OA19549A - Network access of a wireless device to a communications network. - Google Patents

Abstract

A communications network is being accessed by a wireless device associated with a coverage class selected from a set of coverage classes. The wireless device performs a method comprising initiating network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel during a starting opportunity defïned by the coverage class of the wireless device. Each coverage class may be associated with a unique number of répétitions of the preamble sequence transmission.

Description

NETWORK ACCESS OF A WIRELESS DEVICE TO A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments presented herein relate to a method, a wireless device, a computer program, and a computer program product for network access of the wireless device to a communications network. Further embodiments presented herein relate to a method, a network node, a computer program, and a computer program product for enabling network access of the wireless device to the communications network.

BACKGROUND

In communications networks, there may be a challenge to obtain good performance and capacity for a given communications protocol, its parameters and the physical environment in which the communications network is deployed.

For example, evolving services are associated with new requirements on cellular networks, e.g. with respect to device cost, battery lifetime and coverage. To drive down device and module cost, a system-on-a-chip (SoC) solution with integrated power amplifier (PA) can be used. However, it is feasible for the current state-of-the-art PA technology to allow 20-23 dBm transmit power when PA is integrated to SoC. This constraint limits uplink coverage, which is related to how much the path loss is allowed between the end-user wireless device and network node of the communications network.

To maximize the coverage achievable by an integrated PA, it is commonly necessary to reduce PA backoff. PA backoff may be defined as the ratio of maximal saturation output power and average output power of the PA. PA backoff is needed when the communication signal has significant non-unity peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The higher the PAPR is, the higher PA backoff is required. Higher PA backoff also gives rise to lower PA efficiency, and thus lower device battery life time. Thus, designing an uplink communication signal that has as low PAPR as possible — and thereby reduces the necessary PA backoff — could lower the device cost, increase the battery lifetime and increase the coverage of the wireless device.

It could be possible to evolve existing cellular communications (such as Long Term Evolution; LTE) spécifications to include support for Narrowband Intemet-of-Things (NB-IoT) technologies. In this respect, the LTE uplink is based on single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access (SC-FDMA) modulation for the uplink data and control channels, and ZadoffChu signal for random access. Neither of these signais has good PAPR properties.

Hence, there is still a need for an improved handling of network access for a wireless device in a communications network.

SUMMARY

An object of embodiments herein is to provide efficient handling of network access for a wireless device in a communications network

According to a first aspect there is presented a method for network access of a wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The method is performed by the wireless device. The method comprises initiating network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel (PRACH). Wherein the network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device.

According to a second aspect there is presented a wireless device for network access of the wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The wireless device comprises processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to cause the wireless device to initiate network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel (PRACH) The network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device.

According to a third aspect there is presented a wireless device for network access of the wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The wireless device comprises processing circuitry and a computer program product storing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the wireless device to initiate network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel (PRACH). The network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device.

According to a fourth aspect there is presented a wireless device for network access of the wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The wireless device comprises an initiate module configured to initiate network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel (PRACH). The network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device.

According to a fifth aspect there is presented a computer program for network access of a wireless device to a communications network, the computer program comprising computer program code which, when run on processing circuitry of the wireless device, causes the wireless device to perform a method according to the first aspect.

According to a sixth aspect there is presented a method for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The method is performed by a network node. The method comprises providing a network access configuration to the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network for the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device during which network access is to be initiated.

According to a seventh aspect there is presented a network node for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The network node comprises processing circuitry. The Processing circuitry is configured to cause the network node to provide a network access configuration to the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network for the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device during which network access is to be initiated.

According to an eighth aspect there is presented a network node for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network. The wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. The network node comprises processing circuitry and a computer program product storing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the network node to provide a network access configuration to the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network for the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device during which network access is to be initiated.

According to a ninth aspect there is presented a network node for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network. The network node comprises a provide module configured to provide a network access configuration to the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network for the wireless device. The network access configuration spécifiés that the network access is to be initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device.

According to a tenth aspect there is presented a computer program for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network, the computer program comprising computer program code which, when run on processing circuitry of a network node, causes the network node to perform a method according to the sixth aspect.

