OA20561A - Phosphorus production methods and systems and methods for producing a reduction product. - Google Patents

Abstract

A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 °C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.

Description

N0VAPH0S INC.

Phosphorus Production Methods and Systems and Methods for Producing a Réduction Product

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application daims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U,S. Provisional Pat. App. No. 62/868,919, filed on June 30, 2019 and entitled “Phosphorus Pentoxide Production Methods and Systems with Increased Yield, to U.S. Provisional Pat. App. No. 62/905,749, filed on September 25, 2019 and entitled “Phosphorus Pentoxide Production Methods and Systems with a Rotary Hearth Furnace”, and to U.S. Provisional Pat. App. No. 63/006,637, filed on April 7, 2020 and entitled “Phosphorus Production Methods, Systems, and Compositions; Energy Réduction Methods; and Supplementary Cementitious Material”, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Phosphorus pentoxide has the molecular formula P4O10, usually présent in the gas phase, but is commonly represented by its empirical formula, P2O5, from which phosphorus pentoxide dérivés its name. One known method for producing phosphorus pentoxide involves processing agglomérâtes, such as pellets or balls, containing phosphate ore, silica, and coke on the bed floor of a rotary kiln. The processing chemically reduces the phosphate ore and generates gaseous phosphorus (often P, P2, or P₄) and carbon monoxide (CO) off gas to the kiln freeboard where they are burned (oxidized) with air to provide heat for the process. It may be referred to as the kiln phosphoric acid (KPA) process. The oxidized phosphorus (normally, phosphorus pentoxide) can be scrubbed from the kiln off gases with a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution and water to make a suitable phosphoric acid product.

[0003] From a theoretical viewpoint, KPA processing has been a Iong-preferred process for the recovery of phosphorus from ore due to its energy efficiency and high throughput capability. Despite promising yîelds and économies, the KPA, process has not been utilized commercially due to low actual yields. US App. Pub. No. 2019/0292055 also describes unexpected costs encountered at a demonstration-scale plant.

[0004] The Improved Hard Process (IHP) described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,378,070 and 7,910,080 provided severai advancements to the KPA process. U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,734,749 and 9,783,419 and US App. Pub. No. 2019/0292055 additionally describe methods and Systems related to the IHP for the réduction and recovery of phosphorus from apatite. The pertinent and supportive teachings of each of these five patent documents are incorporated herein by reference. Despite the advancements, implémentation ofthe IHP revealed that new methods and Systems for production of phosphorus by carbo-thermal réduction may be bénéficiai, for example, to increase yield.

SUMMARY

[0005] A phosphorus production method includes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a core initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material, the core initially providing a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. The method can include maintaining a température in the reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C along at least a portion of the reducing bed. Off gas is generated from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide. The method can include collecting phosphorus from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes, less than 20% ofthe phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes remaining in the residue.

[0006] Another phosphorus production method includes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a cote initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material. The method includes continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable while in the reducing bed. A température can be maintained in the reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C along at least a portion ofthe reducing bed. Off gas is generated from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide. The method includes collecting phosphorus from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

[0007] A phosphorus production system includes a reaction chamber, a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a réduction zone differentiated from a preheatzone, and a bed floorat a bottom ofthe reaction chamber. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the réduction zone during operation while keeping feed agglomérâtes thereon substantially stable at least while in the réduction zone. The system includes one or more direct-fired burners in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone, and one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above the bed floor in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone. One or more indirect heating sources are in the preheat zone.

[0008] A phosphate ore feed agglomerate includes a core containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material. The core can provide a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 and a phosphate content of greater than 13 weight % as P2O5.

[0009] A method for producing a réduction product includes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a core initially containing an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. The method includes continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable while in the reducing bed. A température is maintained in the reaction chamber along at least a portion of the reducing bed partly by adding heat from a first heat source. Gaseous products are generated that enter a freeboard over the reducing bed from a reduction-oxidation reaction occurring in the reducing bed, the gaseous products containing a réduction product from réduction ofthe oxidizing agent and an incompletely oxidized oxidation product from oxidation ofthe reducing agent. The method includes exothermically oxidizing the réduction product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber and exothermically further oxidizing the incompletely oxidized oxidation product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source to reach the température in the reaction chamber. The method includes collecting oxidized réduction product and/or remaining, unoxidized réduction product, if any, from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

[0010] A supplementary cementitious material (SCM), includes a flowable particulate material containing phosphate ore residue and calcium silicate and exhibiting pozzolanic properties surtable for SCM.

[0011] The features, functions, and advantages that hâve been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Some embodiments are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

[0013] Fig. 1 is a top sectional view of a rotary hearth furnace (RHF) taken along line 1-1 shown in Fig. 2.

[0014] Fig. 2 is a side sectional view of the RHF in Fig. 1 taken along line 2-2 shown in Fig. 1.

[0015] Fig. 3 is a partial, radial sectional view ofthe RHF in Fig. 1 taken along line 3-3 shown in Fig. 1.

[0016] Fig. 4 is a quartered sectional view ofthe RHF in Fig. 1 taken along line 4-4 shown in Fig. 1.

[0017] Fig. 5 is a prédominance diagram for aîkaline earth phosphates.

[0018] Fig. 6 is a prédominance diagram for CaO interaction with phosphorus.

[0019] Fig. 7 is a graph of phosphate yield, as P2O5, versus silica ratio for several températures.

[0020] Fig. 8 is a graph of phosphate extraction, as P2O5, versus silica ratio for several températures.

[0021] Fig. 9 is a diagram of a system for producing elemental phosphorus and phosphoric acid.

[0022] Fig. 10 is a diagram of system for producing elemental phosphorus that includes the elemental phosphorus condenser of Fig. 9.

[0023] Fig. 11 is a graph of phosphate yield, as P2O5, versus silica ratio.

[0024] Fig. 12 is a graph of phosphate yield, as P2O5, versus température for Mix in Table 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] One area of discovery described herein regards the use of reaction chambers, such as reaction chambers with a hearth-like bed floor and reaction chambers found in rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs), rotary kilns, tunnel kilns, etc., for the réduction and recovery of éléments from an oxidized state. For example, phosphorus may be recovered from apatite and other phosphate-bearing materials to produce phosphoric acid and/or elemental phosphorus, as well as supplementary cementitious material and/or lightweight aggregate. Also, for example, the reaction chambers may operate at températures from 1180 °C to less than 1400 ’C, such as from 1225 to less than 1400 °C, including 1225 to 1380 °C, 1250 to 1380 °C, and 1250 to 1350 °C. The various methods, Systems, and compositions described individually herein may be implemented alone or in combination.

[0026] A reaction chamber provides an enclosed space where process conditions may be controlled and process off gases collected. In reaction chambers within a hearth-like bed floor, the carbo-thermal réduction reaction of phosphate may occur as a continuous process and may allow for increased phosphate yields while reducing négative impacts of dust. The phosphorus collected from the off gas may be oxidized in a thermal oxidizer, as described further below. The processed agglomérâtes may be a co-product, as described further below, suitable for several construction applications, including use as a lightweight aggregate (whole agglomerate) or supplementary cementitious material (such as when subsequently ground to less than 45 micrometers (pm)).

[0027] Aside from the silica ratio in the process feed, compositions for feed agglomérâtes that are generally known may be used in the methods herein in accordance with known considérations for selecting such compositions. The known improved hard process (IHP) is based on maintaining a certain silica ratio to decrease melting in the solids at operating températures. The silica ratio (SR) herein refers to the formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide or (%SiO2/60)/((%CaO/56)+(%MgO/40.3)). According to the IHP, SR should be maintained around 2.0 to avoid the eutectic point at which slag and some calcium silicates liquefy. The known IHP uses a ported rotary kiln as the means to provide the energy and température for the réduction reaction that drives off the phosphorus. Melting in this vessel may lead to very difficult operating conditions as cold agglomérâtes from the feed end run into and stick to melted material in the hot end of the kiln. This forons large lumps, or clinkers, which may be difficuît to remove and may further deteriorate the integrity of the kiln bed contaîning the agglomérâtes. Usualiy, no amount of melting can be tolerated in a rotary kiln.

[0028] Some of the methods herein use a much lower silica ratio mix that is on the other side of the eutectic point on the phase diagram. The eutectic point starts at around 0.67 SR and ends at around 1.5. Ratios below 0.67 and above 1.6 can allow températures to be hotter in the system to initîate réduction without melting. A ratio of 1.6 often does not allow températures high enough for réduction to occur, which îs the reason for the ratio of 2.0 in the IHP.

[0029] As demonstrated herein, silica ratios of around 0.5, such as 0.3 to 0.7, can be used that produce réduction yields of 90% or higher without significant melting and at températures just above 1250 °C. There may be a small amount of melting that occurs at the 0.3 to 0.7 ratio. Generally, it is a very viscous melt that is not flowable, though it may stick to the other agglomérâtes. In nearly ail cases, even small amounts of melting and stickiness can be undesirable in a rotary kiln.

