OA19847A - Procedure and installation for loading boreholes with bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosives. - Google Patents
Procedure and installation for loading boreholes with bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosives. Download PDFInfo
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- OA19847A OA19847A OA1202000377 OA19847A OA 19847 A OA19847 A OA 19847A OA 1202000377 OA1202000377 OA 1202000377 OA 19847 A OA19847 A OA 19847A
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- Prior art keywords
- suspension
- matrix
- tank
- gas
- mixer
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- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000001235 sensitizing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004642 transportation engineering Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 13
- -1 magnésium Chemical compound 0.000 description 9
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960004011 Methenamine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- PTIUDKQYXMFYAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylammonium nitrate Chemical compound NC.O[N+]([O-])=O PTIUDKQYXMFYAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- UCXOJWUKTTTYFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony;heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Sb].[Sb] UCXOJWUKTTTYFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 3
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L Chromic acid Chemical compound O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 240000005497 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Perchlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 2
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960005188 collagen Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000202 sensitizing Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-ethanediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UKVBWDYMOLOAKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethanol;nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.OCCNCCO UKVBWDYMOLOAKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHDPWFOPHYOEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol;nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.OCCN(CCO)CCO VHDPWFOPHYOEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHHXXUFDXRYMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].OCCN(CCO)CCO XHHXXUFDXRYMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZTZJUQNSSLNAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoethyl nitrate Chemical compound NCCO[N+]([O-])=O KZTZJUQNSSLNAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100001249 ALB Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710027066 ALB Proteins 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H Aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N DETA Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000942 Lactalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004407 Lactalbumin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- KTAFYYQZWVSKCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylmethanamine;nitric acid Chemical compound CNC.O[N+]([O-])=O KTAFYYQZWVSKCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AVTYONGGKAJVTE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Potassium tartrate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O AVTYONGGKAJVTE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940111695 Potassium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 101710024753 SERPINB14 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FGPHQIYXQSWJHV-UHFFFAOYSA-J [Zr+4].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(C)NC(C)C Chemical compound [Zr+4].CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(O)C([O-])=O.CC(C)NC(C)C FGPHQIYXQSWJHV-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229940050528 albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001851 biosynthetic Effects 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001845 chromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016693 dipotassium tartrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylazanium;acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCN HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001472 potassium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012460 protein solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method and installation for loading boreholes with bulk waterbased suspension or watergel type explosives characterized by the sensitization of the product by mixing a non-explosive or low sensitivity suspension matrix with compressed gas (e.g. air) at the end of the delivery hose.
Description
PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION FOR LOADING BOREHOLES WITH BULK WATERBASED SUSPENSION OR WATERGEL TYPE EXPLOSIVES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The présent invention relates to the field of civil explosives for use in mining and public works. More specifically, it relates to a method and installation for loading boreholes with bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosives with “on-site” sensitization.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The continuous growing of the demand of minerais and metals during the last décades has provoked a huge increase in the consumption of explosives. To supply the demand of explosives the market has evolved from package to bulk explosives that are transported, sensitized and delivered into the boreholes at the mines by installations assembled on mobile units or trucks. The manufacture of bulk explosives began in the 50s with the introduction of ANFO, followed in the 60s-70s with slumes, watergels and émulsions and today more than 90% of ail explosives consumed are delivered in bulk form.
Bulk explosives are characterized basically for being blends of oxidizers and fuels. The sensitivity of this type of explosives is owing to the introduction of bubbles of gas within the blend of oxidizer and fuel that when exposed to a shock wave generate hot spots.
The introduction of gas bubbles can be made by trapping the gas during the mixture or by its formation by a Chemical reaction. In the (JS patent 3,400,026 a formulation which uses protein in solution (albumin, collagen, soy protein, etc.) to favor the formation of bubbles and their stabilization is described. The US patent 3,582,411 describes a watergel explosive formulation which contains a foaming agent of the guar gum type modified by hydroxy groups.
In the US patent 3,678,140 a process for the incorporation of air by means of the use of protein solution is described, passing the composition through a sériés of openings at pressures from 40 to 160 psi to create a vacuum in the area where the blasting agent exits from the orifice, incorporating air.