According to an eleventh aspect there is presented a computer program product comprising a computer program according to at least one of the fifth aspect and the tenth aspect and a computer readable storage medium on which the computer program is stored. The computer readable storage medium can be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.

Advantageously these methods and devices provide efficient handling of network access of the wireless device to the communications network.

Advantageously these methods and devices enable time collision of PRACH opportunities of different coverage classes to be avoided.

Advantageously these methods and devices particularly apply to NB-IoT and Enhanced Machine-Type Communication (eMTC).

It is to be noted that any feature of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh aspects may be applied to any other aspect, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of the first aspect may equally apply to the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and/or eleventh aspect, respectively, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following detailed disclosure, from the attached dépendent claims as well as from the drawings.

Generally, ail terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defîned otherwise herein. Ail references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein do not hâve to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The inventive concept is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, on which:

Fig. 1 iis a schematic diagram illustrating a communication network according to embodiments;

Fig. 2 schematically illustrâtes réception of random access preambles at a radio access network node;

Fig. 3 schematically illustrâtes a PRACH symbol group structure;

Fig. 4 schematically illustrâtes a PRACH hopping pattern;

Fig. 5 schematically illustrâtes a 12-tone (12-subcarrier) NPRACH band;

Figs. 6-7 schematically illustrate PRACH opportunities according to prior art;

Figs. 8—12 schematically illustrate PRACH opportunities according to embodiments;

Figs. 13-16 are flowcharts of methods according to embodiments;

Fig. 17 is a schematic diagram showing functional units of a wireless device according to an embodiment;

Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram showing functional modules of a wireless device according to an embodiment;

Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram showing functional units of a network node according to an embodiment;

Fig. 20 is a schematic diagram showing functional modules of a network node according to an embodiment; and

Fig. 21 shows one example of a computer program product comprising computer readable means according to an embodiment.

Unless otherwise stated, like references numerals indicate like éléments on the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventive concept will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which certain embodiments of the inventive concept are shown. This inventive concept may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will be thorough and complété, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like éléments throughout the description. Any step or feature illustrated by dashed lines should be regarded as optional.

Single-tone ffequency-hopping NB-IoT PRACH (denoted NPRACH) signais hâve low PAPR, and thus the use of NPRACH reduces the need for PA backoff and maximizes PA efficiency. NPRACH signais are compatible with SC-FDMA and orthogonal frequency-division multipleaccess (OFDMA) since, in any OFDM symbol interval, the NPRACH signais appear like an OFDM signal of one single subcarrier.

To support the random access design, the network node should be able to configure time resource information that informs the wireless devices when (in time) to transmit the NPRACH and frequency resource information that directs wireless devices where (in frequency) to transmit the NPRACH.

in NB-IoT random access, up to three different coverage classes may be supported in NPRACH. Coverage classes are also referred to as coverage levels, coverage enhancement levels (CE levels or CELs), or enhanced coverage levels; the term coverage classes will be used hereinafter. For example, coverage classes may correspond to a value of a minimum coupling loss (MCL), which may signify a minimum distance loss - possibly including antenna gain - measured between antenna connectors, such as 144 dB MCL or 164 dB MCL. More generally, coverage classes may correspond to x dB MCL, where x is selected from a predetermined collection of two or more values, e.g. {144, 164}. Coverage classes may altematively be associated with respective values of a received power of a signal which the wireless device receives, in particular a reference signal. As discussed in more detail below, coverage classes may correspond to the number of répétitions of an NPRACH signal that a UE transmits.

The received powers of NPRACH transmissions from wireless devices in different coverage classes can differ significantly, resulting in a severe near-far problem if the transmissions use the same time and frequency NPRACH opportunities. As an example, supporting 164 dB maximum coupling loss is a design target of NB-IoT, while the maximum coupling loss of wireless devices in normal coverage is often limited to 144 dB. This may resuit in 20 dB received power différence under the idéal conditions that the wireless devices are able to estimate their coupling loss perfectly and the open loop power control used in NPRACH transmissions is perfect. In practice, the estimate of coupling loss by the wireless devices may be subject to errors in, e.g., the range [-6, 6] dB, leading to even larger received power différences in NPRACH transmissions. It is therefore proposed to separate NPRACH opportunities of different coverage classes in time and/or frequency domain.

