RU196394U1 - Steam Engine - Romanov Battery for Spacecraft - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to steam engines and can be used as a propulsion system (MPE) of a spacecraft (KA) as a corrective propulsion system (KPU) with the creation of pulses to correct the position of a spacecraft in low Earth orbit. The steam engine contains a tank coated with thermal insulation filled with hot water before launching the spacecraft, and contains a heater installed in it for heating water, and a laser heat source to create saturated steam and displace water into steam generators, and as steam generators and nozzles, it contains conical-cylindrical chamber nozzles (KS) with a hemispherical bottom, mounted in forks with a stepper motor drive, providing 90 ° rotation from the axis in both directions, while the KS communicates with the tank with pipelines coated with heat insulation and in the bottom The compressor station has a channel that communicates its cavity with the pipeline in which the solenoid valve (EC) is installed. In addition, higher pressure steam can be generated in the compressor station, for which it contains a heater installed in it, heated by a warm hole heat source (LIT), which heats the steam generated in the compressor chamber. To prevent water from entering the LIT channel installed in the tank and steam generators, heaters (evaporators) are heated on their inner walls, heated by a laser beam that vaporizes the water in contact with them to form saturated steam. The PDA requires a small battery, not pre-charged before launch, but recharged by solar panels when discharged. One PDA provides power generation in two ranges, from the power in each. The pushing spacecraft power of the PDA depends on the temperature and pressure of the generated steam in the KS and the cross-sectional area of the KS, which in turn depends on the flow of water and the power of the laser heat sources. The PDA is characterized by a simple design, using practically free water, minimal weight and size characteristics, and provides an increased range of generated power to create propulsive correction forces, and high specific power and efficiency.

Description

The utility model relates to rocket and space technology and can be used as a steam, propulsion system (PDU) of a spacecraft (SC) as a corrective propulsion system (KDU) with the creation of pulses for correcting the position of the SC in low Earth orbit.

In all heat engines, the driving mechanical force is created in a limited volume by the excess pressure of the generated gases in kg / cm ² above the ambient pressure, and not by the mass of gases in kg that flow from the pressure drop and create a propulsive, pushing force on the channel cross-sectional area, from which expire, while the pushing force is calculated according to the laws of thermodynamics, and not according to the laws of mechanics, as is accepted in the current theory of TD, which is clear without evidence.

The fallacy of the paradigm of the existing theory of heat engines, called jet engines, began with the invention of gunpowder and its use in the first heat engines - powder rockets.

When gunpowder burns, its mass goes into a gaseous state with a pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure, and the pressure drop creates a force pushing the rocket.

Gunpowder starting to burn and the amount of produced gases having a small mass but high pressure push the rest of the unburned large mass with great acceleration, which proves that the rocket is driven not by the mass of the generated gases, but by their pressure.

Known KDU for the correction of the parameters of the orbits of the spacecraft, using several types of engines, such as liquid-gas, plasma, electric heating and thermocatalytic.

The greatest distribution was gained by KDU with stationary plasma engines (SPD) Morozov.

Since 1972, propulsion systems of this type have been used to correct the spacecraft’s orbit.

The principle of operation of a stationary plasma engine is based on the acceleration of the ions of the working fluid by an electrostatic field.

In the well-known KDU and SPD, the generation cycle of the working fluid, which creates the corrective force for the spacecraft, is carried out in orbit, while the SPD requires a powerful source of electrical energy, and even with it is able to eject only a small mass of gas at high speed, creating a very small thrust for correction spacecraft in orbit.

Each SPD has a specific power, from 1-2 kW to 100 kW, and can be used for a spacecraft, a certain mass, and, as a marching remote control, to accelerate and decelerate the spacecraft, as well as to create a long, powerful impulse for an interplanetary flight, they, not having the ability to generate power in a wide range, cannot be used.

Known pulsed nuclear rocket engine, which uses the energy of a large number of small nuclear charges (including thermonuclear) on board the rocket.

The charges are successively ejected from the rocket and explode at a certain distance behind it.

With each spherical explosion, an insignificant part of the shock wave, expanding gaseous products of the explosion, acts on the spacecraft and creates impulses pushing it, imparting acceleration. (http://galspace.spb.ru/start-2.htm).

When one kilogram of smoke powder is burned, 300 l of gaseous products are formed, with the explosion of 1 kg of TNT, 700 l are formed, with the explosion of 1 kg of hexogen, 908 l / kg is formed, and with the evaporation of water - 1650 l.