[0030] An RHF offers a bed floor that keeps agglomérâtes substantially stable, that is, stationary with respect to each other, while continuously moving under a heat source. A “substantially” stable bed permits some settling or incidental shifting in relative position among the agglomérâtes while the bed floor continuously moves, but does not intentionally tumble, blend, or similarly disturb the bed. A small amount of melting may be acceptable in this System without the deleterious effect observed in rotary kilns. As a precedent, iron ore Systems using RHFs allow their agglomérâtes to melt to increase yield and throughputs.

[0031] Accordingly, in phosphorus production, operating température may be 1250 to 1380 ’C, including 1250 to 1350 °C, and silica ratio may be 0.7 to 0.3, with the lower silica ratio corresponding to the higher température and the higher silica ratio corresponding to the lower température, for yields of greater than 80%, such as greater than 85%, including greater than 93%. Résidence times with less than 60 minutes of heating at the target température, such as 30 to less than 60 minutes, including 30-45 minutes, may be sufficient to achieve the stated yields within the ranges of silica ratio and température. Test data below describe results în the indicated ranges. Though well-suited to an RHF, such process conditions could be used in other reaction chambers with a hearth-like bed floor or tunnel kilns with a bénéficiai resuit. A rotary kiln might even be suitable, assuming the melting can be tolerated or controîled by some means other than a high silica ratio above 1.6.

[0032] One benefit of using a lower silica ratio includes increased phosphorus throughputs per unit ton of feed material. For example, in one high silica ratio mix with a silica ratio of 2.5, phosphate (as P2O5) levels are 11-13 weight percent (wt%), depending on other impurities. în a comparable, lower silica ratio mix in which only the silica ratio is changed to 0.5, P2O5 levels are 17-20 wt%. This increases throughput or P2O5 extraction potential from 9% up to 17%, for example, nearly doubling potential P2O5 extraction. Often, producing a mix for feed agglomérâtes with a high silica ratio, such as above 1.6, includes adding supplémentai silica to the mix of phosphate ore and carbonaceous material in addition to silica already in the phosphate ore, To produce a lower silica ratio mix, the amount of supplémentai silica may be left out or at least decreased. Less supplémentai silica then allows more concentrated phosphate to be contained in the agglomerate mix.

[0033] Summarizing the description above, tradeoffs exist between choosing to operate at SR 0.3 compared to SR 0.7. At the lower SR 0.3, the melting risk is lower and the P2O5 levels are higher, but the yield at lower températures is lower. At the higher SR 0.7, the yield at low températures is higher, but the melting risk is higher and the P2O5 levels are lower. Table 1 highlights the tradeoffs. The description above describes the benefits of operating at SR 0.3 to 0.7 compared to a silica ratio on the other side of the eutectic higher than 1.6, such as 2.0. Even so, the methods, Systems, and compositions herein may relieve some of the disadvantages of SR higher than 1.6, as demonstrated with pilot-scale testing at SR 2.0 and higher described below. Table 1 also highlights tradeoffs for silica ratios higher than 1.6,

Table 1

Considération	SR 0.3	SR0.4to SR 0.6	SR 0.7
Yield at lower températures	Lower	--------------►	Higher
Melting risk	Lower	——--».	Higher
P2O5 in feed	Higher	4——-———-	Lower
	SR >1.6	SR1.7to SR 1.9	SR 2.0 and higher
Yield at lower températures	Lower	--„-----»	Higher
Melting risk	Higher	-	Lower
P2O5 in feed	Higher	-4--------------------------	Lower

[0034] One example of a suitable RHF includes a rotating annular hearth surrounded by a stationary reaction chamber, The reaction chamber may be heated and maintained up to 1380 ^QC by indirect heaters and/or by the direct combustion of 5 fuel gas, natural gas, or fuel oil, to which may be added port air or oxygen-enriched combustion air, injected through the furnace roof and/or walls. Indirect heaters provide heat transfer without relying on a direct flame or exhaust from combustion. Post-combustion of carbon monoxide gas from a bed of agglomérâtes may further heat the reaction chamber. Radiation is the main mode of heat transfer in an RHF from the gas and furnace walls to the agglomerate bed. The secondary heat transfer mechanisms are convection from the gas and conduction from the floor.

[0035] RHFs are used to reduce iron oxide into pig iron or pure iron. Similar to IHP, iron ore solids are ground and mixed with reductant carbon. This mix is agglomerated and layered onto the hearth where radiative heat allows for the carbon to reduce the oxide. However, the iron product is in the solids discharged from the hearth, whîle the phosphorus product from IHP is in the off gas. The literature describes direct reduced iron (DRI) produced by RHF and both DRI and zinc oxide produced by RHF.

[0036] An RHF may hâve réduction températures and times similar to a ported rotary kiln. Off gases could be coilected with a phosphoric acid scrubbing system in a similar manner to a kiln process off gas, or other known scrubbing Systems. The IHP is based on the use ofthe ported rotary kiln. Operational issues hâve occurred with ported rotary kilns, including dust génération from the tumbling action ofthe bed and lower yields due to exposure ofthe entire bed to oxidizing gases, such as Oz and CO2 at low bed températures during the slow ramp up of bed température. Oxidizing gases burn with the carbon required for the reaction and could also change the agglomerate surface chemistry due to the prématuré loss of carbon, which would not allow gaseous phosphorus to escape the agglomerate. The gaseous phosphorus can react with calcium remaining on the bail surface to form calcium phosphates.

[0037] As a resuit, benefits A-D of the RHF over known rotary kilns and/or known tunnel kilns are listed below. Though listed as benefits of an RHF as an example, the additional descriptions below explain how these benefits may be extended to other Systems, including Systems using reaction chambers with a hearth-like bed floor.

A. No tumbling ofthe agglomérâtes while they rest on the hearth-like bed floor, which can generate dust and produce solid précipitâtes due to subséquent back reactions, as with agglomérâtes that tumble through a rotary kiln. These précipitâtes can shorten the life ofthe rotary kiln.

B. Increased phosphorus recovery and increased phosphate yield resulting from decreased exposure of feed agglomerate surface area to harmful oxidation reactions from freeboard gas. This may be achieved through one or more methods including indirect heating, use of a stable bed, fast ramp up to réduction température (i.e., decreased heating times), and the use of protective layering in the agglomerate bed. The setup, operation, feed, discharge, and materîals of construction of an RHF are better suited for these methods than both a known rotary kiln and a known tunnel kiln.

C. Potential to allow feed agglomérâtes to melt without harmful effects on hearth.

D. Downstream phosphoric acid recovery plant for an indirectly-heated RHF can be smaller than a direct fired known rotary kiln or known tunnel kiln for the same amount of materials processed and the same amount of acid production. As explained below, limitations on indirect heating exist in rotary kilns such that an indirectly-heated kiln cannot attain the level of heat transfer found in a directlyheated kiln,

[0038] Similar benefits may potentially be obtained from use of, or be designed into, Systems other than RHFs that include reaction chambers with a hearth-like bed floor.

[0039] Benefit A: Dusting

[0040] A rotary kiln opérâtes at an incline with a component of vertical rotation by which it constantly tumbles the feed bed as the means to transport the material from feed end to discharge. The tumbling action créâtes dust due to attrition of the agglomerate surface. Some of this dust is swept into the feed bed and the freeboard of the kiln, where it can then react with other components and precipitate on colder sections of the kiln, mainly near the solid feed end where the gas is discharged. Some calcium phosphates produced on the agglomerate surface can also dust-off, start to melt in the hot area of the kiln, and then re-precipitate in the coder sections. These précipitâtes eventually start to block the air flow, resulting in a need to shut the kiln down and clean out the solids.

[0041] It has been demonstrated (see, US Pat. No. 9,783,419) that a separate induration kiln (preceding the réduction kiln) effectively heat hardens the feed agglomérâtes to significantly decrease agglomerate dusting and breakage. But, the rotary tumbling action may still resuit in dust due to attrition in the réduction kiln. In addition, dust generated in the induration kiln may carry over on the surface of the heat hardened agglomérâtes fed to the réduction kiln. A dust loss of 0.1% from the feed agglomérâtes that is discharged to the freeboard can be enough to resuit in kiln rings and solîds buildup. Also, combustion and/or port air can react with gaseous phosphorus, such as P, P2, or P4 (referred to herein as “gaseous P”), to create more P4O10 in the freeboard, which readily reacts with the incoming dust to create calcium phosphates responsible for buildups and rings in the kiln.

