RU2113736C1 - Process of manufacture of three-string domra - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: stringed musical instruments. SUBSTANCE: process of manufacture of three-string domra consists in built-up of open strings of dumbara with internal dimensions of case into quint and length with width into quart to increase quality of sounding. EFFECT: increased quality of sounding. 3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the production of three-stringed domra, namely, the Bashkir national three-stringed dumbra (dombra).

 It is known that the Bashkir Dumbyrs existed many centuries ago, as evidenced by legends and legends recorded during expeditions to areas of Bashkortostan. However, the secret of their manufacture was lost in connection with the persecution of the Sesens, who performed the kubaira (laudatory songs to the batyrs - the legendary heroes from the people, about the beauty of nature, etc.) to the accompaniment of the dobyra. Workshops where tools were made were closed. In the forties and fifties it was still possible to occasionally meet Dumbra in districts, but soon they were replaced by mandolins and factory-made violins.

 In recent years, with the growth of musical culture in the republic, the opening of music schools, the institute of art, interest in folk music and folk instruments has grown. There was a need for the restoration of the Bashkir Dumbra, which would be well combined with folk instruments: kurai, kubyz and other instruments.

 At the same time, the instrument was supposed to have a structure similar in sound to the intonation of Bashkir national music.

 A two-stringed topshur of Gorno-Altaians was tested (it has a quart system). Its body is covered with leather, the sound is soft, and the instrument itself was unacceptable.

 Kazakh dumbras are known - with a long and thin neck, with two vein strings tuned to a quart, rarely a fifth, because of which they are also suitable for playing Bashkir national melodies and do not harmonize with national instruments, in addition, they have a small range.

 Known methods for calculating the main acoustic parameters of plucked musical instruments (Kuznetsov L. A. Acoustics of musical instruments: Ref. - M .: Legprombytizdat, 1989, p. 159, 167 - 190).

 Known technology - materials for the manufacture of domra (Bandas L.L., Kuznetsov I.A. Production and repair of plucked musical instruments. M: Light and food industry, 1983, S. 38 - 42, 74 - 96), which is taken as a prototype, because the technological process of manufacturing individual parts, assemblies and their subsequent assembly coincide with the claimed invention.

 Patent information (on the funds of the Republican Library and CSTI) does not contain analogues that are closer in purpose and in tool manufacturing technology.

 There are still no recommendations (theoretical and practical) on the calculation and determination of the sizes and shapes of the cases of plucked musical instruments, on which the sound quality of the instrument depends. It all depends on the individual plans and abilities of the master.

 There are techniques for calculating the scales, breaking frets and performing some parts of the body.

 Instruments made according to well-known recommendations and sizes do not meet the requirements for the Bashkir dumbir.

 As a result of numerous and lengthy searches, experiments on the manufacture of prototypes of the dumbra and wind musical instruments (kurai), a certain relationship was found between the structure and tonality of the instrument, the dimensions of the sides of the body, the scale, the location of the resonant hole and the length of the air column of the open tubes tuned to a specific sound on the tuning fork "la" (440).

 Thanks to this, it became possible to build the fundamental dimensions of the instrument according to a given system and tonality. For dumbyra, these are the dimensions of the internal airspace of the housing, namely: length, width, height, forming the housing, the location of the resonator hole, its diameter, and also the length of the scale.

 The determination of these sizes is practically carried out using tubes (of different diameters, lengths, materials). For the initial element, take a tube tuned to the sound "la" of the first octave from the tuning fork "la" (440). From this tube, the lengths of the tubes are then tuned in by ear to determine the above-mentioned instrument sizes from the corresponding specific sound.

 The objective of the proposed invention is the creation of a three-string Bashkir dumbra with a specific system and tone.

 Build quinte quart tools.

 Depending on the type of instrument, the string of open strings is also specified.

For example: for soprano - la ¹ , re ¹ , la
for viola - pe ¹ , salt, pe
for bass - la, re, la ₁ .

 The problem is solved by building three sides of the body (internal airspace): length, width, height, find the location of the resonator hole and its diameter, determine the length of the scale, breakdown of frets on the neck, i.e. determine or build the fundamental dimensions of the dumbra, and then (using known technology) assemble the tool.

