RU2013044C1 - Method for selecting high-productive genotypes of hemp with optimum relation of primary and secondary fibers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves making morphological analysis of plants for relation of thickness of stalks at root neck to their thickness at base of flower cluster and selecting genotypes with said relation of 2.1-2.5 as possessing the relation of primary and secondary fibers of 7: 3. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 6 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the selection of cross-pollinating spinning crops, and can be used to select highly productive hemp genotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fiber for mass selection work, as well as for research purposes.

 There is a method for evaluating hemp plants by the content of primary, most valuable for the textile industry, and secondary fiber, which consists in the fact that elite plants selected at a breeding nursery are first subjected to morphological analysis in laboratory conditions by the general and technical height, thickness and branching. Then the stems are soaked in special tanks. At the end of the soaking process, primary and secondary fibers are manually removed from the entire stem. In this case, the primary fiber is washed in water to remove residues of the epidermal layer. Dried to equilibrium moisture, the fiber is weighed and the fiber content in each is calculated by the mass of the stem.

 However, the known method has several significant disadvantages.

 Firstly, it is not focused on the use of auxiliary diagnostic features that would make it possible to predict not only the yield, but also with a greater degree of probability to distinguish phenotypically the best high-fiber biotypes, thereby increasing the efficiency of selection of breeding material by reducing with a constant amount of work the amount of low-value material received for analysis.

 In this regard, such an indicator as “stem shoot”, determined by the ratio of thickness at the root neck to thickness at the base of the inflorescence, is noteworthy (Table 1).

 The data table. 1 show that the content of the primary fiber, regardless of the type of plant by sex, increases in proportion to the “shoot of the stem” (correlation coefficients 0.92-0.97), and the secondary - back (correlation coefficients from -0.87 to -0.95 ) The technical length positively correlates with the "shoot of the stem) (0.65-0.74). It follows that the proposed trait characterizes plants fairly accurately by the content of the primary fiber and can serve as a criterion for selecting genotypes with a high fiber content: if equal in technical stems in breeding for fiber length are more preferable with a better indicator of “stalk shoot.” On this basis, the introduction of new correlation dependencies into the breeding program makes it possible to identify with high reliability evyh conditions of high fiber form, thereby dramatically reduce the amount of breeding work due to early culling nizkovoloknistyh biotypes, which is especially important in the initial stages of selection.

 Secondly, the known method does not take into account the optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers for the architectonics of plants, their morphology and biology. It is proved that biotypes with a high content of primary fiber are less resistant to lodging, damage by pests and diseases, have low seed productivity, and as a result are unsuitable for bilateral use (for seeds and fiber), which is important for the industry economy. In this regard, attention is drawn to the slag developed as a result of the study of a large number of dioecious and monoecious hemp plants (n = 8200), taking into account the correlation of the proposed morphological characters with “stem shoot” (Table 2).

 From the data table. 2 implies that plants with a "shoot of the stem" of 2.1-2.5 may have the greatest value for practical selection; they have a sufficiently high fiber content (26.0-30.0%), the best for their architectonics ratio of primary and secondary fiber (7: 3), as well as the ability to form up to 9.0-11.0 g of seeds. A guideline for the selection of biotypes with a “stem shoot of 1.6-2.0 is undesirable, since along with an increase in seed productivity (12.0-13.0 g), the content of secondary, secondary to the textile industry, fiber sharply increases. The selection of biotypes with” is unpromising stalk run "2.6-3.0 for the reason that in response to a significant positive change in the amount of primary fiber over the secondary there is an adequate decrease in seed productivity.

 Logical analysis shows that table. 2 can be widely used by breeders as a scale for selecting highly productive genotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fiber, thereby increasing the efficiency of the selection process by reducing the volume of analyzed forms.

 Thirdly, the known method is not designed for a differentiated approach to elite plants of dioecious and monoecious hemp, given the complexity of the population of the latter by gender. As is known, cultivated monoecious hemp varieties are a mixture of plants that differ both in habit and in the ratio of male and female flowers in inflorescences (Table 3).