[0042] An RHF may be the means to impart sufficient energy for the carbothermal réduction reaction. The RHF does not tumble the bed as a means of continuous feed and transport to a hot zone, where exposure to températures sufficient for réduction occurs, as in a rotary kiln. In an RHF, the bed is established on the hearth table via continuous feed and remains stable while it is transported mechanically via rotation in a horizontal plane under stationary heating sources, whether direct fired, indirect fired, or electric. As a resuit, dust formation may greatly decrease. The residual dust carried over from previous operational steps (dryer, conveyor, etc.) will likely stay in the bed as the bed is not turning over into an airswept freeboard like in the kiln.

[0043] In addition, it is possible for port air not to be added into the reaction chamber itself, but to the RHF exhaust gases by way of an afterburner in a secondary processing step. Thus, P4O10 formation diminishes within the reaction chamber, beneficially decreasing dust and free board component reactions that contribute to build-up. Addîng port air to a rotary kiln’s off gas by way of an afterburner is not as effective due to excess dust in the off gas and the likelihood of buildups and rings in the afterburner. The RHF may also be designed with more uniform température zones, which impede formation of cooler spots, régions, and other potential areas for solids précipitation to occur.

[0044] An RHF is one type of reaction chamber with a hearth-like bed floor. Other reaction chambers with hearth-like bed floors might be used successfully in the methods and Systems herein. A hearth-like bed floor does not intentionally tumble the bed. A reaction chamber with a hearth-like bed floor may provide continuous transport of agglomérâtes through the hot zone, where exposure to températures sufficient for réduction occurs. In contrast to continuous transport of agglomérâtes through the hot zone, batch transport would involve loading agglomérâtes onto a hearth-like bed floor in a reaction chamber and holding the bed floor stationary in the hot zone for carbo-thermal réduction. There would also be a loss of heat on the bed floor while loading and unloading the bed between batches.

[0045] Benefit B: Decreasinq Oxidizinq Freeboard Gases to Increase Phosphorus Recovery and Phosphate Yield

[0046] Phosphate yield indicates the amount of phosphate initially in feed agglomérâtes that does not remain in the residue containing processed agglomérâtes. Phosphorus recovery indicates the amount of phosphorous initially in feed agglomérâtes that is collected, usually as phosphoric acid, but possibly as elemental phosphorous. Phosphate yields and phosphorous recovery can be negatively impacted by insufficient available energy or température to start the carbo-thermal réduction reaction or by insufficient carbon to complété the reaction.

[0047] Reducing conditions in the kiln atmosphère or kiln freeboard insufficient to suppress the formation of calcium phosphates on the agglomerate surface can also negatively impact yield. Overall, under known ported rotary kiln conditions, actual phosphate yields are approximately 60%, often with a maximum of 70%. Under oxîdatîve conditions, some of the gaseous P released from the carbo-thermal réduction of apatite reacts with calcium on the outer layer of the agglomérâtes to create a “white shell” that not only continues to build, but also restricts complété évolution of gaseous P, thus limiting overall phosphate extraction and yields. Depending on the oxidative conditions, the P2O5 concentration in the white shell may be higher than that of the original feed. Also, the mass of the shell may be up to 50% ofthe total mass ofthe reduced agglomerate due to its higher density as compared to the inner core. In some agglomérâtes, the outer, white shell is quite differentiated from the core and from a transition layer between the core and the white shell and is about 0.5 -1.0 millimeter thick.

[0048] Recent testing and analysis identified the main components of the white Shell, its mechanism of formation, and the atmospheric reducing conditions that diminish the white shell formation. Spent agglomérâtes from a pilot-scale, ported rotary kiln process underwent SEM/EDS and XRD laboratory analysis, revealing that the white shell contained a calcium phosphate minerai, Whitlockite [(Ca9(Mg,Fe)(PO4)6PO3OH)] along with a hydrated alumino-calcium silicate (Levyne) and Fluorapatite [(Cas(PO4)3F)]. The concentration of phosphorus is higher in these compounds than in the original apatite, indicating that a secondary, calcium-based reaction produced the white shell, rather than unreacted apatite.

[0049] Besides the white shell, the discharged kiln pellet had an inner dark core comprised of predominantly quartz (natural) and Silicon oxide (artificial due to heating) and a calcium alumino-silicate (Anorthite family) (Cao.5((Alo.iSh.9)04). There was less than 1 % phosphate in the inner core of the reduced pellet that was discharged from the kiln. The low phosphate content in the inner core confirmed there was sufficient time, température, and carbon content available for near complété reactions with 90% or higher yields.

[0050] The loss of yield was believed due to the formation of calcium phosphates on the surface ofthe agglomerate, which was a function ofthe oxidative conditions in the freeboard ofthe kiln. A thermodynamic analysis ofthe operating conditions reveals the conditions that might lead to forming this white shell.

[0051] A prédominance diagram (modified for simplicity) can help clarify the conditions for stability of different phases. From the diagram in Fig. 5, one can see that conditions to keep phosphorus from back reacting to form calcium phosphate are quite reducing. The lines for P2 gas at 1 atm and 0.1 atm are given. These show that for the 0.1 atm P2 line, CO concentrations need to be above about 1% (-2 on the log axis), but that CO2 concentrations must be less than -0.1%. This indicates the degree of réduction that is required in a carbo-thermal réduction process for the production of phosphorus.

[0052] A second approach to the prédominance diagram is only to look at calcium bearing phases to see when CaO is predominate and when calcium phosphate exists, This is shown in Fig. 6 where hydrogen has been removed from the conditions and the P in the gas is fixed. Changing the partial pressures of P2 can impact the diagram slightly, but the purpose is to show where CaO can no longer form phosphates. It can be seen in Fig. 6 that a CO/CO2 ratio of about 10,000 is needed to suppress CaO’s ability to combine with phosphorus. This ratio is clearly much higher than the freeboard conditions in a direct fuel fired kiln due to air injection and subséquent formation of high concentrations of CO2.

[0053] Based upon recent test work using various fixed CO/CO2 atmosphères, there is strong evidence that the phosphorus is released from the pellet and recaptured from the bulk gas. It appears that once phosphorus has reacted on the surface, it remains there. This would indicate that the phosphorus transitions from a relatively reactive phase (apatite) to one that is more stable (Whitlockite). The mechanism of phosphorus rétention appears to be due to the bulk gas phase being too oxidizing.

[0054] To control the négative yield impacts of the oxidative atmosphère in a rotary kiln, measures 1-4 could be attempted:

1. Use of indirect heating and no port air addition to diminish formation of CO2;

2. Decrease bed surface area of the agglomérâtes exposed to the atmosphère;

3. Quicker ramp up times to reaction températures to evolve the gaseous P faster than the calcium phosphate formation; and/or

4, Addition of protective layer of carbon to keep localized CO/CO2 levels high.

[0055] However, as discussed, ported rotary kilns are designed to use a single fuel-fired burner with a well-mixed bed that exposes surface area of the bed as it rotâtes under a slow ramp up of température. The rotation of the kiln also decreases effectiveness of a protective carbon layer. In comparison, an RHF may be désignée! to implement one or more of the four favorable measures listed above.

[0056] Measure 1 : Indirect Heating Using Electric Heating Eléments and/or Radiant Tube Burners. This diminishes the high CO2 content from the direct combustion of natural gas, coal, or fuel oil that occurs in a rotary kiln. This is more easily accomplished in an RHF as multiple heating éléments can be added along the perimeter ofthe hearth above a bed to create the desired heat. Radiant tube burners are indirect-fired heat sources using combustion to generate heat, but containing and venting exhaust. Combustion products do not corne in contact with material to be heated. However, a rotating kiln bed limits the number of heating elements/indirect burners in a kiln since the installation is limited to the feed end of the kiln, which may also move the kiln hot spot away from the discharge end of the kiln and upset the counter-current flow of gas compared to solids. The elements/burners cannot be installed along the kiln shell and in the discharge hood (near the kiln hot spot) since the kiln’s rotating bed is lifted and may fait damaging the elements/burners. The limited number of elements/burners in a rotary kiln cannot create the desired heat.

[0057] Measure 2: Bed Surface Area. Unlike the bed in a rotary kiln, the bed in an RHF is stable and mechanically rotated under the heat from the reaction chamber, thus, generally only exposing the top layer ofthe RHF bed to harmful oxidative atmosphères and not the entire bed, as in a ported rotary kiln.

[0058] Measure 3: Fast Ramp Up to Réduction Températures. In known rotary kilns or known tunnel kilns, feed material slowly moves down the length of the kiln, gradually heating up from the counter flow of hot freeboard gases as it approaches the one main hot spot doser to the burner flame tip near the bed discharge. This is fairly energy efficient, but the slower ramp up time while exposed to oxidative gases promotes prématuré burn of carbon in the bed and increases “white shell” formation before the réduction température is reached. An RHF has the ability to expose the bed to reaction températures directly, heating the bed up to reaction températures much faster. The entire RHF reaction chamber or a selected portion thereof may be controlled at réduction températures with multiple heating éléments and/or burners located around the perimeter, The bed floor remains hot after the processed agglomérâtes are removed, which allows for the immédiate heating of fresh agglomérâtes fed to the RHF.

