RU2128634C1 - Method of preparing supplementary feeding for plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, more specifically feedings for vegetable and floral crops. SUBSTANCE: feeding is prepared by using liquid complex fertilizers comprising nitrogen and phosphorus and subsequently adding organic constituent in the form of humic acid peat fraction isolated with 0.8-2.5 % aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in amount of 0.4-0.8% based on feeding weight. Ammonium nitrate is further added to feeding, and then nitric acid in amount of 30-33% and 24-26%, respectively, with respect to nitrogen based on its total content higher agrochemical value which is useful for soil of different types. EFFECT: more efficient preparation method. 5 ex, 6 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of obtaining fertilizing for vegetable and flower crops grown in sheltered and open ground.

 A known method of producing suspended mineral fertilizers (ed. St. USSR N 1673578, C 05 D 9/02, 1991).

 Water is introduced into the liquid complex fertilizer of brand 10-34-0 and, as a stabilizing additive, fine fractions of the flotation tailings of the processing of sulfur ores with a solids content of 40-60%, then urea and potassium chloride. The resulting mixture was stirred. The stabilizing additive is introduced in an amount of 1-3% by absolutely dry matter based on the weight of the prepared suspension. Due to this, the viscosity of the suspension decreases.

 The disadvantage of this method is that the fertilizer is suspended, i.e. represents a pulp in which there are solid particles of components, nutrients are in different phases. Fertilizer is purely mineral and contains only plant nutrients, and the introduction of potassium chloride is generally undesirable, since chlorine negatively affects the growth of plants, especially for closed (protected) soil. The presence of solid particles and chlorine does not allow us to recommend fertilizer for foliar (according to the sheet) fertilizing.

 A known method of producing suspended mineral fertilizers (ed. St. USSR, N 1708806, C 05 G 1/06, 1992). The method consists in the fact that liquid nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing fertilizers are mixed with a stabilizing additive in the form of a gel to reduce the viscosity of the suspension while maintaining fluidity, as well as with fertilizer salts, followed by mixing of the mixture. The gel is obtained by mixing sodium humate, potassium metasilicate, phosphoric acid and trace elements salts, taken in volume ratios of 1: 0.1: 0.05: 0.05, respectively, and administered at a concentration of 4-7.7%. As salts of trace elements using 30% solutions of cobalt sulfate, copper and zinc. Sodium humate is isolated from organic materials.

 The disadvantage of this method is that the fertilizer is suspended, containing solid particles of the components. To reduce the viscosity, a gel is introduced into the mixture containing, along with other components, sodium humate isolated from organic material. However, in this case, sodium humate serves only as an inhibitor of crystallization, reducing the growth of the solid phase, and the fertilizer actually remains in the form of a suspension and is purely mineral, not containing organic matter.

 The potassium metasilicate and sodium humate introduced into the gel in such small amounts "do not work" as batteries and stimulants. The presence of solid particles in the fertilizer also excludes its use for foliar top dressing of plants (by leaf), while growing plants, for example, in sheltered soil requires regular foliar top dressing.

 A known method of producing suspended fertilizers (US patent N 4069034, C 05 B 7/00, 1978).

 It consists in the fact that humic acid in the form of alkali metal or ammonium salts extracted from various materials such as leonardite and lignite is added to the basic solution of liquid complex fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus. Suspended complex fertilizers produced sometimes also contain a complete set of basic nutrient components - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

 Alkali metal salts are added in an amount of 0.05-3.0 wt.% Based on the total amount of suspended (suspension) fertilizer.

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is that it is suspended, i.e. it is a pulp in which solid particles of components are present, nutrients are in different phases and, as a result of this, in different forms. In particular, in the form absorbed by plants, they are in different quantities. The presence of suspended particles in the solution also complicates the use of suspension fertilizers due to the difficulty of dosing and the complexity of the operations for their introduction into the soil due to the difficulty in operating the equipment (clogging of nozzles, pumps, etc.). As crystallization inhibitors, humates of alkali metals are added in an amount of 0.05-3.0 wt.%. However, they, reducing the process of crystallization of solutions, only slightly reduce the growth of the phase, and the fertilizer remains in suspension. This is especially true for complete complex fertilizer containing all nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). It is obtained when potassium fertilizers are introduced into nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer: hydrolytically acidic (KNO ₃ ) or close to neutral (KCl, K ₂ CO ₃ ). As a result of the interaction of the K ⁺ cation with PO ₄ , PO ₃ , PO ₂ anions, salts are formed that cause crystallization of the solution, and even the addition of crystallization inhibitors in the form of alkali metal humates, especially in such small amounts, do not prevent crystallization, but only slightly slow it down .