One alternative to separating NPRACH opportunities of different coverage classes is to configure different NPRACH frequency bands for different coverage classes in the frequency domain. However, if the network node is to configure only one or two NPRACH frequency bands, a mechanism is still needed to separate the NPRACH of three different coverage classes in the time domain.

In the existing LTE random access procedure, random access serves multiple purposes such as initial network access when a radio link is established between the wireless device and the communications network, scheduling request for the wireless device, etc. Among others, one objective of random access is to achieve uplink synchronization for maintaining the uplink orthogonality in LTE. To preserve orthogonality among different wireless devices in an OFDMA or SC-FDMA System, the time of arrivai of each wireless device’s signal needs to be within the cyclic prefix (CP) of the OFDMA or SC-FDMA signal at the network node.

LTE random access can be either contention-based or contention-free. The contention-based random access procedure consists of four steps, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a communications network 100 where embodiments presented herein can be applied. The communications network 100 comprises a radio access network 110, a core network 120 and a service network 130. The radio access network 100 comprises at least one radio access network node (RANN) 140. The radio access network node 140 can be provided by any of a radio base station, a base transceiver station, a remote radio head, an access point, an access node, a NodeB, or an evolved NodeB. The radio access network node 140 provides services and network access to at least one wireless device (WD) 200. The wireless device 200 can be a portable wireless device, a mobile station, a mobile phone, a handset, a wireless local-loop phone, a user equipment (UE), a smartphone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a network equipped sensor device, an Intemet-of-Things device, or a wireless broadband modem.

The radio access network 110 is operatively connected to the core network 120, which in tum is operatively connected to the service network 130. A wireless device 200 being operatively connected to the radio access network node 140 is thereby enabled to access services and exchange data with the service network 130.

The communications network 100 further comprises at least one network node 300. Further details of the network node 300 will be disclosed below.

The contention-based random access procedure comprises steps 1-4:

Step 1 : The wireless device 200 transmits a random access preamble to the network node 300.

Step 2: The network node 300 responds to the random access preamble by transmitting a random access response including, for example, an uplink grant, to the wireless device 200.

Step 3 : The wireless device 200 transmits a scheduled transmission to the network node 300.

Step 4: The network node 300 transmits a message for contention resolution of the wireless device 200.

Note that only step 1 involves physical-layer processing specifically designed for random access, while the remaining steps 2-4 follow the same physical-layer processing used in uplink and downlink data transmission. For contention-free random access, the wireless device uses reserved preambles assigned by the base station. In this case, contention resolution is not needed, and thus only steps 1 and 2 are required.

NPRACH serves similar purposes as in LTE, and reuses the random access procedure in LTE. As shown in Figure 1, in the first step, a PRACH preamble sequence is sent by the UE during a random access time segment illustrated in Figure 2. For a wireless device close to the radio access network node the random access preamble is received at time t = t]. For a wireless device at the cell edge (far from the radio access network node) the random access preamble is received at time t = ti + Δ. The PRACH preamble sequence does not occupy the entire random access segment, leaving some time as guard time (GT). As discussed above, to maximize PA efficiency and coverage, it is désirable to hâve PRACH preambles as close to constant-envelope as possible. Also, the PRACH preambles should be designed such that accurate time-of-arrival estimation can be performed by the base stations. In the below description, the terms PRACH signal and PRACH preamble will be used interchangeably.

One example of the basic structure of a PRACH symbol group is illustrated in Figure 3. It is basically a single tone OFDM signal. Unlike traditional OFDM symbols where the non-CP part consists of a single symbol, the non-CP part of the PRACH symbol group in Figure 3 may consist of one or more symbols. As an example, one CP (of length either 266.7 ps or 66.7 ps) and five symbols constitute a basic symbol group. The symbol structure with 266.7 ps CP and five symbols is illustrated in Figure 3.

A number of OFDM symbol groups, each one as illustrated in Figure 3, are concatenated to form a PRACH preamble. But the frequency positions of the symbol groups of the same PRACH

ΙΟ preamble vary according to some hopping patterns. One example of a hopping pattern is illustrated in Figure 4.

