PL243592B1 - Application of zinc nanoparticles in a complete feed mixture as a factor influencing animal performance - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject of the invention is the use of nanoparticles of metallic zinc oxide - ZnO as a feed preparation. This supplement is intended for farm animals, especially chickens for slaughter. The effect of the additive according to the invention is to improve rearing results - body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion per kg of gain. This preparation with the composition and dosage according to the invention can be introduced directly into feed, loose complete feed mixtures and supplementary mixtures, premixes and feed additives.

Description

Description of the invention

The subject of the invention is the use of feed with ZnO nanoparticles in the nutrition of chickens for fattening as a factor improving the results of rearing, which has a positive effect on the production results of animals.

The constant increase in the human population requires securing and systematically providing them with food. Therefore, it is expected that the production of especially white meat - i.e. poultry - will increase year by year. Therefore, in recent years, the poultry production sector has been looking for innovative solutions in the field of environmental protection that will allow for the rapid production of meat while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The condition for using the enormous genetic potential of modern commercial poultry hybrids is proper nutrition, which involves providing the birds with the optimal amount of easily digestible nutrients. Taking into account the relatively simple structure of the digestive tract and the high demand for nutrients in intensively used birds, feed mixtures for poultry should consist of very good quality materials, characterized by high availability and digestibility of individual nutrients (Roszkowski, 2011).

It should be emphasized that proper nutrition is aimed not only at ensuring the best possible production results, but also at achieving the optimal health status and welfare of the birds, maintaining the microbiological balance in the digestive tract, stimulating immunological processes, shaping the optimal quality of the raw materials obtained and limiting the excretion to environment of harmful substances in feces.

Recently, there has been an intensification of activities aimed at improving the safety of additives and products or substances used in feed for farm animals while maintaining the efficiency and profitability of production. These activities usually aim to introduce substitutes for prophylactic antibiotics, banned for use as growth promoters by the European Union (Regulation No. 1831/2003), which would maintain a high animal health status and breeding results at a similar or better level. The feed additives used must have a positive effect on the characteristics of the feed, satisfy the nutritional needs of animals, and have a positive effect on production, performance characteristics or animal welfare, especially due to their impact on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and the digestibility of the feed.

The use of feed additives available on the market does not always bring the expected results. This is due to the composition of the preparations used and, in particular, the activity of the substances contained in them. The effectiveness of these additives depends on both the composition and the dose of the ingredients used, including the active substances in them. Increasing the amount of active substances in the added preparation is associated with an increase in the costs of producing the mixture and, consequently, the cost of feed. Maintaining the effectiveness of the additive while maintaining minimal production costs has a key impact on the profitability of production and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, it becomes necessary to search for new compositions that influence the broadly understood well-being of animals, including poultry, especially as a result of improving the homeostasis of the digestive system microecosystem while caring for the natural environment.

The continuous increase in the popularity and production of poultry meat is also associated with certain threats and negative impact on the environment. Domestic breeding, slaughter and processing of poultry generates a lot of waste, which mainly includes: greenhouse gas emissions, chicken manure and slaughter waste. Current poultry production is focused primarily on profit, and this is achieved only when the animals grow quickly, use feed well and do not get sick. In order to make maximum use of their genetic potential, these animals require special nutrition to precisely cover the high demand for nutrients. By precisely balancing the content of nutrients and taking into account their availability for animals, both the excretion of biogenic elements and the environmental burden resulting from animal production can be realistically reduced. Rational nutrition requires providing them with the appropriate amount of high-quality protein, energy, minerals, vitamins and feed additives. At the same time, feed affects the composition and quality of obtained animal products, which is a priority, especially from the consumer's point of view.

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In practice, there is a constant search for new feed components to effectively use the potential of animals, because currently available feeds used in poultry nutrition often contain excessive amounts of anti-nutritional substances that adversely affect the processes occurring in the digestive tract and health, which ultimately affects the animals' production results and quality of the products obtained.