 When humates are added to an incomplete fertilizer containing only two nutrients - nitrogen and phosphorus, they act better as crystallization inhibitors, however. if the fertilizer is incomplete, then the consumer in this case must add additional potassium to the soil, which complicates and increases the cost of applying them.

 The humates introduced in this case have fertilizing properties to the minimum extent possible, since they stand out by standard methods 0.1n. NaOH and an element such as sodium, which is undesirable in the medium of plant growth, gets into the solution. With this method, along with fractions of humic acid with physiological activity, other high-molecular substances (waxes, tar) are also released, which, on the contrary, are plant growth inhibitors.

 A known method of obtaining plant nutrition (RF patent N 1323555, C 05 F 11/02, C 05 G 5/00, 1987, prototype).

 The method consists in adding an organic component in the form of peat humic acid to a basic solution of liquid complex fertilizers (HCF) containing nitrogen and phosphorus. As this component, a fraction isolated by a 1.0-2.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium is used in an amount of 0.4-0.8% by weight of the top dressing. Thus, a liquid complex fertilizer (top dressing) is obtained containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and physiologically active additives that stimulate plant growth. Certain conditions for the treatment of peat with a solution of caustic potassium made it possible to isolate that fraction of potassium humates, which contains the largest amount of active substances. And at the same time, humate contains that amount of potassium, which should correspond to it, as a nutrient, as part of top dressing. The feeding solution is not subject to crystallization, because does not contain components that reduce the mobility of the main components of top dressing, in addition, for a long time (at least 2 years) does not change its fertilizing properties.

 The disadvantage of such top dressing, with all its effectiveness, is that it has a fairly high pH = 8.0-9.0, which limits its use for some soils, for example, salt marshes, whose alkalinity is already high (pH above 7), but which need in good effective fertilizers, especially if they have organic components. When such top dressing is applied to soils with a high pH, alkalinity increases, which is detrimental to the growth of plants and their absorption of nutrients does not occur, and ammonia immediately disappears. In addition, top dressing has a limited nitrogen content of not more than 3.0-3.5%, due to its desorption in an alkaline environment. Under such conditions, nitrogen in the ammonia form is in a dissociated state, quickly evaporates and is lost. And, as a result, in such feeding, the ratio of NPK nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) is 1: 3: 2.5. This ratio of nutrients limits the range of NPK values that are possible and necessary for different cultures. Nitrogen must be added as part of other fertilizers, which reduces the value of liquid top dressing.

 The aim of the invention is to increase the agrochemical value of top dressing and expand the scope of its application.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of obtaining plant nutrition based on liquid complex fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by the addition of an organic component in the form of a fraction of peat humic acid, isolated 1.0-2.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium, in an amount of 0.4-0.8% by weight of the top dressing, additionally, ammonium nitrate and then nitric acid in the amount of 30-33% and 24-26%, respectively, of nitrogen from its total content in the top dressing, are added to the top dressing.

 The essence of the method of obtaining plant nutrition is as follows.

 In a basic solution of liquid complex fertilizers (HCF) containing nitrogen and phosphorus with a composition of NPK = 10: 30: 0, add a solution of fractions of humic acids of peat isolated 1.0-2.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium (potassium hydroxide ) in an amount of 0.4-0.8% by weight of top dressing.

 A basic solution is obtained in the factory by neutralizing polyphosphoric acid with ammonia. Anhydrous ammonia is used as a neutralizing agent. The basic solution is obtained according to the well-known scheme adopted in Russia in the production of housing and communal services according to TU-6-08-414-78.

