PL199220B1 - Method and circuit for using polarized device in ac applications - Google Patents

Abstract

Polarized electric charge storage devices economically provide high available capacitance. The present invention directly employs polarized electrical charge storage (PECS) devices such as polarized capacitors (612, 614) or electrochemical batteries in general AC applications with a novel circuit topology. In one embodiment, an anti-series configuration of first (612) and second (614) PECS devices are used within an AC network for enhancing operation of the AC network. At least one DC source (616, 618) is provided for maintaining the PECS devices forwardly biased while they are subjected to an AC signal. The AC signal, which drives an AC load (620), is applied to the anti-series devices (610). The devices are sufficiently biased by the at least one DC voltage source so that they remain forwardly biased while coupling the AC signal.

Description

Description of the invention

The invention relates to a method and a PECS for operation in an AC network, and to an AC network comprising a PECS for operation in an AC network according to the invention. More specifically, the present invention relates to DC biasing polarized devices such as polarized capacitors for use in general AC applications.

Capacitors are used for a variety of purposes including energy storage, signal bonding, motor starting, power factor correction, voltage regulation, tuning, resonance, and filtering. In series and shunt connection applications, there are many operational advantages, both in transient and steady state, to support the use of capacitors in AC networks.

The efficiency of the network is increased with the improvement of the power factor under transient conditions. Transient series capacitor applications include voltage surge protection, motor starting, current limiting, switching actions, and similar applications. Series capacitors can slow down and reduce the effects of AC mains disturbance and other transients. For example, low power factor transient currents are related to magnetic inrush currents during motor startup, transformer surge current, and noise currents. Series capacitance improves overall power factor and grid voltage regulation during these transient conditions. Series capacitor banks also demonstrate some degree of current limitation due to the series impedance of the capacitor. This reduces the interference currents and thus reduces the dimensional requirements of the generator, transformer, switchgear, busbar and transmission line. The capacitor in series with the disturbance behaves like a current limiting device. Tuned circuits composed of coils and capacitors (LC circuits) are used for filtering. Versions with series-connected high induction coils can significantly increase the mains impedance disturbance by deliberately short circuiting the capacitor bank. The series capacitor banks are usually connected to a transformer. The opposition of the transformer to the instantaneous current change is combined with the opposition of the capacitor to the instantaneous voltage change. These characteristics lead to greater instantaneous mains voltage stability as a consequence of the increased use of series capacitor banks. Secondary effects are protection against overvoltages, improvement of the demand factor and voltage regulation. The instantaneous power transmission efficiency can be increased by appropriate use of a capacitor. While the advantages of capacitors in series connection are well known and proven under laboratory conditions, unit costs and size requirements prevent their widespread use.

AC network steady state characteristics are also improved by incorporating capacitors. The high capacitive reactance of series applications results in a low steady state AC voltage across the capacitor. This is helpful when charge transfer devices are used in conjunction with series capacitor banks. The distortion of the electric wave is similarly reduced with increasing capacitance. Steady-state series capacitor applications include motor operation, filtration, power factor correction, efficient power transmission, voltage boosting, and the like. Series capacitor banks allow induction generators to power induction motors by providing the required magnetization [VAR] for both devices. This, too, can increase the quality of the power, while reducing the costs associated with alternatives to the utility grid, uninterruptible power supplies, portable equipment, and portable generators. The mechanical stresses associated with activating additional plant power and making it into synchronous operation can be reduced by the presence of a series of capacitive connections.

The two main categories of capacitors are polar and non-polar capacitors. There are many variations of each category. Due to their unidirectional, forward bias requirements, polarized capacitors are most commonly used in DC applications and small AC applications.

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Polarized capacitors are widely used in DC filtering, for example in the output stages of DC power supplies. The audible (music) frequency amplifiers use DC biased capacitors to combine the signals. Conversely, non-polarized capacitors are generally used in both AC and DC applications. Unfortunately, non-polarized capacitors - particularly in series applications - are not suitable for many AC and DC applications due to their limitations in size, capacity, weight, efficiency, energy density and cost. The use of undersized non-polarized capacitor assemblies causes significant current waveform distortion and significant voltage drops across the capacitor, resulting in energy loss and poor AC voltage regulation on the AC load.

In contrast, polarized capacitors, like other polarized electric charge storage devices, have a low cost per unit of capacity as well as a lower mass and size compared to non-polarized capacitors. These characteristics favor the use of these capacitors over non-polarized capacitors. They also show relatively low AC series resistance in the grid frequency. However, they can only function effectively with a positive "forward" voltage to their positive and negative poles. Any significant amount of reversed voltage causes the capacitor to short circuit, typically causing an explosion that can be comparable to a hand grenade blast. In fact, with solid tantalum capacitors, the short circuit involves spontaneous combustion. Hence, polarized capacitors, for the most part, have not been generally used in AC applications.

Pos. I-IV represent solutions known in the art.

Pos. I shows a model of the normal operation of a polarized aluminum electrolytic capacitor, as well as the operation of the circuit at overvoltage and in reverse bias voltage mode. The model consists of a series inductor 101, a series resistor 102, a parallel resistor 103, a zener diode 104, and a polarized capacitor 105. The zener diode 104 models the short circuit conditions in the forward and reverse direction that is present when the applied voltage exceeds the reverse bias voltage by 1.5V, or a forward bias condition of approximately 50V above the capacitor's Rated Constant Voltage (WVDC). Inductor 101 is suitable for modeling the self-resonance frequency of a capacitor. A series resistor 102 models a (small, mΩ) equivalent series resistance measured while the capacitor is operating. The parallel resistor 103 models the (large, MΩ) equivalent parallel resistance measured during the capacitor DC leakage phenomenon. When operating at low frequencies, a forward bias voltage within the operating voltage conditions of the apparatus will allow the signal current to flow through the direction capacitor 105. The reverse bias conditions will be appropriate for a short circuit through diode 104.

The capacitor will function properly between zero volts and rated DC voltage. A DC reverse bias voltage of from about 1.5V or less to the rated forward bias surge voltage defines the external limits of the proper use of the capacitor in a transient state. Operation of the capacitor outside this wide voltage range can create short-circuit conditions. Typically there is a third, higher pulse voltage parameter. Excessive forward voltage on the capacitor causes current to flow back through the zener diode 104. This electrical characteristic is schematically modeled by depicting the zener diode 104 in parallel but with the opposite polarity to the polar capacitor. A short circuit across diode 104 in either direction allows excessive current to flow, increasing heat emission, which will damage the capacitor. Therefore, a single polarized capacitor fails in normal operation in the AC mains.

Pos. II depicts a simple embodiment of circuit 250 that illustrates a typical use of a DC bias capacitor in small AC signal combining applications known in the art. This electrical circuit is commonly used in laboratory exercises for analog electronics students and is also used in multi-stage amplifiers. Circuit 250 includes an AC signal source 255 superimposed on the voltage source

It is possible to use a direct current of 260, which is possible thanks to laboratory power supplies. The AC signal is connected to the load 266, while the DC bias voltage is blocked and positively biases the biased capacitor 262. The capacitor and the DC bias voltage are selected such that the superimposed DC and AC voltages are still within the appropriate range. voltage. The entire output signal of the DC source passes through the output section of the AC voltage source, and vice versa. When the AC signal increases relative to the rated voltage of the capacitor, clipping occurs in the form of peak clipping. Hence, the smallest waveform distortion occurs for small AC signals. The bias voltage is typically in the order of half the capacitor's DC rated voltage. The AC waveform fidelity is improved as the AC signal voltage and strength are reduced.

Non-polarized capacitor 264 is shown in parallel configuration with polarized capacitor 262 for "smoothing". Non-polarized smoothing capacitors can be used to fine-tune resonance, adjust the capacitive reactance to the current ratio, reduce equivalent series resistance (ESR), adjust the span width, improve waveform transfer, flatten the frequency response, and improve other such specific parameters. The capacitive reactance of polarized capacitor 262 may typically exceed that of smoothing capacitor 264 by approximately two orders of magnitude. Non-polarized smoothing capacitors are used to reduce signal noise.

Pos. III shows a circuit 300 that includes an AC power source 305, series-arranged anti-series capacitors 312, 314, collectively designated 310, and an AC load 320. The polarity markings, above the circuit, show the instantaneous forward bias conditions of the capacitor 312 and the concurrent reverse bias conditions of the capacitor. 314 that take place during the positive phase of the AC power source 305 (obviously, the polarity will be reversed during the negative phase).

The series configuration of push-pull polarized capacitors will operate in a transient state or in current limited applications. When used in such a convenient way, the push-pull configuration takes advantage of the previously described operation of the internal zener diode. It is typically used in single-phase motor starting applications and has the disadvantage of overheating and short life due to reverse bias short circuits. When capacitor 312 is forward biased by the AC power source, capacitor 314 is reverse biased and shortens half the current wave with load 320. In the next half wave, capacitor 314 is forward biased, while capacitor 312 is shorted. This conventional push-pull series configuration is remarkable because of the DC bias conditions that oscillate on a sub-cycle (half-cycle) basis.

Referring to Pos. IV, Gnosh US Patent Nos. 4,672,289 and 4,672,290 provide an improved scheme for implementing anti-series polarized capacitors in AC applications. Circuit 460 is shown in Fig. IV. Circuit 460 includes polarized capacitors 462, 464 and diodes 466, 468 in series with an AC power source 461 to drive an AC power load 470. Opposite, symmetrically biased capacitors 462, 464 are connected in parallel with oppositely aligned, series-connected, anti-push diodes 466 , 468. In operation, a parallel "shunt diode (466, 468) cuts the maximum instantaneous negative voltage through each of the capacitors, which protects each polarized capacitor from excessive reverse biasing. The Ghosh circuit provides external discrete diodes to bypass reverse currents away from each capacitor. Characteristics similar to the internal zener diodes are reduced. This reduces heat emission in the capacitors and extends their expected life.

Unfortunately, the bypass diode solution has some material disadvantages. Each capacitor bias is achieved by the full AC voltage, through the circuit, for one half AC waveform. Hence, in a short circuit, motor start, transformer start, or similar conditions, the full voltage of the AC power source is applied across the terminals of each series push-pull capacitor and diode assembly with a 50% duty cycle. There is no voltage divider present. Hence, the obtained variable ripple current component is limited to the available diode rated voltages for a given AC signal distortion degree. In addition, each polarized capacitor is reverse biased at low voltage approximately 50% of the time. Diodes distort the AC voltage waveform. Moreover, the self-polarizing circuit is not subject to diode current limitations. These are steady state problems due to heat loss, current waveform distortions, and diode size requirements. They are even more significant for semiconductor applications in transient, disturbed, magnetic start, resonance and / or actuation applications. The total circuit current flows through each diode with a 50% duty cycle in both steady and transient states. This results in significant heat loss on the diodes. In addition, the self-polarizing DC voltage oscillation disturbs the grounding of the system and further adds heat dissipation. AC signal distortion occurs due to ripple as a result of an inadequate DC bias voltage with respect to the AC signal magnitude. The energy that is required to reform the capacitor charge for half the cycle is a further waste of energy. Additionally, this former approach is not suitable for use with other polarized charge storage devices such as many electrochemical batteries.

Moreover, the circuit shows that it is not an economical solution for the increased current requirements. If the rated current of a capacitor bank is doubled, the same must apply to diodes, heat spreaders and similar components. This causes the greatest cost in high current AC applications. If, in order to increase the realizable voltage level, additional diodes in series are required, the additional diodes must have the same current carrying capacity as the existing diodes. The forward voltage drop of each existing diode is matched with the forward voltage drop of each additional unit. Hence, power loss and heat generation increase proportionally. Moreover, the dead zone near zero of each diode is multiplied by the number of diodes in the series.

Such waveform distortion, due to the arrangement of push-pull series diodes, e.g. in a Ghosh circuit, and the intrinsic characteristics of a zener diode in a conventional push-pull series arrangement, is therefore difficult to control. Additionally, the Ghosh circuits and conventional circuits have a continuous oscillating effect on the oak-hornbeam earthing system. These problems make Ghosh devices and conventional devices unsuitable for general AC applications. These two technologies operate outside of low-signal operating conditions, where the impact of AC voltage disturbance can be minimized.

With reference to Pos. V, in German Patent No. DE4401955 to Norbert, a circuit 500 is disclosed for the use of polarized capacitors in AC applications under transient conditions. According to Norbert, circuit 500 is designed to be primarily a phase shifter for starting a single-phase asynchronous motor. The circuit 500 consists of an AC power source 501, an anti-series pair 502, a resistor 503, a diode 504, an inductive load 505, and a switch 506. The diode 504 and resistor 503 are connected continuously to the AC power source 501 or alternately to different negative voltage sources. After a waiting time, with the switch 506 open, the connection of the diode and the resistor will gradually bias the capacitor pair in the forward direction. The Norbert circuit pre-prepares the capacitor to properly actuate the AC load and increases the expected life of the circuit in relation to that of the Ghosh circuit when a suitable waiting time is possible before starting the motor. The Norbert circuit allows the use of a diode with a lower current-carrying capacity compared to the Ghosh circuit. The Norbert circuit also enables a high impedance connection to the central node of series push-pull capacitors, in an economical single box configuration. Only the external diode, resistor, and AC power connectors are required to prepare the circuit for use.

Unfortunately, the Norbert circuit requires a considerable amount of time to bias the capacitor. The capacitors are charged to a value slightly below the alternating voltage (peak to zero). For this reason, the Norbert circuit is incompatible with the use of low voltage polarized capacitors in AC power system applications.

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Additionally, the circuit is unsuitable for use with other polarized charge storing devices such as electrochemical batteries. Moreover, a Norbert circuit is unsuitable for continuous operation, as the reformed charge deteriorates in quality over time if a single-phase motor or other load remains connected after startup. The circuit will then behave identically to a conventional circuit having an uncharged push-pull series configuration. The Norbert circuit will then suffer from the drawback of this AC signal waveform due to the extended steady state requirements for low AC signals.

Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method and circuit employing polarized charge storage devices such as polarized capacitors in AC applications including steady state AC applications.

The invention relates to a polarized electric charge storage system for operation in an AC network comprising an AC power source and at least one load connected to an AC power source and receiving an AC signal, including at least a first and a second device for receiving an AC signal. Polarized electric charge storage in a series push-pull configuration, actively connected to an AC grid and receiving an AC signal, and at least one DC power source connected to the first and second PECS devices.

The essence of the invention is that the system comprises at least one DC power source connected to the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors, continuously maintaining both the first and the second PECS polarized in the direction of polarization. conduction when they are acted on by an AC signal.

