide sufficient efficiency and productivity of sapropel production.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the profitability of sapropel production, reduce labor costs, improve maneuverability and mobility in work.

 The problem is solved in that when sapropel is mined, its loosening and aspiration are carried out using a caterpillar tracked buoyant running gear, on which a pump and a cultivator are mounted, and the sapropel extraction device is equipped with a loosening milling cutter coaxially with the screw shaft with spiral knives and mounted on the inlet of the suction pipe is a grill, and the screw shaft and the ripping mill are mounted on bearings with the possibility of rotation in opposite directions.

 At the same time, it is planned to create a minimal set of machines with mobility and maximum versatility, good stability when transporting along terrain, ease of operation and operation.

 In FIG. 1 (a) shows a schematic general view of a special machine equipped with a sapropel cultivator to a depth of at least 4 meters, a screw elevator for feeding, after loosening the pulp, to a centrifugal pump equipped with hoses of any length and diameter. To drive the specified equipment, the machine is equipped with a power plant up to 100 kW.

 In FIG. 1 (b) shows a section along AA in FIG. (a); in FIG. 1 (c) is a view along arrow "B" in FIG. 1 (a).

 In FIG. Figure 2 shows schematically a bulldozer-excavator with a large cross-country ability, which makes it possible to prepare a special platform for washing sapropel and after freezing and drying loading into a dump truck.

 In FIG. Figure 3 (a) shows a schematic diagram of a heavy-duty dump truck on the same interchangeability of an APC base for transporting sapropel to fields or a place for packaging and packaging for sale to the public. The truck body is equipped with an adjustable tailgate, creating a gap of up to 15 cm, making it possible to transport (pour, spill) sapropel into fields with a given layer. In FIG. 3 (b) shows the installation of a counterweight for stability on rough terrain.

 In FIG. Figure 4 shows schematically a trailer car transported by a dump truck for operating personnel for the extraction of sapropel, equipped with the necessary instruments that have the ability to analyze sapropel and work at any time of the year.

 In FIG. 5 shows a schematic general view of the proposed device for the extraction of sapropel, made in the form of a hinged mechanism.

 A cultivating milling cutter 1 with spiral knives 2 having a helical inclination (such as a drill spiral) towards the discharge of pulp in the center of the suction pipe 3 mounted coaxially to the shaft 4 of the screw 5 installed in the suction pipe 3. At the inlet of the latter, a grill 6. The shaft 4 is installed in the suction pipe 3 using bearings 7, and the loosening mill 1 - on the suction pipe 3 using bearings 8. The drive-electric motor 9 with a gear screw 5 and the loosening mill 1 are rotated in opposite directions. The suction pipe 3 has slots 10 for suction of the pulp by a centrifugal pump 11 with its supply through the pipe-hose 12 to a previously prepared site on the coastal surface.

The described device is hung on a special carriage (Fig. 1 (a)), which makes it possible to deploy the intake mechanism 180 ^o . In FIG. 1 shows a crawler vehicle, for which a BTR chassis with buoyancy is used, on which an alternating current diesel generator is installed with a power providing electric drives of the intake mechanism and lighting, which allow working at night.

 In FIG. 1 (b) shows a section through the intake mechanism along AA in FIG. 1 (a). 1 - Knives in the form of a helical spiral, 4 - shaft, 3 - pipe and 5 - auger. In FIG. 1 (c) shows the same element, but in a different plane. To fix the whole machine on water, two screw clamps are provided, which are a drilling rig for determining the thickness of the sapropel deposit and sampling for analysis, and a simple corkscrew screwed into the ground.

 In order to provide preparation of sites for washed pulps, for raking, freezing sapropel and loading onto a dump truck, an excavator, grader and bulldozer are shown, as shown in FIG. 2, which is also created on the basis of the armored personnel carrier and has buoyancy. Such a mechanism makes it possible to dig trenches to drain water, make bunding, prepare entrances to the lake, rake and load sapropel onto dump trucks.

 The same set of machines enables the widespread production of sapropel in lakes located throughout Russia. In this case, billions of expenses on the production of granular chemical fertilizers are excluded, they can be replaced with nitrate-free sapropel.

 Using the proposed method for producing and producing sapropel and the design of the intake device, compared with the known one, sharply reduces labor costs for the extraction of sapropel, maneuverability, mobility in work, and efficiency in terms of the costs of organizing these works appear.

 There is no need to use a dredger (the approximate price of one dredger is 900 million rubles). BTR-based vehicles are easily converted into agricultural machinery. Greater mobility and maneuverability makes it possible to effectively use them throughout Russia. There is an opportunity to use the accumulated combat vehicles of the army without any special restructuring of production, load production capacities without spending additional resources on this, and employ a large part of the country's unemployed population.

Sources of information
1. The rural machine operator, N 5, 1990, p. 38.

 2. Fomin A.I. Sapropel production. - Science and Life, N 11, 1991.

 3. Fomin A.I. The technology of extraction of local fertilizers (sapropel). - M.: Higher School, 1969., p. 100 - 116.

 4. Copyright certificate of the USSR N 870719, cl. E 21 C 50/00, 10.10.81.

Claims (2)

 1. A method of extracting sapropel from the bottom of dying lakes, including its preliminary loosening using a cultivator, suction by pump through a pipeline to a previously prepared site on the coastal surface and subsequent freezing of excess moisture, characterized in that the loosening and suction of sapropel is carried out using a buoyant running gear tracked armored personnel carrier, on which a pump and a cultivator are mounted.  2. A device for producing sapropel, comprising a suction pipe with a screw installed on it on the shaft, a pump and a drive, characterized in that it is equipped with a ripping mill with spiral knives mounted coaxially with the screw shaft and a grill installed at the inlet of the suction pipe, the screw shaft and The cultivating cutter is mounted on bearings with the possibility of rotation in opposite directions.

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