RU134695U1 - DEVICE FOR STORAGE AND STORAGE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY (OPTIONS) - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A device for storing and storing electrical energy, including electrodes, carbon nanomaterial, an ion-conducting membrane (separator) and an electrolyte, characterized in that an insulator is located between the electrodes, having H-shaped sections in two perpendicular planes, on the outside of each electrode in the cavities insulator cells are made of insulating material, the walls of which are coated with ion-conducting layers, inside the cells is a compressed filler containing carbon nanomaterial, and onoprovodyaschaya membrane (separator) is wrapped around the insulator and arranged to provide ionic communication between the filler in mesh strukturah.2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the corresponding ion-conducting layers on the cell walls does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on the opposite cell walls satisfies the condition: B = 2A, moreover, the thickness of the cellular structures does not exceed 2A.3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that carbon nanotubes are used as carbon nanomaterial. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the filler further comprises activated carbon and / or ion-conductive additives. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that the ion-conductive additives are microcellulose and / or nanocellulose. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes are made with a developed surface area. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the developed surface area of the electrodes is made in the form of ribs

Description

Technical field

A group of utility models relates to electrical engineering, namely, devices for the accumulation and storage of electrical energy.

State of the art

The problem of storing electric energy is one of the most important not only in the energy sector, but also in the economy, as well as in science. Solving the problem of efficient conservation and accumulation of the generated electricity will allow more productive use of methods for its production using renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, solar energy or wind energy. In addition, the effective accumulation of electricity will solve the problems of peak consumption in the energy sector associated with daily, seasonal or other unpredictable changes in power consumption.

The most common devices for storing and storing electricity are solid-state lithium-ion batteries with a good energy / mass ratio, no memory effect, and high shelf life. The three main functional components of a lithium-ion battery are the anode, cathode and electrolyte, for which various materials can be used. The most common material for the anode is graphite. The cathode can be made using intercalated lithium compounds, for example lithium cobaltite, lithium iron phosphate, lithium permanganate and others.

There are also lithium metal batteries, or lithium metal polymer batteries, which are rechargeable batteries that are the development of lithium-ion batteries. The structure of the lithium metal battery includes a lithium metal anode, a polymer composite electrolyte and a cathode. Lithium metal batteries can be formed by folding thin films of these materials together. The resulting device structure is flexible, resilient and durable. The advantages of the lithium metal polymer structure over the traditional lithium-ion structure include low manufacturing cost and higher resistance to physical damage.

The disadvantages of the known types of batteries are a long charging time, fire hazard when recharging and / or overheating, aging.

One of the areas in electric energy storage and storage devices is supercapacitors (ionistors), which are similar to conventional capacitors, except that they provide a very high capacity in a small case. One type of supercapacitor is an electric two-layer capacitor (see, for example, US 5453909 A, 09/26/1995). In an electric two-layer capacitor, energy storage is carried out by means of a static charge, and not by the electrochemical process inherent in batteries. Applying the potential difference to the positive and negative plates charges the supercapacitor. Although a conventional capacitor consists of a conductive foil and a dry separator, the supercapacitor interferes with battery technology by using electrodes and electrolytes similar to the electrodes and electrolytes used in lithium-ion or lithium-metal batteries. The advantages of supercapacitors are high charging and discharging speeds, simplicity of the charger, durability, low weight compared to electrolytic capacitors of similar capacity, low toxicity of materials, non-polarity.

Recently, to increase the capacity and service life of supercapacitors, they use nanostructured materials (see, for example, US 2011013344 A1, 01/20/2011; WO 2011159477 A1, 12/22/2011; US 7852612 B2, 12/14/2010).

As the closest analogue, we took a supercapacitor (see US2002048143 A1, 04.25.2002) consisting of two metal electrodes, on the inner surfaces of which a layer of carbon nanotubes, an electrolyte in the space between the electrodes, and a separator separating the electrolyte between the electrodes were deposited.

The disadvantages of the known supercapacitors are a small specific energy, compared with batteries, the dependence of voltage on the degree of charge, the possibility of burnout of internal contacts during a short circuit, much greater self-discharge compared to batteries.

Utility Model Disclosure

The task to which the proposed group of utility models is directed is to create devices for storing and storing electric energy, devoid of the disadvantages of known means (batteries and supercapacitors), and combining their advantages. The technical result of the group of utility models is to reduce self-discharge with increasing energy density per unit mass.