Preferably, the system of the invention includes means to block an AC signal from flowing through the at least one DC power source.

Preferably, the series push-pull configuration of the PECS devices is connected in a shunt with an AC load.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the series push-pull configuration of the PECS devices is connected in series between the AC power source and the AC load.

Preferably, at least one output terminal of the at least one DC power source is electrically insulated from the at least one AC power source.

Preferably, at least one DC power source is unearthed.

Preferably, at least one output terminal of the at least one DC power source is operatively connected to the AC system ground.

Preferably, the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors, are symmetrically DC polarized with respect to each other.

Preferably, the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors, are interconnected at a DC junction node, the device further comprising at least one AC blocking device connected between the DC junction node and the DC reference node.

Preferably, the at least one AC blocking device comprises a resistor with a sufficiently high impedance compared to the first and second PECS devices.

Preferably, the DC junction node includes at least one AC device between the first and second PECS devices.

Preferably, the system of the invention further comprises an AC blocking device between the DC junction node and another node of the first and second PECS devices.

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Preferably, the at least one DC power source includes a first and a second DC power source to bias the first and second PECS devices separately.

Preferably, the first DC power source is provided in the shunt to the first PECS.

Preferably, the system of the invention further comprises an AC blocking device operatively connected between the first DC power source and the first PECS device.

Preferably, the second DC power source is in a configuration parallel to the second PECS.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the second DC power source is connected in parallel to the at least second PECS device through at least one AC blocking device.

Preferably, at least one terminal of the first DC power source and at least one output terminal of the second DC power source are unearthed.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one terminal of the first DC power source and at least one output terminal of the second DC power source are electrically insulated from the AC power source.

Preferably, the at least one DC power source includes a first DC power source having a first and a second output terminal for providing a DC potential, the first output terminal being connected to a DC junction node and the second output terminal being connected to the other terminal of the DC voltage. the first and second polarized electric charge storage devices.

Preferably, the system of the invention further comprises at least one AC blocking device connected in series between the DC junction node and the first output terminal.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the system of the invention further comprises at least one AC blocking device connected in series between another node of the first and second PECS and the second output terminal.

Preferably, the AC network is a multiphase AC network with an AC tap for each phase of the network, the first PECS device being part of the first AC tap and the second PECS device part of the second AC branch.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the AC network is a multiphase AC network with an AC tap for each phase of the network, the first and second PECS devices being part of the first AC branch.

Preferably, the configuration of PECS devices, preferably capacitors, is actively connected to the AC network for steady state operation.

Preferably, both PECS devices, preferably capacitors, are mounted in a common housing.

Preferably, the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors, are suspended in the dielectric fluid and attached to the housing by an insulating connector, the housing being a container that is protected against electric shock upon contact.

Preferably, the load is an AC auxiliary phase single phase induction motor and the PECS devices are connected in series between the AC power source and the induction motor winding with the AC auxiliary phase and remain connected during continuous operation of the motor.

Preferably, the polarized electric charge storage devices are part of an LC filter circuit including an inductor, the LC filter circuit is at a fundamental power frequency and additionally includes a switch for bypassing the devices to bypass the induction coil.

Storage of the polarized electric charge upon detection of a disturbance downstream in the circuit.

Preferably, the AC power source is the first AC power source, and the second AC power source of a different AC voltage from that of the first AC power source is operatively connected to the first PECS via a current limiting rectifier.

Preferably, the DC voltages biasing the first and second PECs cancel each other out.

Preferably, the system of the invention further comprises an AC device disposed between the series opposed PEC devices, the AC device operating at a different DC voltage level than the connected AC system.

Preferably, the AC device comprises a DC power source.

Preferably, a portion of the DC power source is actively connected between the series anti-series PEC devices and conductively biases the first and second PECS devices in the forward direction.

Preferably, the series push-pull polarized electric charge storage devices connect, within the AC system, the neutral AC node to the grounded node.

Preferably, the first and second PECS have a positive and negative node, at least the positive or negative nodes from the first and second DC electric charge storage devices are connected together.

Preferably, for direct current, the positive nodes from the first and second PECS are connected together and the negative nodes from the first and second PECs are connected together.

Advantageously, the system of the invention further comprises at least one additional PECS device connected in a shunt to a second PEC device, the at least one PECS device being in an anti-series configuration with the first PEC device. polarized electric charge storage.

Preferably, the at least one additional PECS device is also in series opposing configuration with the second PEC device, the first, second, and at least one additional PECS device being in series with each other. push-pull.

Preferably, the system of the invention further comprises one or more sets of forwardly biased series electric charge storage devices connected to each other and connected to the first and second PECS devices in a series push-pull configuration at the DC junction node. creating an AC divider circuit.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the circuit according to the invention further comprises a non-polar capacitor connected in parallel with at least the first polarized electric charge storage device, preferably a capacitor.

Preferably, anti-series PECS devices, preferably capacitors, are used in a steady state AC system.

Preferably, the first and second PECS, preferably capacitors, in a series push-pull configuration are suspended in a dielectric fluid and attached to the housing by an insulating connector, the housing being a touch-proof container and containing electrical connection contacts.

The invention also relates to an ac network comprising an ac power source, an ac load operatively connected to an ac power source, characterized in that it includes the polarized electric charge storage system of the invention.

Another object of the invention is also a method of using polarized electric charge storage devices in an AC network having an AC power source and an actively connected AC load in which at least a first and a second polarized electric charge storage device are connected in an anti-series configuration to the network. alternating current, and an ac signal is applied to these devices; and biasing the polarized electric charge storage devices in the forward direction using at least one DC voltage.

The essence of the invention is that both polarized electric charge storage devices, preferably capacitors, are continuously polarized during operation of the AC network.

Preferably, DC voltages are applied to the first and second PECS devices which cancel each other out with respect to the AC network.

Preferably, connecting the series of push-pull PECS devices includes connecting a first and a second polarized capacitor.

Preferably, the first and second polarized capacitors are connected together in a DC junction node, and an AC blocking device is additionally connected between the DC junction node and the reference point of the at least one DC power source.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, connecting the series push-pull polarized electric charge storage devices to the AC network comprises connecting the series, push-pull polarized capacitors in series between the AC power source and the AC load.

Advantageously, the method of the invention further adjusts the impedance of the AC network as seen by the AC power source by switching the PECS devices in a series push-pull configuration in a controlled manner.

Preferably, devices in a push-pull series configuration are controlled to the network by means of an electrical switch.

Advantageously, in the method of the invention, the parameters of an AC network are altered by changing the temperature of the PECS in a controlled manner.

Preferably, the temperature of PECS devices, preferably capacitors, is controlled in a controlled manner by means of heat exchangers.

Preferably, in the method of the invention, the shunt resistor elements are additionally connected to the first and second PECS devices, biasing these devices forward and keeping them in equilibrium when used in a voltage divider circuit.

Preferably, at least one leakage resistor for discharging the bias voltage applied to the PECS devices is additionally actively connected to the first and second PECS devices.

Preferably, each PEC voltage is applied to an AC voltage that is lower than the DC bias voltage applied to the devices.

Preferably, the value of the DC and AC voltage overlaps that are applied to the PECS devices in steady state.

This is within the rated voltage range of each PECS.

Preferably, at least one electrically isolated DC bias source is connected to the first PECS device in the shunt for use in a steady state AC system.

In another embodiment of the invention, at least one electrically isolated DC bias source is connected to the first PECS device in a shunt for use in a transient AC system.

Preferably, a rectifying bridge is used in the method of the invention to isolate the electrically rectified direct current continuously charging the first polarized electric charge storage device.

Preferably, at least one DC pole of the DC bias source is electrically isolated from the at least one AC power source while keeping the forward bias of the first electric charge storage device constant.

Polarized electric charge storage devices economically provide the highest capacitive reactance available. The present invention allows the direct use of polarized electric charge storage devices such as polarized capacitors or electrochemical batteries in general AC applications with novel circuit topology. In one embodiment, the anti-series configurations of the first and second PECS devices are used within the ac grid to improve the operation of the ac grid. In order to keep the PECS devices forward biased when an ac signal is applied to their terminals, at least one DC power source is provided. The AC signal that drives the AC load is applied to push-pull series devices. The devices are sufficiently polarized by at least one DC power source such that they remain forward biased when connected to the AC signal.

The above sentences outline rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention so that the detailed description of the invention which appears in the following paragraphs may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention that form the subject matter of the invention will be described below. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the concept and specific variations of the invention can readily be used as a basis for modifying or constructing other structures to fulfill the same purposes as the present invention. It should also be understood by those skilled in the art that such equivalent structures do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

The subject of the invention in an exemplary embodiment is shown in the drawing where:

Figure 6A shows an AC power circuit of a series of forward-biased, forward-biased capacitors in accordance with the present invention, disregarding the details of the DC bias circuit.

Figure 6B shows an AC power circuit of forward-biased series polarized capacitors according to the present invention with an AC power device separating the positive DC power node with bias details omitted.

Figure 7 shows a series, push-pull, symmetrical arrangement of DC biased capacitors in limited AC application according to the present invention.

Figure 8 shows one of the circuits of the present invention.

Figure 9 shows another circuit variant according to the present invention.

Figure 10 shows one circuit variant for use in the present invention.

Figure 11 illustrates a capacitive power combiner employing another embodiment of the present invention.

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Figure 12 shows a series three-phase three-wire AC power system including forward-polarized series anti-series polarized capacitors in accordance with the present invention, disregarding the details of the DC bias circuit.

Figure 13 illustrates a three phase four wire AC power system incorporating an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 14 shows an alternating three-phase four-wire AC power system incorporating another embodiment of the non-minor invention.

Figure 15 illustrates an additional three phase four wire AC power system incorporating an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 16 shows one high current circuit implementing a 4n + of the present invention, omitting the details of the DC power source.

Figure 17 shows a simple representation of the high current application of a 4n + polarized capacitor and a polarization circuit according to the present invention.

Figure 18 shows an alternate embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 19 shows two windings of a single phase, auxiliary phase induction motor suitable for continuous operation on a single phase AC power source employing an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 20 shows a bandpass inductive filter with a detuning device for noise-induced current limitation, in another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 21 shows an electrically safe, thermally conductive structure for controlling the temperature of the capacitor and the electrical parameters in another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 22 illustrates a method for establishing low forward bias signal transmission condition suitable for transient applications and may be adapted for continuous operation in another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 23 shows a simple polarity checking circuit in another embodiment of the present invention suitable for continuous operation

Figure 23A is a schematic diagram of the loading mechanism of Figure 23.

Figure 24 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention with a passive bias circuit similar to Figure 23.

Figure 25 shows a push-pull series configuration of the present invention where the AC power source separates the negative terminals of the capacitors and the AC load separates the positive terminals of the capacitors.

Figure 26 illustrates the use of a single low voltage DC power source to bias two pairs of anti-series polarized capacitors in series with each other, in another embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 27 shows a DC power source, in another embodiment of the present invention, in which a rectifier bridge is connected to the AC power source through series push-pull capacitors, which in turn are biased through the output portion of the DC power source.

Figure 28 shows a three-phase configuration of an anti-series PECS configuration, in another embodiment of the present invention, wherein a single polarized capacitor is present in each powered AC power tap.

Figure 29 illustrates a 120: 240 volt single phase system in accordance with the present invention where a single PECS device in each leg serves as part of an anti-series capacitor configuration.

Figure 30 shows a DC bias source using a single rectifier in a series push-pull configuration of the polarized electric charge storage system of the present invention suitable for continuous operation.

Figure 6A shows an ideal circuit 600 that conceptually illustrates an embodiment of the present invention. Circuit 600 includes an AC power source 605 in series with a pair of anti-series polarized capacitors 610, and an AC load 620 that is powered by an AC power source 605. A pair of spola12 capacitors in an anti-series configuration

In line 610 includes polarized capacitors 612 and 614 connected to each other in an push-pull series configuration. As shown in Fig. 6A, each of the capacitors 612 and 614 is properly biased in the direction of conduction through the dc voltages from dc power source 616, 618 so that a positive grid potential is continuously applied to each capacitor so that their use is possible. in general AC applications.

Each biasing DC voltage is high enough in conjunction with each capacitor's AC operating voltage contribution to compensate for a worst-case AC swing negative. The positive AC voltage swing superimposed on the DC bias voltage is likewise less than the rated voltage of the capacitor. Forced, continuous DC polarization eliminates the disadvantages existing in previous solutions, including significant heat loss, short life, signal interference and / or DC bias voltage. Hence, when a suitable DC bias state is maintained and the AC voltage and current is small relative to the tolerance of the device, then this circuit is suitable for steady and / or transient AC operation. Details of the DC bias circuit are omitted for the sake of simplification of this drawing, but will be discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs. There are many circuit variations suitable for establishing and maintaining the appropriate DC capacitor bias states. The DC power sources for biasing the series anti-series polarized capacitors can be from any suitable scheme including both regulated and unregulated sources. Alternatively, it is worth noting that momentary active polarization is practical and can increase the life of the polarized capacitors.

Circuit 600 uses the reverse characteristics of capacitors 612, 614. DC voltages from DC power source 616, 618 are applied to the terminals of two polarized capacitors. For the purposes of this discussion, it is assumed that a symmetrical bias voltage is applied. For the sake of simplicity, it is also assumed that the capacitors 612 and 614 have the same capacitance. However, these conditions are not required for the present invention. In this embodiment, the value of each of the DC bias voltages is at least half the value of the absolute maximum (not the rms value) from the peak of the wave to the zero value of the AC voltage measured by an anti-series pair of capacitors. It is one quarter of the applied total voltage amplitude value. In order to explain the component change and to maintain low signal operating conditions, the applied DC bias voltage should increase in some way. DC bias voltages do not adversely affect the AC operation of the circuit. This ensures proper forward bias and allows continuous operation without AC voltage disturbance, capacitor reverse bias, diode conduction, circuit component temperature rise, DC reference voltage oscillation and premature failure typical of previous applications.

Ideally, the DC bias sources are electrically isolated from (independent of) the power source. Accordingly, no instantaneous DC bias voltage or instantaneous bias current will disturb the connected AC mains in this ideal case. In addition, no harmonic or sub-harmonic distortion, neither the AC capacitive path nor by the bias source will be applied to the AC grid. Moreover, this DC bias source has infinite bidirectional AC impedance and zero DC resistance. Likewise, the AC path through the polarized capacitors produces zero bi-directional AC resistance and an infinite DC component resistance. Direct and alternating voltages are present according to the principles of superposition. Hence, the contact of AC / DC currents does not mutually cause electromagnetic disturbance or disturbance to adjacent electrical components. Polarized capacitors can be regarded as a DC load for a DC power source for both transient and steady-state AC power.

