RU2065678C1 - Method for producing and structure of mulch cover - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, protection of plantation from weeds. SUBSTANCE: method involves introducing mineral fertilizer and alleopatically active substances of plant origin, with access of water and washing out into mulched soil in different portions of mulch cover layers depending on basic density of mulch cover and concentration of inclusions being differentiated depending on age of plants to be protected with mulch. Structure of mulch cover is characterized in that mulch layer is made corrugated, with corrugations on lower side being more distinct than on upper side. Lower side of cover have arced runout of protective web to facilitate fixation of cover on surface to be mulched by damming up soil. Mulch cover is made in the form of closed circles composed of fragments geometrically mating one with the other and laid so that their beveled portions overlap each other and connected with clips. Mulch cover is further provided with continuous supporting projections with trapezium-shaped open top slots made in their ridges. Vertical drain openings extend through the whole height of projections and uniformly spaced between planting openings. Sides of mulch cover strips directed inward are provided with triangular protrusions which are joined in mating relation to similar protrusions of strips laid at opposite side of rows. Portions of protective web positioned between supporting projections are made convex. Water- permeable supporting projections in upper part are provided with conical depressions making continuation of vertical through openings which extend to projection base. Supporting projections are strengthened with plated vertical thicker portions radially extending from their side surfaces. EFFECT: increased efficiency, simplified structure of mulch cover and enhanced reliability in operation. 6 cl, 52 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and forestry and can be used in the cultivation of agricultural, ornamental and forest plants.

 The closest in technical essence to the claimed method of performing a mulching coating is a method based on laying polymer films on the soil surface, translucent or black, with holes 0.25-4 mm in diameter dispersed over their entire area. On the mulched surface of the film, the device is laid out, the principle of which is as follows: special devices form the necessary profile of the ridges, while cutting grooves 10-15 cm deep on their sides. The film is wound from a roll and pressed with rollers to the soil. The edges of the tapes are lowered into the furrows as the roll is unwound with a moving device, with the help of discs they are sealed with earth, which is pressed down from above with ring rollers. At the same time, landing holes of the required parameters and layouts are cut out in the spreading tapes.

 Polymer films are more resistant to adverse climatic conditions and are effective against weeds in comparison with all other known materials widely used for mulching the soil.

However, the implementation of mulch from polymer films has the following disadvantages:
The high cost of polymer films inhibits their widespread use as mulching coatings.

 Light weight and smooth surface make it difficult to fix polymer mulch on the soil surface. With strong winds and poor fastening, film tapes break easily. The need to seal and extract the edges of the film tapes from the soil greatly complicates the implementation of mulch and increases the costs associated with mulching.

 Having a relatively high density, polymer films, due to their small thickness, still have insufficient mechanical strength and are easily damaged by careless handling of tools.

 The aim of the invention is the implementation of the mulching coating, which at the same time has high efficiency and is environmentally friendly.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that the mulch coating layer is made of organic materials of natural origin, individual particles of which are bonded together under high pressure into a continuous dense layer. Pressed coatings are made from one or several several fiber-rich organic components, which are selected based on the characteristics of private cultivation technologies and raw material capabilities of manufacturers.

 The proposed method provides for the inclusion in the composition of the pressed organic mulch as additional components of mineral fertilizers mixed with the main starting components immediately before pressing, after which they remain fixed between the pressed organic particles throughout the entire period of preservation of the high-density coating. After laying the mulching tapes, the granules of mineral fertilizers pressed into them turn out to be evenly dispersed over the mulched area, localized in the rows of cultivated plants, and the places of the main concentration of roots.

 The use of environmentally friendly, highly effective against weeds, performed by integrating with the introduction of mineral fertilizers and allelopathically active substances, mulching coatings from pressed organics will allow to completely neutralize the entire stock of weeds seeds accumulated in the soil at minimum cost and gradually remove it.

 In Fig.1,2,3 depict fragments of mulching coatings of bulk organic materials (Fig. 1), a polymer film (Fig.2) and pressed organics (Fig. 3). Figure 4,5,6 shows the nature of the exchange of mulched surfaces with the external environment, depending on the permeability and devices of mulching coatings. Arrows indicate the direction of air movement from the soil to the atmosphere. Figure 7 schematically depicts the main nodes of the unit, with which the pressed mulch is produced directly in the field. In FIG. 8 shows a device for planting individual plants on a stackable coating. In Fig.9,10 presents planting sockets delivering planting material to the holes in the mulch. In Fig.9 the bell is inoperative, in Fig.10 in the working position. 11 schematically shows a planting device for intermittently continuous sowing of seeds through slit-like planting holes of pressed mulch.

