RU2050647C1 - Electrochemical energy converter - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: nuclear synthesis energy conversion devices. SUBSTANCE: electrochemical energy converter has two palladium electrodes, which are separated by electrolyte, and gas chambers for supplying reagents. Hydrogen is used reagent onto anode, and hydrogen isotope, for example, deuterium, is used onto cathode. EFFECT: improved efficiency.

Description

 The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used in the manufacture of current sources.

Known electrochemical energy converter (EPE), in which the chemical energy of the reactants, hydrogen and oxygen, as a result of the electrochemical reaction is directly converted into electrical energy. It contains electrodes separated by an ion-conducting electrolyte, and gas chambers for supplying reagents [1]
The disadvantage of this EPE is the lack of conversion efficiency.

 The closest to the invention in terms of technical nature and the achieved result is EPE containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Gas chambers for supplying reagents are adjacent to the electrodes on the back side. Hydrogen is used as reagents in both chambers, but at different pressures. In the EPE under consideration, the energy of compressed gas is converted into electrical energy by the electrochemical method. When this EPE is discharged, hydrogen is transferred from the high-pressure chamber to the low-pressure chamber. After equalization of pressure EPE ceases to function. To ensure continuous operation, it is necessary to constantly maintain a given pressure drop, which is associated with the need for energy costs [2] This EPE has insufficient efficiency and low specific characteristics.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of energy conversion through direct conversion of nuclear fusion energy into electrical energy.

 The technical solution of the problem can be implemented in an EPE containing positive and negative palladium electrodes separated by an electrolyte and gas chambers for supplying gaseous reagents. One of the reagents is hydrogen, the other is an isotope of hydrogen, for example, action.

 It is known that in a metal-like medium saturated with hydrogen isotope dissolved in it, deuterium, fusion of deuterium nuclei occurs, culminating in the synthesis of, for example, helium nuclei in accordance with the reaction.

d + d ___ → ³ He + n __ → 3MeB.

(1)
The result of this, in particular, is a change in the local nature of the distribution of the positive charge in the medium. This causes a redistribution of the electron density of valence electrons. During the nuclear fusion reaction, as helium accumulates, a spontaneous shift of the Fermi level of the deuterium electrode occurs, the Fermi level of the hydrogen electrode remains unchanged. The appearance of a difference in the positions of the Fermi levels indicates their different energy contents. The indicated energy difference can be realized in EPE in the form of electricity.

 A potential difference arises between the hydrogen and deuterium electrodes, which is determined by the isotopic effect and the difference in the Fermi levels. When the electrodes are shorted, an electric current flows in the external circuit.

M $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{o}}{\text{i}}$ N_i+

r_iφ_i
(2) где φ_i и M_i ^о электрические и химические потенциалы электронов в электродах; q_i=eN_i,N_i заряд и количество электронов, которыми обмениваются катоды при замыкании. Условие выравнивания электрохимического потенциала при замыкании катодов имеет вид
e(φ₁-φ₂) M₂ M₁ (3)
Из сохранения заряда следует
q₁= q₂. (4)
Потенциалы φ₁,φ₂ линейно связаны с зарядами q₁, q₂:
φ_i c_i ^-1q_i, (5) где c_i емкостный коэффициент. Из системы уравнений (3-5) нетрудно получить
q₁=

e^-1
Подстановка в формулу (2) дает исходную оценку:
ΔE

При

1В c ≈ 10^-1-10³ Ф/с м³ (элек- трохимические емкости имеют порядок 10^-5-10^-3 Ф/см², удельные поверхности пористых электродов 10⁴-10⁶ см^-1) Δ Е может составлять величину порядка 10^-1-10³ Дж/см³.Let us estimate the value of the converted energy. The change in energy as a result of equalization of the Fermi levels is described by the expression
ΔE

M $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{o}}{\text{i}}$ N _i +

r _i φ _i
(2) where φ _i and M _{i are} ^the electrical and chemical potentials of electrons in the electrodes; q _i = eN _i , N _{i the} charge and the number of electrons exchanged by the cathodes during closure The condition for equalizing the electrochemical potential when the cathodes are closed has the form
e (φ ₁ -φ ₂ ) M ₂ M ₁ (3)
From conservation of charge follows
q ₁ = q ₂ . (4)
The potentials φ ₁ , φ _{2 are} linearly related to charges q ₁ , q ₂ :
φ _i c _i ^-1 q _i , (5) where c _{i is the} capacitive coefficient. From the system of equations (3-5) it is easy to obtain
q ₁ =

e ^-1
Substitution in formula (2) gives the initial estimate:
ΔE

At

1V c ≈ 10 ^-1 -10 ³ F / s m ³ (electrochemical capacities are of the order of 10 ^-5 -10 ^-3 F / cm ² , specific surfaces of porous electrodes are 10 ⁴ -10 ⁶ cm ^-1 ) Δ E can be a value of the order of 10 ^-1 -10 ³ J / cm ³ .

Thus, in the proposed EPE it is possible to convert up to 10 ³ J / cm ³ nuclear fusion energy. This significantly increases the efficiency of EPE and its specific characteristics.

Claims (1)

 An ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERTER containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte and gas chambers with hydrogen as reagents, characterized in that the positive and negative electrodes are made of palladium, and a hydrogen isotope, for example, deuterium, is taken as a reagent on the positive electrode.