The simplicity of circuit 600 is informative. It is mainly used to show that polarized capacitors can be directly used in AC power networks and serve as an AC voltage divider. This represents an elegant and simple implementation of the use of a polarized capacitor in an AC power grid and provides as yet unknown results. There is no possible AC path other than that through the capacitors. Since the middle node is polarized to a fixed ground, two alternating series push-pull variants can operate in parallel with each other at the appropriate bias voltage.

Figure 6B shows circuit 650. Circuit 650 consists of an AC power source 652, biased capacitors 662, 664, inductor 668, and an AC load 670. Inductor 668 physically separates a pair of anti-series capacitors 662, 664. It is noteworthy that the polarity orientation and the DC bias voltage of the capacitors 662, 664 are inverted from that shown in Fig. 6A. The polarity symbols above the capacitors indicate the continuous forward bias of the capacitors. You can check that in the steady state, the DC and AC voltages reset in the circuit. The DC voltage on the inductor in the steady state is negligible, hence the positive nodes of the capacitors have almost identical DC potentials. Thus, the DC junction node maintains continuity through the inductor. It will be appreciated that the AC power source 652 and the AC load 670 similarly physically separate the negative poles of the capacitors while remaining at the same DC potential. The AC power source 652 is connected to the AC load 670 via an LC circuit consisting of capacitors 662, 664 and an inductor 668. The inductors are typically used as filters. AC circuit parameter values such as power factor, impedance, and the like can be changed by adjustable control of the inductance of the inductor. This can be done by switching taps or shorting an inductor through a low value resistor located in the shunt. Details of the DC bias source are omitted from the drawing for simplicity. This drawing is used to illustrate that AC circuit components can separate forward biased series, anti-series polarized charge storage devices in AC power applications.

Figure 7 shows circuit 750 which uses two fixed, identical DC power sources 774 and 786. Each grounded DC power source is forward biased biased capacitors 778, 782 through ground resistor 788 (AC block), respectively. Non-polar smoothing capacitors 776, 784 are connected in parallel through polarized capacitors 778 and 782, respectively, to form the respective capacitor banks 776/778 and 782/784. The AC signal is transferred from the AC power source 772 through the capacitor banks to the inductive / resistive load 790 and is passed through the output sections of the DC power source. The anti-series series arrangement of the pole capacitors, together with the polarity, allows them to be used in this AC application. Both the AC power source output 772 and the load 790 function as steady state DC short-circuiting devices, which allows DC power sources 774, 786 to bias the capacitor banks. The blocking resistor 788 provides a DC path to the negative pole of the reference voltage level in this symmetrical, ungrounded DC bias pattern. This resistor has a sufficiently high impedance to the capacitors to form an open circuit for the AC signal. This variant of the circuit is mainly used to illustrate the use of symmetrically polarized anti-series polarized capacitors to carry an AC signal. The principle of superposition is clearly presented. It can be seen that a single, non-polar, non-polarized capacitor between AC power source 772 to load 790 may be changed to capacitors 776 and 784 to more effectively smooth the transmitted AC signal. It is worth noting that the total AC signal flows through the output sections of the two DC power sources. The DC voltage is divided by a capacitor and a 788 resistor. It is noteworthy that the circuit can be grounded arbitrarily at any single node. The DC bias voltage level can be set much higher than the AC signal level for good reproduction of signal transfer (low harmonic distortion).

PL 199 220 B1

Figure 8 shows circuit 800, which is one circuit variant for use in the present invention. Circuit 800 includes an AC power source 805, series anti-series polarized capacitors 812, 814, diode 816, resistor 817, DC power source 818, and a trip switch 819. The two ends of the anti-series series capacitors 812, 814 may be pre-biased sequentially respectively. With the circuit configuration described, and the switch in the center (open) position, a permanent constant bias voltage and a close approximation to the infinite impedance value (open circuit) is achieved. However, the preloaded DC bias voltage will degrade due to the corona effect and leakage currents through the capacitor. It can be seen that the two terminals maintain the same bias voltage and the degree of charge decay. Hence, by flipping the switch 819 left and right, the capacitors 812, 814 can maintain their charge. It is worth noting that a typical AC power source is connected to the load through the transformer branch. When the circuit is turned on and the battery switch is flipped to either terminal, the bias voltage of both terminals increases with respect to the central node. The degree of change in the two tensions is different, but both are increasing. In short, both branches have equal DC bias voltages. Anyone with experience in the field can easily verify that the transformer branch (AC power source 805) and the load behave as steady-state short-circuiting devices with respect to changes in the DC bias voltage. When the switch is in the side position, some AC flows through the DC power source 818 (e.g., a battery). This lack of ideality is unidirectional, temporary, and dependent on the value of resistor 817, capacitor, AC load, and AC source parameters. In this case, the ideal circuit configuration works for any stage. The switch is not necessary for the operation of the circuit, but is useful for illustrating the principle of operation, and may be used for the purpose of operating a DC power source.

In general, diodes (and diode 816 in particular) are excellent at providing high AC impedance in the event of reverse flow, allowing the direct current to flow freely in the forward direction. The diode 816 does not block the forward direction of the AC half wave. Switch 819 may on the other hand be a semiconductor switch or an electromechanical device. Switch 819 may connect a DC power source 818 to a suitable capacitor 812 or 814 continuously for a given half wave, or may simply intermittently connect each side. The relatively large resistor 817 (or inductor) effectively connects the DC power source 818 to the capacitors 812, 814, blocking the AC signal. Other high impedance circuit components can also be used. Thus, the DC bias source comprises an electrical switch 819, a DC power source 818, a resistor 817, and a diode 816. The extremely low AC resistance and relatively low AC impedance of the capacitor will effectively bypass the AC current. When the electrical switch is open, the positive pole of the DC bias voltage source is electrically isolated from the positive terminals of the capacitor. In an ordinary AC network, the neutral line is connected to the system ground. The negative terminal of the DC bias source is connected to the negative terminal of the polarized capacitors 812, 814. The DC bias source and the two polarized capacitors are mutually bypassed and maintain a different AC voltage level at their negative ends than at the energized (positive), neutral and (if is present) at the end of the grounded circuit 800. It is noteworthy that due to the presence of transformer windings in typical AC power sources, the energized, neutral, and grounded windings generally have the same DC potential. This electrical isolation of the negative end of the capacitor from AC is emphasized by the fact that neither an open circuit nor a no resistance short circuit in the AC source and / or the AC load will have any effect on the DC bias voltage applied to the capacitors. Likewise, an open-circuit fault can replace a DC voltage source without affecting the DC reference DC voltage level or the operation of the circuit until the capacitor charge dissipates.

Figure 9 shows another embodiment of a circuit 900 according to the present invention. Circuit 900 includes an AC power source 905, anti-series polarized

The capacitors 912, 914, the DC power source 926, the blocking diode 932, the blocking resistors 934, 935, and the AC load 940. The neutral and / or ground path of the AC power supply has been omitted from the drawing for simplification. From an AC perspective, resistors 934, 935 are connected substantially in parallel through polarized capacitors 912 and 914, and for small, equal resistance values, they can correct the AC split for capacitor component changes. Positive DC bias is maintained across each capacitor biased by a DC power source 926 through diode 932 and blocking resistors 934 and 935 which together act as a DC bias source. The DC bias source is mostly bypassed with capacitors. It is noteworthy that the stop resistors 934, 935 are generally connected in series and, for high resistance values, they prevent the path of series oppression capacitors 912, 914 from shunting. The stop resistors 934, 935 in series connection with diode 932 prevent significant AC flow through the DC power source. 926. Any suitable resistor value, e.g. from less than 40Ω to greater than 100kΩ, will be appropriate for resistors 934, 935. Hence, the DC bias source for circuit 900 consists of DC power source 926, diode 932, and resistors 934. 935. Additional resistance may be placed in series with DC power source 926 and diode 932 to reduce AC flowing through the source. In steady state, DC power source 926 is mostly shunted by DC capacitors 912,914 for typical component values. The selected capacitors may require a voltage rating that is at least twice that of the DC power source 926 to allow the superposition of a similar AC waveform across the capacitors.

If additional AC current is required, additional capacitors can be added in parallel to capacitors 912, 914. Additional series of anti-series polarized capacitors or series polarized capacitors connected in series, push-pull, may also be added to increase AC current or voltage capacity, respectively . The factor that will ultimately limit the maximum rating in this diagram is the bias current requirement, which is the power limitation of the DC power source. However, there is no intrinsic limitation in this case as the DC power source can be any size. Also, the DC power requirements are typically a small fraction of the AC power rating of the present invention. If the DC power source 926 is a regulated voltage source, the anti-series electrochemical batteries may be replaced with capacitors 912, 914. Several battery cells in series per tap will be required, and DC bias charge / discharge ranges will be considered, but the possibility of increasing the capacitive reactance is real. Hence, by simply applying specific design steps, any PECS device can be tailored for use in this circuit.

In practice, separate fuse placement on the capacitor banks is a conventional solution within the principles of electrical circuitry. Such a convention can similarly be extended to separately bias and protect the capacitor banks.

Figure 10 is a circuit illustrating another use of polarized, polarized capacitors in an AC power grid. An adaptation of the circuit of Figure 7, circuit 1000 provides a more practical solution for general ac generation, transmission, and distribution. Circuit 1000 includes an AC power source 1005, series anti-polarized capacitors 1009, 1023, non-polar smoothing capacitors 1011, DC power sources 1013, 1027, blocking resistors 1015, 1025, 1017, and an AC load 1031. A DC bias source consisting of from DC power source 1013 and resistor 1015 is mostly bypassed by biased capacitor 1009. Likewise, a DC bias source consisting of DC power source 1027 and resistor 1025 is substantially bypassed by biased capacitor 1023. This circuit is similar to previously described circuit except that the redundant DC bias source is connected directly in parallel via

Polarized capacitors. This circuit is used in general AC applications. The high impedance (Ω - kΩ) of the polarizing resistors 1015, 1025 (blocking) allows for direct current polarization, while for AC applications it is an open circuit. An inductor (or other AC open circuit device) can replace the bias resistors 1015, 1025. A large (keel MΩ) stop resistor 1017 may be replaced with an open circuit. Similarly, the blocking resistor 1017 may be moved between the central nodes of DC power sources and the central nodes of the PECS devices.

Figure 11 illustrates a capacitive power combining circuit 1100 using a single, electrically isolated DC power source 1115 to provide the necessary symmetrical active DC bias voltage for continuous operation of polarized capacitors in general AC network applications. Circuit 1100 generally includes AC power source 1105, series anti-series polarized capacitors 1112, 1114, DC power source 1115, blocking diode 1117, biasing resistors 1119, 1121, and AC load 1130. An electrically isolated unregulated DC power source 1115 consists of with an isolating capacitor, a full periodic diode bridge and an output section consisting of two inductors and a polarized capacitor 1124. The DC bias source consists of a DC power source 1115, a diode 1117, and resistors 1119.1121. An optional and unnumbered resistor is shown. on the negative branch of the bias source with direct voltage. The bias resistors 1119, 1121 and diode 1117 provide high impedance while allowing the appropriate level of charging current for the polarized capacitors 1112, 1114. Diode 1117 further prevents DC reverse flow in the event of a diode bridge failure in the DC power source. The DC power source output section consisting of inductors 1122, 1123, a capacitor 1124, and a diode 1117 may be omitted without compromising system operation. Capacitors 1112 and 1114 form a steady state DC load circuit and are located in the shunt with respect to the DC power source but are in series push-pull arrangement with the AC power source. The turn of the isolation transformer inside the DC power source sets the DC bias voltage level and is operatively connected to the AC power source 1105. Note that the constant reference voltage of nodes A and B is essentially at the ground of the AC power system, while node D is held below ground by a DC bias source. Electrical isolation of the DC power source from the AC power source allows any orientation of the capacitors 1112, 1114. This means that the positive poles of the capacitor can be connected at node D, provided that the polarity of the source of bias is reversed. In this case, the node D reference voltage will be below the AC system ground level.

The power delivered to the AC load may be many orders of magnitude greater than the requirements of the bias source. The AC power source 1105 is assumed to include one or more inductive taps, e.g., from a generator or transformer. This ensures a steady state DC short circuit. The superimposed AC wave and DC bias voltage should be less than the capacitor's rated voltage, but large enough to maintain forward bias at all points of the AC waveform. The value of the DC bias voltage significantly exceeds the applied AC value to reduce harmonic distortion of the AC signal. The reference voltage level at point D, representing the negative poles of the capacitor, is kept below ground in the single-phase system shown. It is worth noting that the value of the DC leakage through the capacitors is very small. The DC voltage level of the AC power source and the AC load is considered to be nearly identical to the ground of the AC power system. Hence, in this variant, the negative connections of the non-polar capacitors are below the ground of the system. In addition, the polarity of the capacitors and the DC bias source can be reversed simultaneously. This reversal will raise the positive poles of the non-polar capacitors above ground but has no significant first-order effect on AC power transmission. Moreover, multiple parallel circuits with a unique (or, alternatively, a common bias voltage) may be used. This shows that there is little significant polarity in the AC circuit in steady state. The choice of push-pull series orientation can be made with regard to capacitor grounding, safety, convention, cooling, transfer function, and other secondary considerations and issues.

A resistor 1119 connecting to node C, a resistor in the negative DC branch, and a resistor 1121 provide immediate symmetrical biasing of the capacitors. It can be seen that typical inductive and resistive AC loads and sources provide a short to system ground. It is permissible to physically place the AC load, or alternatively, the AC power source between the polarized capacitors. Preferably in this solution, both sides of the load on and off switch (not shown) are resistively connected to the DC bias source. This configuration provides for the mode of operation of the AC power source and the AC load at different DC ground points. It can be seen that as long as the resistors are connected to nodes A, D and C, the DC bias source is completely independent of the AC grounding of node B. This is due to the presence of an AC isolating transformer and a full periodic rectifying bridge. A necessary prerequisite for continuous DC biasing is that half of a rectified wave is supplied, but then half of the fundamental frequency harmonics are fed to the AC grid system.

An electrically isolated regulated DC power source with or without batteries can be used wherever needed. Likewise, the bias voltage may be connected with polarized AC signal capacitors with inductors or other components having low DC resistance and high AC impedance. The output section of the DC power source 1115 and diode 1117 may be eliminated, allowing resistors 1121, 1119 and capacitors 1112, 1114 to serve as a simplified output section.