Important components of the diet are microelements, including zinc, which is one of the elements necessary for animals. This was proven in the 1930s. However, it was not until more than twenty years later that clinical symptoms of zinc deficiency in farm animals were described. It was then found that zinc supplementation was effective in the treatment of parakeratosis, which was a serious problem on many pig farms in the late 1940s and early 1950s, leading to large economic losses. This disease was caused by too little supply and low bioavailability of zinc contained in the fed plants. The problem of low bioavailability was compounded by the increasing popularity of soybean meals. Reduced growth, deformations and damage to limbs, deteriorated feather quality and parakeratosis were observed in chickens. Low concentrations of zinc in the blood may occur in stressful situations and in the course of various infectious diseases (Orr et al, 1990). The great importance of zinc for the body results from the fact that this element influences the activity of many enzymes and hormones, thereby regulating various processes occurring in the body. Zinc is one of the microelements that have the greatest impact on reproduction. A lot of zinc accumulates in the fetal tissues and placenta, because it is needed for the proper development and growth of the fetus (Hostetler, 2003).

Zinc (Zn) has many functions in the animal body, including: it is an important component of many proteins, it is a component of or takes part in the activation of numerous enzymes, it participates in the synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein, as well as in the stabilization of cell membranes and the skeletal system. It is necessary for the proper perception of taste and smell, proper functioning of the immune system, proper growth and sexual development, and the synthesis and proper functioning of some hormones, e.g. insulin. It also acts as an antioxidant. As a cadmium and lead antagonist, it has a detoxifying effect on these metals. Feed components used to feed farm animals are often low in zinc. For this reason, it is added in the form of premixes. Zinc in animal nutrition can be used in inorganic form in the form of zinc chloride, zinc oxygen or zinc sulfide. Organic forms are also available - zinc lactate, zinc acetate, zinc chelate (Mirowski, 2016).

The possibility of improving the effects of supplementing mineral deficiencies in feed through the use of preparations containing minerals in the form of organic compounds is of great interest in the nutrition of farm animals. Many studies indicate that microelements in organic form can be better used by the body than in inorganic form. Organic zinc compounds may be retained in the body to a greater extent (Mirowski, 2016).

The bioavailability of the microelement Zn from its inorganic compounds is approximately 30%, and larger amounts excreted in stool may constitute a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, in order to find a compromise between the price and bioavailability of these compounds in the premix, approximately 20-30% of organic forms are introduced, most often in the form of chelates.

The use of microelements in the form of nanoparticles is known and confirmed by research results (Mroczek-Sosnowska et al., 2015). Scientists have shown that copper nanoparticles have greater angiogenesis-promoting properties than copper sulfate. The research used an in ovo technique involving the administration of a colloid of copper nanoparticles by injection into the egg (into the egg white or air chamber). The pro-angiogenic properties of copper nanoparticles were confirmed at the molecular level in in vitro and in ovo studies, showing a significant increase in the expression of many tested genes promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation (Mroczek-Sosnowska et al., 2015).

A method for breeding poultry is known from publication KR20180117874, which concerns feed for chickens or ducks enriched with an active liquid containing a zinc component. The cultivation method proposed in the patent includes the following steps: preparing a mixed solution by mixing powdered zinc with a brown rice vinegar solution and heating the mixed solution; ionizing zinc by mixing with alkaline water; and cooling and stabilizing the ionized mixed liquid at room temperature.

The invention CN106666176 is also known relating to a zinc-enriched poultry feed additive and a method of preparing the same, and is particularly suitable for addition to chicken feed. The zinc-enriched feed additive contains 1% zinc sulfate, 2% zinc carbonate,

10% zinc proteinate, 6% egg shell, 1% shell and the rest of the starch paste. By adding zinc-fortified poultry feed, the poultry's ability to digest and absorb is improved and egg production and the zinc content of the egg produced are increased.

In turn, publication UA52970 discloses a mineral supplement for laying hens for obtaining eggs with an increased zinc content, including a mixture of substances such as: oxides of silicon, aluminum, magnesium, hydrogen, iron III, potassium, calcium, iron II, titanium, carbon IV, manganese, phosphorus , sodium and trace elements.