[0059] A number of lab furnace tests demonstrated the potential positive benefits of direct exposure to high températures versus a slower ramp up. For both test cases, cold (ambient température) pellets were used. The températures shown in Table 2 below are lab furnace températures. The slow ramp test involved placing cold pellets in the lab furnace heated to 900 °C and increasing the furnace température from 900 to 1290 °C over 30 minutes to mimic heating ofthe pellets as they move down the length of a rotary kiln. For the direct exposure test, the lab furnace was already at 1290 ‘C, the furnace door was opened, the cold pellets were piaced in the lab furnace, and the door was closed to mimic the RHF. The température in the lab furnace returned to 1290 °C in 5 minutes. Both tests had a controlled atmosphère of approximately 12% CO2 to simulate direct fired burner conditions and were held at the 1290 °C réaction temp for 15 minutes.

Table 2 - Test Results for Fast Ramp Up to Réduction Températures - Direct Heat vs. Slow Ramp Up

Non-protected green bail test 12% CO2	Slow ramp up (900 °C to 1290 °C) in 30 minutes	Direct exposure to 1290 “C , fast ramp up in 5 minutes
Phosphate Yield	55%	88%

[0060] The rotary kiln has a wider température profile from feed to discharge and takes about 30 minutes for the feed balls to get full exposure to the réduction température. An RHF can hâve even températures throughout, thus, the fresh feed is exposed to the réduction température quickly, for example, in less than 10 minutes. The 30 minute ramp up time in the rotary kiln is one of the root causes of carbon losses. It was also noted that the slow ramp up material, after réduction, had significantly higher amounts ofthe white Shell, as dîscussed previously.

[0061] Measure 4: Layering or Coatinq to Protect Bed to Keep Oxidative Gases Awav from the Feed Reactants. The RHF allows for the use of a protective layer, such as coke or a similar carbon source, to keep oxidative gases away from the feed reactants. Since the bed is stable in an RHF, a layer of coke can be added on top ofthe bed without disruption. In a rotary kiln, the bed constantly rotâtes, thus inhibiting carbon protection. Labfurnace tests were conducted under similar ramp up profile and reaction températures, with the différence being one set of feed pellets had a protective layer of petroleum coke to consume oxidative gases and one did not hâve a protective layer of petroleum coke. Even under unfavorable slow ramp up conditions, the protective coke layer provided signîficant yield benefits (more than 40% increase).

Table 3 - Test Results for a Protective Layer of Pet Coke to Provide Atmospheric Protection

Green bail test	Non-protected, slow ramp up	Pet Coke layer on top, slow ramp up
Phosphate Yield	25%	67%

[0062] If warranted, then additional carbon may be added to the feed to provide a protective coating on the agglomérâtes. A protective coating of carbon may include fine carbon particles added to the agglomérâtes prior to the RHF, but after the initial agglomérâtes are made. The carbon coating may be 1-3 wt% extra carbon and can provide protection from the oxidizing atmosphère. The coating thickness may be 0.5 to 0.7 mm. The RHF uniquely enables the effectiveness of this protective coating since the rotary kiln would tend to attrit off the protective coating as it tumbles.

[0063] Benefit C: Melting Capability

[0064] An RHF can operate with feed chemistries and furnace températures such that the bed starts to melt. Feed agglomérâtes with silica ratios less than 2.0 often melt at températures above 1250 °C. If melting were allowed, then feed grades could be increased up to 80% (10% P2O5 to 18% P2O5, for instance), as more apatite and less dilutive silica is used, while operating 50-80 °C higher than expected furnace températures of 1250 to 1300 °C. Known commercial Systems allow iron ore feed agglomérâtes to melt in an RHF for reaction benefits.

Comparatively, a rotary kiln does not handle feed stock melting well since viscous meIts roll and combine with cooler bed material and continue to grow into difficult to handle lumps or “clinkers.”

[0065] Several “melt” tests were conducted to détermine the feed mix chemistries that can increase overall phosphate extraction yields at températures an RHF can sustain without the formation of damaging stickiness from the melting of the feed pellets. The experiments evaluated various furnace conditions that would allow melting of feed stock at operating températures from about 1250 °C to about 1350 °C, with few operating issues with the molten slag. A number of tests were run at various chemistries, as measured by silica ratios (SR), to détermine yields at various time and température profiles. During these tests, observations were made to the state of the cooled bail after melting in relation to the ability for continuous discharging and minimal sticking to refractory. Generally, at lower silica ratios, the melt is less viscous and more freely flowing.

[0066] Figs. 7 and 8 show phosphate yield and phosphate extraction, respectively, versus silica ratios. Based on the assays used to calculate phosphate yield, phosphate extraction indicates the mass of the initial feed material extracted as P2O5. Higher extraction percentage indicates higher throughput potentiel. Silica ratios between 0.8 and 2.0 melted at 1250 °C and above. Yields above 90% were shown with silica ratios as low as 0.5. The data also implied that, with an increase of 50-80 °C above expected reaction températures, extraction rates or P2O5 throughputs can increase by 80% using the same total overall solid feed rates containing a higher P2O5 content.

[0067] Benefit D: Smaller Phosphoric Acid Recoverv Plants

[0068] In a rotary kiln, direct combustion of natural gas and air is used to provide the reaction heat and température. This produces large quantifies of combustion gases, including nitrogen. The acid scrubbing plant size is designed based on the amount of combustion gases it has to handle.

[0069] In an RHF using indirect electrical heating éléments, gases from the réduction reaction (CO and gaseous P) are produced with no off gases from direct combustion of natural gas and air, thus reducing the required size ofthe acid scrubbing plant. Numerous electrical heating éléments can be placed around the circumference of an RHF, whereas in a rotary kiln only one large borner or a few small burners are used at one end of the kiln.

[0070] As an example, a direct fired system may produce higher gas flows by weight as compared to the indirectly heated Systems. In an estimate for an RHF case, about 100,000 tons per year of P2O5 with 85% availability are input to an RHF with only indirect heating and the produced gaseous P and CO are fully oxidized in an afterburner with 2% residual oxygen. In a comparable kiln case, about 100,000 tons per year of P2O5 with 85% availability are input to a ported rotary kiln with port air sufficient to oxidize ail the produced gaseous P and 50% of the produced CO and the remaining CO is oxidized in an afterburner with 2% residual oxygen. Such a kiln was estimated to produce over 4 fîmes higher gas flows by weight to the acid scrubbing plant compared to the RHF. Because the acid scrubbing plant may be made from exotic metals and liners to decrease corrosion, réduction of system size can hâve a material impact to capital and operating costs.

[0071] Example 1

[0072] A sériés of trials were completed in a lab furnace using agglomérâtes with various silica ratios (SR) and containing phosphate ore from various sources at various températures maintained for 30 min in a carbon crucible. Fig. 11 shows the yîelds obtained with respect to silica ratio for one ofthe ore sources at 1325 °C maintained for 30 min. Generally, the higher silica ratios showed higher yield, though melting observed at SR 0.55 might be hard to handle. Most SR 0.4 to 0.5 produced yîelds in excess of 80% without major melting. Even though the lowest silica ratios did not achîeve 80% yield, the 1325 °C was only maintained for 30 min. The lowest silica ratios could tolerate a higher température without melting and/or longer process time to increase yield.

[0073] Table 4 summarizes data similar to that of Fig. 11 for various ore sources and various températures maintained for 30 min. Again, a general trend is apparent at each température that higher silica ratios showed higher yield. Though, even at SR 0.39, yield for the highest température exceeded 80%. Fig. 12 graphs data for Mix 1 at SR 0.39 of ore source 3, indicating that températures above about 1305 °C would be expected to produce 80% yield in 30 min. Table 4 likewise shows a general trend for other silica ratios that higher températures produced higher yield. Though, even at 1275 °C, yield for the higher silica ratios exceeded 80%. The melting observed in severai ofthe mixes occurred at 1325 °C.