Figure 12 illustrates a circuit 1200 that generally depicts a three-phase, three-wire AC power system incorporating an embodiment of the invention, disregarding the details of the DC bias. Circuit 1200 includes a three-phase source 1201 (shown in triangular configuration) forward-biased pair of series anti-series polarized capacitors 1209A-1209C, and a three-phase AC load 1211 that carries loads 1211A-1211C. For a properly polarized, high impedance polarizing system, this is a suitable engineering approximation. The AC parameters of a polarized polar capacitor bank are sufficient for the analysis of an AC power circuit. For this purpose, it is completely unnecessary to show the details of the DC supply in the AC circuit model. Fig. 12 is therefore a three-phase version of Fig. 6A with the bias voltage indication omitted. The known characteristics of DC blocking voltage in capacitors make the polarity details unnecessary for the analysis of an AC circuit. If required, the DC bias voltage level of the system can be indicated for safety and maintenance purposes. It is worth noting that this arrangement is shown as a series application. If the AC load is depicted as a current limiting device such as a 3 ohm resistor then this combined load becomes a shunt power factor correcting device for other AC loads on either side of the source transformer. This device may be unregulated or adjustable. If the indicated load performs useful work, then the power factor correction is performed without increasing the power in the system. Any capacitive circuit reactance formed according to the method described in this specification will generally exhibit the terminal characteristics of non-polar capacitors from the point of view of the AC power source. The diagram is therefore devoid of unnecessary details regarding construction, analysis and problem solving. The details of the inclusion of polarized capacitors may be deemed unnecessary. An alternate diagram with inverted curves and lines can be used to show the inverted capacitors if needed. Other multiphase configurations including nine-phase and the like may similarly be represented. It is worth noting that a pair of anti-series condensers18 can be omitted

Such as 1209B should the network operating parameters so require. Negative poles of capacitors 1209A. 1209C may still be biased below the level of the AC power source and the AC load.

Figure 13 shows a three-phase, four-wire AC power system with a three-phase, electrically isolated, unregulated DC power source for capacitor bias. A three-phase DC power source (DC voltage source) 1301 is used for forward bias pairs of biased capacitors 1309 in accordance with the present invention. In this example, the DC power source 1301 generally includes a primary transformer 1302A, a secondary transformer 1302B, a diode bridge 1303, choke coils 1304 and 1305, and a biased capacitor 1306 and a diode 1307. A DC power source together with a resistor 1308, diodes associated with nodes 4 -10 and the diode and resistor connections associated with nodes 1-3 are a source of DC bias. Diode bridge 1303 is a three-phase, six-pulse, full wave device. Series diode / resistor elements connect the negative branch of the DC power source to the center nodes 1, 2 and 3 of the polarized capacitor, respectively, as shown. The positive branch of the DC power source is connected through a resistor 1308 and diodes 1310 (diode numbers 4-10) to polarized nodes 4-9 and to the neutral conductor of the system 10. Serial anti-series diodes 4 and 7 block the flow of AC current from branch A, simultaneously polarizing with direct current in series push-pull capacitors via the above-mentioned central node 1. The branches B and C are similarly DC biased. The alternating current is transferred from the source to the load through DC biased series anti-series capacitors in branches A, B, and C. As shown, the branches A, B, and C of the AC power source simultaneously feed the capacitors and the basic transformer. Most of the AC power is supplied to the AC load. Another multi-phase AC circuit connecting the capacitors can be implemented in a similar manner. As indicated earlier, the illustrated embodiment of the DC bias source can be anything. Individual applications may require alternating DC power sources for optimal long-term operation. Typically in AC systems, the neutral node 10 will be grounded at a single point via a grounding resistor, inductor or capacitor. It is noteworthy that the electrical insulation design characterizing the DC power source 1301 loses some functionality when connected to an AC power source, polarized capacitors, AC loads, and system ground if any.

The main side of the 1302A delta transformer branch and the AC power source branch (Star, Scott Tee) provide backup paths and create a uniform steady-state DC reference voltage at nodes 4-10. Inductors 1304, 1305, a diode 1307, and a resistor 1308 prevent AC current from being conducted in the system through the DC power source. The central nodes 1, 2 and 3 of the PECS are held at a lower potential by a DC power source 1301 providing a substantially uniform DC bias voltage for the PECS devices. This DC bias voltage value is not changed by the AC system grounding convention. It is noteworthy that a single DC power source biases the three pairs of PECS devices depicted in 1309. These pairs of capacitors are mostly in the DC shunt but are in separate AC power branches. In fact, each branch of each capacitive pair is predominantly in a DC shunt relative to the DC power source 1301.

Figure 14 shows an alternating three-phase, four-wire AC system with a three-phase, ungrounded, unregulated DC power supply 1401 to bias polarized capacitors 1409. This arrangement uses a resistor array 1410 in place of the diode array 1310. Standard engineering approximation has an order of magnitude of the differences. impedance is functionally similar to the previous circuit. The AC capacitive impedance is low so that 50 ohm AC resistors will essentially show the same behavior in a 120: 208 [VAC] circuit

60Hz as AC blocking diodes in the previous circuit. The circuit uses the milliohm (mΩ) ESR of a capacitor in a shunt with nodes 1-10 connected to a 500 Ω resistor

To efficiently direct the AC through the capacitors rather than through the DC circuit in accordance with the convention that the current flows through the path with the least resistance. In this example, all components depicted except 1409 form a DC bias source. The alternating method of polarization is used to show that the invention can be realized with many such polarization schemes using high AC impedance.

Figure 15 shows the alternating inductive biasing of the polarized capacitors previously shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14. Figure 15 is comprised of an AC power source in series, load and push-pull capacitors, labeled 1509, three separate three-phase inductors. and a DC power source 1501. The positive branch of the DC power source is connected to the output diodes P1 and P2 when the negative branch is connected to the current-limiting diode with output N1. From the above passage, it is clear to those skilled in the art that many additional polarization patterns are suggested. It is worth noting that in this three-phase three-wire (delta circuit) AC system labeled 1509, output N1 is connected to the negative terminals of the pole capacitor through inductors at nodes 1-3 while P1 and P2 are connected to the positive terminals of the capacitor 4- 9. Serial resistors can be added in the DC path to further reduce the AC current through the DC power source. It is also worth noting that, for the sake of simplicity, the rectifying isolation transformer has been omitted in the diagram. Properly selected high impedance inductors or transformer windings can be used to connect a DC power source to polarized capacitors while providing ac blocking capability.

This phenomenon also increases the risk. A magnetic winding or a small resistor along the DC bias voltage creates a short circuit. This can create devastating, reverse voltage conditions on the polarized capacitors if not properly considered. The risk of reverse polarity is well known to those having experience. For this reason, normal mode of operation should be to use the polarized capacitor bank as the unit. High pass, low pass, band pass, and barrier filters connected to the central node should be used with extreme caution for the same reasons.

It is worth mentioning that motors and transformers have integral windings. It is also worth recalling that energy conversion equipment usually includes isolation transformers. Consider a distribution level transformer serving at least one AC motor through other instrumentation arranged in parallel with the present invention. In this simple case, an inductor and resistor tracks are present on both sides of the capacitor bank, both on the source and load side. This is true for Star, Scott Tee, Delta, Open Delta, and Wide Delta powered lines and for neutral lines only in the first three cases. It is also worth noting that in the vast majority of cases, the groundings in AC power systems are of the semiconductor, resistance or inductive type. In normal steady-state operation mode, in an ordinary single-phase or multiphase electrical network, there are additional DC bias voltage paths leading to the capacitors. The internal nodes of the capacitor bank may additionally be connected; however, due to the above conditions, it will rarely be considered necessary for external nodes.

Figure 16 shows a circuit 1600 that provides an implementation of the present invention suitable for a 120: 240 [VAC] single phase system. This is the most common US household AC power distribution scheme. It is noteworthy that a series push-pull capacitor assembly 1609 is present in each powered branch, although a neutral assembly could be used. The capacitor unit DC node junctions are biased below system ground. Details related to the DC power source and AC blocking are omitted from the diagram for simplicity of the drawing. The earthing of the alternating current system, the neutral branches and are supplied with equipotential surfaces in relation to the steady state direct current. Polarized capacitors are available with discrete pulsating current ratings. Parallel capacitors or capacitor banks may be required for the implementation of up to 20

The free AC rating. The transient current parameters (pulse and surge) and / or steady state can be used to determine the number and design of polar capacitors required for a given application. Fig. 16 shows a parallel bank of capacitors constructed with each internal device in the shunt. Parallel connections may be unregulated or adjustable. The AC loads for such applications may be powered by two or three wires of 120 VAC or by two, three, or four wires of 240 VAC. The middle branch of the transformer and the neutral load conductor are directly grounded in this circuit.

Grid parameter values and goals such as resonance can be achieved by connecting and disconnecting capacitor banks from the grid. This switching can be achieved manually, electromechanically or via semiconductor elements. In many cases (including, without limitation, aluminum electrolytic capacitors), capacitive reactance, series resistance, impedance, durability, dissipation factor and the like may be controlled by means of ambient and core temperature control. These capacitor parameters and the life of the capacitor depend on the core temperature and may be adjusted in some way by changing the temperature.

It is desirable to maintain the DC polarity of the parallel units. It is also advantageous to provide high AC impedance and low DC resistance connections near the switching mechanism in the case of controlled switching units. Note that the source transformer provides an additional DC bias path for each branch of circuit 1600, excluding the DC junction connectors. The circuit in Fig. 16 may be less prone to cascading failures by separately fusing the DC bias path to the branches and central nodes, as well as the AC path of each PECS on the 120V branches of the 240: 120V output. of Fig. 16 can be further converted into an AC divider circuit by separating the outputs and, if necessary, the central nodes.

Figure 17 shows a common representation of the high voltage application of a 4n + polarized capacitor and a bias circuit 1700. Circuit 1700 generally includes an AC power source 1701, series anti-series polarized capacitors 1702-1705, and an AC load 1716, as well as a DC bias circuit. The DC bias source consists of resistors 1706, 1707, 1708, 1713, 1714 and DC power sources 1709-1712. Capacitors 1702, 1703 are in series, as are capacitors 1704, 1705. The pairs of capacitors 1702, 1703 and 1704, 1705 are connected in an AC anti-series configuration. They are also basically deviated from each other. Hence, the direct charging current, leakage current and bias voltage are visible in parallel two-capacitor configurations. The AC signal passes through what is, however, a series configuration of four capacitors. This point is significant in determining the maximum capacitor voltage when component tolerance or error is taken into account. This system can be extended to allow the construction of 6n +, 8n + capacitors and higher voltage AC capacitors using polarized capacitors. Note that overall symmetry is maintained. In this particular application, the bias voltage is only shared out. This is not essential, but is an illustration of one of the ways of polarization. As with the other classes and types of capacitors, capacitors actually behave as voltage dividers for both AC and DC within the component error range. A single DC power source or two DC power sources can be converted to a suitable AC blocking device and bias conditions. Splitting resistances may be configured to provide adequate DC bias voltage division and improved AC voltage division across capacitors 1702-1705. This resistive bias network can reduce the effects of capacitor component tolerance differences. AC mains impedance, capacitive reactance, equivalent series resistance and the like may be increased by switching inside or outside of one or more series or parallel connected capacitors. Aluminum housings of electrolytic capacitors, usually designed to dissipate heat, can be connected to the negative pole, less frequently

PL 199 220 B1 than with the system ground, which is a matter that requires some caution. Another area of concern is that there is a workable asymmetry with respect to the AC and DC voltage split. When viewed from top to bottom, there are three polarization states in the forward direction. Similar polarization states exist when the system is viewed from the bottom up. It is noteworthy that the same termination of the AC voltage contribution may be accomplished by two independent series anti-series PEC configurations per branch, which in this circuit is accomplished by an anti-series series configuration of capacitors. This alternating method allows the use of a polarization source with a lower DC voltage and includes a more extensive example of the principle of using an alternating series AC topography existing simultaneously with a shunt DC topography. An example of the utility of the above observations is that 25% of the AC voltage applied to the capacitor bank is present on any of the capacitors. Within component tolerance and / or error, anyone can monitor the applied AC voltage at reduced voltage, and any electronic components requiring polarization can be used directly.

In traditional electrical designs, the use of series capacitors is avoided where possible. The most important reason is that two identical capacitors connected in series will have half the capacitance of a single capacitor. This is a disadvantage with currently available AC capacitor technologies, due to the low level of capacitance that can be obtained economically. This phenomenon is however insignificant in the present invention. In the present invention, typically the limiting parameter is the variable component of the ripple current, rather than the capacitive reactance. The present invention provides excess capacitance by using polarized electric charge storage devices.

Figure 18 shows yet another embodiment of circuit 1800 in accordance with the present invention. Circuit 1800 uses an alternating DC power source 1801 whose values are proportional to the AC voltage across a pair of anti-series capacitors 1809 for a pair of forward biased capacitors 1809. This ensures that the pairs of anti-series capacitors 1809 remain sufficiently forward biased based on the magnitude of the applied AC signal. The primary side of the small isolation transformer shown is energized by the voltage of the mechanical assembly, a series push-pull capacitor 1809. It is noteworthy that the primary side of the transformer behaves as a shorting element for the positive poles of the capacitor. As discussed elsewhere in this specification, any inductor exhibits these physical characteristics. The ratio of the primary winding to the secondary of the transformer is between 1: 1 and 2: 1 and is suitable for 1 Ω or 3 Ω applications of the circuit described. A full wave diode bridge, with filter, is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer. The electrically isolated, filtered output is then connected to series push-pull capacitors as a DC power source. Resistor 1803 and diode 1802 serve as an AC stop device and as a bias link from the capacitor DC junction node m to the negative pole of the DC voltage source. As the AC voltage drop across the capacitor increases (applied voltage), the DC bias voltage will increase. If the AC voltage drop across the capacitor decreases, the bias voltage will slowly decrease. Thus, this configuration has feedback characteristics and dynamically responds to the need for increased DC bias voltage. Charging resistor 1804 is shown in the shunt with an AC load. This is a pre-charging resistor that is often used by those skilled in the art to improve voltage regulation. This bias of Fig. 18 can be used to provide continuous forward bias for both capacitor branches. It is suitable for dealing with the non-steady state resonant bias requirements of an AC system if the component ratings are appropriate. Various applications may include resistors in the positive branch of DC bias. It is worth noting that in many applications it may be desirable to use a backup DC bias source. Reducing the effect of system components is the goal of the electrical circuit design of Fig. 18. May be constructed 22

An analogous system is provided in which the DC electrical isolation is provided by capacitors.