The technical result is achieved in a device for the accumulation and storage of electrical energy, including electrodes, carbon nanomaterial, an ion-conducting membrane (separator) and an electrolyte. In this case, between the electrodes there is an insulator having H-shaped sections in two perpendicular planes, on the outside of each electrode, in the cavity of the insulator, cellular structures of insulating material are placed on the walls of which ion-conducting layers are deposited, inside the cells there is a pressed filler containing carbon nanomaterial, and an ion-conducting membrane (separator) is wrapped around the insulator and is configured to provide ionic bonding between the filler in cellular structures.

The distance from the surface of the electrodes to the corresponding ion-conducting layers on the cell walls does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on the opposite cell walls satisfies the condition: B = 2A, and the thickness of the cellular structures does not exceed 2A.

The technical result is also achieved in a device for the accumulation and storage of electrical energy, including electrodes, carbon nanomaterial, an ion-conducting membrane (separator) and an electrolyte. In this case, between the electrodes is an insulator having H-shaped sections in two perpendicular planes, on the outside of each electrode, in the cavity of the insulator, there are two or more cellular layers separated by ion-conductive substrates, each layer comprising a cellular structure of insulating material, a compressed filler inside cells containing carbon nanomaterial. Starting from the second cellular layers, ion-conducting layers are deposited on the walls of the cellular structures, and the ion-conducting membrane (separator) is wrapped around the insulator and is configured to provide ionic bonding between the filler in the outer cellular layers.

In one embodiment of the device, on each side of the electrode, all the cellular layers have a common cellular structure, the separating ion-conducting substrates are located in each cell, and the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the second cellular layers does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between ion-conducting layers on opposite cell walls satisfy the condition: B = 2A, while the thickness of the cellular layers does not exceed A.

In another embodiment of the device, on each side of the electrode, all the cellular layers have a separate cellular structure, the cells in the layer have a common separating ion-conducting position, and the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the second cellular layers does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between ion-conducting layers on opposite cell walls satisfy the condition: B = 2A, while the thickness of the cellular layers does not exceed A.

In all embodiments of the device, carbon nanotubes can be used as carbon nanomaterial.

The filler may further comprise activated carbon and / or ion-conductive additives, which may be microcellulose and / or nanocellulose.

The electrodes can be made with a developed surface area, for example, in the form of ribs or needles, and are made of metal or a combination of metal and graphite fabric, and the electrolyte can be acidic or alkaline.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is a schematic view of a frontal section of the proposed device in accordance with the first embodiment.

Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of the proposed device in the horizontal plane in accordance with the first embodiment.

Figure 3 is a schematic view of a frontal section of the proposed device in accordance with the second embodiment.

Figure 4 is a schematic sectional view of the proposed device in the horizontal plane in accordance with the second embodiment.

5 is a schematic front view of the proposed device in accordance with the third embodiment.

6 is a schematic sectional view of the proposed device in the horizontal plane in accordance with the third embodiment.

7 is a schematic sectional view of a device according to the first embodiment, explaining the principle of operation and design features.

Utility Model Implementation

The essence of the group of utility models is illustrated by drawings. Figure 1, Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a device in accordance with the first embodiment. A device for storing and storing electrical energy contains a sealed enclosure consisting of a base 1 and a cover 2, electrical contacts 3 and 4, flat electrodes 5, 6, an insulator 7, cellular structures 8, ion-conducting layers 9, a filler 10, a membrane (separator) 11 and electrolyte (not shown in the drawing).

