PL85073B1 - Reaction between a liquid and a gas[au4366572a] - Google Patents

Reaction between a liquid and a gas[au4366572a] Download PDF

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Publication number
PL85073B1
PL85073B1 PL15681272A PL15681272A PL85073B1 PL 85073 B1 PL85073 B1 PL 85073B1 PL 15681272 A PL15681272 A PL 15681272A PL 15681272 A PL15681272 A PL 15681272A PL 85073 B1 PL85073 B1 PL 85073B1
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PL
Poland
Prior art keywords
foam
gas
liquid
chamber
channel
Prior art date
Application number
PL15681272A
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Polish (pl)
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Alfa Laval Ab
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE09370/71A external-priority patent/SE354194B/xx
Priority claimed from SE06030/72A external-priority patent/SE365489B/xx
Application filed by Alfa Laval Ab filed Critical Alfa Laval Ab
Publication of PL85073B1 publication Critical patent/PL85073B1/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G25/00Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J10/00Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • B01J10/002Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor carried out in foam, aerosol or bubbles
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B11/00Oxides or oxyacids of halogens; Salts thereof
    • C01B11/04Hypochlorous acid
    • C01B11/06Hypochlorites
    • C01B11/062Hypochlorites of alkali metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B17/00Sulfur; Compounds thereof
    • C01B17/69Sulfur trioxide; Sulfuric acid
    • C01B17/74Preparation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G21/00Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

1368217 Hydrogen sodium hypochlorite sulphuric acid ALFA-LAVEL AB 19 July 1972 [21 July 1971 8 May 1972] 33823/72 Heading C1A [Also in Division B1] A first gas and liquid are reacted by converting the liquid into foam using a second gas, different from the first, supplying the foam into a channel where it is supported on a perforated element such that the foam covers the through flow area of the channel, and causing the first gas to flow through the channel into the foam. New foam may be added as the old foam is consumed in such a way that it moves in the channel in the opposite direction to the reacting gas. In Example I, sulphur contaminant is removed from hydrogen sulphide by passing the hydrogen sulphide through a perforated element which supports a carbon disulphide foam formed by spraying the carbon disulphide with added surface tension lowering substance together with hydrogen gas against a fine mesh net. In Example II, sodium hypochlorite is formed by spraying caustic soda solution and air against a fine mesh net, and the foam passing through the net is supported on a perforated element through which chlorine gas is passed. In Example III, sulphuric acid is produced by forming a foam as in Example II from air and water containing ammonium lauryl ether sulphate, supporting it on a perforated member, and passing gas containing sulphur trioxide through the foam. [GB1368217A]