Figure 19 shows an AC induction motor (or a single phase auxiliary phase motor) with a capacitor employing the PECS devices of the present invention. Shown are: AC power source 1904, switch 1902, pair of polarized charge storage devices 1903 and motor (stator) windings 1900, 1901. Details of the DC bias circuit and rotor details are omitted. The motor (stator) winding is in the shunt with the motor winding assembly 1900 and a pair of polarized electric charge storage devices 1903. Switch 1902 is closed to connect an AC power source 1904. Single phase motors with auxiliary phase (and / or capacitive AC induction motors) provide initial torque and rotating field. Series connections of motor winding assembly 1900 and a pair of PECS 1903 form a unitary or slightly leading power factor. This causes the current through the motor windings 1900 and 1901 to lead the phase by approximately 90 °. There is no need to disconnect the motor winding 1900 because the invention is suitable for continuous operation. This 90 ° phase shift can cancel or reduce the 120 Hz characteristics of the mechanical vibration (pulsation) of a single-phase motor. Alternatively, motor winding 1901 may be disconnected after start-up. Any of the methods mentioned may be used for a circuit configuration that is accidentally close to resonance during steady state and / or starting.

Figure 20 shows a tuned series LC circuit 2000 consisting of an inductor 2001 and a pair of PECS 2002 according to the present invention. A semiconductor (single-sided static) switch 2003 consisting of an anti-series thyristor in this figure is in a shunt with a pair of PECS 2002. The resistor 2004 is a steady state load. Series and / or parallel connection of inductors and capacitors is usually referred to in the trade as LC circuit and is quite often used for filtration purposes. DC polarization details are omitted for simplicity. When an error condition is established by closing the switch 2005, the current detector (torus) 2006 detects the rapidly increasing current. Alternatively, a voltage sensing mechanism, ground fault detection, or alternative methods may be used to detect network adverse conditions. The signal is operatively coupled to the semiconductor switch via a commercially available circuit. When the semiconductor switch shortens the PECS 2002 of the present invention, the resonant bandpass circuit becomes fully inductive and becomes a current-limiting element. The response time of commercially available solid-state switches is less than the cycle. It is noteworthy that a switch similar to 2003 may be placed substantially in the shunt through the inductor 2001. This will provide the ability to tune the steady state AC network parameters by shorting out excessive inductance. Similar tuning and detuning mechanisms can be constructed for an LC circuit shunt and hybrid solutions.

Figure 21 shows an assembly 2100 that includes four polarized capacitors 2101 to 2104 mechanically suspended by non-conductive vertical strips 2111 and 2112 connected to conductors 2107, 2108. Capacitors 2101 and 2102 are in the shunt via negative pole conductor 2105 and conductive heat exchanger 2107 , as are the capacitors 2103 and 2104 connected by leads 2106 and 2108. The positive pole of the capacitor busbar and the details of the bias circuit are omitted for simplicity. For this example, polarized capacitors with integral pin bases have been selected for their thermal conductivity. Conductor 2107 has substantially the same potential as conductor 2105 and housings 2101, 2102. Likewise, 2108 and 2106 and housings 2103, 2104 are apparently short-circuited in most large-case commercially available electrolytic capacitors. The liquid dielectric (oil) level is above conductors 2107 and 2108 to dissipate heat without electrical connection requirements. Oil level may rise above the capacitor housing to maximize short circuit protection if connections are kept dry and the condenser pressure vents are kept clean. The mechanical simplified tubes are shown

Of external heat exchanger 2109. The simple structure discloses a method of providing electrical insulation and temperature control for the steady state operation of the PECS devices. The life of the PECS equipment and the capacitive parameters can be changed by adjusting the oil temperature. Electrical protection is provided by the insulating characteristics of the liquid dielectric and the insulating connectors. The term "liquid dielectric" is not intended to exclude the insulation and regulation of heat by solid and gas dielectrics having thermal conductivity, convection, radiation and / or phonon transfer capabilities, and is illustrative rather than limiting. Various methods of insulating joining and methods of maintaining good electrical contact in oil vats are similar to those known in the art. An insulating cap, sleeve, gasket, sleeve or vent tube and / or dry connection methods and products such as chico and silicone are examples of such methods. Cooling enhancement and electrical safety can also be achieved by increasing airflow in a secure enclosure that meets the internal IP-20 protection specifications. Integral design of the heat exchanger can be used in 2107, 2108 and in the housing for further enhanced heat transfer efficiency. It is noteworthy that the external heat exchanger 2109 may be connected to various heating and / or cooling mechanisms such as a water bath or heat pumps. Advantageous solutions vary with changes in the power level of the device, ambient temperature, optimal capacitor performance, electrical safety, and the like. Additionally, the polarized electric charge storage devices and their connections may be constructed for heat conduction with a plurality of electric poles exposed to the touch of operators through the housing or alternatively through extensive heat exchangers. Such constructions will also be related to safety issues and further increase the use of temperature regulation in combination with electrical safety considerations. Various manufacturing techniques utilizing "casing-in-casing" designs, various states of matter, mass transport, and similar techniques, may find substantial application in heat control for applications in the present invention. Likewise, when considering the electrical insulation design, it is possible to directly insert the heat exchanger into the capacitor housing.

Figure 22 shows a circuit 2200 consisting of an AC power source 2201, an autotransformer 2202, a resistor 2203, a rectifier 2204, a switch 2205, polarized capacitors 2206, 2207, and AC loads 2208. The autotransformer 2202 regulates the AC voltage of the system applied to a charging circuit consisting of resistor 2203 and diode 2204 at a voltage different from that of the ac system. An optional load resistor 2209 connects the capacitor 2206 to the charging circuit. The charging circuit will hold the polarized capacitors at any predetermined constant bias voltage until connected to the load. It is also possible to achieve continuous operation capability by using a half-range or full-range rectifying bridge and other similar methods. Alternative electrical isolation methods suitable for maintaining a continuous constant voltage of the bias of the polarized capacitors may be used. This circuit can be redesigned to provide DC electrical isolation from DC voltage by connecting the autotransformer to an AC source via two capacitors. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the two capacitors may constitute an anti-parallel array of PECS devices. This method can be used in energy conversion applications such as rectifiers and inverters. The circuit may be self-polarizing, ie it does not need to be a controlling circuit. This circuit primarily illustrates the use of an autotransformer in a bias circuit to achieve a selected bias voltage level. Tap changers, controlled rectifiers, and the like can be included in the system to regulate the DC bias voltage level.

Figure 23 shows an AC power source 2301, polarized capacitors 2302, 2303, controlled rectifiers 2304, current limiting resistor 2305, load resistor 2306, switch 2307, and load 2308. A controlled rectifier such as an IGBT, transistor, thyristor, or the like may be turned on. or disabled for control24

The level of the DC bias voltage. Half period rectification occurs when the alternating current flows through capacitor 2302, rectifier 2304, and current limiting resistor 2305. High impedance preload resistor 2306 may be omitted. This circuit has the ability to increase and maintain a regulated capacitor bias charge without overcharging the capacitors. The details of the rectification control circuit are omitted since such control circuits are commercially available and techniques for designing them are known to those skilled in the art. It is worth noting that this configuration will operate at low signals and may be used under transient and / or steady state conditions. It is also worth noting that uncontrolled rectifiers (diodes) can be used in place of 2304. The circuit will establish and maintain a constant bias voltage across capacitors 2302, 2303 generally equal to the voltage from zero to the peak value of the AC source 2301. Direct current flowing through resistor 2305 in state steady state is substantially equal to the constant leakage current of the capacitors 2302, 2303.

Figure 23A shows a simplified circuit 23 for more clearly disclosing the charging mechanism. The circuit elements are re-positioned for an advance notch. When the controlled rectifier 2304 is turned on, one half period or part of it causes a rectifying current to flow and a charge to accumulate on the capacitor 2302. A resistor 2305 or similar device reduces the transient current (constant bias current, half cycle) and leaves the load (not shown) turned on. . There is no significant steady state AC flow through resistor 2305.

Figure 24 shows an AC power source 2401, a zener diode 2402, a diode 2403, biased capacitors 2404, 2405, a blocking diode 2406, a blocking resistor 2407, an optional resistor 2408, a switch 2409, an AC load 2410, and an inductor. This is the uncontrolled version of the circuit of Fig. 23. A zener diode 2402 in an push-series configuration with diode 2403 and inductor 2411 will limit the bias voltage of the capacitor without the use of a control circuit. Part of the DC bias redundant voltage is conducted to and dissipated through the zener diode 2402, diode 2403, and inductor 2411. It is worth noting that depending on the choice of component values, this configuration may preclude the possibility of operation under low signal conditions. Note that the inductor 2411 may be replaced with a resistor or other suitable AC blocking and DC dissipating element.

Figure 25 shows circuit 2500 consisting of AC source 2502, bias capacitors 2512, 2514, and AC load 2520. Also shown is a DC bias source consisting of resistors 2503, 2505, 2507, 2509, diodes 2521, and a DC voltage source. 2522 that functions even when the AC power source or load is disconnected from the circuit. The DC bias source establishes and maintains the forward bias voltage of capacitors 2512, 2514. Resistors 2503, 2505, 2507, 2509 and diode 2521 evenly distribute the DC voltage across the capacitors and prevent significant AC currents from bypassing the capacitors. It is worth noting that any single node of this circuit can be actively connected to the system ground. In this illustration, the AC load and AC power source can operate at different DC reference voltages.

Among other things, the circuit drawing shows that the configuration of anti-series PECS devices (polarized capacitors 2512 and 2514 in the figure) may have more than one DC junction node. The first DC junction node, which includes AC devices - resistors 2507, 2509 on the positive capacitor terminals, is connected to the AC load, and the second DC junction node, which includes AC devices - resistors 2503, 2505, on the capacitor negative terminals is connected to AC power source. In addition, the circuit reveals that the orientation of the capacitor can be arbitrarily specified as positive to positive, negative to negative, or with the separation of AC devices, with no primary effect on AC power transmission in grounded applications, and that DC details have little to do with AC power transmission.

Figure 26 describes a circuit 2600 consisting of an AC power source 2602, an AC load 2622, and pairs of polarized capacitors 2604.

PL 199 220 B1

2606 and 2608, 2610. The associated DC bias circuit is fed from DC voltage source 2618 and current flows through series diode 2621 and series resistor 2619 and through associated distribution resistors 2605, 2615, 2603, 2607, 2609, 2611, 2613, and 2617. It is worth noting that the resistors 2605, 2615 maintain a uniform DC voltage across the positive DC nodes of the capacitors 2604, 2606 and 2608, 2610. Likewise, the negative DC nodes of the capacitors are held at a common reference voltage by resistors 2603, 2607, 2609, 2611, 2613, 2617. A diode 2621 and a resistor 2619 serve to block AC current from flowing through the DC voltage source 2618. Point A shows the connection point to the higher bias circuit. Properly selected resistor values can be used to reduce the effects of changes in the capacitor components on the AC voltage division. Circuit 2600 illustrates the use of a single low voltage DC source to bias two anti-series pairs of polarized capacitors that are arranged in series. Each of the capacitors is located substantially in a DC shunt with a DC voltage source and other capacitors. It is clear that three or more pairs of anti-series capacitors in series configuration can be similarly biased through a single low voltage source using an appropriate bias voltage distribution network.

Figure 27 shows circuit 2700 including AC power source 2702, isolation transformer 2704, and series anti-series polarized capacitors 2706, 2708. The circuit also includes DC bias source consisting of thyristor bridge 2709-2715, coils 2717, 2719, bias resistors 2723-2729. and a filter capacitor 2721 connected to the positive pole of capacitors 2706, 2708 through node X. A similar connection to block the alternating current of the negative output of the negative terminals of capacitors 2706, 2708 is not shown. The rectified output wave is filtered by the inductors 2717, 2719 and the bias capacitor 2721 and transferred to the DC load 2730. A small portion of the available DC power is used to forward bias the capacitors 2706, 2708 when the appropriate AC blocking devices connect the negative poles of the capacitor to negative pole of the DC voltage source. This configuration illustrates a reversing feature for a DC biased capacitor in an AC application. It also shows how to use the created DC voltage in a common application such as a battery charger or DC power supply. The push-pull series capacitors are used to provide a DC voltage source in general applications. Alternatively, a separate DC bias source may be used to bias the capacitors in the forward direction.

Figure 28 discloses circuit 2800. Circuit 2800 is comprised of a three-phase isolation transformer 2802, 2814 polarized capacitors 2804, 2806, 2808, a DC voltage source 2810, and a resistor 2811. Polarized capacitors 2804, 2806, 2808 are in an anti-series configuration analogous to single-phase circuits. as shown in Figs. 25, 27. A suitable forward bias voltage is applied to capacitors 2804, 2806, 2808 through DC junction nodes that include inductors 2802, 2814. The DC bias source comprises an electrically isolated DC power source 2810 and a series resistor 2811. The DC bias source is provided in the direct shunt with capacitor 2808 and generally in the DC shunt with capacitors 2804, 2806. The primary side inductor (transformer windings) 2802 applies a positive DC bias reference voltage to the positive terminals of the capacitors 2804, 2806. Similarly, transformer winding 2814A (non-primary side) connects the negative poles of the capacitor to the negative poles of the DC bias source. An additional DC bias source can be used to increase the robustness of the design. This drawing shows the layout of a DC shunt circuit using a single polarized capacitor in each energized branch of a multi-phase AC system. As shown, this arrangement is compatible with a single ground point, but is not required for operation. A similar circuit layout could be used in a motor-generator connection. The circuit further illustrates a polyphase anti-series AC configuration and a forward bias method.

Figure 29 shows circuit 2900, which is a single-phase 240: 120 VAC network typically used in US residential buildings. Circuit 2900 consists of a power source

AC power source 2902, AC source transformer 2904, bias capacitors 2906, 2908, 2910, DC power sources 2913, AC blocking resistor 2911, and AC loads 2912, 2914, 2916, 2918. Arrangement of anti-series capacitors in circuit, 2900 consists of a single polarized capacitor in each branch. A DC bias source consisting of a DC voltage source 2913 and an AC blocking resistor 2911 is in a shunt with a polarized capacitor 2910 and generally in a shunt with polarized capacitors 2906, 2908 using transformer windings and AC loads. Note that the AC loads 2912, 2914 are powered by 120 VAC, the AC load 2916 is powered by three 120: 240 VAC wires, and the AC load 2918 is powered by two 240 VAC wires. This circuit illustrates the alternative configuration of anti-series capacitors shown in Figure 16. Note that the source transformer secondary winding or neutral node connected to the positive pole of capacitor 2908 and the AC loads 2912, 2914, 2916 may be grounded. Note that in this configuration, both windings cannot be grounded simultaneously. The ground loop will short-circuit the DC bias voltage. It is noteworthy that the AC circuit elements separate the polarized capacitors in this anti-series configuration of the polarized electric charge storage devices and, in the steady state, behave as DC shorting elements. This is another example of a DC power connector node having AC power circuit elements within the DC capacitor connection.