 Tab. 3 indicates that if dioecious cannabis of the Ermakovskaya variety is local, consisting of two phenotypically isolated sexual plant types with a numerical ratio in the population of 1: 1, the yield of biotypes with an optimal combination of primary and secondary fibers is on average 23.6%, then in monoecious cannabis cultivar YUSO-14 - only 15.8%. Moreover, in the first case, genotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers predominate among plants of the usual prune, and in the second case among the genital types with a male tendency (feminized and monoecious feminized progeny, monoecious mother with a predominance of male flowers over female). The established pattern confirms the essential role of males in the formation and inheritance of fibrous substances in populations of cross-pollinating spinning crops. Thus, taking into account the biological and genetic characteristics of biotypes of dioecious and monoecious hemp can be important in increasing the efficiency of the selection process due to the use of known good in the ratio of primary and secondary plant fibers in crosses in the year of study, which will affect the frequency of occurrence of highly productive genotypes with optimal the balance of primary and secondary fibers, ultimately, to increase productivity and work efficiency, to reduce the cost of the breeding process.

 Fourth, the known method is complicated in technical solution and depends on subjective factors: when manually dividing the fibers into primary and secondary quality of the technological analysis, it depends both on the degree of biological lactation of the plants and on the thoroughness of the work of the performers.

 The purpose of the invention is to simplify and increase the reliability of selection.

 The method is implemented as follows.

 In the ripening phase, 75% of the seeds in inflorescences in a spatially isolated (at least 2 km from other varieties sowing) breeding nursery, first, phenotypically the best elite plants that meet the following standard of signs are selected from heterogeneous populations of breeding numbers, which meet the following standard of signs: uniformity in terms of ripening; branchlessness; tall with a compact inflorescence and a long technical part of the stem (distance from the root neck to the first sessile branch, with at least 2 grains). In dioecious hemp, such selection is made among female (ordinary mother) plants, in monoecious - among plants of an ideal monoecious mother (in the inflorescence, 45-55% of male, 45-55% of female flowers), monoecious mother with a predominance of male flowers over female (in inflorescence 56-80% of male, 20-44% of female flowers) and monoecious feminized flowers (81-99% of male flowers, 1-19% of female flowers in the inflorescence). Each selected plant is labeled with its serial number and gender. Visual assessment data is logged.

Then, the plants marked in the journal under the corresponding number are culled based on the sign “stalk escape”. The indicator "stem shoot" is calculated individually for each plant according to the formula: C = l ₁ / l ₂ , where C is the value characterizing the "shoot of the stem"; l ₁ is the thickness of the stem at the root neck, cm; l ₂ - the thickness of the stem at the base of the inflorescence, see. The thickness of the stem is measured with a caliper. The obtained calculated data in accordance with table. 2 are used to select elite plants for breeding for fiber and seed productivity. Considering that at present in the breeding work, the main direction is the creation of varieties of bilateral use, that is, having both a high fiber content, and the ratio of primary and secondary and seed-producing crops favorable for plant architectonics, biotypes with "run of the stem" 2.1-2.5. Plants with other indicators of the "shoot escape" are rejected. In the case when genotypes with a high fiber content and low seed productivity (selection of varieties for one-sided use) are required for research or breeding and genetic work, plants with an indicator of the stalk escape sign above 2.6 are selected.

 A similar work, if necessary, is repeated many times in subsequent generations.

PRI me R 1. Samples of dioecious hemp varieties Ermakovskaya local, to be taken, were sown on a spatially isolated (not less than 2 km from the crops of other varieties) breeding nursery with an area of 100 m ² . Sowing seeds was carried out with a manual seeder RS-1 with a row spacing of 45 cm at the rate of 0.3 million germinating seeds per 1 ha to a depth of 5 cm. Plots of breeding samples were designated with wooden pegs with the corresponding registration numbers in the field log.