Description

Przedmiotem wynalazku jest sposób prowadze¬ nia reakcji miedzy ciecza a gazem, zwlaszcza reak¬ cji tworzenia zwiazków chemicznych lub reakcji obejmujacych adsorpcje lub desorpcje. Sposób na¬ daje sie szczególnie do zastosowania w tych przy¬ padkach, gdy ilosc cieczy jest mala w porównaniu z iloscia gazu, co ma miejsce np. przy odsiarcza¬ niu ropy naftowej, przy wytwarzaniu podchlorynu i przy wytwarzaniu kwasu siarkowego.Sposób wedlug wynalazku polega na tym, ze ciecz spienia sie gazem róznym od gazu, z któ¬ rym ma ona reagowac, ewentualnie stosujac do¬ datek substancji obnizajacej napiecie powierzchnio¬ we, piane wprowadza sie do komory i utrzymuje w niej za pomoca perforowanego elementu w taki sposób, ze piana pokrywa caly jej przekrój i prze¬ puszcza przez komore reagujacy ze spieniona cie¬ cza gaz.Sposób wedlug wynalazku zapewnia najwieksza z mozliwych do uzyskania powierzchnie styku cie¬ czy z gazem, co z kolei umozliwia bardzo szybka reakcje miedzy obiema fazami i stwarza, warunki do przereagowania calej ilosci doprowadzonego ga- zu,z ciecza.Sposób wedlug wynalazku nadaje sie do stoso¬ wania szczególnie wówczas, gdy duza ilosc gazu reaguje z mala iloscia cieczy, a reaktywny gaz stanowi jedynie czesc mieszaniny gazów. Jezeli w takim przypadku stosuje sie sposób znany dotych¬ czas, polegajacy na przepuszczaniu gazu przez roz- pylona w komorze ciecz, jedynie niewielka czesc gazu reaguje z ciecza. Dla zapobiezenia wynosze¬ niu z komory kropel cieczy przez obojetne sklad¬ niki mieszaniny gazowej, szybkosc przeplywu gazu musi byc stosunkowo niewielka. Konsekwencja po¬ wyzszego jest to, ze np. produkcja stezonego kwa¬ su siarkowego, której jednym z etapów jest prze¬ puszczanie mieszaniny S03, S02 i N2 przez komore z mgla wodna, musi odbywac sie w kilku eta¬ pach, to znaczy, ze ciecz musi byc kilkakrotnie rozpylana zanim przereaguje z nia wystarczajaco duza ilosc gazowego S03.Spienienie cieczy, w miejsce rozpylania, umozli¬ wia doprowadzenie do kontaktu z ciecza wiekszej ilosci gazu, bez ryzyka wyniesienia cieczy przez gaz. Poniewaz ciecz w postaci piany jest faza ciag¬ la, moze byc utrzymana w komorze reakcyjnej na¬ wet wówczas, gdy nie reagujace z ciecza sklad¬ niki gazu przeplywaja' ze stosunkowo duza szyb¬ koscia.Jezeli to jest pozadane, ciecz moze byc usuwana z komory w postaci spienionej, jednak korzystniej¬ sze jest usuwanie jej po rozbiciu piany, nastepu¬ jacym w wyniku reakcji miedzy ciecza a gazem.Swieza piane wprowadza sie do komory w pew¬ nej odleglosci od miejsca doprowadzenia reaktyw¬ nego gazu, co zapobiega zbyt szybkiemu jej roz¬ biciu. Korzystne jest doprowadzenie piany, w mia¬ re jej zuzywania, w taki sposób, by przesuwala sie ona w kierunku przeciwnym do kierunku prze- 85 07385 073 3 plywu gazów. Korzystne jest doprowadzenie piany w sposób nieciagly.Jezeli mieszanina przeplywajacych przez komo¬ re gazów zawiera wiecej niz jeden reaktywny skladnik, a jeden z tych skladników reaguje z 5 ciecza szybciej niz pozostale, to regulacje szybkos¬ ci przeplywu gazu przez piane iAub gruboscia war¬ stwy piany mozna doprowadzic do selektywnej reakcji z ciecza tylko skladnika reagujacego szyb¬ ciej. Grubosc warstwy piany mozna równiez zmie- 10 niaic w zaleznosci od zawartosci w mieszaninie ga¬ zowej skladnika, który ma z nia reagowac.Przedmiot wynalazku jest zilustrowany ponizszy¬ mi przykkffli^,,l Przyklad I.jSiarke usuwa sie zwykle z ropy 15 naftowej przepusiczajac przez rope wodór, który r^agttfe*^ SHffl^fz wytworzeniem siarkowodoru.,, Siarfców^)3or,tkfópy podobnie jak wodór jest ga¬ zem, wydziela sie z ropy i jest doprowadzany do reakcji z dwusiarczkiem wegla, w wyniku czego 20 nastepuje jego rozklad, a wydzielona siarka roz¬ puszcza sie w dwusiarczku wegla.Do dwusiarczku wegla dodaje sie substancji ob¬ nizajacej napiecie powierzchniowe, a nastepnie miesza go z wodorem i rozpyla na siarke o drób- 25 nych oczkach. Powstajaca po drugiej stronie siatki piane wprowadza sie do pionowej komory, w prze¬ kroju której umieszczony jest perforowany ele¬ ment, utrzymujacy piane na stalym poziomie. Po¬ przez wymieniony element doprowadza sie do pia- 30 ny siarkowodór, co powoduje jej rozbicie, a pow¬ stajacy w wyniku reakcji