There is also a known solution according to FR2510890 in which the feed additive contains Na, Zn, Mn or Cu salts and is used as a growth stimulator that improves feed utilization by animals, especially ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. But it also reduces the acetate/propionate ratio of volatile fatty acids in the gastric juice of animals and, according to the developers, is also useful as an additive to feed for pigs and poultry.

Another example of feed containing zinc is CN86107863, which concerns the production of feed with this element. It involves the addition of zinc sulfate and other trace elements, ground to a size of 200 nm and added to mixed poultry feed. When using feeds according to the present invention for breeding poultry, the zinc content in their meat and eggs is 2-4 times higher than in meat and eggs to which this additive is not used.

Moreover, in the patent application number P.41199, the authors used the supplementation of hydrocolloid with copper nanoparticles during the embryogenesis period, using the in ovo technique, and found that such supplementation led to an increase in body weight and pectoral muscle growth in adult birds. Moreover, the creators found that the administration of copper nanoparticles additionally has a significant impact on reducing feed consumption. It was found that copper nanoparticles improve the efficiency of rearing by reducing the number of deaths, which translates into measurable economic benefits of the obtained product per livestock tonnage.

The inventors of the present invention used the supplementation of hydrocolloid with zinc nanoparticles in the feed during poultry rearing and found that such supplementation leads to improvement of the animals' production results.

The use of the additive in the feed ration has a positive effect on production and rearing rates - by stimulating the increase in animal weight and increasing feed intake. The use of the additive also has a positive effect on the feed conversion rate, improving production economics compared to the use of higher Zn content in the form of traditional oxides.

Unexpectedly, the addition of zinc oxygen nanoparticles in the form of a hydrocolloid used in the mixture showed a positive effect on animal growth, feed intake and feed conversion rate in growing animals.

The developed addition of metallic zinc oxide nanoparticles can be used to produce complete mixtures, concentrates and supplementary feeds used in the nutrition of slaughter chickens. Preferably, this material is fed to animals during the entire rearing period in such quantities that the use of the additive in the dose has a positive effect on production and rearing rates - stimulating the increase in animal weight and increasing feed intake. The use of the additive also has a positive effect on the feed conversion rate, improving production economics. For this purpose, experiments were carried out on slaughter chickens, the examples of which confirm the above-mentioned action. According to the invention, the use of this additive may improve the production results of animals.

The subject of the invention is the use of a nano zinc preparation in the nutrition of chickens for slaughter, which has a positive effect on the production results of monogastric animals, in particular poultry.

This application involves the addition of ZnO nanoparticles to the feed in an amount of 0.1-100 mg/kg dry matter, preferably in an amount of 9 mg/kg dry matter, preferably in a colloidal form.

Preferably, the raw material composition of the feed is as follows:

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Table 1. Raw material composition and nutritional value of mixtures for two feeding periods

Components Unit of measurement Broiler Tl-1 Broiler T2-1 Broiler Tl-2 Broiler T2-2 1-14 days 1-14 days 15-37 days 15-37 days WHEAT % 47.81 1-90.0 preferably 47.81 50.22 50.22 CORN % 10 10 10 10 RAPESEED MEAL % 10 10 10 10 SOYA MEAL 46.8% % 23.17 23.17 19.38 19.38 SOYBEAN OIL % 4.97 4.97 7.15 7.15 BR GR 0.3% HyD % 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 l-Ca PHOSPHATE % 2.29 2.29 1.59 1.59 CHALK % 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.31 SALT (NaCl) % 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.24 SODIUM SULFATE % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 L-LYSINE HCl 98 % 0.31 0.31 0.28 0.28 ALIMET 88% LIQUID % 0.32 0.32 0.26 0.26 L-THREONINE % 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 ZnO % 0.000009 - 0.000009 - Nano ZnO % - 0.000009 - 0.000009 Nutritional value of mixtures General protein % 21.5 21.5 20 20 Raw fat % 6.61 6.61 8.75 8.75 Raw fiber % 3.42 3.42 3.32 3.32 Calcium % 0.85 0.85 0.7 0.7 Lysine % 1.25 1.25 1.13 1.13 Methionine + cystine % 0.99 0.99 0.9 0.9 Amen kcal/kg 3000 3000 3180 3180

