RU2069946C1 - Method for growing shelter plants on uneven sands - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry. SUBSTANCE: method involves planting Crimean and Scotch pines on lowland-highland zones of relief between high hills and lowlands between hills. Pine forms combined root system and plants grow productive in biological and fire-resistance aspects. Tops the hills and steep slopes are not planted with pines and are left to serve as water accumulators and are in natural way grown with grassland plants. Lowlands between hills are differentially used: watering places for stock are constructed in barren lowland areas between hills; plantings of foliaceous fruit trees and bushes are formed in fertile lowlands with area not exceeding 0.5 hectare; watering places for stock are constructed in central portions of lowlands with area exceeding 0.5 hectare and leafy plantings are set about watering places. Biological and fire-proofing stability is provided by subdividing forest massifs in pine plantings. To do that, fire-proof breaches of 20-50 m width are cut to divide forest massifs into blocks, each with area of 25 hectares. EFFECT: increased efficiency by increased biological and fire-proofing stability. 2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to forestry, in particular to forest reclamation of sands in the south and southeast of the European territory of Ukraine and the Russian Federation.

 There is a method of continuous afforestation of tuberous sands of Crimean and ordinary pine (p. 25, VN Vinogradov. Integrated development of the Lower Dnieper sands Odessa, Mayak, 1964, p. 176).

 However, this method does not take into account the variety of soil and hydrological conditions of the sand, the presence of locally located numerous natural formations on them, which make it possible to diversify both the species composition of the stands and the formed forest lands, since the created single-breed pine stands on the sands do not differ in high biological and fire resistance. In particular, on high moving sands, pine seedlings are pruned and blown, as a result of which plantings die here.

 There is also a method of growing protective plantations on sand dunes - moving sands (ed. St. N 343660, MKI A 01 C 23/00, as well as ed. St. N 534202 of the same class) with planting psammophytes under the protection of mechanical shields, the leeward side of which is applied by the builders.

 However, this method does not solve the problem of the formation of stable and heterogeneous stands with the inclusion of other lands. In addition, even local planting of psammophyte plants on the hillocks and setting up mechanical protection significantly increases the cost of forest growth, while at the same time not providing reliable protection of the pine from pinching and blowing.

 The closest analogue to the claimed method is a method of afforestation of coastal sands, according to which mountain (Crimean) and ordinary pine are planted on elevated areas (high dunes), and deciduous species: birch, black alder, white acacia and shrubs are planted on low areas. At the same time, the waving surface of these sands is pre-fixed by installing brushwood fences (mechanical shields) (MS Dauetas. Fastening and afforestation of Primorsky Sands of the Lithuanian SSR. Kaunas: 1967, Lithuanian Research Institute of Forestry, p. 7 15).

 This method takes into account soil-hydrological differences and the relief of the sands and allows the formation of more complex, heterogeneous and more biologically and fire-resistant protective forest stands.

 However, this method also has significant disadvantages. Thus, the peaks of hillocks and steep slopes are characterized by harsh forest conditions, mobility, extremely low fertility and dryness; therefore, pine plantations are spotted with sand or blown out and die, have low survival rate, dwarf growth and low productivity (p. 61, V.N. Vinogradov The development of sand. M. Kolos, 1980, p. 272). Weakened pine is easily attacked by secondary pests, dry top, increasing the fire hazard of the stands. To this should be added the technical and technological complexity of growing pine plantations on high mounds and steep slopes.

 According to G.N. Vysotsky (Our southern arenas and the project of their culture. - J. "Agricultural business of Ukraine", N 1 (9), 1927; and Issues of development of the Nizhnedneprovsky arenas. VASKHNIL Bulletin, N 4, 1936, p. 13 18), high hillocks are not it is also worth dousing because they are moisture accumulators, from the tops of which moisture is redistributed to the underlying relief forms, nourishing woody and other vegetation.

 It is also inadvisable to create stands in inter-hill depressions and blowing basins with close occurrence of groundwater, periodically in places overlooking the day surface. The alternation of dry periods with relatively rainy periods, observed periodically in the Nizhny Dnieper sands zone, adversely affects the pine and deciduous plantings growing in them (p. 187, II Gordienko. Olesh sands and biogeocenotic relations in the process of their overgrowing. Kiev: Naukova Dumka , 1969, p. 244). Local, confined to lowering, drying out of the stands occurs after dry periods, when the groundwater drops to a considerable depth, the root system formed under conditions of increased standing groundwater in the surface horizons, appears in arid soil. It is at present that focal drying out of pine and other species is noted on the Lower Dnieper sands, confined to depressions with previously shallow groundwater. This phenomenon significantly worsens the sanitary condition of the stands, and the likelihood of forest fires occurring and spreading also increases.