 12,13 shows the dependence of the ventilation intensity of the mulched soil surface and the lower surface of the coating itself on the nature of the embankment of the edges of the mulching tapes. With a continuous bunding (Fig. 12), the penetration of atmospheric air under the mulch through the lateral edges is difficult, and with a dashed (Fig. 13) it is facilitated. In this case, air exchange occurs not only through the landing holes, but also through narrow slots between the soil and the coating in independent sections of the edges. On Fig shows the nature of ventilation with a continuous bunding of the lateral edges of the mulch tapes, depending on the arrangement of the support protrusions. The direction and intensity of ventilation are indicated by dashed arrows of various thicknesses. With a rectangular arrangement of support ledges (a fragment from above), the ventilation intensity is higher than with a checkerboard (fragment from below), since the speed of the transported air is directly proportional to the length of the ventilation ducts.

On Fig.15,16 depicts a mulch coating device, designed for linearly discontinuous planting. Compared with the ordinary, multi-line placement contributes to an increase in the number of mulching plants per unit area of the protective fabric of the mulching coating. So, with the ordinary placement of the fifth culture (Fig. 15, scale 1:10), 20 plants are placed on 1 running meter of a mulched surface with an area of 20 m ² , the ratio of the coating area to the number of mulched plants is 1: 1. With a diagonal multi-linear on mulched an area of 45 m ² 98 plants, respectively, the ratio of 1: 2.1. In the upper part of Fig.15,16 shows a linearly intermittent planting of lignified cuttings on the pressed mulch. On Fig with the known method, when the cuttings planted through the landing slots are oriented strictly along the line of the row. Dashed lines show the location above the mulched surface of overgrown shoots growing during rooting. With a linear planting of rooting of cuttings of aboveground shoots. With a linear planting of cuttings, the shoots are concentrated in the plane of the rows, the same happens with the rooted sections of the cuttings. As a result, competition between the neighboring plants intensifies for the feeding area, while the lateral sections of the tapes are less intensively assimilated by the plants. With the proposed cross (Fig. 16), the planted cuttings are oriented perpendicular to the row lines, alternately alternating both opposite directions of the cuttings along the planting lines.

 On Fig shows variants of the contours of the coulters, designed for linearly discontinuous seeding of seeds into the soil through the narrow landing slots of the pressed coating. On Fig depicts a disc coulter at the time of planting seeds.

 In FIG. 19,20 shows local mulching by extruded organics of trunks, based on the assembly of coatings from finishing fragments geometrically complementary to each other. To fix two joined halves of equal size (Fig. 19), brackets made of metal or other durable material are used, equipped with high, brightly colored handles (Fig. 22). The coating collected from two halves of equal size is intended primarily for mulching bush forms of plants. For mulching the standard molds, the embodiment shown in FIG. 20, in which the main fragment of the prefabricated coating has the shape of a vicious circle with a small radial slot for passage during the laying of the mulching plant stem in the central hole, which is then completely covered with a separate segment. The joined fragments are held by overlapping overlapping joined edges, embankment of the outer edges with soil, and the selection of geometrical complementary shapes. On Fig shows the stacking order of fragments of mulch. On Fig the possibility of combining local mulching trunks circles pressed organics and the content of the remaining area of the protective strip rows under long-term detention. Dotted lines indicate the aisles contained under the black vapor.

 In FIG. 24 shows the nature of the gradual assimilation by the roots of planted plants of the nutritional area provided to them in rows.

 In FIG. 25 shows a vertical section of a mulching coating with differentiated density of various sections depending on their distance from the landing holes. Color intensity correlates with density. The stronger the shaded area, the higher its density.

 In FIG. 26 shows an embodiment of a stepped coating configuration. In this case, the variation in the density of mulch sections with different locations is associated with a variation in the concentration of mineral inclusions.

 On Fig schematically shows a plant nutrition system in the initial period of cultivation. The inclusion of mineral fertilizers in the shell of the coated seeds, in the substrate pots of seedlings and in the mulching coating of pressed organics, laid during planting.

 In FIG. 28,29, known methods of allelopathic protection of cultivated plants are presented: based on the constant presence of allelopathics in live form in the protected area (Fig. 28) and siderate (Fig. 29). On Fig depicts the proposed method of allelopathic protection, in which allelopathically active substances of plant origin are included in the composition of the pressed mulching coating. On Fig shows the distribution of volatile emissions of allelopathics in space with known methods and the proposed (Fig.32). In the first case, the spread of precipitates in the surface air layer is chaotic, they are quickly blown out of it by the winds. In the second, volatile emissions accumulate under the mulching coating and, due to wind protection, linger longer in the area of protected plants.

