RU2028753C1 - Method and apparatus to dry and store vegetable fodders - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method provides for layer by layer laying of mass with alteration of its layers with air cavities. In the case layers of mas of vegetable fodders are laid so, that after laying of the mass, air is fed in the mass from bottom upwards, from top to bottom and in side direction from center to periphery. In the case mass is periodically cooled, removing condensate of moisture into air cavities. In winter mass is frozen. Method is realized with the help of apparatus, that has movable platform with pierced plate, supplied with branch pipe, sunshine collectors in the form of located along perimeter of platform covered with dark paint flat member, over which with clearance transparent film with bent up edges is located. Central pierced pipe has fixed on it air distributors, made in the form of hollow pierced pyramid-shaped members, located layer over layer, and communicating by their bases with vertical pipe. Besides, apparatus has cover and exhaust ventilating system. EFFECT: method and apparatus are used in agriculture. 5 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for drying and storing vegetable feed.

 A known method of drying and storing vegetable feed, including laying vegetable feed on the supply channel, supplying heated air from the bottom up, removing the exhaust air into the atmosphere, periodically cooling the plant material [1].

 The disadvantages of this method are: a relatively large loss of nutrients and high energy costs for ventilation and drying.

 A device for drying and storing vegetable feed containing a coating, a perforated bottom, under which there is a supply channel connected to a vertical perforated pipe, at the upper end of which is mounted an exhaust swivel nozzle, while on this pipe under the exhaust swivel nozzle there are windows [2] .

 The disadvantages of this device are low drying efficiency, significant loss of nutrients.

 The purpose of the invention is to reduce the loss of nutrients and reduce energy costs for ventilation.

 In FIG. 1 shows a device for drying and storing vegetable feed, cross section; in FIG. 2 - the same, longitudinal section; in FIG. 3 - perforated distributor; in FIG. 4 - same, top view.

 The method was carried out as follows.

PRI me R 1. We took dried up to a humidity of 47% clover grass mass, placed on the supply channel, in the middle of which a vertical perforated pipe was installed. The mass was stacked in layers, separating the mass layers with perforated hollow pyramid cavities - sheet steel air diffusers mounted coaxially on the perforated pipe. The pipe was drowned from above. The thickness of each mass layer in the peripheral section is 60 cm, in the central part 40 cm. A total of 6 layers (Fig. 1). Thereafter, the inflow path supplied air (temperature 20 ^{° C} during the day). Beginning of ventilation at 10-00 o’clock. In the evening at 21-00 o'clock ventilation was stopped. In the morning before sunrise, the mass temperature reached 36 ^{° C,} humidity of 29 mass%, the external air temperature 7 ° ^C. During this period, cooling was performed to a mass of ^about 8 by passing therethrough outside air. The moisture content of the mass decreased to 22%. The next day, the humidity of the mass during ventilation decreased to 19%. In the morning again, cold air (6 ^° C) was passed through the mass. Humidity decreased to 15.8%.

 The quality of hay is presented in the table. Studies have shown that the proposed method can reduce the loss of crude protein and carotene, since moist air is pushed from the center to the periphery, in addition, the layer in the central part is smaller and the mass is separated by air cavities and heat-removing plates.

PRI me R 2. Laboratory experience. Green weight of 20 kg of 51% moisture was dried warmed to 35 ^{° C} in air for 10 hours, then purged with cold air mass (4 ° ^C), cooling it to a temperature of 4 ° ^C. The mass is then again evaporated to dryness, hot-air, and then cooled back and kept 2 months. The results of the experiment are presented in the table.

 Studies have shown that cooling the mass gives a positive effect, accelerates drying. Drying with periodic cooling of the mass reduces the loss of nutrients during storage and provides a more complete removal of moisture. This is because cold air even with very high relative humidity contains a lower absolute amount of water vapor than warm. Passing through the heated mass, cold air is heated, while its relative humidity is reduced, which helps to remove moisture from the raw material and its cooling. After cooling the mass while passing warm air, the latter cools, but its relative humidity does not reach 100%, i.e. no wetting of the mass. In addition, even when the air reaches 100% humidity, the mass is initially slightly moistened, but the moisture condenses on the mass in its free form and is quickly removed when the flow of warm air continues. The cooling of the mass also prevents self-heating processes.