The action of metallic nanoparticles of zinc oxide in combination with the above-mentioned ingredients of the mixture makes it possible to reduce their content in the feed preparation without affecting the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of the additive. The mixture subject to the invention improves the homeostasis of the digestive system microecosystem, has a positive effect on the health of broiler chickens and affects the production results of poultry.

PL 243592 BI

The use of the preparation specified in the invention allows to increase the biological safety of chickens for fattening and improves feed weight gain, animal health, feed intake and feed conversion rate.

Examples of application of the invention

For a better understanding of the invention, exemplary embodiments are provided below.

Example 1

Determination of the effect of the addition of ZnO in the form of nanoparticles in loose complete feed mixtures on the results of rearing slaughter chickens for 31 days of fattening.

The experiment was carried out using 160 Ross 308 hens assigned to two feeding groups. Each group included 8 replicates with ten birds in each replicate. The experiment was conducted in 20 frames. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with 2 groups. The feeding groups within the experiment consisted of 10 cages, each with 10 birds constituting a repetition within the group. Repetitions (frames) were assigned to groups in a way that ensured their even (homogeneous) distribution. The raw material composition of the experimental mixtures and their nutritional value are presented in Table 2. The experiment was divided into 2 periods - I from 1 to 14 days of life, and II from 15-37 days. The birds had unlimited access to feed and water (ad libitum). All feed mixtures were fed in dry, loose form. All mixtures were produced without the addition of any growth stimulants. The produced feeds were packaged and marked with the name of the mixture (Broiler) and the group number (T1-T2).

The experiment was carried out as far as possible in accordance with GCP principles. Good Clinical Practice for Clinical Trials for the Registration of Veterinary Medicines (VICH 2000) and Part II of the SCAN Guidelines on Feed Microorganisms and Enzymes, published in October 2001 on the SCAN website http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ scan/out68_en.pdf. Procedures, documentation, equipment and records were reviewed to ensure that the study was conducted in accordance with the regulations set out below and the relevant Standard Operating Procedures (HACCP and ISO 9001:2008).

Table 2. Raw material composition and nutritional value of mixtures

Components Unit measures Broiler Tl-1 Broiler T2-1 Broiler Tl-2 Broiler T2-2 1-14 days 1-14 days 15-37 days 15-37 days WHEAT % 47.81 47.81 50.22 50.22 CORN % 10 10 10 10 RAPESEED MEAL % 10 10 10 10 SOYA MEAL 46.8% % 23.17 23.17 19.38 19.38 SOYBEAN OIL % 4.97 4.97 7.15 7.15 BRGR0.3% HyD % 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 PHOSPHATE 1-Ca % 2.29 2.29 1.59 1.59 CHALK % 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.31 SALT (NaCl) % 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.24 SODIUM SULFATE % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

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L-LYSINE HC1 98 % 0.31 0.31 0.28 0.28 ALIMET 88% LIQUID % 0.32 0.32 0.26 0.26 L-THREONINE % 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 ZnO mg/kg 9 - 9 - Nano ZnO mg/kg - 9 - 9 Nutritional value of mixtures General protein % 21.5 21.5 20 20 Raw fat % 6.61 6.61 8.75 8.75 Raw fiber % 3.42 3.42 3.32 3.32 Calcium % 0.85 0.85 0.7 0.7 Lysine % 1.25 1.25 1.13 1.13 Methionine + cystine % 0.99 0.99 0.9 0.9 Amen kcal/kg 3000 3000 3180 3180