The organic component in the form of the most active fraction of peat humic acid is obtained as follows. A sample of peat (upstream, transitional or lowland types) is treated with a 1.0-2.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium at a temperature of 20 ^o C for 8-10 hours at a water ratio of 1:20. The solution is decanted or centrifuged. The separated potassium humate solution is combined with a basic one containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and a solution containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and a physiologically active additive that stimulates the growth and development of plants and is a crystallization stabilizer is obtained. The content in the solution is NPK = 1: 3: 2.5, pH = 8-9. Then, ammonium nitrate is added to the solution at a rate of 30-33% for nitrogen of its total content in top dressing, and then nitric acid in an amount of 24-26% also for nitrogen of its total content in top dressings. Get the full liquid complex fertilizer (top dressing) of the following characteristics: the ratio of nutrients NPK = 1: 1.3: 1.2, N is present in two forms of N-NH ₄ (ammonia) and N-NH ₃ (nitrate), P - in in terms of P ₂ O ₅ , K - in terms of K ₂ O, pH 6.9-7.0 (neutral medium), the content of the physiologically active fraction of peat humic acid in the form of potassium humate 6.0-6.8 g / l , which is 0.6-0.68% by weight of fertilizing, the smell of ammonia is absent.

 The dressing is colored, but transparent, it dissolves well in water, the solution does not crystallize, it contains a complete set of mineral nutrients and a natural plant growth stimulator. Fertilizing for at least 5 years does not change its fertilizing properties. Packaging of the finished product does not require increased tightness.

 Due to the introduction of two additional nitrogen reagents in certain amounts, the pH of the top dressing decreases and becomes equal to 6.9-7.0, i.e. the feeding environment is neutral, which makes it possible to expand the scope of its use. Such top dressing can be used on soils of various types, including, for example, solonchak soils with a strongly alkaline reaction. On soils, for example sod-podzolic soils, where the known top dressing was effective, the proposed top dressing showed higher efficiency.

 At the same time, the nitrogen content in the feed increases, and it is presented in two forms - ammonia and nitrate, which both plants need, both reduced (ammonia) and oxidized (nitrate). The nitrate form of nitrogen is not adsorbed by the soil and the nitrate nitrogen in the soil is in a dissolved state.

 In the presence of two forms of nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen is less than ammonia, especially if there is phosphorus and potassium in the top dressing. Thus, the amount of nitrate nitrogen does not exceed the allowable and desired value for plants and nitrates do not accumulate in plants. Ammonia nitrogen in a neutral environment is in a bound state, does not desorb, there are no losses. The optimal amount of nitrogen reagents allowed to increase the nitrogen content without reducing the humic substances of peat.

 Top dressing contains the most active fraction of peat humic acids with physiological activity. The degree of activation of the fertilizing properties of peat is expressed in the increased content of mobile fractions of humic substances, which in the form of potassium humates are stimulants of plant growth and development. At the same time, humate contains that amount of potassium, which should correspond to it as a nutrient in the composition of top dressing.

 Therefore, with a certain increase in the nitrogen content, coagulation of humic acids could occur, which is unacceptable. But the selection of precisely the optimal amounts of nitrogen reagents made it possible not to reduce the amount of humic substances and to prevent their coagulation, i.e. precipitation and practically their inactivation.

 An increase in nitrogen in the fertilizing led to a change in the ratio of nutrients, which becomes more favorable for plants and is equal to NPK = 1: 1.3: 1.2. This ratio of NPK has aligned the boundaries of the possible and necessary options for the values of nutrients for most cultures. Theoretically, the most favorable for plants and optimal NPK ratio is 1: 1: 1. All developers of new fertilizer technologies are striving for this. The additional introduction of two nitrogen reagents in certain quantities allowed us to approach this ratio.

 The described method is illustrated by examples.

 Example 1. The selection of the optimal intermediate introduction of ammonium nitrate.

1 kg of lowland peat with an ash content of 4% is poured into 20 l of a 2% aqueous solution of caustic potassium, infused for 8 hours at t = 20 ^o C. The solution is decanted or centrifuged, 1 l of the filtrate is mixed with 43 ml of the basic solution of the liquid fencing agent and the mixture is added a different amount of ammonium nitrate per 1 liter of mixture. The experimental data are given in table. 1.