Figure 30 shows circuit 3000, a single-phase AC power circuit that uses a single diode to establish and maintain a constant bias voltage applied to a pair of anti-series capacitors. Circuit 3000 consists of an AC power source 3001, a source transformer 3003, a pair of series push-pull capacitors 3013, 3015, an AC load 3020, and a DC bias circuit containing polarized capacitor 3005, rectifier 3007, and resistors 3009, 3011. Rectifier 3007 and resistors 3009 , 3011 will charge capacitors 3005, 3013, 3015 and substantially block AC steady state. Details of the connection between resistor 3011 and AC load 3020 are omitted for the sake of simplification. The DC power source is suitable for continuous operation but does not provide full wave rectification. The low steady-state power requirement of the polarized capacitors makes it a very useful and economical design. The primary transformer winding of AC power source 3003 and AC power source 3001 will of course not "see DC from the secondary side of the transformer. The reflected harmonics due to the half-period rectification will cause little difficulty for the AC power source due to the tiny steady state DC power load relative to the AC load. Figure 30 shows a simple circuit implementation suitable for continuous operation.

The main consideration in the design process is the choice of technology and configuration of polarized electric charge storage devices. The limitations related to the DC voltage range must be carefully considered. For example, industrial nickel cadmium (NiCad) electrochemical batteries have a nominal voltage of about 1.2 volts per cell. These cells must operate with the same charging voltage and final discharge voltage of 1.7 and 1.0 V respectively per cell. The design voltage range is typically 1.05 - 1.5 V per cell. The selected number of battery cells will then be compatible with the components and / or the AC voltage of the system and / or the resonant AC voltage. The variable ripple current provided by the battery cells will be used to determine the number and / or parallel strings of battery cells required for AC applications. An adjustable battery charger will then be selected in order to adequately keep the electrochemical battery charged. Each polarized electric charge storage device or combination of such devices will require analogous DC circuit design steps that are known to those skilled in the art. More detailed descriptions of the design steps for aluminum electrolytic capacitors are provided in this specification.

PL 199 220 B1

Waveform fidelity is important and is enhanced significantly by remaining under low AC signals. The present invention is configured to remain within this range of operating conditions to any degree.

A typical design limiting parameter of the present invention for circuit applications is the allowed ripple current component. Both steady state and transient load currents should be considered. For many purposes, the variable component of the ripple current may be considered as the permissible bias current in the present invention. Computer grade capacitor nominal performance is based on 120 Hz. The frequency response, ripple current component, and gradation factor for a typical computer grade capacitor operating at 60 Hz is 0.8. The present invention provides a large reserve of capacitance. Hence, it is possible to reduce the alternating current flowing through a given capacitor to any value. This is accomplished by simply and conveniently increasing the number of polar capacitor banks in parallel. Shunt capacitors will further reduce the AC impedance and can be used as a load voltage regulation mechanism when it is regulated over time.

A circuit design parameter that should be considered is the AC current carrying capacity. Transient application requirements requirements should be considered as key issues for the successful application of the present invention. The transformer inrush currents and the motor starting currents are the main parameters when selecting the size of polarized polar capacitors according to the present invention. The second and related point to consider is the series impedance of the capacitor bank. The generation of heat due to I ² R losses is a key issue for the durability of the capacitor. Excessive heat generation has a devastating effect on polarized capacitors and / or other polarized electric charge storage devices. Typically, it is not necessary to consider the capacitance of the device as a parameter of its size.

Many applications are three-phase systems or single-phase three-wire systems. Hence, there may be uncertainties regarding the selection of appropriate design steps. The use of a single capacitor in each branch may be relatively straightforward, but for a pair or configuration of anti-series capacitors in each branch, there will be voltage differences between devices and within the device. For example, in a scheme of 120: 208 VAC, due to serial connection of two branches, failure of branch to branch connection between devices will be seen as 104 [VAC]. On the other hand, failure inside the device would be seen as 208 [VAC]. Linkage failure for the neutral line will be viewed as 120 [VAC] in the present invention. The specificity of the application, regulations related to the safety of electrical and fire installations will determine whether the most unfavorable design parameters should be used. In the case of a resonant system, the voltage requirements for internal device failure will be approximately 312 [VACRMs], corresponding to 442 V from zero to peak voltage. This will require a minimum DC bias voltage of 221 [VDC] and a rated capacitor voltage of more than 442 [VDC], disregarding the capacitor component error and the AC voltage variation of the system.

It is worth noting that circuit noise protection and surge voltage protection are important design parameters for all applications. Basic considerations also include allowed values of symmetrical and asymmetric fault current of the network. Appropriate equipment should be provided in order to be able to remove interferences without unnecessarily damaging the present invention. Fuses, circuit breakers, switches, earth-fault breakers, current-limiting devices, and semiconductor devices are considered for this task. The application specifications will dictate the appropriate combination of security features. MOV and other surge arresters can be placed in a shunt with a neutral line and a ground line to reduce overvoltage and short voltage spikes. Likewise, they may be placed in the shunt with the present invention. This will likewise reduce damage to components of equipment operating under high voltage conditions.

The technique of analyzing the parameters of four-way circuits can be used, and most of the four-way interconnections are acceptable. These tools can be used in this inventory28

As in other AC capacitor applications, the AC terminals of the present invention are regarded as a "black box". It is worth noting that when using these kinds of techniques, a set of engineering approximations is usually used. These include, under engineering approximations, first-order approximation, a simple model, and the like.

Inrush currents, inrush currents and fault currents show extremely low, inductive load power factors of the order of fifty percent (0.5, lagging). In some cases, the value of these currents may be limited by the presence of capacitive reactance in the series connection. Maximum current is an important design consideration in circuit analysis and conductor selection. Motor starting time, rotor lockout, inrush currents, full load currents and fault currents should be considered in a similar way when analyzing the network and sizing capacitors in series. The present invention is suitable for interference analysis using the sequential method and other standard interference calculations.

The present invention is suitable for use in a shunt with loads and / or AC sources. An AC circuit will exhibit a resonant current phenomenon similar to that described in detail for voltage in series applications. Current or time limitation by control devices is applied to bypassed capacitors in AC applications. The high capacitance provided by the present invention will provide an improvement to the worldwide applications of shunt configurations as well as series applications. AC current of up to 150% of that provided by an AC source is considered in designing a PECS device in a shunt configuration. The low AC impedance of the present invention may create a virtual short circuit if current limiting methods are ignored. A current limiting load, such as, for example, a resistor, may be placed in series with a series push-pull configuration of PECS devices in AC shunt applications. If the resistor does its job well, no energy is wasted.

Resonance as a phenomenon is well defined and understood by those skilled in the art. The two most basic forms of this phenomenon are series resonance and parallel resonance. Circuit resonance is sometimes the goal of circuit design. In other cases, the resonance is not planned and is destructive. Circuits with resonance phenomena will have much greater currents and / or voltages than those observed in non-resonant operation. Typically, when resonant conditions are expected, circuit current carrying capacity and / or voltage ratings are increased by more than 50%. The design of the resonant circuit should include additional heat dissipating elements due to high voltage and / or current conditions. The loss angle (delta) and the measured heat output become important design criteria in such cases. In some applications, the circuit may only be tuned to resonance when operating at low system voltages. This allows the voltage increase associated with series resonance to bring the low voltage system out of equilibrium. An analogous design can be used to maintain the current in shunt or hybrid resonant designs.

Transient network voltage surges and spikes in the network may also be considered within the scope of the present invention. Such spikes in voltage due to lightning, switching and similar events have a big impact on all equipment. Inductors, MOVs, avalanche diodes, and other surge arresters may have some use in protecting circuits of the present invention and other connected devices from damage. The present invention provides some protection of connected loads in a transient state by means of capacitive resistance to sudden voltage change. If the transmission time constant is longer than that from MOV to ground, the load can be saved. Also standard design limits for current limiting and circuit protection should be used. For example, in the case of a sinusoidal waveform, the voltage value measured from zero to the peak value is greater than the rms value times the root of two factor. Hence, for a source of 120 [VAC],

The actual voltage, measured from zero to peak, is 169.71V. In the case of the three-phase circuit variant (120: 208) [VAC] and the drawing, it represents the effective line-to-line voltage and differs from the line-to-neutral voltage by a factor equal to the root of three. The equivalent voltage across the lines measured from zero to peak voltage is therefore 293.94 [VAC].

The most useful AC electrical loads have the power factor at an inductive load. The present invention is capable of putting into public service devices with a stable power factor under a capacitive load. When connected in series with loads with resistive or inductive power factor, an improved unit or capacitive power factor can be obtained, as seen by the AC power source. The capacitive circuit and / or inductive elements can be switched on and off if necessary. The series of push-pull series capacitors can be separately inspected, and as they are turned on and off the circuit, the overall parameters of the circuit change. The net results are increased efficiency, control and stability of power transmission. Additionally, signal transmission fidelity and energy storage can be increased as needed. These are valuable additions to general use.

The inrush currents present a significant problem in regulating the voltage of electrical networks. Series capacitors have the ability to improve the inrush currents power factor. The improved instantaneous power factor reduces the instantaneous current requirement with a connected power source or electrical equipment. It has been observed that the AC impedance of a polarized capacitor increases as the conducted current increases, which is another current limiting feature according to the present invention. Reduced instantaneous current requirements reduce instantaneous power transmission and distribution losses. Reduced transfer and distribution losses reduce the requirements for the power source or connected devices. Hence it is evident that the reduced requirements during start-up and start-up increase the network instantaneous power reserve and stability. Other current limiting methods are included and / or mentioned and claimed in this document.

Steady state voltage regulation is a similar application of the present invention. The series connections of the capacitor banks can be divided. As the AC load increases, additional capacitors may be connected to the circuit via a static switch, electromechanical contactor, or other mechanisms. With this method, the series resistance of the capacitor bank is reduced. Likewise, in a resonant application, the addition or subtraction of the capacitive reactance may have an effect on the AC mains voltage. Hence, AC voltage regulation may be one application of the present invention. In some cases, the two AC power supplies have different DC bias conditions. If they have a common signal magnitude and are phase locked, the present invention can be used to combine them together. The present invention may provide an alternative method of isolating AC isolation. It is expected that many applications will benefit from this feature.

This device can be used for a continuous operation, single-phase, single-phase induction motor with an auxiliary phase and / or a capacitive induction motor. When this mode of operation is required, both brushes can be used continuously. Such current vector manipulation will define the direction of rotation of a single-phase motor. It will also be used to eliminate the 120 Hz vibration (mains ripple) that is present in single-phase motors. This application should allow for the elimination of the disconnecting circuit. Alternatively, the design of a single phase induction motor with an auxiliary phase can be reversed by removing the deflected brushes from operation after start-up. The clever use of precisely regulated vector currents can be used to economically improve the generation of three-phase current from a single-phase source.

An embodiment of the present invention may require an earth leakage resistor or the like in parallel with the polarized capacitors. This will ensure increased operator safety during maintenance operations. Earth leakage resistors may be devices that run continuously, or alternatively may be plugged into the circuit when the power unit is disconnected or removed. Many electrical specifications call for resistance30

Of leakage points. Although there is a slight decrease in reactivity, efficiency and stability after the addition of the leakage resistors, they do not present significant problems to the performance of the present invention. Such resistors serve to further reduce the variation in DC and AC voltage applied to the capacitors due to capacitor component tolerances and / or component errors. It can be seen that the capacitance, impedance, leakage currents, and the like vary with temperature, age, and other handling conditions. Such factors become very important when multiple series and / or push-pull series units are used.

Where series resonance conditions are encountered, it will be desirable to increase the nominal voltage value and the DC bias voltage value. Transient AC network resonance conditions may require a controlled (regulated) DC bias source in applications that are otherwise operated by uncontrolled current sources. In the present specification, an optional uncontrolled DC smooth polarization scheme is discussed and claimed, which, however, provides the correct potential for many modes of operation. The series load resistance and the internal resistance of the capacitor will usually suppress some resonance phenomena. AC mains capacitor specifications do not normally require such high rated voltages. This could become a widespread design requirement for the forthcoming widespread use of polarized capacitors in AC networks.

Moreover, induction generators have fundamental problems when powering induction motors. There is a significant lack of a magnetizing VAR. The present invention provides an excess of capacitance and greatly improves such applications. Such induction generators are much cheaper than synchronous generators, so significant economic benefits are expected.

Both resonant and non-resonant applications (for any frequency below the intrinsic resonance frequency of the polarized charge storage device) can be considered, and calculations and / or measurements can be performed for these applications. Likewise, other arbitrary sampling types may be selected for computational and / or measurement purposes. In the example below, an application using a computer-grade electrolytic capacitor with a large aluminum housing under non-resonant conditions at a 60 Hz sine wave is considered. In this example, simple first order calculations are performed.

Please consider a simple application of the load distribution, where the maximum steady state current is 10 A and the maximum transient is 90 A. The duration of the transient is assumed to be thermally significant. The system voltage is 120VACRMs ± 10%. The ambient temperature is fixed at 45 ° C. Forward-biased, a pair of anti-series pole capacitors of the present invention are placed in series connection with a single current source and load (the series anti-series pairs will be located in the energized branch). It was assumed that the value of the capacitive reactance would be +/- 20% of the nominal value. A design factor of 10% was used. Simple, first stage calculations will take into account airflow conditions without heat sinks or other applications related to extending the thermal characteristics of the capacitors. Temperature and frequency corrections and capacitor manufacturing tolerances are ignored in this example. Likewise, the voltage margin for reduced signal distortion and the life extension are ignored.

Let:

Vrms = RMS voltage of the alternating voltage

Vpp = AC voltage total amplitude value from peak to peak value

Vpo = AC voltage amplitude value from zero to peak value

Vhalf = AC voltage across a single capacitor from a pair of push-pull series capacitors

Vsurge = maximum DC surge voltage of the capacitor

WVDC = Rated DC voltage value of the capacitor

Vbias = DC voltage of capacitor bias

Dfac = 10% design factor

Cfac = 20% capacity change

PL 199 220 B1

It is worth noting that:

Vpp = 2Vpo = 2Vhalf = 2Vrms (root of two).