Based on using single-tone frequency-hopping NPRACH, 12 tones (of total bandwidth 3.75 · 12 = 45 kHz) can be used as the basic frequency resource band (such as 6 PRBs in LTE PRACH) for the configuration design. This 12-tone NPRACH band concept is illustrated in Figure 5.

For wireless devices in normal coverage, a NPRACH preamble transmission with 4 or 8 symbol groups can be sufficient in order for the wireless device to successfully complété the random access procedure. For wireless devices in extreme low coverage with e.g., 164 dB maximum coupling loss, a NPRACH preamble transmission with 128 or more symbol groups may be required.

It could be bénéficiai to avoid collision of NPRACH transmissions from wireless devices in different coverage classes when they use the same NPRACH frequency band. Mechanisms are therefore proposed to separate NPRACH opportunities of different coverage classes in the time domain.

Assume, for example as in eMTC, that the range for the RRC parameter for PRACH starting subframe periodicity (expressed in terms of PRACH opportunities) is defîned by prachStartingSubframe, which may take one of the values in the set {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}, whereprachStartingSubframe is a parameter defming the PRACH starting subframe. Further assume that the offset (expressed in terms of PRACH opportunities) is defîned by

N prachStartingSubframe + numRepetitionPerPreambleAttempt, where N>0 is an integer, and where numRepetitionPerPreambleAttempt is a parameter defming the number of répétitions of random access transmissions allowed per preamble attempt. In 3GPP spécifications of eMTC, the initial transmission of a preamble sequence is counted in the “number of répétitions”; for example, transmitting a preamble sequence twice per attempt may correspond to numRepetititionsPerPreambleAttempt being equal to 2. The total number of répétitions may dépend on the number of allowed preamble transmission attempts, which may correspond to a different parameter.

Here prachStartingSubframe is expressed in terms of PRACH opportunities, not the absolute time or number of symbol groups. Time-domain PRACH opportunities can be regarded as slots in the time domain resources that can be used for PRACH transmissions, as illustrated in Figure 6. Time-domain resources between slots may be used for other purposes, such as data transmissions. Since time-domain resources between PRACH opportunities are not relevant for the embodiments disclosed herein, such time-domain resources will be omitted in belowreferenced Figures 7-12.

A non-limiting illustrative example will be used to illustrate how the random access procedure for eMTC can be used for NB-IoT. As an example, suppose that there are 16 opportunities every 128 ms. Consider three different coverage classes, denoted coverage class 1, coverage class 2, and coverage class 3 with properties listed below:

For coverage class 1, 4 symbol groups are used (i.e., no répétition with respect to a set of 4 symbol groups; this may correspond to a value 1 of a répétition parameter) and can be transmitted completely using one PRACH opportunity.

For coverage class 2, 8 symbol groups are needed (i.e., 2 répétitions with respect to a set of 4 symbol groups; this may correspond to a value 2 of a répétition parameter) and can be transmitted using 2 PRACH opportunities.

For coverage class 3, 32 symbol groups are needed (i.e., 8 répétitions with respect to a set of 4 symbol groups; this may correspond to a value 8 of a répétition parameter) and can be transmitted using 8 PRACH opportunities.

In principle, in eMTC different prachStartingSubframe are allowed for different coverage classes. This however may complicate the network configuration for avoiding PRACH collisions of wireless devices in different coverage classes. One example of such a case is provided below and is also illustrated in Figure 7:

Coverage class 2 has 2 répétitions: prachStartingSubframe = 4 and thus the offset is any value in the set {0, 1, 2, 3} · 4 + 2 = {2, 6, 10, 14} within 16 opportunities. As seen in Figure 7, N = 0, 1, 2 or 3 for coverage class 2. Figure 7 shows four preamble transmission attempts with two répétitions each.

Coverage class 3 has 8 répétitions: prachStartingSubframe =16 and thus the offset is 0 · 16 + 8 = 8 within 16 opportunities. As seen in Figure 7, N = 0 for coverage class 3.

The embodiments disclosed herein relate to mechanisms for handling time collision of PRACH opportunities of different coverage classes.