 From the above table. 1 data shows that the introduction of an additional one nitrogen reagent - ammonium nitrate - you can not get high-quality plant nutrition. The pH value remains high at any amounts of ammonium nitrate, then at doses of nitrate, leading to a significant excess of the proportion of nitrogen over phosphorus and potassium. At nitrate doses of 20 g / l and higher, opalescence of the solution begins, i.e. the process of coagulation of humic acids, a plant growth stimulator, begins, although the NPK ratio at doses of 20 and 30 g / l of nitrate is approaching the optimum. The fact is that part of the previously water-soluble humates goes into a sedentary state, their physiological activity decreases, and, consequently, the effectiveness of feeding.

 From the analysis of the data table. 1 at the first stage of selection of the amount of the introduction of ammonium nitrate should be considered optimal intermediate values - 10-15 g / l, which is 40-43% of nitrogen from its total content in top dressing. The solution is transparent, although ammonia is being desorbed, there is a tendency to equalize the ratio of NPK values, however, the ratio of forms of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate is still small.

 Example 2. The selection of the optimal intermediate amount of nitric acid.

1 kg of lowland peat with an ash content of 4% is poured into 20 l of a 2% aqueous solution of caustic potassium, infused for 8 hours at t = 20 ^o C. The solution is decanted or centrifuged, 1 l of the filtrate is mixed with 43 ml of the basic solution of the liquid fencing agent and the mixture is added a different amount of nitric acid per 1 liter of the mixture. The experimental data are given in table. 2.

 From the above table. 2 data shows that the introduction of an additional one nitric reagent - nitric acid, it is also impossible to obtain high-quality plant nutrition.

 The pH remains high, only at doses of 35 ml / l of nitric acid and higher, the pH decreases slightly, but the medium is still very alkaline. The nitrate form of nitrogen prevails over ammonia, the loss of ammonia does not disappear, but, most importantly, the solution begins to opalescent, which indicates strong coagulation of humic acid - the loss of a plant growth stimulator. Although the ratio of NPK values is not bad.

 From the analysis of the data table. 2 at the first stage of selection of the amount of nitric acid application should be considered optimal intermediate values of 12-20 ml / l, which is 31.2-41.8% of nitrogen from its total content in top dressing. The introduction of this amount of nitric acid allows us to achieve a good ratio of the forms of nitrogen - ammonia and nitrate, but the total amount of nitrogen is still not enough, phosphorus and potassium are 1.5-2.0 times more than nitrogen. But the solution is transparent, although ammonia is being desorbed in the same way as in the well-known solution adopted as a prototype.

 Thus, the analysis of the data table. Figures 1 and 2 show that in order to obtain top dressing for plants with increased agrochemical value, it is necessary to introduce two additional nitrogen reagents - ammonium nitrate and nitric acid.

 Example 3. The selection of the optimal amounts of the introduction of ammonium nitrate and nitric acid.

1 kg of lowland peat with an ash content of 4% is poured into 20 l of a 2% aqueous solution of caustic potassium, infused for 8 hours at t = 20 ^o C. The solution is decanted or centrifuged, 1 l of the filtrate is mixed with 43 ml of a basic solution of the liquid composition solution the mixture is additionally introduced 10 g of ammonium nitrate and 12 ml of nitric acid per 1 l of the mixture. The composition of the obtained top dressing: NPK = 1: 1.4: 1.23, the ratio of ammonia to nitrate nitrogen 1: 0.57, the pH of the top dressing 7.1 fraction of mobile humic acid 6.5 g / L.

 The dressing is colored, but transparent, well soluble in water, contains mineral nutrients, the ratio of which is close to theoretically optimal, as well as a plant growth stimulator. The feeding environment is neutral, there is no desorption of ammonia, there is no smell of ammonia.

 Example 4. Isolation of potassium humates and mixing them with a basic solution of liquid-fat complex is carried out analogously to example 3. 10 g of ammonium nitrate and 14 ml of nitric acid are added to the resulting mixture per 1 liter of mixture.