It is worth noting that the instantaneous superposition of Vbias and Vhalf must remain below the WVDC value. It is also worth noting that the Vbias value must equal or exceed the Vhalf value to maintain a continuous positive constant bias voltage across the polarized capacitor. It can also be observed that the steady state AC voltage is greatest when the DC bias voltage is half the WVDC value. The AC surge voltage value is greatest when the DC bias voltage is half the value of the maximum DC surge voltage range of the capacitor. Hence we see that (Vbias + Vhalf) must be equal to or greater than the value of the alternating voltage in the system. The AC voltage split is caused by a change in the current capacitance of the capacitors. Therefore, with a tolerance of 20% for changes in capacitive reactance and for a 10% change in system voltage, we get:

(Vpp) x Dfac x Cfac = (169.71 x 2) x 1.10 x 1.20 = 448.03 V

Per capacitor (Vpo) x Dfac x Cfac = (169.71) x 1.10 x 1.20 = 224.02 V

The AC voltage will be divided between the two series anti-parallel branches according to the present invention. Hence, based on this information, a first-order device can be selected.

An example of such a capacitor is the device labeled DCMC123T450FG2D. The nominal value of the capacitive reactance of this capacitor is 12000 gF, the ESR value is 13.3 mΩ and the maximum variable ripple current component is 24.0 A. The WVDC and Vsurge voltages are 450V and 500V DC, respectively. For this case, the Vbias value selected will be WVDC / 2 or 225V DC. This will correspond to a nominal superposition voltage of:

Vhalf + WVDC / 2 = 449.02V

A selection of eight capacitors (4 on each side) will provide a nominal current of 96 A.

The total nominal capacitance of the device is 12,000 x 4/2 = 24,000 gF. The nominal ESR value is 6.65 mQ, the capacitor impedance value is in the order of 12 mΩ, and the load impedance value is 1.33 Ω and 12.0 Ω respectively for the transient and steady state. The steady state AC voltage drop across the capacitor bank is in the order of 0.12V and the drop across each capacitive branch is 1.1V under more severe transient conditions. In this example, we can see that, with the exception of resonance and fault conditions, the nominal voltage of the capacitor is much higher than required. The advantages of using a lower voltage nominal capacitor are size, weight, capacitance and cost. Defects include destruction of the device under resonance conditions and damage. As always, economic and safety considerations will usually dictate the outcome of any consideration. For a more robust solution, this device can be constructed using fast electric fuses, surge arresters, leakage resistors and smoothing capacitors.

Technicians should exercise extreme caution when handling circuits that are constructed to the standards described in this document. The most widespread industry standard - "lock, label" is not enough for security. Large electrical capacitors that can be used in the present invention can remain electrically charged for days, unless suitable earth leakage resistors or the like are used. The presence of high voltage is clearly life-threatening. A special degree of attention here is recommended to anyone who operates a charged charging device according to the present invention. Persons inexperienced in this field should avoid contact with the circuits and circuit components. For example, a magnetoelectric galvanometer placed in a shunt with polarized capacitors can short a DC bias voltage as well as an AC power source. This will disrupt the process completely and may burn out the ammeter. It can also cause reverse polarity of the capacitor, with spillover short circuit and insulation breakdown. People who are new to circuit design should exercise extreme caution when adding circuit elements. Coil or small resistor

A PL 199 220 B1 shunt with a polarized capacitor will repeat the error effects associated with the meter application described above. For this reason, the normal mode should be to use the polarized capacitor assembly as the unit.

PECS device self-resonance phenomena can be bypassed to ground with an appropriate RF noise filter, or suppressed if it occurs.

The frequency response of the PECS described in this specification provides a useful addition to some variable frequency devices. Reducing the effective capacitive reactance of a circuit by increasing the frequency partially shifts the decrease in impedance with increasing frequency. For example, the efficiency of power transfer within a variable speed motor can be enhanced while low frequency current limitation is provided. Hence, the motor can operate at an improved power factor over an extended frequency range.

Full wave rectifiers may be constructed by connecting a single PECS device to each terminal of an AC power source in a push-pull configuration. The middle knot is then split. The rectifier bridge and the DC voltage output section are then connected to the free terminals of the PECS devices where the DC junction nodes were connected. The DC output is then ready for use in unearthed applications. Part of the split voltage at the DC voltage output is returned to the PECS device for polarization purposes. This design eliminates the need for an isolation transformer to power a battery charger or DC power supply. Additionally, the power factor of the rectifier will be corrected for the power factor at the inductive load of the equipment supplied through the isolation transformer. This circuit can be designed for single-phase or multi-phase applications. Other similar energy conversion circuit designs are shown in this document.

There are applications that take advantage of the end characteristics of discrete components. A voltage divider is present and properly designed filters can be used. High pass, low pass, and band pass filters associated with a central hub should be handled with extreme care and protection. It takes into account that those skilled in the art are familiar with design issues including magnetic saturation, resonance, Bode plot, Nyquist plot, and similar topics.

In line with these considerations, there are many circuit implementations suitable for establishing and maintaining appropriate DC bias capacitor voltage conditions. The direct current can come from any suitable circuit, including both regulated and unregulated sources. Care should also be taken to avoid ground loops and the DC bias of the AC power source; typically by using electrical insulation through a transformer and ungrounded secondary windings (maintenance charging of the DC power supply). Additionally, batteries can be used in the system to increase reliability. Battery power provides additional power for the period for which they are designed. A small electrochemical battery will provide a sufficient active DC bias source for many days, based on slow charge discharge from the polarized capacitors. The choice of battery technology depends on the specificity of the application. Factors including price, ambient temperature, seismic conditions, AC source reliability, ventilation, expected life, and the like dictate the choice of battery. The maximum battery charging voltage and the final discharge voltage or DC power system design should keep the polarized capacitor out of the limiting range of the AC signal.

The highest levels of DC bias voltage are required under conditions of resonance, fault, motor start-up, transformer start-up, switching operations, system voltage pulses, and similar situations. Lower bias voltage can be used in other operating conditions to increase the life of the capacitor. This voltage regulation may be automatic with a suitable feedback circuit. If required for safety reasons and individual application considerations,

Additional circuit elements such as earth leakage resistors, terminating resistors, harmonic filtering, voltage surge arresters, non-polarized smoothing capacitors, overcurrent protection, ground fault protection, switching, diagnostic and similar mechanisms may be included. Other applications may include contactors, DC precharging, soft start mechanisms, and the like. Changes and adjustments of this kind do not constitute a significant departure from the methods described in this specification.

There are many ways to implement the present invention. The two widest areas are the polarity sources and the AC and DC contact. The breadth of the scope of these domains is taken into account and contained in this document. It is expected that various economic schemes will be used in making and implementing the present invention. For example, in the drawings in this description, discrete diodes are shown. There are different types of diode combinations on the market. Two of these basic connections are a rectifier bridge and a common cathode, double diode. Devices such as these reduce the influence of the discrete component and thus reduce manufacturing costs. Multipole capacitors are another way to reduce the number of assembly steps. The Wheatstone bridge is a similar resistor combination. Indeed, the economics of microcircuit design is reduced through the use of discrete components. Such labor saving devices are expressly included in this specification. Moreover, various strategies for cooling the condenser and electric shock protection systems will be employed in the practice of the present invention. Such thermal regulations and electrical insulation methods and designs are expressly included in this specification.

Moreover, some applications use direct interfaces in the most economical way, while other applications use existing external circuit topologies. All device capacitance levels, measured as ampere, volt and / or frequency responses, are included in the present invention. Likewise, all suitable polarized electric charge storage devices are included herein. The invention may be embodied in other specific embodiments without departing from the spirit of the solution and its essential characteristics. Note that in any of the above solutions, component sizes can be scaled up or down. Representative circuit designs and methods of making them are sketched. The most economical embodiment will vary depending on the variables present in the application, including, without limitation, system voltage, steady state current requirements, transient current requirements, resonance probability, characteristics of the selected capacitor model, bias source selection, environment , redundancy requirements, external noise issues, internal noise issues and the like.

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention are either set forth herein, or will be clear to those skilled in the art upon study of this disclosure, or may be learned by practicing this invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and achieved with the devices and combinations specifically indicated herein and / or known to those skilled in the art. The embodiments of the present invention described in this specification are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope. Various changes, modifications, transformations and additions may be made in the given variants by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined herein. All variations made within the meaning and scope of equivalence of the claims and other disclosures herein are within the scope of the invention. Many applications of capacitors in AC networks under continuous and / or transient conditions are known to those skilled in the art, including, without limitation, resonance, commutation, ferresonance, voltage pulse protection, compensation, energy storage, disturbance control, regulation. voltage, current limit, signal transmission control and the like. In addition, the claims and disclosures are intended to cover all such uses, variations, and modifications thereof, which share the same spirit, scope and meaning of the invention.

PL 199 220 B1

Appendix A: Glossary of Terms

The term "push-pull series" refers to two or more polarized electric charge storage devices connected at the anodes and / or cathodes. Thus, anti-series PECS devices have DC junction nodes at the anodes, cathodes, or at the anodes and cathodes. The term should be understood in its broader sense and should not, for example, exclude the duplicate configuration of a large number of components such as polarized electric charge storage devices with multiple anodes (or cathodes) typically connected together in a DC junction node in current divider designs. For example, five polarized electric charge storage devices in a star configuration with the anodes connected to each other will be in a push-series configuration with each other. It can be seen that the devices for storing polarized electric charges in different branches of a multiphase AC system may also be in an anti-series configuration with each other. Likewise, when identifying a polarized charge storage device that is in an anti-series configuration, any device may actually include multiple devices configured in the shunt, e.g. In addition, several series PECS devices may be connected together in an anti-series fashion to increase the effective AC voltage rating. Likewise, several pairs of anti-series PECS devices may be connected together in series to increase the effective voltage rating. Finally, it has been found that AC system components (such as AC power sources or loads) can in fact be connected between the push-pull series devices in the DC junction node.

The terms "alternating current" or "AC power source" are used in their broad sense. The terms alternating current and AC power source should include, but are not limited to: alternating current of constant frequency, variable frequency, constant amplitude, variable amplitude, frequency modulated, amplitude modulated and / or pulse width modulated. Rope signals and / or communication techniques including sideband and superposition as well as other linear, non-linear, analog or digital signals and the like are also included within the scope of this term. AC power sources may contain harmonics. The terms AC and AC power source are considered to refer to variable time signals. These signals may contain data and / or energy. Hybrid AC power supplies differing in many ways and / or modes are similarly included within the scope of these terms. References to single AC power sources do not eliminate multiple AC power sources.

The term "AC blocking device" includes any device, method, structure or technique that provides a relatively high AC impedance as compared to the connected anti-series PECS devices and which at the same time can be configured to provide a DC path. for the polarization of these polarized electric charge storage devices. For example, AC blocking devices can include, without limitation, resistors, inductors, rectifiers, electrical switches, and the like.

The term "continuous and steady state" as used in this specification is not intended to indicate inappropriateness for transient applications such as actuation and the like.

The terms "direct current", "direct electricity" and "direct current strength" can refer to any technology, construction, physical state of the device, creating, causing, participating, supporting, or favoring unidirectional or predominantly unidirectional flux, displacement, transfer and / or the flow of one or more electric charge carriers including, but not limited to, electrons, ions and holes. This term should not be understood as excluding the bidirectional flow of inversely charged molecules. The term direct current refers broadly to a steady state voltage that does not substantially change with time.

PL 199 220 B1

The terms "DC power source", "DC voltage source" and "DC power source" are used in a broad range thereof. This term generally covers and includes any method and device used or useful in the generation, production, or rectification of AC to obtain DC. The term DC power source includes, without limitation, DC generators, electrochemical batteries, photovoltaic devices, rectifiers, fuel cells, DC quantum devices, certain electron tubes, and the like. The term includes the regulated, unregulated, filtered and unfiltered types of the devices mentioned. The term DC power sources includes, but is not limited to, rectifiers powered by non-electrically isolated sources, autotransformers, isolation transformers, and ferresonant transformers. DC-DC power supplies, switched DC power supplies, pulse chargers and the like are similarly included within the scope of these terms. A single term does not imply turning off multiple DC power supplies and / or an additional DC power source in shunt, series, and / or push-series configurations. Single-phase and multi-phase DC power supplies and / or chargers are included within the scope of these terms. This meaning also includes the ability to adjust the polarization level with direct current in real time. The use of a "diode voltage drop device" and carefully regulated voltages from a DC power supply can provide performance advantages and design advantages, especially where electrochemical batteries are used as a backup power source or when used in polarized storage devices. of electric charges in a push-pull series configuration.

The term "DC bias source" is used in a broad sense. This term generally covers and includes any method, structure, and / or device used or used to generate and distribute DC voltage and current in PECS devices while limiting, inhibiting and / or blocking the flow of AC current. The term DC bias source may include, without limitation, at least one DC voltage source substantially in series with the at least one AC blocking device. In the present invention, one or more DC bias sources are connected to PECS devices to apply and maintain a constant forward bias voltage on said PECS devices. The DC bias source shall prevent the connected electric charge storage devices from being reverse or excessively biased forward by the AC power source. A single DC voltage source may be configured to serve as a DC bias source for a plurality of PECS devices through appropriately connected DC-conducting blocking devices. Similarly, multiple DC voltage sources and / or DC bias sources may be configured to provide an additional bias voltage source for anti-series PECS devices in AC applications.

The term "DC junction node" corresponds to a node in a configuration of two or more anti-series polarized electric charge storage devices, where similarly polarized device nodes are connected together. Note that the DC junction node may or may not include one or more AC devices (such as an inductor) with a negligible DC voltage across the AC device. That is, there is essentially no DC voltage difference inside the DC junction node. Similarly, a DC bias circuit, meters, indicators, alarms, and the like may be connected to the DC junction node.

The term "electrical insulation" is used extensively. This term generally includes, without limitation, isolation transformers, ferroresonant transformers, and separately produced, inverted and / or generated alternating current electrical energy resources. DC isolation can be accomplished through the use of capacitors. The term electrical insulation should include direct current that is produced, rectified or generated separately. Electrical isolation is intended to transfer the ability to not have a fixed ground reference, select a common neutral, grounded, voltage

Reference or alternately selecting specific neutral, ground, or reference voltages. The selection is made at the time of connection or active connection and does not necessarily include materials or the nature of the power supply in the design.