It is known that water is the most environmentally friendly and the most gas-forming substance, and, therefore, the most efficient working fluid, however, it is characterized by a large specific heat capacity and requires large expenditures of thermal energy for the formation of steam.

It is used as a power amplifier for all types of heat engines using the heat of high-temperature gases, when water is supplied to it, steam is generated, increasing the pressure of the resulting gas-vapor mixture and power for gas turbine engines ("Reference Manual of Aviation Engineering", VI Ministry of Defense of the USSR, M. 1964. ), RF patents on taxiways, torpedoes, and gas-vapor powder, detonation and nuclear explosives.

Water, when heated, changes its physical state, changing from liquid to gaseous - steam, while its specific volume is 1.694 m3 / kg, compared with the initial liquid state of water, and it has a higher potential overpressure energy compared to pressure of combustion products of chemical fuel and other methods of generating excessive pressure of a gaseous working fluid.

A gas-vapor-pulse KDU for a spacecraft is known, in which a gas-vapor mixture is used to generate excess pressure, which is formed during the explosion of a gas-vapor explosive charge containing an ampoule of water inside a normal explosive charge (RF Patent No. 180685).

Known pulsed remote control for spacecraft, creating propulsive, pushing force by a shock wave of explosive deflagration or detonating explosive charges, inside which are installed ampoules with water, (RF Patent No. 190423).

Saturated water vapor forms in a closed vessel above the free surface of water heated to boiling, while its pressure depends only on temperature, and does not depend on the volume of water contained in the closed volume.

But saturated steam can also be generated in a closed vessel, completely filled with water of any volume, without heating all the water, but heating only a small volume, while its pressure is transferred to all the water in the volume.

It is this property of saturated steam with its generation in a closed volume completely filled with water that was used to create a series of different types of steam engines that have no analogues, while the generation of saturated steam is carried out by small-sized powerful sources of heat, allowing to overheat a small volume of water with the formation of saturated steam : Nuclear - a fuel element (TVEL), or a fuel assembly (FA) or a laser heat source (LIT).

Overpressure of saturated steam can be used to create mechanical energy for linear movement, for example, of a piston, to create torque of a reciprocating steam engine, for steam jacks, steam stamping presses, while piston steam engines with a waste-free volume of water can be used to drive vehicles various types: a locomotive - a modern "steam locomotive", for surface and underwater vehicles and ships, for missiles, as well as for all-round vehicles.

It is known that a tank filled with hot water, when it communicates with the atmosphere, does not have the potential energy of overpressure, since when water flows out of the tank, only a small volume evaporates, saturating the surrounding air with vapor, and saturated high-pressure steam is not formed.

It is known that when a container filled with hot water heated to boiling water communicates with a medium with a pressure below atmospheric, it boils, forming saturated vapor, which has a potential pressure energy that can be used to perform mechanical work.

This property was used to create a steam engine for a spacecraft to generate saturated high-pressure steam to create forces for the spacecraft to move in space vacuum.

A direct-flow steam power plant of an unmanned underwater vehicle is known, which uses outboard water and generates saturated steam generating propulsive force, a moving apparatus, and containing, as a source of thermal energy, a fuel assembly (FA) and apparatus for triggering a fission reaction, stopping and controlling power (RF patent No. 185128).

A direct-flow steam engine with a nuclear heat source TVEL for a torpedo is known, which uses outside water as a working fluid to generate saturated steam and create propulsive pushing force (Newspaper "Energy and Industry of Russia" \ No. 09 (365) May 2019).

Known KDU with YAIT for spacecraft, containing a multi-nozzle chamber for generating water vapor of constant volume, made with the possibility of multiple filling with water and sealing nozzles or a soldered plug or butterfly valves with electric drives, while the chamber is equipped with YAIT made of at least two fuel elements of subcritical mass separated by a moderator (RF Patent No. 190508).

There was a message about a new NASA program - the development of small spacecraft SSTP (Small Spacecraft Technology Program), with water engines, the principle of which is that water turns into steam, the pressure of which pushes the spacecraft, (Rambler).

In the future, the developers of the “space steam engine” are planning to develop new modifications of the technology to coordinate the actions of clusters of small spaceships.

Known discovery No. 65 "Light-hydraulic effect" with a laser heat source (LIT), generating a beam with dense thermal energy, which when pulsed is directed at water, it explodes.

The thermal energy of LIT is widely used in many industries, for example, for soldering, welding in the atmosphere and under water, in medicine and others.