 The composition of the obtained dressing: NPK = 1: 1.3: 1.19, the ratio of ammonia to nitrate nitrogen = 1: 0.63, the pH of the dressing = 7.0, the fraction of humic acid 6.5 g / L.

 Characterization of feeding is similar to that of example 3.

 Example 5. The selection of potassium humates and mixing them with a basic solution of the liquid composition solution is carried out analogously to example 3. 10 g of ammonium nitrate and 15 ml of nitric acid are added to the resulting mixture per 1 liter of mixture.

 The composition of the obtained dressing: NPK = 1: 1.32: 1.16, the ratio of ammonia to nitrate nitrogen = 1: 0.65, the pH of the dressing = 6.9, the fraction of humic acid 6.5 g / L.

 Characterization of feeding is similar to the characteristic of example 3. These experiments are given in table. 3. The repetition of experiments is 3-fold.

 From the above table. From data 3 it is seen that the optimal amount of added additional ammonium nitrate is 30-33% nitrogen of its total content in top dressing, nitrogen introduced nitric acid - 24-26%. It is such an amount that makes it possible to increase the nitrogen content in feeding, to introduce a second form of nitrogen - nitrate, which is also necessary for plants, as well as ammonia. In addition, they allowed to lower the pH of the feeding environment and bring it to neutral. The ratio of the content of mineral nutrients has leveled off and approached the optimum, the desorption of ammonia has stopped, growth stimulants in the form of humic acids are in a water-soluble state.

 When the amounts of ammonium nitrate are higher than 33.0%, and nitric acid below 24.0% for nitrogen of its total content in feeding, a high pH is observed, ammonia is desorbed, the total amount of nitrogen is small in relation to phosphorus and cadmium.

 With amounts of ammonium nitrate below 30.0%, and nitric acid above 26.0%, the pH of the medium decreases and the feeding environment becomes acidic, in which coagulation of humic acids occurs.

 To verify the effectiveness of using the obtained top dressing, vegetation experiments were conducted on growing Bordeaux beets in the growing pavilion of the Peat Testing Laboratory and its products (Accreditation certificate N POCC. RU.001.21 TU-07 of May 17, 1995) at the Scientific Research Institute of Peat industry. Small-plot experiments on growing calendula officinalis were conducted in the nursery of the Control and Seed Experimental Station, Pushkin, Leningrad Region, and experiments in the production environment for growing cucumber "Aprelsky" were carried out in the greenhouse department of Vyborg AOZT in the Leningrad Region.

 The experiments were carried out with top dressing obtained in example 5. These experiments are given in table. 4-6. The repetition of the experiments is 5-fold.

 From the data in table. 4 shows that the proposed dressing is more effective. Good results were obtained even on solonchak soils with a strongly alkaline reaction, whereas the use of well-known top dressing on these soils is inefficient and the plants died. On sod-podzolic soils, the biometric indicators of plants are also higher in the case of using the proposed top dressing.

 The data table. 5 and 6 also confirm the increase in the agrochemical value of the proposed top dressing. In production tests, this top dressing was called "Tulip-S".

 The technical advantages of the present invention are to increase the agrochemical value of plant nutrition by increasing the nitrogen content, its presence in two forms - ammonia and nitrate, both of which are important for plant growth, the optimal ratio of nutrients and neutral feeding environment and, as a result, increase the yield vegetable and flower crops.

 This makes it possible to expand the field of application of top dressing - to use on soils of any type, to simplify its use directly in agriculture, as well as to simplify transportation, storage and dosage when applied to the soil.

Claims (1)

 A method of obtaining plant nutrition based on liquid complex fertilizers containing phosphorus nitrogen, followed by the addition of an organic component in the form of a fraction of peat humic acid isolated by 1.0 - 2.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium, in an amount of 0.4 - 0 , 8% by weight of top dressing, characterized in that additionally, ammonium nitrate and then nitric acid are added to the top dressing in the amount of 30 - 33% and 24 - 26%, respectively, of nitrogen from its total content in the top dressing.

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