 PRI me R 3. All operations were carried out in the same way as in example 1, but cold air was passed through the mass in winter at minus temperatures. The moisture content of the mass decreased, and the loss of nutrients was less than without passing cold air (table).

 The method is carried out using the device (Fig. 1-4).

 A device for drying, storage and transportation of hay consists of a supply channel, which is made in the form of a mobile platform 1, made, for example, in the form of runners with holes 2 for air passage. To reduce traction at the beginning of the movement, the platform is mounted on rollers 3. The platform 1 is equipped with a perforated plate 4 on which nozzles 5 are fixed for air passage. Thus, an air cavity 6 is formed under the plate 4.

 The device for heating and air supply is equipped with a solar collector, which is made in the form of a blackened flat element 7 (for example, of a polymer film) to improve the use of solar and wind energy and simplify the manufacture, which is placed around the perimeter of the platform 1, and on top of which a transparent is fixed with a gap film 8 with folding edges 9.

 To reduce the risk of self-heating of the mass, accelerating its drying, and improving the use of solar and wind energy, hollow perforated air diffusers 10 of heat-conducting material (steel, aluminum, etc.) are fixed on the nozzles 5, the air distributors 10 being located one above the other in parallel planes , communicated with each other and made in the form of pyramids fastened by the bases, on the tops of which perforated pipes 11 are fixed (Figs. 1-4). At the same time, an exhaust pipe 12 with a rotary wind pipe 13 is fixed on the upper pipe of the upper air distributor 10.

 The exhaust pipe is equipped with a partition 14 and windows. To improve the use of solar energy, protect feed from precipitation and remove moisture on the exhaust pipes 12, a coating 16 is fixed with a spherical lens 17, in the focus of which there are windows 15.

 Moreover, the coating 16 is made transparent in the form of a collective curved lens.

 To improve the draft of the pipe 12, a heat-absorbing (heat-accumulating) element 18 is fixed under the cover 16 with the formation of a cavity 19 between them, which communicates the upper part with the windows 15 of the exhaust pipe 12. In order to prevent moisture condensation on the lower surface and to ensure its removal from the dried mass, holes 20 are made in the heat storage element.

 To enhance the traction 21 and increase its stability, the cavity of the exhaust pipe 12 between the partition 14 and the windows 15 is filled with water and placed in the focus of the lenticular coating 16.

 To enhance traction, the cavity 19 under the coating is in communication with the cavity 22 of the lens 17 through the gap (cavity) 23 between the pipe 12 and the coating 16, and the windows 15.

 Coating 16 may be made of glass, transparent plastic or film stretched over a lattice frame, the edges of which are tauter, i.e. made thinner than the middle.

 The heat-absorbing element 18 may be made of a black polymer film.

 The device operates as follows.

 The first layer of plant material is placed on the perforated plate 4 of the platform, which is laid with the formation of a hole in which the air distributor is located 10. Then, successively layers of the raw material are stacked in the same way, alternating them with air distributors 10, which are connected to each other using perforated nozzles 11, on the upper of which a chimney 12 is installed with a heat storage element, a coating 16, a lens 17 and a wind rotary pipe 13. Water is poured into the cavity of the pipe 12.

 If necessary, the device can be transported to an open space.

 Around the platform is a blackened flat element 7 in the form of a film, on top of which a transparent film 8 is attached, while its edges are bent towards the wind.

 The sun's rays heat the film 8 and the air below it. The wind pumps heated air into the cavity.

 At the same time, the rotary nozzle 13 creates a thrust, which increases due to the fact that in the cavity 19 above the heat-absorbing element 18 under the cover 16 the air is heated, which passes into the windows 15 and through the gap 23 into the cavity 22 of the lens 17, i.e. the warmest air accumulates at the top, which dramatically increases traction. This also contributes to the fact that the lens 17 heats the air and the pipe section located at its focus. Lens 17 focuses solar energy on the upper portion of the pipe 12 and the window 15, and the coating 16 on the heat-absorbing element and the portion of the pipe 12 with water. The latter accumulates heat. In addition, the water, when heated, releases steam, which enhances traction, since steam (mol. 18) is lighter than air (mol. 29). Since the pipe 12 is muffled, the air pumped from below is sucked in, passes from bottom to top through the hole of the perforated plate 4 and the nozzle 5. The air enters the mass through the holes of the vertical nozzles 11, as well as from the holes of the air distributors 10. Thanks to the shape of the latter, the mass is well blown from all parties. At the same time, humidified air is pushed dry by the center to the periphery.