The incorporation of gas bubbles by génération by means of a Chemical reaction is described in the US patents numbers 3,706,607, 3,711,345, 3,713,919, 3,770,522, 3,790,415 and 3,886,010.
“On-site (In situ) manufacturing and sensitization of the explosive became common since it allows a safer transport to the site of use.
The earliest patents relating to on-site explosive manufacture, i.e., the manufacture of the explosive by mixing ail its components in the same truck used for unloading the explosive into the blast holes, were filed by IRECO (US 3,303,738 and US
3,380,033). These patents describe the manufacture of a water-gel-type explosive in a truck by means of metering and mixing a liquid solution containing oxidizing salts with a solid material containing oxidizing salts and thickeners. Patent US 3,610,088 (IRECO) describes the same method as the preceding patents for the on-site manufacture of a water-gel, incorporating the simultaneous addition of air either by means of mechanical trapping or by means of generating a gas through a Chemical reaction. Patent EP0203230 (IRECO) describes a blender having mobile and fixed blades allowing the 'on-site' manufacture of a water-in-oil emulsion-type blasting agent.
The greatest drawback of these earliest on-site manufacturing technologies lies in the fact that they use high température oxidizing sait solutions that must be transported with a heat supply in thermally insulated tanks. The complexity of the truck and of the manufacturing operation requires highly qualified staff to assure rts success.
The need for safer and simpler solutions changed the trend towards the transport of more finished products (matrix or base product) but still classified as non-explosive and their “on-site” sensitization. In this context, MAXAM (formerly known as Uniôn Espanola de Explosives) developed a sériés of technologies to manufacture matrix suspensions and the transport of a non-explosive matrix suspension and its 'on-site' sensitization by means of incorporating airto the matrix (mechanical gassing) before unloading it into the blast hole.
European patent EP1002777 B1 (MAXAM, formerly known as Uniôn Espanola de Explosivos) describes a method and an installation for the 'on-site' sensitization of waterbased explosives before loading the blast holes from a non-explosive matrix suspension. The sensitization is carried out by means of mixing metered amounts of the matrix product with a gas or air and a gas bubble stabilizer before delivery into the bore holes. A drawback of this method is that the product is sensitized, i.e. becomes explosive, before being pumped to the bore hole. Likewise, European patent EP1207145 B1 (MAXAM, formerly known as Uniôn Espanola de Explosivos) discloses a method for the on-site manufacture of waterbased explosives before loading the blast holes from an oxidizing matrix suspension with an oxygen balance greater than +14%, a fuel material, a gas or air and a gas bubble stabilizer. United States patent US 6,949,153 B2 (MAXAM, formerly known as Uniôn Espanola de Explosivos) describes a method for the on-site manufacture of pumpable explosive mixtures by means of mixing a granular oxidizer with a non-explosive matrix suspension stabilized with a thickener, air and a gas bubble stabilizer which allows regulating the density of the product according to the process conditions. This method allows controlling the density of the explosive product before loading into the blast holes by means of the controlled incorporation of atmospheric air by mechanical means.
More recently, International PCT application WO2014/154824 A1 (MAXAM)describes a method for on site manufacture of water résistant low density watergel explosives from a non-explosive matrix containing a crosslinkable polymer and a gas bubble generating agent (Chemical gassing).
Chemical gassing requires waiting until some Chemical reactions take place to reduce the density of the product since it is pumped into the borehole. That makes difficult to hâve a good control of the height of explosive in the borehole what can provoke poorer performance owing to underioading, or environmental impacts (as vibrations, air shock wave, spillage) owing to overloading.
The main advantage of the mechanical gassing methods described before is that they allow checking the final density of the product before pumping into the borehole. However, there are some drawbacks related with pumping the product already sensitized at the final density:
- the product is already an explosive.
- spillage of product when moving the hose from hole to hole. The bubbles of gas inside the product compress when pumping. Once the pump stops the pressure is relaxed and the product cornes out being difficult to prevent spillage when moving the hose from hole to hole.
- poorer control of the amount of product pumped because of changes of density of the sensitized product with pressure.
- higher complexity of the installation since it is needed additional equipment to load the boreholes.
- higher difficulty to change density along the column of the explosive.