wodór opuszcza komore.Ciekly dwusiarczek wegla odprowadza sie jakim¬ kolwiek odpowiednim sposobem, np, przez wyzlo¬ bienie zbiorcze w scianach komory. Uwolniony wo- 35 dór moze byc uzyty do przemywania surowej ropy. ^ Przyklad II. Przy produkcji podchlorynu ga¬ zowy chlor doprowadza sie do reakcji z roztworem wodorotlenku sodu.W sposób opisany w przykladzie I tworzy sie piane roztworu wodorotlenku sodu z powietrzem.W tym przypadku dodawanie srodków obnizaja¬ cych napiecie powierzchniowe nie jest potrzebne.Wytworzona piane wprowadza sie, w sposób opi¬ sany w przykladzie I, do pionowej komory, wy¬ posazonej w perforowany element nosny. Pod wy¬ mieniony element doprowadza sie gazowy chlor, który rozbija piane, a uwolnione powietrze opu¬ szcza komore. Wytworzony w wyniku reakcji ga¬ zowego chloru ze spienionym wodorotlenkiem sodu podchloryn jest odprowadzany z reaktora w po¬ staci wodnego roztworu.Przyklad III. Przy produkcji kwasu siarko- 55 wego gazowy S03 rozpuszcza sie w wodzie. Mie¬ szanine gazów zawierajaca S03 otrzymuje sie przez spalanie substancji zawierajacej siarke do gazo¬ wego S02 i utlenienie S02 do S03 w specjalnym konwertorze. 60 W sposób opisany w poprzednich przykladach otrzymuje sie piane powietrza i wody, stosujac do¬ datek substancji obnizajacej napiecie powierzchnio¬ we, takiej jak sól amonowa siarczanu eteru lau- rylowego. Piane wprowadza sie do pionowej ko- 65 LZG Zakl. Nr 3 w Pato., zam. nr Cena 10 4 mory, przez która przeplywa mieszanina gazów za¬ wierajacych S03. Piane utrzymuje sie w komorze na perforowanym elemencie umieszczonym w przekroju komory, a mieszanine gazów zmusza sie do przejscia przez warstwe piany. Zawarty w mieszaninie gazów S03 rozpuszcza sie w wodzie z wytworzeniem kwasu siarkowego, a pozostale skladniki gazu po przejsciu przez warstwe piany opuszczaja komore. W miare powstawania kwasu siarkowego piana ulega rozbiciu, kwas siarkowy splywa pnzez warstwe piany i po scianach ko¬ mory do zbiornika pod perforowanym elementem, a zawarte w pianie powietrze opuszcza komore wraz z obojetnymi skladnikami mieszaniny gazo¬ wej. W produkcji stezonego kwasu siarkowego pia¬ ne mozna tworzyc z kwasu o nizszym stezeniu.Sposobem wedlug wynalazku mozna równiez wytwarzac oleum. W tym przypadku piane mozna tworzyc z wody lub kwasu siarkowego o róznym stezeniu. PLThe present invention relates to a process for carrying out a liquid-gas reaction, in particular a chemical formation reaction, or reactions involving adsorption or desorption. The method is particularly applicable in those cases where the amount of liquid is small compared to the amount of gas, as is the case, for example, in the desulfurization of crude oil, in the production of hypochlorite and in the production of sulfuric acid. on the fact that the liquid is foamed with a gas different from the gas with which it is to react, possibly with the addition of a substance that reduces the surface tension, the foam is introduced into the chamber and held in it by means of a perforated element in such a way that the foam covers its entire cross-section and passes the gas reacting with the foamed liquid through the chamber. The method according to the invention provides the largest possible contact surface between the liquid and the gas, which in turn enables very fast reactions between both phases and to react the entire amount of gas supplied with the liquid. The process according to the invention is particularly suitable when a large amount of gas reacts with a small amount of liquid. things, and the reactive gas is only part of the gas mixture. If, in this case, the method known so far, consisting in passing gas through a liquid sprayed in a chamber, is used, only a small part of the gas reacts with the liquid. In order to prevent liquid droplets from being discharged from the chamber by the inert components of the gas mixture, the gas flow rate must be relatively low. A consequence of the above is that, for example, the production of concentrated sulfuric acid, one of the stages of which is passing a mixture of SO 3, SO 2 and N 2 through a water-mist chamber, must take place in several stages, i.e. the liquid must be sprayed several times before enough