The base 1 and the cover 2 of the housing are made of plastic and hermetically welded together, while the gaps between the electrical contacts 3 and the cover 1 are sealed to protect the device from external influences and leakage of electrolyte. Electrical contacts 3 and 4 connect the electrodes 5, 6 to the outside of the housing and are the terminals of the device. The electrodes 5 and 6 are made of metal, or a combination of metal with graphite fabric. It should be noted that the electrodes 5 and 6, in addition to a flat embodiment, can be performed with a developed surface, to increase their area. In particular, the developed surface can be made in the form of ribs or needles penetrating into the depth of the filler 10. Between the electrodes 5 and 6 there is an insulator 7 having an H-shaped cross section in two perpendicular planes (Figure 1, Figure 2) and equipped holes for the passage of electrodes 5, 6 and their subsequent connection with electrical contacts 3, 4. On the outer sides of the electrodes and 6, inside the cavities formed by the insulator 7, there are cellular structures 8 made of insulating material that form two groups of cells. The material for the manufacture of cellular structures can be plastic or any other material with electrical insulating properties. On the walls of the cells of structures 8 are ion-conducting layers 9, which are necessary for the penetration of ions throughout the depth of the filler 10 to the electrodes 5, 6. Various means and methods of manufacturing materials with ionic conductivity, of which layers 9 are made, are widely known in the prior art. As the filler 10 of the cellular structures 8, a compressed carbon nanomaterial, for example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), is used. In addition, the filler 10 can be made in the form of a compressed mixture of carbon nanotubes with the addition of microcellulose, nanocellulose or activated carbon. Carbon nanomaterial, (for example, CNTs), activated carbon, as in conventional supercapacitors, serves to concentrate ions on its surface, and the addition of microcellulose or nanocellulose increases the ionic conductivity of the filler 10, which in turn increases the effective depth of penetration of ions throughout the filler 10 Around the insulator 7 is wrapped a membrane (separator) 11, which provides an ionic bond between the filler 10 in each cell of structures 8 and groups of cells on each electrode 5,6. The ion conducting layers 9 and the membrane (separator) 11 can be made of the same material. The ion-conducting layers 9, the filler 10 and the membrane (separator) 11 are impregnated with an electrolyte, which can be either alkaline or acidic.

The proposed structural embodiment allows to increase the energy density per unit weight by increasing the concentration of ions involved in the formation of a double electric layer throughout the volume of the filler 10 from the side of each electrode.

To achieve a more efficient and uniform distribution of ion density over the entire thickness of the filler 10 and increase the energy density per unit mass in its volume, the distance L1 from the surface of the electrodes 5, 6 to the corresponding ion-conducting layers 9 is less than or equal to the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer 10 inside cells (i.e., the distance at which a sharp decrease in ion concentration occurs). In this case, the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on opposite walls inside each cell of structures 8 must satisfy the condition: B = 2A, and the height L2 of the cellular structures 8 is much greater than A.

Figure 3, Figure 4 shows a schematic view of a device in accordance with a second embodiment. This option can be used when it is required to maintain voltage during a long discharge to a matched load. In contrast to the first embodiment, in this embodiment, a layer-by-layer distribution of the filler 10 inside the cells is made. Figure 3, Figure 4 shows a two-layer distribution, however, depending on the requirements for the parameters of the device, there may be more than two layers. In this embodiment, a common cellular structure 8 is used for all layers on the side of each electrode, and the filler layers 10 are separated by arranging ion-conducting substrates 12 in each cell. Ion-conducting substrates can be made of the same material as the ion-conducting layers 9 and the ion-conducting membrane (separator) 11. Performing a layer-by-layer distribution of the filler 10 allows you to more densely distribute energy throughout its thickness and carry out cascade charge / discharge of the storage device. At the same time, it is possible to increase the amount of stored energy by increasing the effective thickness of the filler 10 for the concentration of ions involved in the formation of a double electric layer.

Figure 5, Figure 6 shows a schematic view of a device in accordance with a third embodiment. In this embodiment of the device, a layer-by-layer distribution of filler 10 is also used. The difference from the second option here is that each cellular layer on the side of each electrode has its own cellular structure 8, and ion-conducting substrates 12 are common to all cells in the layer.

In the second and third versions of the device for a more efficient and uniform distribution of the ion density over the entire thickness of the filler 10 and, as a consequence, an increase in the energy density per unit mass in its volume, the distance from the surface of the electrodes 5, 6 to the second cellular layers should not exceed the depth A of the effective ion absorption a filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on opposite walls of the cells satisfies the condition: B = 2A, and the thickness of the cellular layers should not exceed A.

The device operates as follows. When a potential difference is applied to the electrical contacts 3, 4, the electrolyte ions begin to concentrate on the surface of the carbon nanomaterial included in the filler 10 in the cells at the outer sides of the corresponding electrodes 5, 6, and an ion layer forms with a charge of the opposite sign near the electrodes (double electric layer). When the voltage is switched off between the charged electrodes, an electrostatic field E is formed, the field lines of which are schematically shown in Fig. 7. The insulator 7 together with the cellular structures 8 limit the free movement of ions in the space between the electrodes. This restriction of movement forms regions in which the movement of ions from electrodes with opposite charges is possible only against and / or across the direction of action of the forces of the inhomogeneous electric field E formed by electrodes 5 and 6. Thus, the inhomogeneous electric field ивает holds ions inside the cellular structures 8, which does not allow them to freely move along the volume of the electrolyte in the space between the electrodes 5, 6 and significantly reduces the self-discharge of the device.