A need thus exists to find new techniques for loading boreholes with bulk waterbased suspension or watergel type explosives with “on-site” sensitization.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The solution provided in the présent invention reduces or éliminâtes ail the drawbacks ofthe mechanical gassing methods exposed in the background section, keeping the advantages of mechanical gassing compared to Chemical gassing. In particular, the présent invention refers to a method and installation for loading boreholes with bulk waterbased suspension or watergel type explosives characterized by the sensitization of the product by rnixing a non-explosive or low sensitivity suspension matrix with compressed gas (e.g. air) at the end ofthe delivery hose.
In an aspect, the présent invention is directed to a procedure for loading a borehole with a bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosive comprising: (i) transportation of a non-explosive or low sensitivity water-based matrix suspension to the location for loading, said suspension comprising at least an oxidant sait, a fuel and a thickener, and (ii) sensitization of the explosive during the delivery into the borehole characterized in that said procedure comprises:
a) dosing the suspension into the borehole through a delivery hosé,
b) injecting gas at the end part of the delivery hose,
c) dispersing the gas into the suspension by means of a mixer located at the end of the hose, and
d) fixing the explosive density by the régulation of the flow rates of matrix and gas.
In another aspect, the présent invention is directed to an installation for loading a bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosive into a borehole according to the above procedure characterized by having:
a) a tank (1 ) for the storage of the matrix suspension,
b) a delivery pump (2) connected to the matrix tank (1),
c) a delivery hose (3) connected to the pressure side of the delivery pump (2),
d) an in-line mixer (4) located at the end of the delivery hose (3),
e) a compressed gas reserve (5),
f)a gas flow regulator (6) connected to the compressed gas reserve (5), and
g) a conduit (7) connecting the flow regulator (6) with the mixer (4).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of an embodiment of an installation for loading boreholes with bulk watergel explosives according to this invention.
Figure 2 shows a schematic drawing of another embodiment of an installation for loading boreholes with bulk watergel explosive according to this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is a method and an installation for loading boreholes with bulk water-based explosives (suspensions or watergel type) as defined above.
Optionally a gas bubble stabilizer and/or a crosslinker can be mixed with the matrix before the mixer at the end of the hose.
The method can be performed in an installation on a mobile vehicle for loading explosives into blast holes having compartments for the different components.
The non-explosive or low sensitivity matrix suspension (i.e. the matrix or base product) is formed by a water based liquid mixture that comprises at least an oxidant sait, a fuel (which may be présent in solution, in émulsion or in suspension) and a thickener. Preferably, the non-explosive or low sensitivity matrix suspension according to the présent invention compiles with the United Nations standards for récognition as UN3375, class 5.1 oxidiser (i.e. non-explosive).
As oxidant salts. nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates of ammonium, alkaline and alkaline-earth metals may be conveniently used as well as mixtures thereof. Precisely, these salts can be among others, the nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates of ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, magnésium, calcium, or mixtures thereof. In general, the total concentration of oxidant salts présent in the base product may vary between 30% and 90% by weight of the base product, preferably between 40 and 75% and more preferably between 60 and 75%.
In a preferred embodiment, the oxidant sait is or comprises ammonium nitrate.
Organic compounds belonging to the group formed by aromatic hydrocarbons, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, amine nitrates, oils, petrol dérivatives, vegetable occurring dérivatives such as starches, flours, sawdust, molasses and sugars, or metallic fuels finely divided such as aluminum or ferro-silica may be conveniently used as fuels. In general, the total fuel concentration in the base product may vary between 1% and 40% by weight of the base product, preferably between 3% and 20% and more preferably between 10 and 20%.
According to particular embodiment, amine nitrate and/or diesel oil, a petroleum based fuel consisting of both saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, is used as fuel. The amine nitrate fuels are useful to increase the solubility and sensibility of the product and are preferably selected from alkylamine nitrates, alkanolamine nitrates, and mixtures thereof, such as methylamine nitrate, ethanolamine nitrate, diethanolamine nitrate, triethanolamine nitrate, dimethyl-amine nitrate, as well as the nitrates from other hydrosoluble amines such as hexamine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, laurylamine and mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel is one or more amine nitrates. In a more preferred embodiment, the fuel is or comprises hexamine nitrate.