The embodiments disclosed herein thus relate to mechanisms for network access of a wireless device to a communications network. In order to obtain such mechanisms there is provided a wireless device 200, a method performed by the wireless device 200, a computer program product comprising code, for example in the form of a computer program, that when run on processing circuitry of the wireless device 200, causes the wireless device 200 to perform the method. In order to obtain such mechanisms there is further provided a network node 300, a method performed by the network node 300, and a computer program product comprising code, for example in the form of a computer program, that when run on processing circuitry of the network node 300, causes the network node 300 to perform the method.

Figs. 13 and 14 are flow charts illustrating embodiments of methods for network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the wireless device 200. Figs. 15 and 16 are flow charts illustrating embodiments of methods for enabling network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the network node 300. The methods are advantageously provided as computer programs 420a, 420b.

Reference is now made to Fig. 13 illustrating a method for network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the wireless device 200 according to an embodiment.

The wireless device 200 is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes. Preferably, the set comprises two, three or more coverage classes.

SI 10: The wireless device 200 initiâtes network access to the communications network 100 by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel (PRACH). The network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device 200. Accordingly, the preamble sequence is transmitted during the starting opportunity and possibly repeated.

Reference is now made to Fig. 14 illustrating methods for network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the wireless device 200 according to further embodiments. It is assumed that step SI 10 is performed as described with reference to Figure 13.

There could be different ways for the wireless device 200 to obtain the network access configuration. For example, according to an embodiment the wireless device 200 is confîgured to perform step S102.

S102: The wireless device 200 obtains the network access configuration from the network node 300.

As will be further disclosed below the wireless device 200 can be provided with information from the network node 300 on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device 200. According to an embodiment the wireless device 200 is therefore confîgured to perform step S104.

S104: The wireless device 200 obtains information from the network node 300 on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device 200.

Reference is now made to Fig. 15 illustrating a method for enabling network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the network node 300 according to an embodiment.

As disclosed above, the wireless device 200 is associated with a coverage class from a set of coverage classes.

S202: The network node 300 provides a network access configuration to the wireless device 200. The network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network 100 for the wireless device 200. The network access configuration spécifiés that the network access is to be initiated during a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device 200. According to an embodiment, the network node 300 provides the wireless device 200 with a network access configuration including a plurality of starting opportunities associated with different coverage classes. The starting opportunities may relate to distinct time resources. Among the starting opportunities, the coverage class of the wireless device 200 defînes a starting opportunity during which the wireless device 200 is to initiate network access by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel. This may imply that the wireless device 200 receives a network access configuration which, in addition to the one or more starting opportunities of the wireless device 200, spécifiés at least one fùrther starting opportunity; the further starting opportunity may be used by wireless devices associated with a different coverage class.

Reference is now made to Fig. 16 illustrating methods for enabling network access of the wireless device 200 to the communications network 100 as performed by the network node 300 according to further embodiments. It is assumed that step S202 is performed as described with reference to Figure 15.

According to an embodiment the network node 300 is configured to perform step S204:

S204: The network node 300 provides information to the wireless device 200 on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device 200.

Embodiments common to both the wireless device 200 and the network node 300 will now be presented.

With reference again made to Figure 1, the network access initiation as performed by the wireless device 200 in step SI 10 (Figs. 13 and 14) takes the place of transmitting the random access preamble in step 1. It can be assumed that the preamble sequence for random access as transmitted by the wireless device 200 is received by the network node 300. Steps 2-4 of Figure 1 may then foliow; in case contention resolution is not needed only steps 1 and 2 are required to be performed.

According to some aspects the starting opportunities are unique for each coverage class. Hence, according to an embodiment no two different coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting opportunity. According to some other aspects the starting opportunities are shared for some coverage classes. Particularly, according to an embodiment each coverage class in the set of coverage classes is associated with a respective received power level, and those coverage classes whose received power levels differ less than a threshold value hâve at least partly overlapping starting opportunities.

According to an embodiment ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting subframe for initiating the network access. The starting opportunity, during which the network access is initiated, is determined based on the common starting subframe. For avoiding collision, a common prachStartingSubframe can thus be configured. Then, collisions can be avoided since different offsets can be used for different coverage classes. As an example, different time offsets relative to the common starting subframe can be used. In other words, the offset can be dépendent on the coverage class, and each coverage class can hâve its own offset. That is, according to an embodiment, ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting subframe for initiating said network access, and each coverage class in the set of coverage classes has a unique offset for initiating the network access in relation to the common starting subframe, and the network access is initiated according to the unique offset. The offset may be defined in relation to the common starting subframe. The offset may for instance include a number of subframes indicating the distance in time from the common starting subframe to the starting opportunity. The offset may altematively include a distance in time from the common starting subframe to the starting opportunity. Thus, if the offset for a coverage class is zéro, one starting opportunity will be the common starting subframe, so that wireless devices associated with the coverage class will try to initiate network access during the common starting subframe.