The term "polarized electric charge storage device" is used in a broad sense. This term generally means any suitable polarized electric charge storage device and / or devices including, without limitation, electric capacitors, electrolytic batteries, certain devices, electron tubes, capacitive semiconductor devices, photovoltaic devices, fuel cells, quantum charge storage devices, and the like. For the purposes of this document, a polarized electric charge storage device can be any technology or device that supports static charge separation, favored charge storage polarity, and the ability to conduct, move, and / or transfer electric current. In many parts of this document - both in the description and through the illustrations - polarized capacitors are used to demonstrate various aspects of the present invention. However, it should be appreciated that any suitable polarized electric charge storage device may be used both in place of and in conjunction with the illustrated polarized capacitors. That is, none of the other PEC technologies are disabled.

The term "rectifier" is used in its broader sense. Any active or passive device and / or apparatus that favors or is configured to favor the unidirectional flow of electric charge carriers will be considered a rectifier. The bidirectional flow of oppositely charged molecules is directly included in the rectifier definition. The rectifier includes, but is not limited to, one or more diodes, transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers, limiting thyristors, thyristors, IGBTs, field effect transistors, split rings, certain electron tubes, and the like. The rectifier circuit configuration includes, but is not limited to, half-cycle rectifiers, full-wave rectifiers, split-cycle rectifiers, and polyphase rectifiers. The rectifying pulses may be out of phase to oppose, match, or shift the waveform to the AC current or voltage in single-phase or polyphase cases. This can be done through isolation transformers, phase shift methods on the winding, input / output delay, or electronically.

The term "sufficient DC forward bias" refers to methods, devices and / or apparatus listed or indicated herein as maintaining constant bias voltages applied to a polarized electric charge storage device, essentially to prevent harmful reverse polarity by a current signal. alternating. The steady state constant bias voltage may be set to any arbitrarily selected step level. This contrasts with the oscillating bias pattern known from previous solutions, which characteristically alternates between forward and reverse bias in cycles and / or distorts the AC signal due to excessive magnitude of the signal relative to the DC bias value. DC polarization involves operating within the forward voltage limits of the applied polarized electric charge storage devices. Likewise, the term also includes polarization conditions in which the DC bias voltage of each PECS significantly exceeds the applied AC signal value.

The terms "switch" and / or "electrical switch" refer to methods, devices and / or apparatus by which an electrical current can be turned off or on. The switch will include conductive mechanical contacts, electromechanical devices, semiconductor devices, relays, liquid contact devices such as a mercury switch, molecular switches, ionization devices, vacuum tubes, extinguishers, gates, quantum devices and the like. Additionally, differential devices such as variable resistors, potentiometers that can serve as light regulators and / or flow regulators, and on / off devices, and the like are also included within the meaning of the term. Any state of matter and / or change of state of matter used to control the flow of electricity, electricity flux, current or conduction, displacement and similar phenomena are also included.

PL 199 220 B1 in the term "switch". Likewise, sensors, servo motors, controllers, relays, circuit boards, semiconductor wafers, and the like related to various switch technologies are also included in this term. Electronic switches and switches that are used in a given document are to be interpreted broadly. The devices and methods mentioned in this document are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting.

The term "DC blocking device" shall include any device, method, design, apparatus and / or technique that provides relatively high resistance and / or resistance to flow of DC. For example, the term "DC blocking device can include, without limiting the scope of the term, polarized capacitors, non-polarized capacitors, electrochemical batteries, other polarized electric charge storage devices, resistors, rectifiers, and the like." Likewise, the isolation transformer serves as a DC interlock device, except that the DC power is not magnetically coupled. It can be seen that the rectifying bridge provides a higher order of DC blocking than that provided by a single rectifier or half wave bridge.

The term "temperature control" shall mean controlling the temperature of the PECS device by naturally or artificially driven means to alter the surface and / or core temperature of the device. Typical methods of temperature control include water baths, oil baths, coolers, circulation systems with heat sinks, and the use of heating elements and heat exchangers. Heat pumps, semiconductor cooling and other methods are suitable for maintaining and / or changing the temperature of the device.

The term "transient" as used in this specification is not intended to imply inadequacy for steady state or continuous duty applications.

Claims (61)

1. A polarized electric charge storage system designed to operate on an AC network that includes an AC power source and at least one load connected to an AC power source and receiving an AC signal that includes at least first and second storage devices. polarized electric charge in a series push-pull configuration, actively connected to an AC grid and receiving an AC signal, and at least one DC power source connected to the first and second PECS devices; characterized by at least one DC power source (616, 618, 663, 665, 774, 786, 818, 926, 1013, 1027) connected to the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors (612, 614; 662, 664; 778, 782; 812, 814; 912, 914; 1009, 1023) continuously holding both the first and second polarized charge storage device in a forward bias when acted on by a current signal alternating. 2. The system according to claim The method of claim 1, wherein blocking means for an AC signal to flow through the at least one DC power source (926; 1013, 1027). 3. The system according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein the series push-pull configuration of the PECS devices is connected in a shunt with an AC load. 4. The system according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein the series push-pull configuration of the PECS devices is connected in series between the AC power source (605, 652) and the AC load (620, 670). 5. The system according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one output terminal of the at least one DC power source (1013) is electrically insulated from the at least one AC power source (1005). PL 199 220 B1 6. The system according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one DC power source (1401) is unearthed. 7. The system according to p. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one output terminal of the at least one DC power source (774, 786) is operatively connected to ground of the AC system. 8. Layout according to claims The method of claim 1, characterized in that the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors (612, 614; 662, 664; 778, 782; 1112, 1114), are symmetrically DC biased with respect to each other. 9. Arrangement according to claim The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second PECS, preferably capacitors (912, 914; 1009, 1023), are interconnected at a DC junction node, the circuit further comprising at least one AC blocking device. connected between a DC junction node and a DC reference node. 10. The system according to p. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one AC blocking device comprises a resistor (1017) with a sufficiently high impedance compared to the first and second PECS devices. 11. The system according to p. The method of claim 9, characterized in that the DC junction node comprises at least one AC device between the first and second PECS devices. 12. The system according to p. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising an AC blocking device between the DC junction node and another node of the first and second PECS devices. The system according to p. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one DC power source includes first and second DC power sources to bias the first and second PECS devices separately. 14. The system according to p. The method of claim 13, wherein the first DC power source is provided in a shunt to the first PECS. 15. The system according to p. The method of claim 14, further comprising an AC blocking device operatively connected between the first DC power source and the first PECS device. 16. The system according to p. The method of claim 15, characterized in that the second DC power source is in a configuration in parallel with the second polarized electric charge storage device. 17. The system according to p. The method of claim 16, wherein the second DC power source is connected in parallel to the at least second PECS device through the at least one AC blocking device. 18. The system according to p. The process of claim 17, wherein at least one terminal of the first DC power source and at least one output terminal of the second DC power source are unearthed. 19. The system according to p. The method of claim 17, wherein at least one terminal of the first DC power source and at least one output terminal of the second DC power source are electrically isolated from the AC power source. 20. The system as claimed in claim 1, The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one DC power source comprises a first DC power source having a first and a second output terminal for providing a DC potential, the first output terminal being connected to a DC junction node and the second output terminal being connected to another. node of the first and second polarized electric charge storage devices. 21. The system according to p. The method of claim 20, further comprising at least one AC blocking device connected in series between the DC junction node and the first output terminal. 22. The system according to claim 22 The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising at least one AC blocking device connected in series between another node of the first and second PECS and the second output terminal. 23. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, wherein the AC network (1200) is a polyphase AC network with an AC tap for each phase of the network, the first PECS device being part of the first AC tap (1209A) and the second AC storage device. The polarized electric charge forms part of the second AC leg (1209B). 24. The system according to claim 24 The method of claim 1, characterized in that the AC network (1300) is a multiphase AC network with an AC tap for each phase of the network, the first and second PECS devices, preferably capacitors (1309), being part of the first AC branch. . The system according to claim 25 The method of claim 1, characterized in that the configuration of PECS devices, preferably capacitors (612, 614; 662, 664; 778, 782; 812, 814; 912, 914; 1112, 1112; 1309), is actively connected to the current network for steady state operation. 26. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, characterized in that both PECS devices, preferably capacitors (2101, 2102, 2103, 2104), are mounted in a common housing. The system of claim 27 26, characterized in that the first and second polarized electric charge storage devices, preferably capacitors (2101, 2102, 2103, 2104), are suspended in the dielectric fluid and attached to the housing by an insulating connector (2111, 2112), the housing being a sealed container. against electric shock when touched. The system of claim 28 A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the load is an ac single-phase induction motor with an auxiliary phase and the polarized electric charge storage devices (1903) are connected in series between the AC power source (1904) and the winding (1900) of the induction motor with an AC auxiliary phase. and remain connected during continuous operation of the engine. The system of claim 29 1, alternating in that the PECS (2002) is part of an LC filter circuit including an inductor (2001), the LC filter circuit is tuned to a fundamental power frequency and additionally includes a switch (2003) for bypassing the storage devices. polarized electric charge (2002) after detecting a disturbance further down the circuit. 30. The system of claim 1 The AC power source of claim 1, wherein the AC power source is the first AC power source and the second AC power source of a different AC voltage than that of the first AC power source is operatively connected to the first PECS via a current limiting rectifier. . 31. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, wherein the DC voltages biasing the first and the second PECS substantially cancel each other out. 32. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, further comprising an AC device interposed between the series push-pull polarized electric charge storage devices, the AC device operating at a different DC voltage level than the connected AC system. The system of claim 33 The method of claim 32, wherein the ac device comprises a DC power source. The system of claim 34 The method of claim 33, wherein a portion of the DC power source is actively connected between the series anti-series PEC devices and biases the DC electric charge in the forward direction of the first and second PECS devices. 35. The system of claim 35 The method of claim 1, characterized in that the series push-pull polarized electric charge storage devices connect, within the AC system, a neutral AC node to a grounded node. PL 199 220 B1 The system of claim 36 The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second PECS have a positive and negative node, at least the positive or negative nodes of the first and second PECS devices are connected together for direct current. The system of claim 37 The method of claim 36, characterized in that, for direct current, the positive nodes from the first and second PECS are connected together and the negative nodes from the first and second PECs are connected together. The system of claim 38 The method of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional PECS device connected in a shunt to a second PECS device, the at least one PECS device being in an anti-series configuration with the first one. polarized electric charge storage device. 39. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 38, wherein the at least one additional PECS device is also in series opposing configuration with the second PECS device, the first, second, and at least one additional PECS device being disposed with respect to the second PECS device. themselves in a series push-pull configuration. 40. The system of claim 40 The method of claim 1, further comprising one or more sets of forwardly polarized series electric charge storage devices connected to each other and connected to the first and second PECS devices in a series push-pull configuration at the current junction node. constant, forming an AC divider circuit. 41. The system according to claim 41 The method of claim 1, further comprising a non-polar capacitor (776, 784; 1011) connected in parallel to at least the first polarized electric charge storage device, preferably a capacitor (778, 782; 1009, 1023). 42. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, characterized in that the anti-series PEC devices, preferably capacitors (612, 614; 662, 664; 778, 782; 812, 814; 912, 914; 1112, 1112; 1309), are used in an AC system in steady state. 43. The system of claim 1 The method of claim 1, characterized in that the first and second polarized electric charge storage devices, preferably capacitors (2101, 2102, 2103, 2104), in a series push-pull arrangement are suspended in a dielectric fluid and attached to the housing by an insulating connector (2111, 2112), wherein the housing constitutes a container protected against electric shock upon contact and contains electrical connection contacts. 44. An ac network comprising an ac power source, an ac load operatively connected to an ac power source, characterized in that it comprises a circuit as defined in claim 1. 1. 45. A method of using polarized electric charge storage devices in an AC network containing an AC power source and an actively connected AC load, in which at least a first and a second polarized electric charge storage device in an anti-series configuration are connected to the AC network, and an ac signal is applied to these devices; and biasing the PECS devices in forward direction using at least one DC voltage, characterized in that both PECS devices, preferably capacitors (612, 614; 622, 664; 778, 782; 812, 814; 912, 914; 1009, 1023), polarizes continuously during operation of the AC network. 46. The method of p. The method of claim 45, characterized in that DC voltages are applied to the first and second PECS devices which cancel each other out with respect to the AC network. PL 199 220 B1 47. The method of p. 45. The method of claim 45, characterized in that connecting the series of push-pull polarized charge storage devices comprises connecting the first and second polarized capacitors (612, 614; 622, 664; 778, 782; 812, 814; 912, 914; 1009, 1023). 48. 47, characterized in that the first and second polarized capacitors are connected together at a DC junction node, further connecting an AC blocking device between the DC junction node and the reference point of the at least one DC power source (926; 1013, 1027). ). 49. The method according to p. 48, characterized in that the connection of the anti-series PECS devices to the AC network comprises the connection of the series anti-series polarized capacitors (612, 614; 662, 664) in series between the AC power source (605, 652) and the load. alternating current (620, 670). 50. The method of The method of claim 45, further adjusting the impedance of the AC network as seen by the AC power source by activating the polarized electric charge storage devices in a push-series series configuration in a controlled manner. 51. The method of p. 50, characterized in that the devices in a push-pull series configuration are controlled to the network by means of an electrical switch. 52. 47, characterized in that the parameters of the ac network are altered by changing the temperature of the PECS in a controlled manner. 53. The method of p. 52, characterized in that the temperature of PECS devices, preferably capacitors (2101, 2102, 2103, 2104), is controlled by means of heat exchangers (2109). 54. The method of p. The method of claim 45, further connecting resistor elements in the shunt to the first and second polarized electric charge storage devices, biasing the devices in the forward direction and keeping them in equilibrium when used in a voltage divider circuit. 55. The method of p. The method of claim 45, wherein, in addition, at least one leakage resistor discharging the bias voltage applied to the PECS devices is operatively connected to the first and second PECS devices. 56. The method of p. The method of claim 45, wherein the AC voltage is applied to each PECS device less than the DC bias voltage applied to the devices. 57. The method of p. The method of claim 45, wherein the value of the DC and AC overlapping voltages applied to the steady state PEC devices is within the voltage rating of each PECS. 58. The method of p. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one electrically isolated DC bias source is connected to the first PECS device in a shunt for use in a steady state AC system. 59. The method of p. The method of claim 45, wherein at least one electrically isolated DC bias source is connected to the first PECS device in a shunt for use in a non-steady state alternating current system. 60. The method of p. The method of claim 58, wherein a rectifying bridge is provided to isolate the electrically rectified DC current that continuously charges the first polarized electric charge storage device. 61. The method of p. The method of claim 60, wherein electrically isolating at least one DC pole of the DC bias source from the at least one AC power source, maintaining a constant forward bias of the first electric charge storage device.