 In FIG. 33 shows the nature of the development by underground shoots of root shoot weeds of a layer of mulch from loose organic matter.

 On Fig the suppression of underground shoots of the same weeds mulch from pressed organics with a grooved configuration.

 In FIG. 35 shows schematically capillary irrigation. Dotted lines indicate the directions of distribution in the soil of water flowing from the pipes.

 In FIG. 36 shows the nature of the moisture distribution in the rows of cultivated plants when arranging irrigation pipes with the proposed device mulching coatings.

 On Fig presents a longitudinal section of a fragment of the coating installed inside the groove of the drainage protrusion of a perforated tube drip-jet irrigation system.

 On Fig presents a vertical section of the drainage protrusion with intended for placement of the irrigation tube grooves and a through vertical hole through which the water flowing from the tube enters the mulched soil.

 On Fig. 39,40 shows the dependence of the retention of water coating in the mulched zone on the shape of the lateral edges of the tapes fixed by the soil.

 On Fig variant of the convex vertical section of the paintings, contributing to the dropping from the mulch part of the water falling from above in the aisles.

 In FIG. 42, with a wavy longitudinal section of the coating, the falling water slides into depressions around the planting holes and through the holes into the soil, as a result of which the mulch, on the contrary, retains water.

 On Fig depicts a section of a row of bushes, mulched by a tape coating, assembled from individual fragments, joined along the edges of the rows in parallel geometrically made ribbons, which in turn are joined inside the rows, in the spaces between adjacent bushes, directed towards each other by triangular protrusions. Together, the adjacent tapes form a continuous tape with hexagonal landing holes. Shaded circles indicate the branches of mulched bushes in cross section.

 On Fig presents a vertical section of the landing slit of the mulching coating, adapted for linearly discontinuous planting of lignified cuttings, shows a cross way to place the planted cuttings in the planting nests. Dotted lines indicate the direction of overgrown shoots growing during rooting.

 On Fig depicted collected from three, approximately equal to the size of the individual fragments of the trunk coating, on Fig plot precast tape coating, reinforced by solid support projections, which are indicated by filled strips. Between the solid, occasionally interrupted by narrow drainage gaps, single protrusions are located, indicated by filled circles.

On Fig presents a vertical section of a mulching coating, sections of which are located between the supporting protrusions of the protective fabric have both a top and bottom concave shape,
In Fig. 48, a coating in which sections of the web between the supporting protrusions are concave at the top and convex at the bottom. A different concentration of the shaded sections of the stratum shows the nature of moistening of the coating from below the soil and from above during irrigation, sprinkling, rainfall. The more intense the shaded area, the longer it maintains high humidity.

 On Fig shows a vertical, in Fig. 50 cross section provided with a culvert hole of the support protrusion and adjacent sections of the protective fabric having a convex shape.

 On Fig shows the nature of the placement of the support protrusions with culverts on prefabricated barrel coverings.

 In Fig.52 tape. Drain tabs are indicated by rings.

 A device for the simultaneous manufacture, laying on the soil surface of a mulching coating of extruded organic materials of natural origin and planting consists of a hopper for loading the initial bulk components 1, a conveyor belt 2, through which a thoroughly mixed, heated bulk mixture is fed to the pressing shafts. In the process of moving along the conveyor, the initial mass is formed into a uniform continuous tape. The upper pressing shaft 3 is completely made inside and has matrix protrusions located in a certain sequence on the upper surface. The lower pressing shaft 4 has a cylindrical cavity inside. Inside the cavity, during the execution of the coating, the screw 5 continuously rotates. The upper surface of the lower shaft is provided with both protrusions and matrix holes. At the moment of passage between the shafts rotating in different directions, the layer of loose organic matter is compressed into a dense tape. The system of matrix protrusions of the openings of the pressing shafts gives the performed coating a grooved configuration, with landing holes already cut, arranged according to the provided pattern. During compression, part of the initial granular mass is pressed through the protrusions of the upper shaft through the matrix holes into the lower cavity, from where it is carried out by a screw and fed back to the hopper 1 through the conveyor 6. The device that makes a point landing of the planting material through separately located planting openings of the coating into the mulch soil consists of a guide disk 7, along the entire perimeter of which along the edges there are separate gripping devices 8, which, in turn, consist of a socket in to hold the aboveground organs of the planted material 9, tubular grips, which are used to hold in the process of delivery to the landing holes and the landing of root combs. The grippers consist of upper stationary tubes 10 and movable lower 11, interconnected by hinges. Flexible cables are passed through the cavities of the upper and lower tubes, shrinking or increasing in length depending on the location of the grippers on the rotating disk 7 with respect to the mulched surface. The coating tape, as it is manufactured, is laid on the furrow previously made by the walking cultivator-furrow divider 12 ahead. At the moment when the mulch tape lowered to the soil surface hangs at an acute angle to the horizon, the planting device captures through the landing holes and the basal grips are lowered to the bottom of the furrow clods of planted plants. Until the root clods come into full contact with the bottom of the furrow, the cables inside the grips are shortened and the movable lower tubes 11 reliably hold the plants from below. After entering the landing holes, the cables begin to lengthen and, by the time they come out, fully straighten out, become flexible, which facilitates their removal from the furrow and mulch, and prevents damage to plants. The root lumps installed on the bottom of the furrow immediately after being released from the grips are squeezed from both sides of the tapes by rollers 13 running under the mulching coating near the edges of the coating. After that, the edges of the tapes are bunded with soil that is raked from the row-spacings by ridgers (Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10).