Embodiments relating to détermination of explicit starting opportunities used by the wireless device 200 for avoiding PRACH collision will now be disclosed.

According to an embodiment each coverage class in the set of coverage classes is associated with a unique number of répétitions for performing the network access. Like for eMTC, as reviewed above, the number of répétitions may be signaled by a parameter indicating the number of répétitions per attempt and an optional parameter indicating the number of attempts. While network access may be initiated in a subframe containing the starting opportunity, the subséquent répétitions may be outside this subframe. The unique offset for a given coverage class in the set of coverage classes is proportional to the unique number of répétitions for the given coverage class. Continuing the running non-limiting example, if the network node spécifiés the starting subframe as prachStartingSubframe = 16, in the first period with N = 0, then:

Coverage class 1 has no répétitions (répétition parameter =1) and thus offset = 0-16+1 = 1,

Coverage class 2 has 2 répétitions (répétition parameter = 2) and thus offset = 0 · 16 + 2 = 2, and

Coverage class 3 has 8 répétitions (répétition parameter = 8) and thus offset = 0 · 16 + 8 = 8.

The PRACH opportunities for the three coverage classes are illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 8 illustrâtes use of three different offsets. As also shown in Figure 8, network access may be initiated in one subframe (starting opportunity) but may continue (e.g., by one or more repeated transmissions of the preamble sequence) into subséquent subframes. One drawback is that not ail the PRACH opportunities can be used.

According to an embodiment, each of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes is associated with a unique number of starting opportunities. Further, each coverage class in the set of coverage classes can be associated with a unique number of répétitions for initiating the network access. Network access may be initiated in said subframe but subséquent subframes may contain one or more transmissions repeating a same random access preamble sequence. The number of starting opportunities for a coverage class with relatively fewer répétitions is then higher than the number of starting opportunities for a coverage class with relatively many répétitions. To fully utilize the PRACH opportunities, the following scheduling of the starting opportunities: could thus be used:

Coverage class 1 has starting subframes indexedj · P+ k · N_rep,i, for k = 0, 1, ..., (P/(4 · N_reP;i) - 1). Here N_rep,i is the number of répétitions of coverage class 1, and j is a sequence number of the period (time interval of length P). Transmitting the preamble sequence once may correspond to N_rep,i = 1.

Coverage class 2 has starting subframes (j + 1/4) · P + k · N_rep,₂, for k = 0, 1, ..., (P/(4 · N_rep,₂) - 1)· Here N_rep,₂ is the number of répétitions of coverage class 2.

Coverage class 3 has starting subframes (j + 1/2) · P + k · N_reP;3, for k = 0, l, ..(P/(2 · N_rep,3) - 1). Here N_rep,3 is the number of répétitions of coverage class 3.

In the above, it can be assumed that the PRACH of ail three coverage classes share the same PRACH frequency band. Using the above scheduling of the starting opportunities, the number of PRACH opportunities in a period of length P is a function of the number of the répétitions of the given coverage class.

For the running non-limiting example, the following starting opportunities are obtained:

Coverage class 1 has no répétition and starting opportunities in subframes 0, 1,2, 3,

Coverage class 2 has 2 répétitions and starting opportunities in subframes 4, 6, and

Coverage class 3 has 8 répétitions and starting opportunities in subframe 8.

The PRACH opportunities for the three coverage classes are illustrated in Figure 9. One drawback is that ail the PRACH opportunities for a given coverage class are clustered.