Additionally, it should be noted that, in contrast to the known devices for storing and storing electric energy, in which the path between two ionic layers with different charges is straightforward, in the proposed device variants, curved sections are formed on this path by setting obstacles in the form of ions in the form of insulator 7 and cellular structures 8. The presence of the aforementioned curved sections minimizes the movement of ions between ion layers with different charges caused by the forces of the Coulomb interaction I do them. In addition, in contrast to the classical structure, for example, a supercapacitor, in which the distance between the ion layers is a maximum of ten microns, in the proposed device variants, due to the design features, this distance is much greater and, accordingly, the Coulomb interaction force between ions (which as is known, inversely proportional to the squared distance) are orders of magnitude smaller. Thus, the self-discharge caused by the Coulomb interaction between the differently charged ions is minimized in the proposed device variants, while minimizing the forces acting in the opposite direction from the electrode to the ions in the layer allows increasing the density of the ion layer and thereby increasing the energy density per unit mass devices.

In light of the foregoing, the proposed structural solutions of the device options for storing and storing electric energy make it possible to achieve the previously indicated technical result, namely, a decrease in self-discharge with an increase in energy density per unit mass.

Claims (17)

1. A device for storing and storing electrical energy, including electrodes, carbon nanomaterial, an ion-conducting membrane (separator) and an electrolyte, characterized in that an insulator is located between the electrodes, having H-shaped sections in two perpendicular planes, on the outside of each electrode in the cavities insulator cells are made of insulating material, the walls of which are coated with ion-conducting layers, inside the cells is a compressed filler containing carbon nanomaterial, and onoprovodyaschaya membrane (separator) is wrapped around the insulator and arranged to provide ionic communication between the filler in the cellular structures. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the corresponding ion-conducting layers on the cell walls does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on opposite cell walls satisfies the condition: B = 2A, wherein the thickness of the cellular structures does not exceed 2A. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that carbon nanotubes are used as carbon nanomaterial. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the filler further comprises activated carbon and / or ion-conductive additives. 5. The device according to claim 4, characterized in that the ion-conductive additives are microcellulose and / or nanocellulose. 6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes are made with a developed surface area. 7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the developed surface area of the electrodes is made in the form of ribs or needles penetrating into the depth of the filler. 8. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes are made of metal or a combination of metal and graphite fabric, and the electrolyte is acidic or alkaline. 9. A device for storing and storing electrical energy, including electrodes, carbon nanomaterial, an ion-conducting membrane (separator) and an electrolyte, characterized in that an insulator is located between the electrodes, having H-shaped sections in two perpendicular planes, on the outside of each electrode in the cavities two or more cellular layers, separated by ion-conducting substrates, each layer includes a cellular structure of insulating material, a compressed filler inside the cells, with holding carbon nanomaterial, while starting from the second cellular layers, ion-conducting layers are deposited on the walls of the cellular structures, and the ion-conducting membrane (separator) is wrapped around the insulator and is configured to provide ionic bonding between the filler in the outer cellular layers. 10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that on each side of the electrode all the cellular layers have a common cellular structure, separating ion-conducting substrates are located in each cell, and the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the second cellular layers does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the filler layer inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on opposite cell walls satisfies the condition: B = 2A, while the thickness of the cellular layers does not exceed A. 11. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that on each side of the electrode all the honeycomb layers have a separate cellular structure, the cells in the layer have a common separating ion-conducting position, and the distance from the surface of the electrodes to the second cellular layers does not exceed the depth A of the effective absorption of ions by the layer filler inside the cell, and the distance B between the ion-conducting layers on opposite walls of the cells satisfies the condition: B = 2A, while the thickness of the cellular layers does not exceed A. 12. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that carbon nanotubes are used as carbon nanomaterial. 13. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the filler further comprises activated carbon and / or ion-conductive additives. 14. The device according to item 13, wherein the ion-conducting additives are microcellulose and / or nanocellulose. 15. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the electrodes are made with a developed surface area. 16. The device according to p. 15, characterized in that the developed surface area of the electrodes is made in the form of ribs or needles penetrating into the depth of the filler. 17. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the electrodes are made of metal or a combination of metal and graphite fabric, and the electrolyte is acidic or alkaline.

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