 If linear discontinuous planting is provided instead of a point one, the mulch tapes of pressed organic material have slot-like landing holes elongated in the form of parallel lines. Landing slots coincide with the direction of the mulching belts 14 or are located at an acute angle to their axis 15. In this case, instead of sockets with grabs, the guiding disk of the planting device 7 is equipped with disk coulters 16, which during planting are immersed deep into the soil through the planting cracks. At certain intervals, the landing slots are interrupted by sections of the whole cover, having the form of small transverse strips 17 (Figs. 11,15,16,18).

 The device of the mulching coating of pressed organic matter is a corrugated layer, in which the lower surface facing the soil has a more pronounced corrugation compared to the upper. From below, the protective mulch canvas at a certain height from the mulched soil surface is supported by supporting protrusions 18 located in a rectangular or checkerboard pattern (Fig. 14) and uniformly distributed over the entire coating area. The vertices of the protrusions of the upper surface 19 have a lower height and are located above the center of the lower ones. The sections of the protective sheet between the coincident lower 18 and upper protrusions 19 are concave 20 at the top, and can have both concave and convex 21 at the bottom (Figs. 19,47,48). To the edges of the protective fabric form an arcuate run 22, on which during laying a small layer of soil is poured, necessary for fixing the mulch. The protective fabric to the border with the edges to be boned has the same thickness or shape all the way along the steps gradually escaping from the center of the canvases to the edges of the coatings (Fig. 26). The embankment of the outer edges can be either solid or dashed (Fig. 14).

 The device of the mulching coating made of pressed organics, designed to protect the trunk circles of individual plants of standard or bush forms, is a separate fragments geometrically supplementing each other, joined directly at the place of execution. The collected near-trunk coverings have the shape of a vicious circle, in the center of which there is an opening 23 for placing the stem or the base of the bush of the mulched plant. There are three options for device trunking. In the first, it is performed as a result of joining two equal in size halves 24 (Fig.19). In the second of the fragment, which has the shape of an almost vicious circle with a small radial cutout 25, through which during the laying of the coating a stem or the base of the bush is passed. After installing the main fragment, the cutout is closed with a separate segment 26 (Fig. 20). The third option provides for the assembly of near-barrel coatings of three or more separate fragments of equal or approximately equal size 27 (Fig. 45). The joined fragments have beveled 28 or vertical edges 29. To increase the strength of the prefabricated coatings, it is also possible to fasten the fragments at the joining points with staples 30. The staple arrangement is characterized in that they have brightly colored vertical handles 31 that rise above the surface of the coatings to facilitate their detection (Fig. 22). To increase the strength, fragments of prefabricated barrel and tape coatings can be equipped with continuous support protrusions 32, interrupted after a certain interval by narrow drainage gaps, continuous support protrusions border the entire perimeter of the landing holes, the outer and abutting edges of the fragments. On the trunk, they are evenly dispersed over the entire area of the collected coatings in the form of radial rays (Fig. 45), and on the tape in the form of lines parallel to each other and the axis of the lines, merging with bordering the outer edges and landing holes into a single network (Fig. 46). Between the solid lines there are single supporting protrusions 18. Individual fragments of prefabricated tape coatings have a rectangular, rhombic or trapezoidal shape.