It can be assumed that the network access is initiated in a frequency band. According to an embodiment the starting opportunity is dépendent on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device. The wireless device 200 can then be provided with information from the network node 300 on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device 200, as in above steps S104, S204. For example, if only two coverage classes share the same PRACH frequency band, and P is the common prachStartingSubframe, then only those coverage classes sharing the same PRACH frequency band need to be considered. For example, if coverage class 1 and coverage class 3 share the same PRACH frequency band A, but coverage class 2 uses a separate PRACH frequency band B, then the following scheduling of the starting opportunities could be used:

Coverage class 1 has starting subframes j · PbandA⁺ k · N_rep,i, for k = 0, 1, ..., (PbandA/(2· N_rep,i) - 1). Here N_rep,i is the number of répétitions of coverage class 1, and j is again a sequence number of the period (time interval of length P).

Coverage class 2 has starting subframes j · PbandB· Parameter PbandB can be set with value PbandB > N_rePj2, with PbandB = N_rePj2 allowing the maximum number of PRACH opportunities for coverage class 2.

Coverage class 3 has starting subframes (j + 1/2) · PbandA + k · N_rep>3, for k = 0, 1, ..(PbandA/(2 · N_reP;3) - 1). Here N_rep,3 is the number of répétitions of coverage class 3.

Since coverage class 2 uses a single PRACH frequency band, there is no collision. For coverage class 1 and coverage class 3, collision can be avoided as illustrated in Figure 10.

According to an embodiment, there are several possible starting opportunities. These several possible starting opportunities could then be distributed in time such that at least two of the several possible starting opportunities are separated by a starting opportunity of another coverage class in the set of coverage classes. Hence, the starting opportunities could be scheduled so as to distribute the PRACH opportunities over time. This is illustrated in Figure 11. The wireless device 200 becomes aware of this configuration by receiving information from the network node 300 that one coverage class defines several possible starting opportunities between which at least one starting opportunity defined by a different coverage class is interposed.

Embodiments relating to détermination of implicit starting opportunities used by the wireless device 200 for avoiding PRACH collision based on ranking of the wireless device 200 according to its coverage class and assigning a starting opportunity priority accordingly will now be disclosed. A ranking of wireless devices may arise from the fact that, on the one hand, each wireless device 200 is associated with a coverage class and, on the other hand, the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes are ranked in the sense that a given first coverage class is either higher, lower or identical to a given second coverage class.

According to an embodiment the starting opportunity is defined by the wireless device 200 backing off from initiating the network access. (For the avoidance of any doubt, it is pointed out that “backing off’ in this sense is generally unrelated to the concept of “PA backoff’ discussed initially.) The wireless device 200 may perform said backing-off on the basis of possible starting opportunities. If the wireless device 200 has backed off from initiating the network access in one possible starting opportunity, it will then détermine whether to initiate the network access in a next possible starting opportunity. As a resuit, no two different coverage classes will share a common starting opportunity.

In more detail, according to aspects disclosed herein, the scheduling of the starting opportunities is based on a ranking approach. Specifically, the wireless devices are ranked according to their coverage class. Then, a higher coverage class is given higher priority over a lower coverage class. Hence, according to an embodiment, each coverage class in the set of coverage classes has its own set of starting opportunities for network access. In other words, when wireless devices in a lower coverage class détermine their starting opportunities, they back off from those starting opportunities that may bc used by wireless devices in higher coverage classes. Hence, according to an embodiment, ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes are ranked, and the wireless device backs off from a starting opportunity used by wireless devices in a higher ranked coverage class. The wireless device is thereby enabled to détermine the next available subframe (containing the PRACH) permitted by the restrictions given by the subframes containing PRACH resources of a higher enhanced coverage class.

Continuing the non-limiting illustrative example, the following starting opportunities are scheduled as followed (as illustrated in Figure 12):

Coverage class 3 has 8 répétitions: prachStartingSubframe =16 and thus offset = 0 · 16 + 8 = 8 within 16 starting opportunities. Coverage class 3 has the highest priority and does not need to back off from any NPRACH resource.

Coverage class 2 has 2 répétitions: prachStartingSubframe = 4 and thus offset = {0, 1, 2, 3} · 4 + 2 = {2, 6, 10, 14} within 16 starting opportunities. Coverage class 2 has lower priority than coverage class 3. Wireless devices in this coverage class then check the possible starting opportunities used by coverage class 3, and find that offset {2, 3} would lead to collision and thus back off from the collided PRACH resource.