gaseous SO 3 reacts with it. Foaming the liquid, instead of spraying, makes it possible to bring more gas into contact with the liquid without the risk of being carried away by the gas. Since the liquid in the form of foam is a continuous phase, it can be kept in the reaction chamber even when the non-reactive gas components flow at a relatively high rate. If this is desired, the liquid can be removed from the reaction chamber. the chamber in foamed form, but it is more advantageous to remove it after the froth breaks down as a result of the reaction between the liquid and the gas. The fresh foam is introduced into the chamber at a distance from the point of reactive gas inlet, which prevents it from being too fast. breaking it. It is preferable to supply the foam as it is consumed in such a way that it moves in the opposite direction to the flow of gases. It is advantageous to supply the froth discontinuously. the foam can be selectively reacted with the liquid only of the faster reacting component. The thickness of the foam layer can also be varied according to the content of the component in the gas mixture which is to react with it. The subject matter of the invention is illustrated by the following examples of puffs. through oil, hydrogen which forms hydrogen sulfide to form hydrogen sulphide. 'Sulfides', which, like hydrogen, is a gas, is separated from oil and reacted with carbon disulphide, as a result of which it decomposes and the precipitated sulfur dissolves in the carbon disulfide. A surface tension depressant is added to the carbon disulfide, then mixed with hydrogen and sprayed onto fine-mesh sulfur. The foam formed on the other side of the net is introduced into a vertical chamber, through which a perforated element is placed, keeping the foam at a constant level. Through the above-mentioned element, hydrogen sulfide is fed to the foam, which causes its breakdown, and the hydrogen formed as a result of the reaction leaves the chamber. The liquid carbon disulfide is removed by any suitable method, e.g. chambers. The released hydrogen can be used to wash crude oil. ^ Example II. In the production of hypochlorite, the chlorine gas is reacted with a sodium hydroxide solution. In the manner described in example 1, a foam is formed in the sodium hydroxide solution with air. In this case, the addition of surface tension reducing agents is not necessary. in the manner described in Example I, to a vertical chamber provided with a perforated carrier. Chlorine gas is fed underneath said element, which breaks up the foam and the released air leaves the chamber. The hypochlorite formed by the reaction of chlorine gas with foamed sodium hydroxide is withdrawn from the reactor in the form of an aqueous solution. Example III. In the production of sulfuric acid, the gaseous SO 3 is dissolved in the water. A gas mixture containing SO 3 is obtained by burning a sulfur-containing substance to gaseous SO 2 and oxidizing the SO 2 to SO 3 in a special converter. A foam of air and water is obtained as described in the preceding examples by the addition of a surface tension depressant, such as the ammonium salt of lauryl ether sulfate. The foam is moved into the vertical column of LZG Zakl. No. 3 in Pato., Residing No. Price 10 4 moiré through which the gas mixture containing SO 3 flows. The foam is held in the chamber on a perforated element placed in the cross-section of the chamber, and the gas mixture is forced to pass through the foam layer. S03 contained in the gas mixture dissolves in water to form sulfuric acid, and the remaining gas components leave the chamber after passing through the foam layer. As sulfuric acid is formed, the foam breaks down, sulfuric acid flows down through the foam layer and down the chamber walls into the tank under the perforated element, and the air contained in the foam leaves the chamber together with the inert components of the gas mixture. In the production of concentrated sulfuric acid, foams can be formed from an acid of a lower concentration. Oleum can also be prepared by the method of the invention. In this case, the foam can be made up of water or sulfuric acid in various concentrations. PL