Table 4

Mix	Ore	SR	Yield 1350°C	Yield 1325°C	Yield 1300°C	Yield 1275°C	Yield 1250°C	Observation
J	1	0.26	41%	30.4%				No melting
K	2	0.34	71%	63.6%				No melting
F	2	0.32		65.8%	55%	46%		No melting
H	1	0.41		84.6%	77%			No melting
1	3	0.39		87.5%	79%	69%		Minor melting at 1325 °C
I	1	0.42		81.6%	76%			Minor melting at 1325 °C
G	2	0.49		89.6%	82%	69%		Some melting at 1325 °C
A	3	0.50		91.5%	86%	84%		Some melting at 1325°C
B/C	3	0.55		93.4%	92%	87%	70%	Low viscous melt at 1325°C
E	3	0.68	|	93.6%	93%	91%	81%	Low viscous melt at 1325 °C

[0074] Example 2

[0075] Trials were conducted in a pilot-scale RHF at various silica ratios. The 6 5 feet diameter open (no segmentation) RHF previously used for batch annealing métal pièces was converted to allow for the continuous feed and discharge of 3/8 inch diameter agglomérâtes to maintain a bed of agglomérâtes in the furnace hot zone for 25 to 45 minutes depending on the rotational speed of the hearth floor. Heat was provided via electric heating éléments suspended vertically from the furnace roof. Furnace and bed température were monîtored continuously via thermocouples placed horizontally 3 inches above the agglomerate bed and optical pyrometers mounted on the roof for measuring the brightness of the heated agglomerate bed.

[0076] While operating at 1320 °C with a résidence time of 27 min the following results were obtained: 1) SR = 0.40, Yield = 59%; 2) SR = 0.50, Yield = 68%; 3) SR = 0.60, Yield = 85%. Silica ratios in the feed were selected close to 0.5 due to variability in the ores to decrease the likelihood of overshooting SR 0.5 and potentially melting in the RHF, as occurred with the SR 0.60. However, the pilot data correlates well with the lab data in Example 1 and yields similar to the lab data are expect at other silica ratios and other températures. Even though the lowest silica ratios did not achieve 80% yield, the 1320 °C was only maintained for 27 min. The lowest silica ratios could tolerate a higher température without melting and/or longer process time to increase yield.

[0077] The pilot plant was also used to test a SR of 2.0 and achieved yields of greater than 80% over a 34 hour perîod of run time. These yields were more consistent and exceeded those obtained in a ported rotary kiln démonstration plant described in US App. Pub. No. 2019/0292055. Operating températures for the pilot plant with the yields > 80% ranged from 1300 to 1330 °C for high silica (SR £ 2.0) and 1340 to 1380 °C for low silica (SR < 0.7). These yields also matched with the yields obtained in lab furnace tests.

[0078] System Design

[0079] A reaction chamber with a hearth-like bed floor, such as in an RHF, may be designed in segments where selected zones can be physically separated from one another. This could allow controlled air and/or oxygen addition in a réduction zone, where carbo-thermal réduction occurs and the reaction products off gas.

From 9 to 10 tons of air may be delivered per ton of phosphate as P2O5 input to the chamber. Gaseous P and CO can ignite, consuming oxygen and providing a large heat source to maintain reaction températures and to decrease demand for external heat sources. A preheating zone may preheat agglomérâtes to réduction températures in a controlled atmosphère. Thus, the réduction zone and the preheating zone could together form the hot zone, where exposure to températures sufficient for réduction occurs.

[0080] Figs. 1-4 show one example of an RHF with segmented zones. The methods herein may be implemented in an RHF 10, as shown, as well as in the reaction chambers of other Systems. Likewise, the concept of segmented zones in a reaction chamber may be implemented in a manner other than shown for RHF 10. In Figs. 1-4, RHF 10 includes an annular reaction chamber 12 bounded by a roof 14, an inner sidewall 16, an outer sidewall 18, and a floor 20, though shapes other than annular are conceivable, During operation, reaction chamber 12 contains a bed of feed agglomérâtes and a freeboard above the bed where off gases collect. Roof 14, inner sidewall 16, and outer sidewall 18 include several layers (not shown), such as both structural and insulation layers, used in known RHFs. Floor 20 also includes several layers shown as a hearth table 30 supporting a hearth 22. In turn, hearth 22 includes a lower refractory 28 and an upper refractory 26 thereon, Upper refractory 26 provides a bed floor whereon agglomérâtes may be placed for subsequently forming a reducing bed. As the term is used herein, a “reducing bed” refers to the portion ofthe bed of feed agglomérâtes where réduction is occurring.

[0081] A support frame 38 holds roof 14, inner sidewall 16, and outer sidewall 18 stationary while hearth 22, with its annular shape, rotâtes in clockwise bed direction 98 along reaction chamber 12. Known RHF drive mechanisms may be used to rotate hearth 22. Figs. 1 -4 show a sprocket 32 positioned at the periphery of hearth table 30 and engaged with a gear box 42 powered by a motor 44. As motor 44 activâtes gear box 42, the engaged gear box 42 advances sprocket 32 and rotâtes floor 20. Hearth table 30 rests on four wheels 46 secured to hearth table 30 with wheel brackets 38. Support frame 38 provides a circular track 40 on which wheels 46 travel as hearth table 30 rotâtes.

[0082] To limit gas entry and exit, outer sidewall 18 includes a seal wall 36 that extends downward into a seal trough 34 (shown only in Fig. 3). Likewise, inner sidewall 16 includes a seal wall 37 that extends downward into a seal trough 35, Seal troughs 34 and 35 may be filled with a liquid, such as high température oil, to contain the atmosphère inside réaction chamber 12 even when floor 20 rotâtes.

[0083] Even though RHFs are known, RHF 10 is configured differently for use as a phosphorus production system. For example, reaction chamber 12 is segmented into a réduction zone différéntiated from a preheat zone by a barrier wall 52. In Figs. 1 and 4, positions around the radius of RHF 10 are designated with degree markings at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. For the configuration shown in Figs. 1-4, barrier wall 52 is placed at 60° where it differentiates a réduction zone past 60° from a preheat zone before 60°. Hearth 22 is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the réduction zone during operation. As may be appreciated from Figs, 1-4, the rotation of hearth 22 occurs in a horizontal plane such that agglomérâtes placed thereon may be substantially stable at least while in the réduction zone.

[0084] RHF 10 additionally includes a barrier wall 54 further segmenting reaction chamber 12 into a cooling zone différéntiated from the réduction zone. Barrier wall 54 is placed at 270° in the configuration shown. Hearth 22 is configured to move continuously from the réduction zone to the cooling zone during operation. The cooling zone of reaction chamber 12 is not heated by an external source, but the réduction reaction may continue into the cooling zone until the agglomérâtes cool suffîciently or the phosphate or carbon reactant is consumed. The reducing bed may cease to exist in the réduction zone if the phosphate or carbon reactant is consumed. Consequently, the hot zone spans 270° and includes the preheat zone spanning 60° and the réduction zone spanning 210°. A reducing bed may begin to form in the preheat zone and may continue to exist into the cooling zone.

[0085] RHF 10 further includes a barrier wall 50 segmenting reaction chamber 12 and differentiating the cooling zone from the preheat zone. Barrier wall 50 is placed at 0° in the configuration shown. Hearth 22 is configured to move continuously from the cooling zone to the preheat zone during operation.

[0086] Barrier walls 50, 52, and 54 decrease gas transfer between the zones and extend downward from roof 14 to just above agglomérâtes placed on upper refractory 26 with a gap sufficient for agglomérâtes to pass underneath.

Consequently, a continuous agglomerate feed mechanîsm (not shown) may place feed agglomérâtes on upper refractory 26 upstream from barrier wall 50 such that the agglomérâtes settle into a bed as they enter the preheat zone. A continuous carbon feed mechanîsm (not shown) may place a carbonaceous material as a protective layer among the agglomérâtes. Agglomérâtes then move continuously through the preheat zone between barrier walls 50 and 52 where they may reach réduction températures before entering the réduction zone. Agglomérâtes continue around reaction chamber 12, entering the cooling zone past barrier wall 54. A screw conveyor 80 (or a scraper, not shown) removes agglomérâtes from the cooling zone and routes them through a discharge 82 to a cooler (not shown).

[0087] RHF 10 includes burners 60, 62, 64, and 66 positioned respectively at 70°, 125°, 185°, and 240° as direct-fired fuel burners to maintain réduction températures in the réduction zone. Burners 60, 62, 64, and 66 include inputs for fuel as well as inputs for combustion air. RHF 10 additionally includes ports 70, 72, 74, and 76 positioned respectively at65°, 115°, 175°, and 230° as air and/or oxygen ports to facilitate combusting gaseous P and CO off gasses, thereby to heat the réduction zone additionally. Although not shown in Figs. 1-4, RHF 10 further includes one or more indirect heating sources in the preheat zone, such as electric heating éléments and/or radiant tube burners.

[0088] Notably, RHF 10 includes one or more direct-fired burners in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone. Also, RHF 10 includes one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above hearth 22 in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone. In this manner, the preheat zone is configured to maintain a reducing freeboard during a carbo-thermal réduction reaction among feed agglomérâtes on hearth 22. Likewise, RHF 10 provides a cooling zone that lacks any direct-fired burners, over-bed air and/or oxygen ports, and indirect heating sources. In this manner, the reducing bed cools to below réduction températures, halting the réduction reaction without heat addition from external sources or off gas combustion.