 The most productive and stable in biological and fire relations are pine plantations that grow under environmentally corresponding conditions of growth on flat elevated areas of the relief, between high barren, mobile and dry mounds and inter-hill depressions with an unstable hydrological regime. It is on them that the pine forms the combined root system, designed for water supply due to both capillary rise of groundwater and precipitation, which allows it to endure prolonged droughts, rises and lowerings of groundwater. Therefore, the cultivation of protective stands here is expedient and economically viable.

 Due to the lack of food supply and proper protective conditions, as well as water sources, in single-breed pine plantations on sand, wild animals, especially insectivorous birds, another useful entomofauna, and integral components of a well-built and self-regulating forest biogeocenosis are reluctant to settle. Only 3 5 species of birds live in them in the amount of 1 2 pairs per 1 ha or less (A. N. Formozov. On some features of bird biology in connection with issues of protection from forest pests and forest plantations. In the book "Birds and Forest Pests" Publishing House, Mox. General Natural Science, M. 1950). Although the need, for example, of birds in the water is small, but its absence in the land affects their resettlement to a greater extent than the lack of food and they do not settle where it is not. Young pine trees are highly flammable, and the absence of water in them to extinguish the forest fires that have arisen enhances the possibility of their unhindered distribution.

 To attract useful fauna and diversity of species composition, proposals are known for planting in near-water depressions instead of pine of deciduous tree and shrub species (p. 22. Integrated development of the Nizhnedneprovsky sands. Group of authors. Simferopol, Tavria, 1979, p. 144). However, the soil-hydrological and geobotanical characteristics of the inter-hill depressions and their sizes are not taken into account. In particular, the fact that the depressions include the central, lowest part, as well as the median, limited by its periphery. The most unstable hydrological regime is observed in the central (low) part of the lowering, in which groundwater wedges out onto the day surface. It is in this part that not only pine trees but also deciduous plants get wet and die.

 The middle part of the lowering is characterized by a more stable hydrological regime and, depending on the degree of fertility, a variety of deciduous tree and shrub species can grow here, and natural hayfields can form.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the productivity, biological and fire resistance of the protective plantations grown on hilly sand.

 This task is achieved in that, in contrast to the known method of afforestation of coastal sands, including using mechanical shields, pine stands are created contouring on the flat-elevated sections of sand located between the tops of the hillocks and steep slopes and between the hillocks and blowing depressions.

 The tops of the hillocks and steep slopes, characterized by extreme oligraphy, mobility and dryness, do not bald. They are left as water reservoirs, under the natural overgrowth of psammophytic herbaceous vegetation and shrubs (Dnieper broom) and serve as a food base and habitat for wild animals and birds, and also partially act as fire barriers. This eliminates the need for mechanical protection devices.

 Inter-hill depressions and blowing basins, depending on soil-hydrological and geobotanical characteristics, deprived of natural grassy-shrubbery vegetation with a shallow to 2 m bed of groundwater for the construction of watering ponds; depressions of up to 0.5 ha in size, having a certain level of fertility, in which groundwater does not rise closer than 1 m to the day surface, are planted with deciduous fruit and berry trees and shrubs with remises, depressions with well-developed natural grassy and shrubby (willow razmarinolistnoe) vegetation are left as natural food fields and protective areas; in depressions with an area of more than 0.5 hectares with fertile meadow sandy soil, biological and fire (environmental) complexes are created that combine the installation of watering places in its central part of water bodies with laying around them in the middle part of the drive-through remise plantings of deciduous fodder and protective breeds.

 The optimal and economically acceptable size of the pond is 25 x 25 m, the number of complexes is one per 100 hectares of land.

 Ponds watering places with driven heald plantings and fodder fields from natural grassy-shrubbery vegetation serve as the foci of formation of a harmonious and self-regulating ecological system. Wild animals of many classes are concentrated, live and breed in them - mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, insects, etc. which are usually characteristic of natural analogues.

 In order to increase the biological and fire resistance in pine plantations, it is planned to carry out the necessary forestry measures, in particular, the deconsolidation of forests, cutting fire breaks, including those connecting the unforested peaks of the hillocks. The width of the gaps is from 20 to 50 m. With the existing organization of the state forest fund territory, 100-hectare quarters are cut by fire breaks after 500 m and into four 25-hectare blocks.

 At the same time, on the encountered directions of fire breaks, the treeless peaks of hillocks and steep slopes, planting of hardwoods, ponds, watering places, natural thickets of grassy and shrubby vegetation, roads, clearings, etc. fire breaks are not cut through, since these clearings are a natural barrier to forest fire.