In another preferred embodiment, the fuel comprises one or more amine nitrates and an additional fuel. In a more particular embodiment, the fuel comprises methyl amine nitrate and diesel foel.
As thickening agents, products derived from seeds such as guar gum, galactomanans, biosynthetic products such as xanthan gum, starch, cellulose and their dérivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose or synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide, may be conveniently used. In general, the concentration of thickening agents in the base product may vary between 0.1% and 5% by weight of the base product, preferably between 0.5% and 2%.
In a preferred embodiment, the thickening agent is or comprises guar gum.
In a preferred embodiment, the matrix product is a water based suspension comprising or consisting of methyl amine nitrate, ammonium nitrate, guar gum and diesel fuel. In another preferred embodiment, the matrix product is a water based suspension comprising or consisting of hexamine nitrate, ammonium nitrate and guar gum.
In an embodiment of the invention the gas is compressed air, but it could be nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or whatever compressed gas that once dispersed, the bubbles of gas will act as hot spot when compressed by a shock wave. The volumétrie ratio between the gas and the matrix suspension may normally vary between 0.05 and 5, preferably between 0.1 and 1.
The mixing of the matrix suspension and the gas is done in an inline mixer located at the end of the hose. The gas is sent to the inlet of mixer through a tube that goes either inside or outside of the hose. In a preferred embodiment, the inline mixer is a static mixer, more preferably a hélicoïdal static mixer. The matrix suspension flow rate is regulated controliing the rpms of the pump and the gas flow rate is regulated by a flow regulator. In a preferred embodiment, this regulator is a constant flow regulator i.e. a mechanism that allows controliing the impact of pressure changes such that the flow is always constant and is the desired one. Of course, this does not mean that the gas flow is kept constant during the whole process but that the actual gas flow is the desired one at any point in the process.
Additionally, one or more stabilizing agents of gas bubbles can be added, among which there are for instance surface-active agent solutions or dispersions of the type derived from amines of fatty acids such as for example laurylamine acetate or proteins of the type egg albumin, lactalbumin, collagen, soy protein, guar protein or modified guar gum of the guar hydroxypropyl type. In general, the stabilizing agent may be added to the base product in a concentration comprised between 0.01% and 5% by weight with respect to the weight of the base product, preferably between 0.1% and 2%.
Additionally, it is preferred to add a crosslinker to improve the water résistance. Among the crosslinking agents the antimmonium compounds such as potassium pyroantimonate, antimmonium and potassium tartrate, chromium compounds such as chromic acid, sodium or potassium dichromat, zirconium compounds such as zirconium sulphate or zirconium diisopropylamine lactate, titanium compounds such as titanium triethanolamine chelate or aluminum compounds such as aluminum sulphate, can be conveniently used. In general, the concentration of the crosslinking agent may vary between 0.01% and 5% by weight with respect to the weight of the base product, preferably between 0.01% and 2%.
Optionally, the matrix suspension can be blended with ANFO or any oxidizer in granular form and optionally a fuel, being the percentage of matrix higher than 50%, so that
Ί the blend could be pumped.
The method for loading blast holes provided by this invention has the advantages of mechanical gassing methods compared with Chemical gassing (i.e. control of final density without waiting for gassing, good control of explosive column height, etc.) and overcomes some of the drawbacks as pumping an already sensitized explosive, and spillage between holes because of relaxation of the pressure in the hose. Mixing the gas at the end of the hose allows changing the density at any length in the column of explosive immediately without waiting until the Chemical reaction takes place.
As opposite to émulsions, suspensions hâve the capability to entrap high volumes of gas what allows to get very low densities. On crosslinking the suspension becomes a solid watergel keeping the bubbles inside the rubberlike gel, preventing coalescence of the bubbles.
The method for loading blast holes provided by this invention allows charging ail types of bore holes, either open pit or underground. This method allows pumping in 360° in ail type of operations, production, development, up holes, etc.
This method is specially compétitive in development works in tunnels reducing the total cycle time since it allows to shoot the blast just after loading without waiting until the product get gassed. It also allows reducing the density to very low values being possible to load with the same base product the eut area with high density to get full advance and the contour with very low density, reducing the damage of the walls.