[0089] RHF 10 includes a vent 90 through roof 14 at 260° for removing off gas upstream from barder wall 54 for subséquent processing. Off gas flows clockwise in off gas direction 96 along reaction chamber 12, co-current with bed direction 98, to allow for heating the bed by the hot off gas as it moves through reaction chamber 12. A vent 92 at 30° collecte off gases from the preheat zone and transfers them to the reducing zone via a vent 94 at 90°. Vent 94 is shown in Figs. 2 and 4 and vent 90 is shown in Fig. 4. Vents 90, 92, and 94 cannot literally be seen in the sectional view shown in Fig. 1, but their locations are superimposed with crosshatched spaces in Fig. 1, showing their position relative to the other components in Fig. 1.

[0090] While the description of Figs. 1-4 spécifiés certain numbers and locations of burners, ports, vents, wheels, and barrier walls, it will be appreciated that more or fewer may be provided or located in other positions, depending on the diameter, throughput, and other design criteria of an RHF or other system. Likewise, the positions of burner, ports, vents, wheels, and barrier walls may be different. Also, the numbers and locations of measurement devices to monitor température in reaction chamber 12 are not shown. Figs. 1-4 are one example of a design for a démonstration plant RHF with a smaller diameter and less throughput than a commercial-scale RHF. A larger RHF may include additional burners, ports, measurement devices, wheels, and vents to accommodate maintaining réduction température along a longer reducing bed and collecting a greater off gas volume. Similar considérations may be made in adapting the segmentation concepts described herein into Systems other than RHFs.

[0091] Exampie 3

[0092] During an additional trial conducted along with the trials of Example 2, energy use of 76 kilowatts (kW) was measured without port air introduced into the pilot scale RHF. Then, energy use of 45 kW was measured after port air introduction under otherwise the same conditions. The différence represents a 40% réduction in energy. An engineering model for operation with port air at 90% yield estimated a 60% réduction in energy by adding port air to combust gaseous P and CO in the reaction chamber.

[0093] Elemental Phosphorus Production

[0094] Off gas from a reducing bed of phosphatic agglomérâtes initially contains CO and elemental phosphorus in the form of gaseous P. The reaction may be performed under reducing conditions to decrease oxidation of gaseous P so that colîected off gas still contains elemental phosphorus. Fig. 9 shows incorporation of an elemental phosphorus condenser into the RHF system, as one example, when desired, as represented with dashed lines. The elemental phosphorus condenser may be incorporated into other Systems that produce gaseous P. Instead of oxidizing the phosphorus for phosphoric acid recovery, as shown in Fig. 9, the colîected off gas may be directed through a phosphorus condenser, as shown in Fig. 10, in which chilled water sprays are used to condense elemental phosphorus. This water is drained to a condensate recirculation tank, passes through a chiller unit, and is returned to the condenser.

[0095] Solid phosphorus précipitâtes in the condensate liquid stream and settles in a condensate drain tank (not shown) of the phosphorous condenser and/or the condensate recirculation tank. Précipitâtes are periodically removed to a phosphorus decant tank from which they are removed and stored as elemental phosphorus product. The solid elemental phosphorus can be further purified or converted to phosphoric acid. Condensate water that collects in the decant tank is pumped to a condensate water treatment system. The liquid level in the condensate drain tank or condensate recirculation tank is maintained by adding fresh water as needed.

[0096] The exhaust gas from the condenser contains some remaining phosphorus along with carbon monoxide. This exhaust gas from the condenser may be further oxidized for heat and/or phosphoric acid recovery. The residual phosphorus gas and carbon monoxide from the phosphorus condenser may be oxidized in an oxidizer by the introduction of oxygen to form phosphorus pentoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Elemental phosphorus gas auto ignites in presence of oxygen, providing the ignition source and heat for combustion of the carbon monoxide. A small quantity of natural gas may be introduced along with oxygen in the oxidizer to compensate for heat losses occurring in the elemental phosphorus condenser. The oxidized phosphorus is then scrubbed in a secondary scrubbing System (not shown) to form phosphoric acid while carbon dioxide gas is released to the atmosphère through the exhaust stack.

[0097] Example 4

[0098] During additional trials conducted along with Example 2, elemental phosphorus was kept in the off gas of the pilot scale RHF by not introducing port air into the RHF or the thermal oxidizer. The resulting elemental phosphorus was recovered using an existing acid plant as a cooler and condenser. Red phosphorus was obtained and ignited once filtered and dried.

[0099] Co-Product Production

[0100] The processed agglomérâtes may provide a companion product to the elemental phosphorus and/or phosphoric acid. This co-product may be in the form of a lightweight aggregate. It is estimated that for every ton of phosphoric acid produced, about 4 to 7 tons of this companion product will be produced. Preliminary tests of this co-product showed substantiel benefits, including:

1. Lighter weight compared to known aggregate, which decreases the overall weight of concrète products for easier handling, and lower transportation and construction costs.

2. High moisture absorption capacity, which can be a source of internai curing for concrète, thus contributing to better quality and enhanced durability.

3. Possible pozzolanic characteristics of the finely ground form of this coproduct (~45 pm) can enhance cernent hydration in concrète to yield higher strength and greater durability at a lower cost compared to other pozzolanic/cementitious additives such as coal combustion fly ash and blast furnace slag. With limited and dwindling sources of fly ash and slag in the United States, the availability of this coproduct in finely ground form has the potential to meet some demands of the concrète industry.

4, Lower overall carbon footprint of 0.73 tons CO2/ton co-product versus 1.25 tons CO2/ton cernent.

[0101] Preliminary analysis of the Chemical composition and physical properties of this material indicates that they are similar to the spécifications for Portland cernent, and granulated blast furnace slag and coal combustion fly ash used in concrète and mortars.

[0102] Example 5

[0103] A variety of mortar mixtures were prepared with 100% ordinary Portland cernent (OPC) as a control, coal combustion fly ash in OPC as a second control, and ground processed pellets in OPC. The ground pellets were from the high silica (SR > 2.0) and low silica (SR < 0.7) pellets in Example 2 above. Coarsely ground (approximately 67-70% less than 45 pm) and finely ground (approximately 72-80% less than 45 pm) particles of the high silica and low silica pellets were evaiuated. Water and ASTM C33 natural silica sand were combined with OPC and fly ash or OPC and ground pellets to form a mortar, which was cured and subjected to compression testing. Table 5 demonstrates the strength potential for co-product processed agglomérâtes in cernent. The high silica pellets generally performed similarly to or better than the 20% fly ash.

Table 5

	Average Compressive Strength (psi)
Sample	3-day	7-day	28-day	90-day
100% cernent	2689	3070	4057	4704
20% fly ash	2301	2956	3393	4285
15% high-silica, fîne-grind	2395	3563	3852	4941
15% high-silica, coarse-grind	2843	3239	3957	4950
25% high-silica, fine-grind	2422	3077	3947	5319
25% high-silica, coarse-grind	2509	3003	3679	5899
15% low-silica, fine-grind	1525	2785	3701
15% low-silica, coarse-grind	1239	2094	2477
25% low-silica, fine-grind	1525	2431	3420
25% low-silica, coarse-grind	1331	2477	3258

[0104] Method, Systems, and Compositions

[0105] The discoveries described herein identify a nurnber of solutions that may 5 be implemented in methods, Systems, and compositions also described herein.

Multiple solutions may be combined for implémentation, enabling still further methods, Systems, and compositions. The inventors expressly contemplate that the various options described herein for individual methods, Systems, and compositions are not intended to be so limited except where incompatible. The features and benefits of individual methods herein may also be used in combination with

Systems, compositions, and other methods described herein even though not specifically indicated elsewhere. Similarly, the features and benefits of individual Systems herein may also be used in combination with methods, compositions, and other Systems described herein even though not specifically indicated elsewhere, Further, the features and benefits of individual compositions herein may also be used in combination with methods, Systems, and other compositions described herein even though not specifically indicated elsewhere.

[0106] Phosphorus Production Method A incîudes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a core initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material, the core initially providing a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7.

Method A incîudes maîntaining a température in the reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C, such as from 1250 to 1350 °C, along at least a portion ofthe reducing bed. Off gas is generated from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide.

Method A incîudes collecting phosphorus from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes. Less than 20% of the phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes remains in the residue.

[0107] Additional features may be implemented in Method A. By way of example, Method A may include continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantîally stable while in the reducing bed. The reducing bed may be formed on a rotating bed floor in the reaction chamber, such as in an RHF, including on an annular, rotating hearth ofthe RHF.

[0108] The heating ofthe feed agglomérâtes may include heating the feed agglomérâtes at the reaction chamber température of 1250 to 1380 °C, such as 1250 to 1350 °C. The heating may occur under a reducing freeboard at least until after a carbo-thermal réduction reaction begins, which forms the reducing bed. The heating ofthe feed agglomérâtes may occur together with the maîntaining of the température of 1250 to 1380 °C. One example includes placing ambient température feed agglomérâtes in the reaction chamber maintained at the température of 1250 to 1380 °C. Alternatively, at least part ofthe heating could occur separate from the maintaining of the température, such as in a part of the reaction chamber not at 1250 to 1380 °C or perhaps even outside the reaction chamber. Accordingly, feed agglomérâtes preheated elsewhere to above ambient température could be placed in the reaction chamber.