When creating the remote control for the spacecraft, the following tasks were set:

to simplify the thermodynamic cycle of creating the driving force of the remote control,

to simplify the working fluid and the costs of not generating it in space,

to ensure the use of one remote control with a range of generated capacities for all types of spacecraft, including as a march,

use a more efficient, compact source of thermal energy to generate a gaseous body,

provide an increase in the specific power of the remote control,

dramatically simplify the design of the remote control,

improve overall mass characteristics,

sharply reduce the price of power - "traction",

reduce the volume and terms of designing CD

manufacturing and operating costs,

provide 100% environmental safety.

The problems are solved in that pre-heated water is used to generate water vapor, with which the remote control tank is filled before the launch of the launch vehicle, while the remote control is a steam engine - a steam accumulator (PDA) for use in space vacuum.

To correct the position of the spacecraft in orbit - pitch, yaw, rotation, the PDA contains a tank coated with thermal insulation and filled with hot water, in which a heater is installed, for heating cooled water, a laser heat source (LIT) and a heater-evaporator sealed on the inner wall ( NI), excluding direct contact of the laser beam with water, heated by LIT, and evaporating the water in contact with it with the formation of saturated steam at its surface.

In addition, the PDA contains a conical-cylindrical chamber-nozzle (CS) with a hemispherical bottom, communicating through a pipeline with a tank mounted perpendicular to the mass axis of the spacecraft, in forks with drives, for example, with a step-by-step drive, which ensures its rotation in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the spacecraft an angle of 90 ° on both sides, and connected to the pipeline by bellows or polypropylene, coated with thermal insulation, or rubber, also coated with thermal insulation, and, for communication of the cavity of the COP with the tank, it contains an electrovalve (EC).

Heated water can come from the tank to the compressor station without displacing its pressure, and evaporate with the creation of a pushing force, as well as force out, for which a laser heat source (LIT) is installed in the tank, generating saturated steam of small pressure relative to vacuum and volume, displacing water into The cop.

To create a pulse, water is supplied to the compressor chamber when the EC is opened, and hot water entering the cavity of the compressor chamber, which is under low cosmic vacuum pressure, will instantly evaporate, with the formation of dry steam, and a pushing pulse is created.

To increase the pressure of dry steam generated in the COP, they can contain steam heaters (PP), which are installed in their cavities on the bottom, heated by LITs, while the vapor pressure rises and a greater pushing force is created.

In fig. 1 shows the general schematic diagram of the PDA, where 1 tank, 2 - LIT, 3 - thermal insulation, 4 - TEN, 5 - pipeline, 6 - KS, 7 - drive.

In fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of K with a steam heater (PP), where 1 - KS, 2 - drive shaft, 3 - pipeline, 4 - bellows, 5 - insulation, 6 - LIT, 7 - PP, 8 - EC.

In all three positions, the CS creates short-term or long-term pulses by low-pressure steam with a minimum steam flow rate and minimum force.

To prevent water from entering the LIT channel installed in the tank and steam generators, heaters (evaporators) are heated on their inner walls, heated by a laser beam, which evaporates the water in contact with them with the formation of saturated steam.

For the operation of the PDA, a battery of not high power, pre-charged before launch, is required and, when discharged, recharged from solar panels.

One PDA provides power generation in two ranges, with a change in power in each.

The PSA pushing CA power depends on the temperature and pressure of the generated steam in the CS and the cross-sectional area of the CS, which in turn depends on the flow of water and the power of the laser heat sources.

PDA is characterized by a simple design, using practically free water, minimal weight and size characteristics, and provides an increased range of generated power to create propulsive correction forces, and high specific power and efficiency.

Claims (4)

1. A steam engine containing a water tank, a heat source for generating steam, and at least one steam generation chamber, and one nozzle, characterized in that the tank is covered with thermal insulation, is filled with hot water before launching the spacecraft, while a heater for heating water and a laser heat source for displacing water into a steam generator are installed, and as a steam generator and nozzle it contains a conical-cylindrical chamber nozzle with a hemispherical bottom, and a channel communicating its cavity is made for communication between the compressor station and the tank from the pipeline the ode in which the solenoid valve is installed. 2. The steam engine according to claim 1, characterized in that a heater-evaporator is installed on the inner wall of the tank, generating saturated steam to displace water, heated by a laser heat source and eliminating the contact of the beam with water. 3. The steam engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chamber-nozzle contains a steam heater installed in its cavity at the bottom, heated by a laser heat source. 4. The steam engine according to any one of paragraphs. 1, 2, 3, characterized in that the chamber-nozzle is mounted in a fork with a stepper motor drive, providing 90 ° rotation from the axis in both directions, while a bellows is installed between the pipeline and the chamber-nozzle.

Images