The invention also relates to an installation for loading boreholes with a bulk waterbased suspension or wat^opLdype.
procedure. In figure 1 is shown an embodiment which comprises:
a tank (1) for the storage of the matrix suspension;
- a delivery pump (2) connected to the matrix tank (1 );
a delivery hose (3) connected at the outlet of the delivery pump (2);
an inline mixer (4) located at the end ofthe delivery hose (3);
a compressed gas reserve (5);
a gas flow regulator (6) with flowmeter;
- a conduit (7) connecting the flow regulator (6) with the mixer (4) to convey the gas from the flow regulator (6) to the mixer (4) and the following optional components:
a tank for a gas stabilizer (8) with a stabilizer pump (9), a tank for water (10) with a water pump (11) and a water lubrication ring (12), and 35 - a tank for a crosslinker (13) with a crosslinker pump (14).
Figure 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the installation provided by this invention that compléments the above installation, to load boreholes with pumpable blends of matrix and ANFO (or granulated oxidizer and a fuel). This installation comprises, besides the éléments previously mentioned:
- a tank (15) for storing granular ammonium nitrate,
- a dosing system (16) for ammonium nitrate,
- a tank (17) to storage liquid fuel,
- a pump (18) and flow meter (19) for liquid fuel,
- a mixing auger (20) to blerid ammonium nitrate and liquid fuel and the matrix suspension,
- a matrix pump (21) connecting the matrix tank (1) with the mixing auger (20), and
- a hopper (22) connected to the delivery pump (2).
In an alternative embodiment, no liquid fuel is added and therefore the tank (17) and the dosing system (18,19) are not necessary.
In a particular and preferred embodiment, the installation is located on a mobile unit for loading the holes or a pumping truck.
EXAMPLES
The invention is illustrated by means of the following examples which in no case limit the scope of the invention. Example 1
An installation for loading boreholes was assembled on an underground vehicle. The installation comprised the following éléments according to Figure 1:
- A 1,2001 tank (1) to storage a matrix suspension,
- a progressive cavity (PC) pump (2) connected to the matrix suspension tank (1),
- a 1 flexible delivery hose, 20 m long, connected to the PC pump (2),
- an inline hélicoïdal type static mixer (4) connected at the end of the delivery hose. This static mixer is composed of different mixing éléments. The number of éléments can be changed to accommodate to the different pumping rates to minimize back pressure and optimize the degree of mixing,
- an air réservoir (5) composed by a small compresser Connected to
- a gas constant flow regulator (6) with flowmeter, installed to compensate changes in back pressure,
- a 1/8 pneumatic flexible tube (7) inserted inside the delivery hose by a throughwall connector. This tube connects the air flow regulator (6) with the static mixer (4),
- a 50 I tank (8), to storage a gas stabilizer solution, connected to the inlet of a metering pump (9). The pump (9) outlet was connected to the inlet of the delivery pump (2),
- a 50 I tank (13), to storage a crosslinker solution, connected to the inlet of a metering pump (14). The pump outlet was connected to the static mixer (4) through a 1/8 flexible tube. This tube was inserted inside the delivery hose by a throughwall connector,
- a 751 water tank (10) connected to the inlet of a piston pump (11). The pump outlet was connected to a lubrication ring (12), located in the delivery hose (3).
The tank (1) was filled with the non-explosive matrix suspension, described in table 1.
Table 1
Component | % |
Water | 13.1 |
Methyl amine nitrate | 14.7 |
Ammonium nitrate | 68.9 |
Guar gum | 0.8 |
Diesel fuel | 2.5 |
Matrix suspension composition
The density of the matrix was 1.47 g/cm3.
The tank (8) was filled with a solution of MYCE (MAXAM's proprietary solution of gas stabilizer). Tank (13) was filled with crosslinker solution consisting in a solution of potassium pyroantimonate at a concentration of 1%. Tank (10) was filled with water for lubrication.
A 12-element inline hélicoïdal 1 static mixer was placed at the end of the delivery hose.