[0109] For any reaction chamber températures exceeding 1180 °C, the reducing bed may be exposed for less than 60 minutes, such as 45 minutes or less. The feed agglomérâtes may be heated for 30 minutes to less than 60 minutes, such as 30 to 45 minutes, at the reaction chamber température of 1250 to 1380 °C. Method A may further include melting at least a portion of the core in at least some of the agglomérâtes heated at the 1250 to 1380 °C reaction chamber température.

[0110] Method A may further include delivering over-bed air and/or oxygen through a plurality of ports above the reducing bed. From 9 to 10 tons of air may be delivered per ton of phosphate as P2O5 input to the chamber. The reaction chamber used in Method A may include a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a réduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone and one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above the reducing bed in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone. Method A may further include delivering over-bed air and/or oxygen to the réduction zone through the one or more ports, but not delivering over-bed air and not delivering over-bed oxygen to the preheat zone.

[0111] The phosphate ore used in Method A may contain Silicon dioxide and the core initially might not contain supplémentai Silicon dioxide in addition to the Silicon dioxide in the phosphate ore. Alternatively, supplémentai Silicon dioxide may be included in the initial core. The core may initially provide a phosphate content of greater than 13 weight % as PaOs., such as at least 17 wt%, including 17 to 20 wt%. The feed agglomérâtes may further include a protective coating on the core, the coating containing carbonaceous material particles. The coating may hâve a thickness from 0.5 to 0.7 millimeters or provide about 1-3 wt% extra carbon to the initial core. In Method A, less than 15% ofthe phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes might remain in the residue, such as less than 10%, inciuding less than about 7%.

[0112] Method A may further include exothermically oxidizing elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide in the off gas while still in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed.

[0113] The processed agglomérâtes produced in Method A may contain phosphate ore residue and calcium silicate and exhibit pozzolanic properties suitable for supplementary cementitious material at least when ground to a particle size of approximately 45 micrometers.

[0114] In Method A, the feed agglomérâtes in the reducing bed may be below a reducing freeboard and the phosphorus in the off gas may be in the form of elemental phosphorus. Then, Method A may further include oxidizing elemental phosphorus outside ofthe reaction chamberto phosphorus pentoxide, the collecting of the phosphorus from the off gas inciuding collecting the phosphorus pentoxide as phosphoric acid. Instead, or in addition, Method A may further include collecting elemental phosphorus from the off gas as elemental phosphorus.

[0115] The described additional features of Method A may also be implemented in Methods B and E below. System C and Composition D below may be used in Method A and Composition F below may be produced by Method A.

[0116] Phosphorus Production Method B includes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a core initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material. Method B includes continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable while in the reducing bed. A température is maintained in the reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C, such as from 1250 to 1350 °C, along at least a portion ofthe reducing bed. Off gas is generated from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide. Method B includes collecting phosphorus from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

[0117] Additional features may be implemented in Method B. By way of example, the core may initially provide a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. Instead, the core may initially provide a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide higher than 1.6, such as 2.0 and higher, including from 2.0 to 2.5. Less than 20% of the phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes might remain in the residue, such as less than 15%, including less than 10%, for example, less than about 7%.

[0118] The described additional features of Method A above may also be implemented in Method B. The described additional features of Method B may also be implemented in Method E below. System C and Composition D below may be used in Method B and Composition F below may be produced by Method B.

[0119] Phosphorus Production System C includes a reaction chamber, a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a réduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone, and a bed fioor at a bottom of the reaction chamber. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the réduction zone during operation while keeping feed agglomérâtes thereon substantially stable at least while in the réduction zone. System C includes one or more direct-fired burners in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone, and one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above the bed floor in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone. One or more indirect heating sources are in the preheat zone.

[0120] Additional features may be implemented in System C. By way of example, the preheat zone may be configured to maintain a reducing freeboard during a carbo-thermal réduction reaction among feed agglomérâtes on the bed floor. The bed floor may be a rotating bed floor, such as in an RHF, for example, an annular, rotating hearth of the RHF. The one or more indirect heating sources may include electric heating éléments and/or radiant tube burners.

[0121] System C may further include a second barrier wall further segmenting the reaction chamber into a cooling zone différéntiated from the réduction zone. The bed floor may be configured to move continuously from the réduction zone to the cooling zone during operation. The cooling zone may lack the direct-fired burners, the over-bed air and oxygen ports, and the indirect heating sources. The bed floor may be a rotating bed floor and System C may further include a third barrier wall further segmenting the reaction chamber and differentiating the cooling zone from the preheat zone. The bed floor may be configured to move continuously from the cooling zone to the preheat zone during operation.

[0122] The described additional features of System C may also be used in Methods A and B above and in Method E below. System C may process Composition D below. Composition F below may resuit from methods carried out in System C.

[0123] Composition D, a phosphate ore feed agglomerate, includes a core containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material. The core provides a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 and a phosphate content of greater than 13 weight % as P2O5.

[0124] Additional features may be implemented in Composition D. By way of example, the phosphate ore in Composition D may contain Silicon dioxide and the core does not contain supplémentai Silicon dioxide in addition to the Silicon dioxide in the phosphate ore. Alternatively, supplémentai Silicon dioxide may be included in the initial core. The core may provide a phosphate content of at least 17 wt%, including 17 to 20 wt%. The feed agglomérâtes may further include a protective coating on the core, the coating containing carbonaceous material particles. The coating may hâve a thickness from 0.5 to 0.7 millimeters or provide about 1-3 wt% extra carbon to the initial core. The core may contain from 8 to 10 wt% green petroleum coke as the carbonaceous material. The phosphate ore and carbonaceous material may be approximately homogeneously distributed phosphate ore particles and carbonaceous material particles. The supplémentai Silicon dioxide may be approximately homogeneously distributed silica particles,

[0125] The described additionaî features of Composition D may also be used în Methods A and B above and in Method E below. System C above may process Composition D. Composition F below may resuit from methods that process Composition D,

[0126] A Method E for producing a réduction product includes forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes. The feed agglomérâtes include a core initially containing an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. Method E includes continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable while in the reducing bed. A température is maintained in the reaction chamber along at least a portion of the reducing bed partly by adding heat from a first heat source. Gaseous products are generated that enter a freeboard over the reducing bed from a reduction-oxidation reaction occurring in the reducing bed, the gaseous products containing a réduction productfrom réduction ofthe oxidizing agent and an incompletely oxidized oxidation product from oxidation ofthe reducing agent. Method E includes exothermically oxidizing the réduction product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber and exothermically further oxidizing the incompletely oxidized oxidation product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source to reach the température in the reaction chamber, Method E includes collecting oxidized réduction product and/or remaining, unoxidized réduction product, if any, from the off gas and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

[0127] Additionaî features may be implemented in Method E. By way of example, the reducing agent may be carbon, the reduction-oxidation reaction may be a carbothermal réduction reaction, the incompletely oxidized oxidation product may be carbon monoxide, and the carbon monoxide may be exothermically further oxidized to form carbon dioxide. The oxidizing agent may be phosphate, the réduction product may be phosphorus, and the phosphorus in the off gas may be exothermically oxidized to form phosphorus pentoxide, The phosphate may be comprised by phosphate ore containing Silicon dioxide and the core initially might not contain supplémentai Silicon dioxide in addition to the Silicon dioxide in the phosphate ore. Alternatively, supplémentai Silicon dioxide may be încluded in the initial core. The température in the reaction chamber may range from 1250 to 1380 °C, including from 1250 to 1350 °C.

[0128] The core may initially provide a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. Instead, the core may initially provide a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide higher than 1.6, such as 2.0 and higher, including from 2.0 to 2.5. Less than 20% of the phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes might remain in the residue, such as less than 15%, including less than 10%, for example, less than about 7%.

[0129] The heating ofthe feed agglomérâtes may include heating the feed agglomérâtes at the reaction chamber température. The heating may occur under a reducing freeboard at least until after a carbo-thermal réduction reaction begins, which forms the reducing bed. The heating ofthe feed agglomérâtes may occur together with the maintaining of the température. One example includes placing ambient température feed agglomérâtes in the reaction chamber maintained at the température. Alternatively, at least part of the heating could occur separate from the maintaining of the température, such as in a part of the reaction chamber not at the température or perhaps even outside the reaction chamber. Accordingly, feed agglomérâtes preheated elsewhere to above ambient température could be placed in the réaction chamber.