Table 3. Results of chicken rearing

Group Body weight (g) Feed intake (g) Feed conversion rate (kg/kg) 1-14 15-37 1-37 1-14 15-37 1-37 1-14 15-37 1-37 Tl 328 1844 2172 453 2795 3248 1.38 l,52a 1.50 T2 321 1880 2201 456 2800 3256 1.43 l,49 ^b 1.48 SEM 2.46 7.57 8.49 2.01 10.48 11.45 0.01 0.004 0.003

SEM - standard error of measurement

Birds receiving Zn in the form of nano ZnO in feed were characterized by a higher final body weight by approximately 2% during the entire rearing period and used the feed better - almost 3% lower feed consumption per kg of body weight gain in the second period of growth than animals receiving it in the mixture. traditional form of ZnO. Throughout the entire experiment, this difference was approximately 2% in favor of nano ZnO. Moreover, animals in group 2 were more willing to eat feed, which made feed consumption higher than in group 1.

Bibliography

1. Hostetler C.E., Kincaid R.L., Mirando M.A.: The role of essential trace elements in embryonic and fetal development in livestock. Vet. J. 2003, 166, 125-139

2. Kusters J. 2009. Energy and CO2 balance of bio-energy plants and of various forms of bioenergy. Dulmen. Yara International ASA.

3. Mirowski A. Zinc in cattle nutrition. Part II. Zinc supplementation. Life Veterinary · 2016, 91(2)

4. Mirowski A. Zinc in cattle nutrition. Part I. Zinc content in the body. Life Veterinary • 2016, 91(1).

5. Mroczek-Sosnowska N., Sawosz E., Prasad Vadalasetty K., Lukasiewicz M., Niemiec J., Wierzbicki M., Kutwin M., Jaworski S., Chwalibog A. 2015. Nanoparticles of copper stimulate angiogenesis at systemic and molecular level. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 4838-4849;

doi:10.3390/ijms16034838).

6. Orr C.L., Hutcheson D.P., Grainger R.B., Cummins J.M., Mock R.E.: Serum copper, zinc, calcium and phosphorus concentrations of calves stressed by bovine respiratory disease and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68, 2893-2900.

7. P.411998 - The use of copper nanoparticles as a stimulator of muscle mass growth.

The application was marked in the Polish Patent Office with the number: P.411998 Regulation (EC) N° 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition.

8. Romeo A., Vacchina V., Legros S., Doelsch E.: Zinc fate in animal husbandry systems. Metallomics 2014, 6, 1999-2009

9. Roszkowski, A. 2011. Animal production technologies and greenhouse gas emissions. Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej No. 2, 83-97.

Claims (2)

1. The use of feed with ZnO nanoparticles in the nutrition of chickens for fattening as a factor improving the rearing results, in which a preparation in the form of ZnO nanoparticles in the amount of 9 mg/kg of dry matter is added to the feed for poultry, especially for chickens for fattening, with the raw material composition of the feed being as follows : : PL 24592 Β1 Components Unit of measurement Broiler T2-1 Broiler T2-2 1-14 days 15-37 days WHEAT % 47.81 50.22 CORN % 10 10 RAPESEED MEAL % 10 10 SOYA MEAL 46.8% % 23.17 19.38 SOYBEAN OIL % 4.97 7.15 BR GR 0.3% HyD % 0.3 0.3 PHOSPHATE 1-Ca % 2.29 1.59 CHALK % 0.28 0.31 SALT (NaCl) % 0.29 0.24 SODIUM SULFATE % 0.1 0.1 L-LYSINE HC1 98 % 0.31 0.28 ALIMET 88% LIQUID % 0.32 0.26 L-THREONINE % 0.16 0.17 Nano ZnO % 0.000009 0.000009 Nutritional value of mixtures General protein % 21.5 20 Raw fat % 6.61 8.75 Raw fiber % 3.42 3.32 Calcium % 0.85 0.7 Lysine % 1.25 1.13 Methionine + cystine % 0.99 0.9 Amen kcal/kg 3000 3180 2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that the addition of ZnO nanoparticles is in the form of a colloid.