Claims (12)

Zastrzezenia patentowe 1. Sposób prowadzenia reakcji miedzy ciecza a gazem, znamienny tym, ze ciecz spienia sie gazem róznym od gazu, z którym ma ona reagowac, piane wprowadza do komory i utrzymuje w niej za po¬ moca perforowanego elementu w taki sposób, ze piana pokrywa caly jej przekrój, przy czym prze¬ puszcza sie przez komore gaz reagujacy ze spie¬ niona ciecza.Claims 1. A method of carrying out the reaction between a liquid and a gas, characterized in that the liquid is expanded with a gas different from the gas with which it is to react, the foam is introduced into the chamber and held in it by a perforated element in such a way that the foam it covers its entire cross-section, while the gas reacting with the foamed liquid is passed through the chamber. 2. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze gaz wprowadza sie do komory w taki sposób, ze przed wejsciem w piane musi on przejsc przez per¬ forowany element.2. The method according to claim The process of claim 1, wherein the gas is introduced into the chamber in such a way that it must pass through a perforated element before entering the foam. 3. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1 lub 2, znamienny tym, ze swieza piane wprowadza sie do komory stop¬ niowo, w miare jej ubywania.3. The method according to p. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that fresh foam is introduced into the chamber gradually as it decreases. 4. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze zuzyta piane usuwa sie z komory w postaci cie¬ czy, a gaz, za pomoca którego ciecz zostala spie¬ niona, uchodzi z komory.4. The method according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein the used foam is removed from the chamber in the form of a liquid, and the gas with which the liquid has been foamed leaves the chamber. 5. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze swieza piane wprowadza sie do komory w pewnej odleglosci od miejsc doprowadzenia reagujacego z ciecza gazu.5. The method according to p. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the fresh foam is introduced into the chamber at a distance from the feed points of the gas reacting with the liquid. 6. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze piane wprowadza sie do komory stopniowo, w miare jej ubywania, w taki sposób, by nadac jej ruch przeciwny kierunkowi przeplywu, reagujace¬ go z ciecza gazu.6. The method according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam is gradually introduced into the chamber as it is lost, so as to make it move in the opposite direction of the flow of the gas reacting with the liquid. 7. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze swieza piane wprowadza sie do komory w sposób nieciagly.7. The method according to p. The process of claim 1, wherein the fresh foam is introduced into the chamber discontinuously. 8. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze przez dwusiarczek wegla, spieniony nie reagujacym z nim gazem, przepuszcza sie siarkowodór.8. The method according to p. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that hydrogen sulfide is passed through the carbon disulfide, foamed with a non-reactive gas. 9. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 8, znamienny tym, ze dwusiarczek wegla spienia sie wodorem.9. The method according to p. The process of claim 8, characterized in that the carbon disulfide is foamed with hydrogen. 10. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze gaz zawierajacy S03 przepuszcza sie przez spie¬ niona wode.10. The method according to p. The process of claim 1, wherein the SO 3-containing gas is passed through the foamed water. 11. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 1, znamienny tym, ze gaz zawierajacy S03 przepuszcza sie przez spie¬ niony kwas siarkowy.11. The method according to p. The process of claim 1, wherein the SO3-containing gas is passed through the foamed sulfuric acid. 12. Sposób wedlug zastrz. 10 lub 11, znamienny tym, ze piane wytwarza sie za pomoca powietrza. 1174-76, nakl. 110 + 20 egz. zl PL12. The method according to p. The process according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the foam is generated with air. 1174-76, pp. 110 + 20 PLN copies PL
PL15681272A 1971-07-21 1972-07-19 Reaction between a liquid and a gas[au4366572a] PL85073B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE09370/71A SE354194B (en) 1971-07-21 1971-07-21
SE06030/72A SE365489B (en) 1972-05-08 1972-05-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PL85073B1 true PL85073B1 (en) 1976-04-30

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PL15681272A PL85073B1 (en) 1971-07-21 1972-07-19 Reaction between a liquid and a gas[au4366572a]

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AT (1) AT338216B (en)
BE (1) BE786397A (en)
CA (1) CA962038A (en)
CH (1) CH576806A5 (en)
CS (1) CS160060B2 (en)
DD (1) DD98029A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2231911A1 (en)
ES (1) ES404885A1 (en)
FI (1) FI52281C (en)
FR (1) FR2146420B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1368217A (en)
IT (1) IT986845B (en)
NL (1) NL7208344A (en)
NO (1) NO133482C (en)
PL (1) PL85073B1 (en)
RO (1) RO62783A (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT383287B (en) * 1985-10-08 1987-06-10 Schmid Peter J METHOD FOR PURIFYING GAS MIXTURES

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CS160060B2 (en) 1975-02-28
NO133482B (en) 1976-02-02
NO133482C (en) 1976-05-12
DE2231911A1 (en) 1973-02-01
FR2146420B1 (en) 1976-01-16
CA962038A (en) 1975-02-04
BE786397A (en) 1972-11-16
RO62783A (en) 1977-09-15
FI52281C (en) 1977-08-10
ATA571772A (en) 1976-12-15
IT986845B (en) 1975-01-30
CH576806A5 (en) 1976-06-30
FI52281B (en) 1977-05-02
NL7208344A (en) 1973-01-23
FR2146420A1 (en) 1973-03-02
ES404885A1 (en) 1975-06-16
AU4366572A (en) 1973-09-27
GB1368217A (en) 1974-09-25
DD98029A5 (en) 1973-06-03
AT338216B (en) 1977-08-10

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