 Evaluation of the material for fiber and seed productivity (bilateral use) was carried out in the field in stages: first, in the ripening phase, 75% of the seeds in inflorescences among female plants (ordinary mother) of each selection number by visual inspection selected phenotypically the best elite plants, uniform in maturity, non-branched tall with a compact inflorescence and with a long technical part of the stem. Highlighted biotypes were labeled with serial number and gender. Visual assessment data was recorded in a log.

Then, the selected biotypes were analyzed according to the severity of the sign “stalk escape”. The indicator "stem runaway" was calculated individually for each plant by the formula: C = l ₁ / l ₂ . The thickness of the stem at the root neck (l ₁ ) and at the base of the inflorescence (l ₂ ) was measured with a caliper. The obtained calculated data was used for the final selection of elite plants for further breeding work: biotypes were left, in which the "shoot of the stem" was 2.1-2.5.

 The results are presented in table. 4.

 As you can see, an experimental verification of the proposed method showed that it can be used reliably in the selection of breeding elites; forecast accuracy (the probability of isolating highly productive biotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers) is 71.1-87.0%. Consequently, the sign of “stalk escape” accurately characterizes plants by the content of primary and secondary fibers and can serve as a criterion for selection. The application of the proposed method in practical selection in comparison with the basic one provides a reduction in time and labor costs by 40.0-49.2%, which will significantly reduce the cost of the selection process.

 PRI me R 2. The experiments were carried out analogously to example 1 on monoecious hemp varieties YUSO-14. In the ripening phase, 75% of the seeds in the inflorescences in the breeding nursery among the plants of the ideal monoecious mother - and monoecious mother with male flowers predominant over female - (their share in the heterogeneous population was 44.6%) selected phenotypically the best biotypes.

 The results are presented in table. 5.

 The data table. 5 show that the proposed method allows the selection of genotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers with an accuracy of 74.3-86.2%; with this method, in comparison with the base one, the probability of isolating such biotypes is 3.1-3.4 times higher. Therefore, the proposed method almost three times reduces time and labor costs, increases the accuracy, objectivity and effectiveness of selection estimates.

 Based on the proposed method, a new breeding variety of hemp of the Central Russian type Chuvash monoecious has been created, which has been in competitive variety testing since 1990 (Table 6).

 From the table. Figure 6 shows that the new breeding variety Chuvash monoecious significantly exceeds the zoned variety YuSO-14 in seed yield (by 153.2%), yield and yield of primary fiber (respectively, by 3.7 and 121.6%), which is most optimal for architectonics of plants ratio of primary and secondary fibers (7: 3). In addition, it has a short growing season (early ripening varieties YSO-14 for 11 days), which allows cultivating it for bilateral use (fiber and seeds), thereby obtaining high yields of seeds and fiber, significantly increasing the efficiency of the industry.

 Thus, the proposed method makes it possible to predict and isolate highly productive biotypes with the optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers from heterogeneous populations of hemp, and to reduce the amount of low-value material received for analysis by discarding it in the field with a constant amount of work. When conducting selections according to the proposed method, the proportion of genotypes with an optimal ratio of primary and secondary fibers rises from 24.0-31.3% in the initial populations to 71.0-87.0% in plant samples selected on the basis of "stem shoot". Therefore, the use of the proposed method helps to reduce the complexity of the work when assessing breeding material for fiber, increase the objectivity and effectiveness of breeding estimates, which will positively affect the pace of breeding.

Claims (1)

 METHOD FOR SELECTION OF HIGH-PRODUCTIVE HEMP GENOTYPES WITH OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FIBERS, including morphological analysis of plants, characterized in that morphological analysis is carried out by determining the ratio of stem thickness at the root of the neck to the thickness of the stem at the base of the inflorescence 2, and the stem thickness is 2 and has 2 and 2 2.5.

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