 The proposed method for growing protective plantations on lumpy sands, leaving high tubercles and steep slopes for water accumulation and natural overgrowing, and inter-hill depressions and blowing basins for arranging watering ponds, planting deciduous fodder and protective rocks and preserving natural thickets of grassy and shrubby vegetation is the only possible pedigree composition, create conditions for attracting and breeding a diverse fauna and thus increase productivity s, biological and fire resistance of soil conservation plantings created in extreme conditions, have beneficial prirodoumnozhayuschee impact on the environment, to ennoble the landscape.

 The drawing shows a profile and a projection of the participant of the hilly sand.

 The tops of the hillocks and steep slopes of 1 pine do not lose their hair. Plain-elevated areas of the sand 2, lying between the high hillocks and steep slopes 1 and the inter-hill depressions 3 5, are covered with pine. In depressions with a shallow occurrence of groundwater 6 and having a certain level of fertility 3, biological and fire-fighting (environmental) complexes are created that combine ponds with watering holes and heaps (drive plantings of hardwood). In fertile depressions, in which groundwater 6 does not rise closer than 1 m to the day surface, hardwoods are planted 4. In depressions with natural grassy and shrubbery vegetation 5, measures are taken to preserve and increase its productivity (application of mineral fertilizers - nitrophos 200 kg / ha physical weight, amophos 100 t / ha or urea 60 kg / ha for the active substance).

 To increase the fire resistance of pine plantations, 100-hectare quarters are cut in the middle along and across the fire breaks with a width of 20 to 50 m.

 At the same time, on the direction of the fire gap, ungrounded hillocks and steep slopes 1, hardwood stands 4, watering ponds (nature conservation complexes) 3, overgrown grassy and shrubbery 5, as well as roads, clearings, technological trails, etc. fire breaks are not cut through, as they are a natural barrier to a forest fire.

 The invention is actually implemented in Stepnoy them. V.N. Vinogradov branch of UkrNIIILHA (32/6520, Ukraine, Tsyurupinsk, Kherson region, Kommunarov St., 62/26).

When growing protective forest stands on sand, the agrotechnics adopted here is deep partial loosening of sandy soil at a depth of 60 cm with a T-74 tractor with a mounted RN-60 cultivator. At the same time, high mounds and steep slopes, as well as inter-mound depressions, are not loosened. In the spring of next year, one-two-year-old pine seedlings are planted on treated flat-elevated sections of sand with a forest planting machine SLNU-1 in conjunction with a T-74 tractor. The tops of the hillocks and steeplechairs do not clothe. Excavators TE-ZM, EO-2625, as well as D-269 and D-535 bulldozers, are used in inter-hill depressions allocated for the construction of watering ponds. These mechanisms construct pits of the appropriate size (25 x 25 m, 33 x 33 m, 50 m in diameter) and such a depth that the thickness of the water in it is at least 1 m. At the same time, an appropriate angle of 30 35 ^{o is} attached to the banks of the reservoir, preventing them shedding and siltation of a reservoir. Around the reservoir, seedlings and seedlings of 16 deciduous trees and shrubs (sea buckthorn, rose hips, mulberries, forest apples, currants, etc.) are planted over an area of cultivated soil. Forest planting and forest management are being carried out for planting, forest protection as well as fire prevention measures are carried out by cutting corresponding breaks of a width of 20 50 m, dividing fire hazardous plantations into 25-hectare blocks.

 In depressions with natural grass stand, the use of mineral fertilizers, in particular nitrophos 200 kg / ha in physical weight, ammophos 100 kg / ha or urea 50 kg / ha increases its productivity by 2 times.

 As a result of the implementation of the recommended method for growing protective plantations on lumpy sands, a diverse, previously monotonous landscape was formed, enriched in the animal and plant worlds, increasing productivity, biological and fire resistance of forest lands, which is confirmed by the corresponding data on the counts of animals, plants, growth and the state of forest adjacent to water bodies landings. The medium-transforming effect of water bodies and water-landing landings, an increase in the relative humidity of the air and a decrease in its maximum temperature in the adjacent territory are noted.

Claims (2)

 1. A method of growing protective nozzles on bumpy sands, including planting Crimean and ordinary pine on elevated areas and hardwood on lower areas using mechanical shields, as well as planting care, characterized in that the pine is planted on elevated terrain between the peaks high tubercles and inter-tubercular positions, and when caring for plantations, 20 50-meter fire breaks are cut down, dividing them into blocks of 25 hectares.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the inter-hill depressions are used differentially: in barren inter-hill depressions create watering ponds, in depressions with fertility and occupying an area of up to 0.5 ha, create hench plantings from deciduous fruit and berry trees shrub species, and in the depressions, which occupy an area of 0.5 ha, in their central part, a pond-watering place is built and around it hewn varieties of hardwood are planted, and in depressions overgrown with grassy and shrubby vegetation Mineral fertilizers are climbing.