RU2129774C1 - Method of forming downy mildew resistant coniferous-oak forests - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry. SUBSTANCE: method involves forming technological alleys for dividing cuttings into natural restoration areas and cultivated forest areas, with stumps being partially cut off to the level of soil surface; providing partial soil tillage by disking or cutting furrows with following sowing of glans; dividing cultivated forest areas into three portions: natural restoration, conifer restoration and oak culture. EFFECT: increased efficiency by reduced vulnerability of oak cultures to downy mildew disease. 3 dwg, 1 ex

Description

 The invention relates to forestry, in particular to cuttings for general use and care and protection of oak crops from diseases, in particular from powdery mildew disease of overgrown regeneration of oak and oak culture.

 Powdery mildew is known to be the most dangerous disease of oak forests at all ages over almost the entire range of oak. Disturbed forests are especially affected by it. The bagspores of the fungus Microsphaera alphitoides, the causative agent of powdery mildew, infect mainly the lower leaves at a height of 30-90 cm [1, 2, 3]. Conidia - spores of reproductive asexual propagation are carried by the wind to a distance of more than 100 m [4]. Overgrowth forests are considered the main reserve of infection [1, 4]. As control measures, it is proposed to destroy oak shoots, raking and burning fallen leaves with cleistotia, sowing long-lasting bitter lupine in the rows of oak cultures for shading, chemical treatment of affected plants with a 0.5% solution of colloidal sulfur, finely ground sulfur, 0.1-0 , 3% acrex, 0.1-0.3% afugan, 0.01-0.05% bayonet, 0.05-0.1% benomyl or its analogue, foundationazole, 0.1 % caratan, 0.04-0.1% nimrod, 0.04-0.15% pondrel, 0.1-0.4% ronilan, 0.1-0.5% - serocin, 0.05-0.1% toxin-M; the creation of mixed oak cultures, the formation of a protective layer from other species in frost pits, the cultivation of oak in the corridors of minor species not related to silvicultural care, the protection of crops from mechanical damage, especially cattle, the control of leaf-eating pests by conventional methods, aerosol treatment with chemicals adult plantations, biological control using superparasite, reproduction of resistant forms of oak [4, 5].

 However, these methods of control for the use on large areas of adult upset oak stands, even in the forests of the first group, were unacceptable both from the point of view of the inaccessibility and high cost of most of the mentioned pesticides, the need for annual multiple treatments with the low value of the wood of protected stands and undesirable poisoning of the environment, and due to limited production capabilities and lack of technology.

 The closest in essence and the achieved effect is the way to create oak forest crops on clearings according to AS N 1486104.

 The disadvantage of this method is that it does not include measures to combat the disease of oak cultures with powdery mildew.

 The claimed invention allows the reconstruction of frustrated and very powdery mildew shoots of oak stands, to increase productivity and disease resistance of newly formed stands. At the same time, the bio-group structure of the stands is preserved, oak dying by fast-growing shrubs is eliminated, the local gene pool of oak is preserved, a highly productive mixed planting is formed and the costs of subsequent care and forest protection are reduced. Using the invention allows to reduce the overall rate of faudality by 2-4 times.

 The claimed method includes dividing the cutting area by forming technological corridors from east to west or across the slopes into natural regeneration and forest cultivation sites with partial cutting of stumps to a level with the soil surface, partial tillage by disking or furrowing with acorn sowing, and new is that forest cultivated the plots are divided into three parts: a subpart of natural regeneration up to 8 m wide with the fight against powdery mildew on the emerged shoot for two years after felling; a sub-part of the renewal of coniferous crops up to 15 m wide and a sub-part of oak culture up to 8 m wide, with perennial lupine being sown for the third year and oak crops for the fourth year with the last leaving.

 We did not find such a method in the patent and scientific and technical literature.

 Example. A plot of upset oak plantation with an area of more than 5 hectares, depending on the area, is divided into cutting areas with a width of 150 m, of which at 50 m the stand is preserved for a certain period in order to fulfill the soil protection function, it is cut down for 100 m. Direction of cutting areas from east to west or on slopes across the slope. The area of the cut down part according to the attached scheme is divided into stripes of natural regeneration and forest cultivation (Fig. 1). Forest lines are divided into uprooted parts for the production of mixed coniferous crops and parts for the production of oak crops. In the forest-cultural part for the production of oak crops after cutting a 100-meter-long cutting area during the winter, in spring, after the snow melts, stumps are cut to the level with the soil surface. The borders of the working technological corridors are marked along the edges and the soil is treated with PKL-70 every 1.5-2.0 m, then oak is sown or planted in the centers of the treated strips in spring or autumn of the same year. The width of the strip ensures good oak growth in height. But before tillage, if this has not been done before during the logging operation, stumps are cut to a level with the soil surface using either a special MUP-4 machine or chainsaws. The soil is cultivated to a depth of 12-15 cm and immediately before planting with disc harrows. The overgrown oak is destroyed by treating the stumps with a 2,4D herbicide.