 The device of the mulching coating made of pressed organics, intended for assembly with drip-jet irrigation systems with tubes, has a continuous, slightly thickened in comparison with the others, support projection 33 located on the center of the tape protective sheet, on the crest of which there is a groove of trapezoidal section 34 open outside for placement of irrigation pipes 35. After a certain interval, the central part of the stratum equipped with drainage grooves of the support protrusions is pierced by vertical holes cross section 36, starting from the base of the grooves and emerging through the base of the protrusions, designed to accelerate the passage of water flowing from the irrigation tubes 35 to the mulched surface (Fig. 36,37,38). On trunnion coverings, bearing drainage grooves and openings, the support protrusions are arranged in the form of separate closed concentric rings or spirals.

 The pressed organic organic composite coating device, proposed for continuous mulching of rows of perennial plants, consists of individual tape fragments 37, stacked by continuous parallel ribbons from both edges of each mulched row and joined inside the rows, in the spaces between adjacent plants directed toward each other by triangular protrusions 38 As a result of joining receive a single tape coating with hexagonal landing holes 39 (Fig).

 The device of the mulching coating made of pressed organics, intended for use in arid climatic conditions, with abundant surface irrigation, has uniform support projections dispersed over the coverage area, equipped with circular culverts 40. The top of the drainage protrusions ends with a funnel-shaped recess 41, which passes into the hole 40, belittling the entire thickness of the support ledge through. The sections of the protective sheet adjacent to the drainage protrusions have a convex shape 42. The base of the drainage protrusions is reinforced with vertical plate thickenings 43 (Fig. 49.50). Supporting protrusions with drainage holes occupy the entire area of the coatings or alternate in a certain sequence with those completely completed inside and, accordingly, ending at the top not with a depression, but with peaks raised above the intermediate sections. In the latter case, the drainage protrusions are concentrated between the outer edges of the shafts and the bore holes (Fig. 51), and from the tape, in addition, between adjacent bore holes (Fig. 52). YYY2 YYY4 YYY6 YYY8 YYY10 YYY12 YYY14 YYY16 YYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY BYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYY YYYYYYY YYYYSYYYY YYYYYYY YYYYSYY YYYYYYY YYYYY YYYYY YYYU YYYYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYYY

Claims (6)

 1. A method of performing a mulch coating, comprising laying on the soil surface a layer of mulch in the form of a continuous tape or individual fragments of a translucent or black color with holes dispersed throughout its area, characterized in that the mulch layer laid on the soil surface is made from a mass of organic materials of natural origin low degree of decomposition, which include mineral fertilizers and allelopathically active substances of plant origin, and the mass of organically their materials are pre-crushed and then pressed, while in different locations of the coatings, taking into account accessibility to water and leaching into mulched soil, the concentration of inclusions, regulated by the initial mulch density, is differentiated depending on the age of the mulched plants.  2. The mulch coating, comprising a layer of mulch in the form of a continuous tape, a canvas with holes dispersed over its entire area, characterized in that the mulch layer is made of a corrugated configuration, and the height of the grooves of the lower side of the fabric is greater than the height of the grooves of the upper side, and the edges of the fabric are arcuate run to fix the coating on the mulched surface, while the landing holes have both a single location and in the form of long slots located along or at an angle to the line of mulching tapes.  3. The coating according to claim 2, characterized in that the mulching cloth is made in the form of a vicious circle consisting of parts overlapped by beveled sections and fixed at the joints by metal brackets, and in the central part of the cloth is equipped with vertical towering above the mating parts to be joined by handles that serve to capture and simultaneously indicate the location of the staples.  4. The coating according to claim 3, characterized in that in the central part the tape webs are equipped with continuous supporting protrusions, on the crest of which there are trapezoidal grooves open on the outside with vertical drainage holes piercing from the base of the protrusions, uniformly dispersed between the landing holes.  5. The coating according to claim 2, characterized in that the mating parts of the mulching fabric are in the form of narrow rhombic or trapezoidal strips combined with beveled ends, which are aligned and laid in continuous parallel ribbons on both sides of each mulched row, while on the mulched rows facing inward the lateral sides of the coating strip have triangular protrusions joined by similar protrusions of rows of strips stacked on the opposite side to overlap areas between the bushes.  6. The coating according to claim 4, characterized in that the sections located between the support protrusions are convex in shape, and all or individual support protrusions in the upper part are provided with cone-shaped recesses passing into through vertical holes penetrating these protrusions to the base, provided with drainage the holes of the supporting protrusions are reinforced with radially extending plate vertical thickenings radially extending from their lateral surface.

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