[0130] For any réaction chamber températures exceedîng 1180 “C, the reducing bed may be exposed for less than 60 minutes, such as 45 minutes or less. The feed agglomérâtes may be heated for 30 minutes to less than 60 minutes, such as 30 to 45 minutes, at the reaction chamber température. Method E may further include melting at least a portion ofthe core in at least some ofthe agglomérâtes heated at the reaction chamber température.

[0131] The described additional features of Methods A and B above may also be implemented in Method E. System C and Composition D above may be used in Method E and Composition F below may be produced by Method E.

[0132] Composition F, a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), includes a fîowable particulate material containing phosphate ore residue and calcium silicate and exhibiting pozzolanic properties suitable for SCM.

[0133] Additional features may be implemented in Composition F. By way of example, 60% or more, such as 60 to 80%, ofthe fîowable particulate material has a particle size less than 45 pm. The fîowable particulate material may contain about 20-40% CaO and about 32-66% SiOs. A method for making a cement-containing product may include supplementing the addition of Portland cernent with the SCM.

[0134] The described additional features of Composition F may also be used in Methods A, B, and E above. System C above may produce processed agglomérâtes suitable for forming Composition F. Composition F may resuit from methods that process Composition D above.

[0135] Although minima and maxima are listed for the above described ranges and other ranges designated herein, it should be understood that more narrow included ranges may also be désirable and may be distinguishable from prior art. Also, processing principles discussed herein may provide an additional basis for the lesser included ranges.

[0136] In compliance with the statute, the embodiments hâve been described in language more or less spécifie as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the embodiments are not lirnited to the spécifie features shown and described. The embodiments are, therefore, claimed in any of their forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted.

TABLE OF REFERENCE NUMERALS FOR FIGURES

10 rotary hearth furnace	30	50 barrier wall 52 barrier wall
10 12 reaction chamber 14 roof 16 inner sidewall		54 barrier wall 60 burner 62 burner
18 outer sidewall 20 floor	35	64 burner 66 burner
15 22 hearth 26 upper refractory 28 lower refractory		70 port 72 port 74 port
30 hearth table 32 sprocket	40	76 port 80 screw conveyor
20 34 seal trough 35 seal trough 36 seal wall		82 discharge 90 vent 92 vent
37 seal wall 38 support frame	45	94 vent 96 off gas direction
25 40 track		98 bed direction

gear box motor wheel wheel bracket

Claims (29)

1. A phosphorus production method comprising:

forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes;

the feed agglomérâtes including a core initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material, the core initially providing a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7;

maintaining a température in the reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C along at least a portion ofthe reducing bed;

generatîng off gas from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide;

collecting phosphorus from the off gas; and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes, less than 20% of the phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes remaining in the residue.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable on a hearth-like bed floor while in the reducing bed.

3. A phosphorus production method comprising:

forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes;

the feed agglomérâtes including a core initially containing phosphate ore and carbonaceous material;

continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable on a hearth-like bed floor while in the reducing bed;

maintaining a température in the réaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 °C along at least a portion ofthe reducing bed;

generating off gas from the reaction chamber, the off gas containing phosphorus in the form of elemental phosphorus and/or phosphorus pentoxide;

collecting phosphorus from the off gas; and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

4. A method for producing a réduction product comprising:

forming a reducing bed containing feed agglomérâtes in a reaction chamber by heating the feed agglomérâtes;

the feed agglomérâtes including a core initîally containing an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent;

continuously moving the reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomérâtes substantially stable while in the reducing bed;

maintaining a température in the reaction chamber along at least a portion of the reducing bed partly by adding heat from a first heat source;

generating gaseous products that enter a freeboard over the reducing bed from a reduction-oxidation reaction occurring in the reducing bed, the gaseous products containing a réduction product from réduction of the oxidizing agent and an incompletely oxidized oxidation productfrom oxidation ofthe reducing agent;

exothermically oxidizing the réduction product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber and exothermically further oxidizing the incompletely oxidized oxidation product in the freeboard while still in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source to reach the température in the reaction chamber;

collecting oxidized réduction product and/or remaining, unoxidized réduction product, if any, from the off gas; and removing from the reaction chamber a residue containing processed agglomérâtes.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the reducing agent is carbon, the reduction-oxidation reaction is a carbo-thermal réduction reaction, the incompletely oxidized oxidation product is carbon monoxide, and the carbon monoxide is exothermically further oxidized to form carbon dioxide.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the oxidizing agent is phosphate comprised by phosphate ore, the réduction product is phosphorus, and the phosphorus in the off gas is exothermically oxidized to form phosphorus pentoxide.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the température in the reaction chamber ranges from 1250 to 1380 °C.

8. The method of any one of daims 3-7, wherein the core initially provides a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide ranging from 0.3 to 0.7.

9. The method of any one of daims 3-7, wherein the core initially provides a formula weight ratio of Silicon dioxide to calcium oxide plus magnésium oxide higher than 1.6.

10. The method of any one of daims 3-9, wherein less than 20% of the phosphate initially in the feed agglomérâtes remains in the residue.

11. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the reducing bed is formed on a rotating hearth-like bed floor in the reaction chamber.

12. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the heating of the feed agglomérâtes comprises heating the feed agglomérâtes at the reaction chamber température, the heating occurring under a reducing freeboard at least until after a carbo-thermal réduction reaction beglns, which forms the reducing bed.

13. The method of any preceding claim, wherein, for any reaction chamber températures exceeding 1180 °C, the reducing bed is exposed for less than 60 minutes.

14. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the feed agglomérâtes are heated for 30 minutes to less than 60 minutes at the reaction chamber température.

15. The method of any preceding claim, further comprising melting at least a portion of the core in at least some of the agglomérâtes heated at the reaction chamber température.

16. The method of any preceding claim, further comprising delivering over-bed air and/or oxygen through a plurality of ports above the reducing bed.

17. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the reaction chamber comprises:

a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a réduction zone différéntiated from a preheat zone; and one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above the reducing bed in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone; and the method further comprises delivering over-bed air and/or oxygen to the réduction zone through the one or more ports, but not delivering over-bed air and not delivering over-bed oxygen to the preheat zone.

18. The method of any one of claims 1-3 and 6-17, wherein the phosphate ore contains Silicon dioxide and the core initially does not contain supplémentai Silicon dioxide in addition to the Silicon dioxide in the phosphate ore.

19. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the core initially provides a phosphate content of greater than 13 weight % as P2O5.

20. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the feed agglomérâtes further include a protective coating on the core, the coating containing carbonaceous material particles.

21, The method of any preceding claim, further comprising exothermically oxidizing elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide in the off gas while still in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed.

22. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the processed agglomérâtes contain phosphate ore residue and calcium silicate and exhibit pozzolanic properties suitable for supplementary cementitious material at least when ground to a particle size of approximately 45 micrometers.

23. The method of any one of daims 1 -3 and 6-17, wherein;

the feed agglomérâtes in the reducing bed are below a reducing freeboard;

the phosphorus in the off gas is in the form of elemental phosphorus; and the method further comprises:

oxidizing elemental phosphorus outside of the reaction chamber to phosphorus pentoxide, the collecting ofthe phosphorus from the off gas comprising collecting the phosphorus pentoxide as phosphoric acid; and/or collecting elemental phosphorus from the off gas as elemental phosphorus.

24. A phosphorus production system comprising:

a reaction chamber;

a barrier wall segmenting the réaction chamber into a réduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone;

a hearth-like bed floor at a bottom ofthe réaction chamber, the hearth-like bed floor being configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the réduction zone during operation while keeping feed agglomérâtes thereon substantially stable at least while in the réduction zone;

one or more direct-fired burners in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone;

one or more over-bed air and/or oxygen ports above the hearth-like bed floor in the réduction zone, but not in the preheat zone; and one or more indirect heating sources in the preheat zone.

25. The System of claim 24, wherein the preheat zone is configured to maintain a reducing freeboard during a carbo-thermal réduction reaction among feed agglomérâtes on the hearth-like bed floor.

26. The System of claim 24, wherein the hearth-like bed floor is a rotating 5 hearth-like bed floor.

27. The System of claim 24, wherein the one or more indirect heating sources comprise electric heating éléments and/or radiant tube burners.

28. The System of claim 24, further comprising a second barrier wall further segmenting the reaction chamber into a cooling zone differentiated from the 10 réduction zone, the hearth-like bed floor being configured to move continuously from the réduction zone to the cooling zone during operation and the cooling zone lacking the direct-fired burners, the over-bed air and oxygen ports, and the indirect heating sources.

29. The System of claim 28, wherein the hearth-like bed floor is a rotating 15 hearth-like bed floor and the System further comprises a third barrier wall further segmenting the reaction chamber and differentiating the cooling zone from the preheat zone, the hearth-like bed floor being configured to move continuously from the cooling zone to the preheat zone during operation.