Once ail the tanks were filled, the process of loading and sensitizing was started. In the following table are shown the loading process parameters (flow rates of matrix, air, gas stabilizer solution, crosslinker solution and water for lubrication), pumping pressures and density of the product at the exrt of the loading hose:
Table 2
Matrix (kg/min) | Air (l/min) NTP | Stabilizer solution l/min | Crosslinker solution l/min | Water l/min | Pumping Pressure kg/cm2 | Density g/cm3 |
25 | 9.5 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 4.1 | 0.96 |
30 | 9.5 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 4.8 | 1.01 |
45 | 9.5 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 6.2 | 1.13 |
60 | 9.5 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 8.6 | 1.21 |
60 | 20.5 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 8.9 | 1.01 |
45 | 20.5 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 6.7 | 0.91 |
30 | 20.5 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 5.2 | 0.75 |
25 | 20.5 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 4.9 | 0.68 |
25 | 30.1 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.55 |
25 | 40.0 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 5-7 | 0.72 |
As it can be seen in the table, it was possible to get a range of densities between 0.55 and 1.21 by varying the ratios of the flow rates of matrix and air, what allows to choose high density for the eut area and low density for the contour of the blast to get full advance and minimum damage of the walls.
In the last test, the final density achieved was higher than in the previous one, even injecting higher volume of air. The pressure was pulsating with fluctuations between 5 and 7 kg/cm2. It means that with the présent number of éléments in the static mixer, there is no enough mixing capacity to incorporate ail the air injected. In this case, injecting higher volume of air the capacity to incorporate it into the matrix is reduced Since the excess of air reduces the mixer capacity to disperse the air.
Results of new sériés of tests done with 6 more hélicoïdal mixing éléments are shown in next table.
Table 3
Matrix (kg/min) | Air (l/min) NTP | Stabilizer l/min | Crosslinker l/min | Water l/min | Pumping Pressure kg/cm2 | Density g/cm3 |
25 | 40.0 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 6.9 | 0.45 |
30 | 40.0 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 7.6 | 0.51 |
45 | 40.0 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 8.9 | 0.66 |
60 | 40.0 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 10.2 | 0.76 |
As it can be seen in the table, the capacity to incorporate the injected air improves, getting lower values of explosive density, as the number of mixing éléments was increased. Example 2
An installation for loading boreholes was assembled on an open pit vehicle. The installation comprised the following éléments according to Figure 2:
- A 7,5001 tank (1) to storage a matrix suspension,
- a lobe pump (21) connected to the matrix suspension tank,
- a 5,000 î tank (15) to storage granular ammonium nitrate,
- an auger (16) located in the bottom ofthetank (15) to dose ammonium nitrate,
- a 500 I tank (17) to storage diesel, connected to a metering pump (18) and a flow meter (19),
- a mixing auger (20) to blend ammonium nitrate, diesel oil and matrix suspension,
- a 1501 hopper (22) to collect the blend from the mixing auger (20)
- a progressive cavity (PC) pump (2) connected to the hopper (22),
- a 2 delivery hose, 35 m long connected to the PC pump (2),
- an inline hélicoïdal 2static mixer (4) connected at the end of the delivery hose,
- an air réservoir (5) which is connected to the compressor of the truck and to a gas constant flow regulator (6) with flowmeter,
- a 3/16“ pneumatic flexible tube (7) inserted inside the delivery hose by a throughwall connector. This tube connects the air flow regulator (6) with the static mixer (4),
- a 200 l tank (8) for gas stabiïizer solution and a metering pump (9) for stabilizer solution. The pump (9) connects the stabilizer tank to the suction of the delivery pump (2),
- a 2001 tank (13) for a crosslinker solution and a metering pump (14) connecting the tank (13) with the static mixer (4) through a 1/8 flexible tube, that is inserted inside the delivery hose by a through-wall connector,
- a 5001 water tank (10) with a piston pump (11) connected to a lubrication ring (12), located in the delivery hose (3).
The tank (1) was filled with the formulation of the non-explosive matrix suspension described in table 4. The density ofthe matrix was 1.45 g/cm3.
Table 4
Component | % |
Water | 14.0 |
Hexamine nitrate | 14.0 |
Ammonium nitrate | 71.4 |
Guar gum | 0.6 |
Matrix suspension composition
The tank (15) was filled with granular ammonium nitrate, the tank (17) was filled with diesel oil, the tank (8) was filled with a solution of MYCE (MAXAM's proprietary solution of gas stabilizer). Tank (13) was filled with crosslinker solution consisting in a solution of potassium pyroantimonate at a concentration of 1%. Tank (10) was filled with water for lubrication.