 Since moist air is lighter than dry air, it rises and enters the cavity between the feed and the heat-absorbing element 18, from where, through the opening 20 in it, vapor-saturated air rises into the cavity 19.

 From the peripheral upper part of the plant material, moist air through the openings 20 in the heat storage element 18 passes into the cavity 19.

 In the cavity 19, moist heated air is collected in the upper part and passes through the windows 15 and the gap 23 into the cavity 22 of the lens 17, where it is heated even more. All this leads to a sharp increase in the thrust of the pipe 12 and exhaust pipe 13.

 It should be noted that due to the presence of the cavity 19 and the holes 20 in the heat-absorbing element, moisture condensation does not occur on its lower surface.

 Thanks to coating 16, the feed is protected from rainfall. The heat storage element protects the upper layers of the feed from ultraviolet rays. All this helps to reduce nutrient loss.

 In the autumn-winter period, the device allows you to quickly freeze the mass, while there is no destruction of carotene and protein, as the raw materials are not affected by precipitation and ultraviolet rays.

 After drying, the solar collector is removed.

 If necessary, the dried feed can be transported to the farm directly on platform 1, i.e. the feed is not lost in the form of residues of ostozha.

 The device allows you to use the energy of the surrounding space for ventilation due to daily changes in temperature and humidity, as well as due to the difference in air temperature and humidity in different layers of the feed.

 At night, and especially in the morning, cold air is sucked into the plant material, which contains less moisture, since excess moisture falls in the form of dew. Passing through the mass, the air heats up, which helps to reduce the decrease in its relative humidity and remove moisture from the raw materials. At the same time, heat is removed from the inner layers of the mass, since it is in contact with the nozzles 11 and the air distributors 10, which are a kind of heat exchangers.

 When re-passing warm air during the day, moisture can initially condense inside the cold air accumulators, which during gradual heating due to heat exchange quickly evaporates, increasing traction.

 Even in the absence of sunny weather, the device prevents self-heating of the mass, heat is removed by air accumulators and air flow created due to wind and temperature and humidity differences in the lower and upper parts of the raw material, as well as in cavity 6 and cavities 19 and 23.

Claims (6)

 METHOD FOR DRYING AND STORAGE OF VEGETABLE FODDER AND DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION.  1. A method of drying and storing plant feed, comprising laying plant feed on the supply duct, supplying heated air from bottom to top, removing exhaust air into the atmosphere, periodically cooling the plant feed, characterized in that, in order to reduce nutrient loss and reduce energy costs ventilating, laying and ventilating vegetable feed is carried out in layers, while their layers are alternated with pyramid-shaped air cavities into which air is supplied.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the plant feed is frozen with natural cold.  3. A device for drying and storing vegetable feed, containing a coating, a perforated bottom, under which there is a supply channel connected to a vertical perforated pipe, at the upper end of which is mounted an exhaust swivel nozzle, while on the said pipe under the exhaust swivel nozzle there are windows, characterized by the fact that the supply channel is made in the form of a mobile platform and is equipped with a solar collector in the form of a blackened flat element located around the platform perimeter, above which with a gap a transparent film with curved edges is placed, while the vertical perforated pipe is equipped with a partition installed in its upper part and air distributors made in the form of tiered hollow perforated pyramid-shaped elements communicated by the bases with the mentioned pipe, and a coating with spherical small lenses is installed above the windows at the top , each of which is placed coaxially on a rotary exhaust pipe, and heat-absorbing material is installed under the coating to form a cavity perforated pyramid-shaped element.  4. The device according to p. 3, characterized in that the coating is transparent in the form of a collective curvilinear lens, and the pipe cavity under the windows is filled with water and located in the focal space of the latter, while the windows are placed in the focus of the spherical small lens.  5. The device according to claims 3 and 4, characterized in that a gap is made between the exhaust rotary nozzle and the coating under the spherical lens, and the cavity between the coating and the lens is communicated through windows with the exhaust rotary nozzle cavity.

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