 The essence of the invention lies in the fact that using 5 open tubes (of different diameters and lengths, from any material) from a tube tuned to the sound "a" of the first octave on a tuning fork "a" (440), the dimensions of the tubes are constructed by ear to determine the length housing, then build the dimensions of the tubes for the width and the largest and smallest height of the housing. Find the location and diameter of the cavity on the deck.

The tube tuned to the sound “la ¹ ” by the tuning fork “la” (440) allows you to determine the length of the scale by finding the location of the upper nut on the handle and the stand on the deck with loosely stretched strings (through the resonant hole by blowing air).

 Along with the search for the principles of the parameters of the instrument, a number of solutions were found to preserve the purity of sound, expand the range and provide convenience when playing. For this, the breakdown of frets is performed on the shortened length of the scale. This is accomplished by moving the upper nut from the calculated position found down by 1/16 of the tone. And this length is divided in a known manner into frets, after which the upper nut and the sticker are returned to their original place.

 The connection of the body with the fretboard on the 15th fret provided the necessary range. It was established that the number of frets on the dumbir should be at least 19, which provides convenience when playing the instrument.

 Dumbras made using the proposed method have a quinto-quart system, a national timbre, good acoustics, and harmoniously sound in ensembles with other national instruments.

 In FIG. Figure 1 shows the construction of a pillar with a pear-shaped body and a flat bottom.

 It should be noted that the shape of the body can be any one inscribed in the installed rectangular dimensions of the internal air space of the body, taking into account the thickness of the shells (shell thickness 2 - 2.5 mm).

 The Dumbir consists of two main nodes: the body and neck, interconnected tightly at the 15th fret. The minimum number of frets is 19.

 The casing consists of two shells 1 (right and left), four counterblocks 2 (two upper and two lower), upper glue 3, lower glue 4, deck 5, bottom 6 and springs. A button 7 is attached to the housing, an adjustment plug 8 is installed in the lower dongle.

 The neck consists of a handle 9, a sticker 10, ring mechanisms 11, a nut, 12, a head 13, frets 14.

 In FIG. 2 is a diagram of the construction of the dimensions of the case, where: a - length, b - width, c - the highest height of the body, d - the smallest height of the body.

 An example of a specific implementation of the invention (for Dumbra - alt with a flat bottom).

Stage I
1. Take a wooden tube and use the tuning fork “la” (440) to build the length of the tube to the sound “la” of the first octave. The found length (345 mm) will be the inner length of the cabinet.

 To determine the width of the body from the sound "a" of the first octave, found on the first tube by ear, adjust the sound "re" of the second octave. The resulting length of the second tube will be the width of the casing and is equal to 252 mm.

 Similarly, from the sound “A” of the first octave, the length in the third tube is determined by the sound “A” of the third octave. This will be the largest height of the body at the bottom glue and will be equal to 78 mm.

 In the same way, the sound “re” of the fourth octave is found on the 4th tube by ear. This will be the minimum height of the body at the top glue and is 55 mm (with a round bottom, the height of the body is built on the sound "a" of the second octave, it will be 178 mm).

 According to the obtained dimensions, a dumbiry hull is built, while the length of the hull is made shorter by 1 - 1.5 mm from the calculated one. Subsequently, with the help of the regulating plug, the housing is being completed completely.

II stage
2. To find the location of the resonator hole and its diameter, the housing is assembled with a handle (obviously longer than expected). Glue the lower deck with 2 to 3 springs. A through hole with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm is drilled on the lower glue and an adjusting plug with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm and a length of 50 - 60 mm is installed. After these operations, they begin to determine the location and diameter of the cavity at the same time.

 3. Glue the upper temporary draft deck. Roughly at the proposed location of the resonant hole, a rectangular window is cut out: width 30 mm, length 40-50 mm.

 4. Prepare two strips of thick paper 30 • 50 mm and glue BF-2.

 5. On the tuning fork “la” (440), adjust the tube to the sound “la” of the first octave and from the tube by ear using the adjusting plug, extending the length of the housing by 1 - 1.5 mm, adjust the length of the housing to the length of the sound tube “la” the first octave by blowing air through the window of the resonator hole.