A 9-element hélicoïdal 2 static mixer was inserted at the end of the delivery hose.
Once ail the tanks were filled, the process of loading and sensitizing was started. The matrix was pumped into the mixing auger (20) where it was blended with ammonium 5 nitrate and diesel oil. The resulting blend was sent to the hopper (22) and pumped into the borehole while was sensitized with air at the end of the hose.
In the following table are shown the loading process parameters (flow rates of matrix, ammonium nitrate, diesel oil, air, gas stabilizer solution, crosslinker solution and water for lubrication), pumping pressures and density ofthe product at the exit ofthe loading hose:
Table 5
Matrix (kg/min) | Ammonium nitrate (kg/min) | Diesel oil (l/min) | Delivery pump (kg/min) | Air (l/min) NTP | Stabilizer l/min | Crosslinker l/min | Water l/min | Pumping Pressure kg/cm2 | Density g/cm3 |
150 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 31.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 1.13 |
150 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 40.0 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 4.1 | 1.05 |
150 | 35 | 2.6 | 185 | 40.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 5.8 | 1.09 |
150 | 35 | 2.6 | 185 | 54.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 6.6 | 1.01 |
150 | 60 | 4.5 | 210 | 54.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 8.9 | 1.05 |
150 | 60 | 4.5 | 210 | 75.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 9.4 | 0.95 |
As it can be seen in the table, it is possible to control the density of blends of matrix suspension with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) while pumping into the blast hole by adjusting the flow rates of the blend and air, mixing at the end of the hose.
Claims (9)
1. A procedure for loading a borehole with a bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosive comprising: (i) transportation of a non-explosive or low sensitivity water-based matrix suspension to the location for loading, said suspension comprising at least an oxidant sait, a fuel, and a thickener, and (ii) sensitization of the explosive during the delivery into the borehole, characterized in that said procedure comprises:
a) dosing the suspension into the borehole through a delivery hose,
b) injecting gas at the end part of the delivery hose,
c) dispersing the gas into the suspension by means of a mixer located at the end of the hose, and
d) fixing the explosive density by the régulation of the flow rates of matrix and gas.
2. A procedure according to claim 1 which comprises the addition of a gas bubble stabilizer to the matrix suspension before the mixer at the end of the hose.
3. A procedure according to any one of claims 1 to 2 which comprises the addition of a crosslinker to the matrix suspension before the mixer at the end of the hose.
4. A procedure according to any one of claims 1 to 3 which comprises mixing of the matrix suspension with ANFO or granular ammonium nitrate and optionally fuel before dosing into the borehole, being the percentage of matrix higher than 50% in the final mixture.
5. An installation for loading a bulk water-based suspension or watergel type explosives into a borehole according to the procedure of claim 1 characterized by comprising:
a) a tank (1 ) for the storage of the matrix suspension,
b) a delivery pump (2) connected to the matrix tank,
c) a delivery hose (3) connected to the pressure side of the delivery pump (2),
d) an in-Iine mixer (4) located at the end of the delivery hose (3),
e) a compressed gas reserve (5),
f)a gas flow regulator (6) connected to the compressed gas reserve (5), and
g) a conduit (7) connecting the flow regulator (6) with the mixer (4).
6. An installation according to claim 5 which further comprises a tank (8) and a pump (9) for a gas bubble stabilizer.
7. An installation according to claims 5 or 6 which further comprises a tank (13) and a pump (9) for a crosslinker.
8. An installation according to any one of claims 5 to 7 which further comprises:
a) a tank (15) for storing ammonium nitrate in granular form,
b) a dosing system (16) for ammonium nitrate,
c) optionally, a tank (17) to storage liquid fuel,
d) optionally, a dosing system (18,19)for liquid fuel,
e) a pump (21) for matrix suspension,
f)a mixer (20) to blend the ammonium nitrate, the liquid fuel if présent and the matrix suspension,
5 a hopper (22) to collect the blend of matrix suspension, ammonium nitrate and fuel, connected to the delivery pump (2).
9. An installation according to any one of claims 5 to 8, where the inline mixer is a hélicoïdal static mixer.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP18382253.5 | 2018-04-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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OA19847A true OA19847A (en) | 2021-05-26 |
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