 Coniferous insulating strips are located on both sides of the oak culture strip. The width of each coniferous strip is 15 m. In this strip, a partial or continuous uprooting of stumps is carried out in this strip to combat the open-air and overgrown oak powdery mildew. After uprooting, the stumps are raked into the strip of natural regeneration of the oak, the soil surface is leveled, plowed or cultivated with KLV-1,7 type disc harrows. Landing rows are planned by hanging. If necessary (for example, on chalky slopes), organic fertilizers are applied along the landing rows. Placement of planting rows along the coniferous strip through distances of 1.5-2.0-2.0-2.0-2.0-2.0-2.0-2.0-1.5 m. Planting is carried out according to the developed scheme by a forest planting machine. The distance between the seats is 0.75-1.0 m. With the preservation of crops, 90% or more is not supplemented, less than 90% is supplemented only with conifers.

 The number of inter-row cares by year: on the oak strip in the first year - 3-5 times, the second 2-3 times, the third - 2 times, the fourth - 2 times; on the coniferous strip in the first year 3-5 times, the second 2-3 times, the third year - 2 times. After the last departure in August, the seeds are sown with perennial lupine with nitragin based on the seed consumption per 1 ha of a 25 kg strip.

 Stumps uprooted in the coniferous strip are bulldozer raked into shafts with a height of not more than 1 m in the strip of natural regeneration of oak. Stumps are used for harvesting tannin raw materials or for firewood, and in the absence of sales they are left for decay. In the first year after winter felling in the month of May, the first care of the newly emerged shoots is carried out. On a stump, one or two are left before all the newly emerged shoots, the rest are cut flush with the stump. At the second leaving, in a month and a half after the first, only one of the most developed and less affected by powdery mildew leaves is left. Care for the shoot is repeated in late June - early July of the following year. Overgrown specimens of powdery mildew left overgrown for three years are treated two to three times with the recommended pesticides.

In the strip of oak ripe forest left without felling in May-June months of the year, felling of renewable strips is selected for drying, shrinking and shrinking trees, as well as specimens heavily affected by powdery mildew. Cuttings are carried out at the beginning of the appearance of a stable powdery coating on the leaves in order to significantly reduce the infectious onset. The most disease-resistant trees, as a valuable local genetic fund, are left standing. Under the canopy of stable trees after continuous planting on the stump of shrubs by loosening the soil, the natural regeneration of oak is promoted. This strip is kept without felling for up to 5 years to protect the soil from erosion and create crops and overgrowth resumption of shading. With continued drying to decrease fullness below 0.4 after 5 years, preferably after the seed year, this strip is also cut down. When cutting, the single most valuable oak specimens are left as seed plants. Aspen-lime biogroups are also preserved around a viable oak undergrowth, while specimens of the impurity inhibiting oak are removed. Glades with an area of more than 200 m ^{2 are} renewed by planting conifers or birch, linden and ash by large size.

 After felling using this technology, the powdery mildew affection of the oak culture is reduced to the level of a weak point, of well-groomed shoots in the natural regeneration zone to medium.

 In FIG. 1 shows a pattern of felling and renewal in oak crops and plantings susceptible to powdery mildew disease; in FIG. 2 - layout of seats in an oak forest-cultural strip; in FIG. 3 - layout of seats in the coniferous forest-cultural strip, where 1 - the abandoned forest stand - 50 m; 2 - cut down forest stand - 100 m; 3 - parts of the natural regeneration of oak; 4 - partly coniferous crops; 5 - sub-cultures of oak crops; 6 - rows of oak cultures after 2 m; 7 - technological corridors between natural renewal and coniferous bands; 8 - rows of coniferous cultures after 2 m; 9 - technological corridors between coniferous stripes and oak crops.

 Example. The state of 10-year renewal in oak felling after felling plantations upset by powdery mildew in the Radishchevsky mechanical forestry of the Ulyanovsk Region. Type of forest - dry spindle tree oak forest on the chalk slope.

Literature
1. Vlasov A.A., Ankudinov A.N., Shafronskaya V.N. Diseases of pine and oak and the fight against them in nurseries and cultures. - M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1952, 176 p.

 2. Golovin P.N. Powdery-mildew fungi parasitizing on cultivated and field plants. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960, 266 p.

 3. Forest encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. II, 1986, p. 98 and 99.

 4. Shevchenko OV, Tsilyurik A.V. Forest phytopathology. - Kiev: Vishcha school, Head publishing house, 1936, 384 p.

 5. Gruzdev G.S., Dorozhkina L.A., Petrichenko S.A. Protection of green spaces in cities. Directory. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1990, 544 p.

 6. Copyright certificate N 1486104.

 7. Alekseev I.A., Bochkarev V.A., Muravyova N.V. Determination of normal decay of the main tree species. Mari intersector. center of scientific and technical. Information and Propaganda, 46, Inform. Leaflet N 85-81. - Yoshkar-Ola: 1981, 6 p.

 8. Sokolova E.S., Semenova I.G. Forest phytopathology. Textbook for high schools. - M.: Lesn.prom-st, 1981, 312 p.

Claims (1)

 The method of forming coniferous-oak forests resistant to powdery mildew damage, including breaking down the cutting area by forming technological corridors into areas of natural regeneration and into forestry areas with partial cutting of stumps to a level with the soil surface, partial tillage by disking or applying furrows with acorns sowing, characterized the fact that forest cultivation areas are divided into three parts: a sub-part of natural regeneration with the control of powdery mildew for two years after rub and; a sub-part of coniferous renewal and a sub-part of oak culture, with perennial lupine being sown for the third year and oak crops for the fourth year.

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