 6. Grease the deck near the window and strips of paper with BF-2 glue. Moving one strip of paper from bottom to top, find the bottom edge of the resonator hole, moving the second strip of paper from top to bottom, find the top edge of the hole.

The distance between the upper and lower edges of the paper strips will be the diameter of the resonator hole, and its location will be tuned to sound pe ¹ relative to the length of the body for ¹ . The diameters of the resonator hole are 22 mm: for soprano the diameter will be 17 mm, for bass 29 mm. Then the strips of paper are removed from the deck.

 7. On a strip of non-ferrous metal (stainless steel, brass) with a thickness of 0.5 mm and a size of 50 • 100 mm, a hole with a diameter of 22 mm is drilled and the upper surface is tinned. Similarly to paragraph 5, the length of the cabinet is adjusted again using the adjusting plug.

 8. Lubricate the surface of the deck around the window of the resonator hole and the bottom surface of the lacquered metal strip with the resonator hole with BF-2 glue. Moving the strip along the axis of the body, adjust the resonator hole and stick the strip to the deck. After the glue dries, a fixing rod is soldered to the strip (make a template). Subsequently, according to this template, fixed on the upper finishing deck, the final resonating hole is burned.

 9. Using the tuning fork “la” (440), adjust the tube to the sound “la” of the first octave, and through the resonant hole by hearing by blowing air into the housing, make final adjustment of the length of the housing using an adjusting plug lubricated with BF-2 glue. The cork then sticks together. The protruding part of the cork is further adapted to strengthen the cord on it, which is necessary when standing on the dumbar.

Stage III
10. Determine the preliminary place of the nut on the handle of the doombra and glue the head.

 11. The ring mechanisms are attached to the head, the strings are pulled to the casing from the bottom of the button holders so that the upper nut and the stand can be freely moved up and down.

 12. On the tuning fork “la” (440), the open tube is tuned to the sound “la” of the first octave and by ear, moving the upper nut up and down, simultaneously vibrating the air in the housing through the resonator hole, find the final location of the upper nut. Similarly, specify the location of the stand on the deck. Thus, the calculated length of the scale is found. For viola - 549 mm, for soprano - 370 mm, for bass - 685 mm.

 13. At the same time, when determining the length of the scale, the calculated scale is shortened (increased) by 1/16 tone, moving the upper nut to the side of the stand, the found shortened length is broken into frets, after which the nut is returned to its original place, that is, keep the length of the calculated scale. The size of the calculated scale, shortened by 1/16 of the tone for viola - 546 mm, for soprano it will be 368 mm, for bass 681 mm.

 14. The distance between the frets is determined by dividing the shortened length of the scale by an interval coefficient.

 15. Connect the bar to the body tightly at 15 frets (the number of frets of the dumbra should be at least 19).

 The proposed method made it possible to make a dumbir with a given system and any tone. Dumbira has its own individual sound, its own flavor. You can perform classical and folk music.

 The technical capabilities of the instrument are improved: the sound range is expanded, the acoustics are improved.

 Instruments made by the author are used in folk instrument orchestras, ensembles with kuraists (kurai is a national wind instrument).

Claims (4)

 1. A method of manufacturing a three-stringed domra, in particular the Bashkir national dumbar, by manufacturing a body, neck and their subsequent connection, characterized in that the open strings of the dumbar with the internal dimensions of the body are constructed in a fifth, length with a width of a quart, width with the highest height - in a quint with a round bottom and in a quint through an octave - with a flat bottom, while the location of the resonator hole on the deck of the case is adjusted in a quart.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the determination of the internal dimensions of the body and the location of the resonant hole on the deck is performed using open tubes of different lengths, diameters, materials, for example, wood, the lengths of which are configured for a certain sound along the length, width, maximum height case, as well as the location of the resonator hole on the deck, while the adjustment of the found sizes is carried out using a cork installed in the lower body glue.  3. The method according to PP.1 and 2, characterized in that the breakdown of frets is carried out on a shortened length of the scale, moving the upper nut by 1/16 tone, after which the nut is returned to its original calculated place.  4. The method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the body with the bar is connected at 15 frets, and the smallest number of frets is equal to 19.

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