Hence, with reference to Fig. 14, according to an embodiment, the wireless device is configured to perform steps S106 and S108, as follows.

S106: The wireless device checks possible starting opportunities of its own coverage class and of a higher ranked coverage class.

SI08: The wireless device backs off from initiating network access in any of its possible starting opportunities that may be used by the higher coverage class.

Coverage class 1 has no répétitions (which may be represented by a value 1 of a répétition parameter) and potentially can use any PRACH opportunity with the following restriction. Coverage class 1 has the lowest priority. Wireless devices in this coverage class then check the possible starting opportunities used by coverage class 2 and coverage class 3, and back off from the PRACH resources that collide with coverage class 2 and coverage class 3 as a resuit of performing steps S106 and S108.

The ranking approach allows different prachStartingSubframe to be configured for different coverage classes. The ranking approach allows full utilization of ail the PRACH opportunities. The ranking approach allows clustering of PRACH opportunities of any coverage class to be avoided. Furthermore, since the task of finding the available starting opportunities among the possible starting opportunities for a given coverage class is delegated to the wireless device 200, the ranking approach simplifies the central scheduling.

The ranking approach can be realized in different ways. According to an embodiment, the backing off is specified according to a physical layer spécification or a medium access layer spécification associated with the communications network. Below are two examples.

The starting opportunities can be scheduled according to a physical layer spécification by using, e.g., explicit formulas and/or pseudocode that direct the wireless device 200 to détermine the allowed starting opportunities.

The starting opportunities can be defined as part of the wireless device behavior by being realized at the medium access layer by specifying the behaviors in the presence of collision.

Fig. 17 schematically illustrâtes, in terms of a number of functional units, the components of a wireless device 200 according to an embodiment. Processing circuitry 210 is provided using any combination of one or more of a suitable central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), etc., capable of executing software instructions stored in a computer program product 410a (as in Fig. 21), e.g., in the form of a storage medium

230. The processing circuitry 210 may further be provided as at least one application spécifie integrated circuit (ASIC), or field programmable gâte array (FPGA).

Particularly, the processing circuitry 210 is confîgured to cause the wireless device 200 to perform a set of operations, or steps, S102-S110, as disclosed above. For example, the storage medium 230 may store the set of operations, and the processing circuitry 210 may be confîgured to retrieve the set of operations from the storage medium 230 to cause the wireless device 200 to perform the set of operations. The set of operations may be provided as a set of exécutable instructions. Thus the processing circuitry 210 is thereby arranged to execute methods as disclosed herein.

The storage medium 230 may also comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be any single one or combination of magnetic memory, optical memory, solid state memory or even remotely mounted memory.

The wireless device 200 may further comprise a communications interface 220 for communications at least with the network node 300. As such the communications interface 220 may comprise one or more transmitters and receivers, comprising analogue and digital components and a suitable number of antennas for wireless communications and ports for wireline communications.

The processing circuitry 210 Controls the general operation of the wireless device 200 e.g. by transmitting data and control signais to the communications interface 220 and the storage medium 230, by receiving data and reports from the communications interface 220, and by retrieving data and instructions from the storage medium 230. Other components, as well as the related functionality, of the wireless device 200 are omitted in order not to obscure the concepts presented herein.

Fig. 18 schematically illustrâtes, in terms of a number of functional modules, the components of a wireless device 200 according to an embodiment. The wireless device 200 of Fig. 18 comprises an initiate module 210a confîgured to perform step SI 10. The wireless device 200 of Fig. 18 may further comprise a number of optional functional modules, such as any of an obtain module 210b confîgured to perform step S102, an obtain module 210c confîgured to perform step S104, a check module 210d confîgured to perform step S106, and a back-off module 210e confîgured to perform step S108. In general terms, each functional module 210a-210e may be implemented in hardware or in software. Preferably, one or more or ail functional modules 210a-210e may be implemented by the processing circuitry 210, possibly in coopération with the communications interface 220 and/or the storage medium 230. The processing circuitry 210 may thus be arranged to fetch, from the storage medium 230, instructions as provided by a functional module 210a210e, and to execute these instructions, thereby performing any steps of the wireless device 200 as disclosed herein.

Fig. 19 schematically illustrâtes, in terms of a number of functional units, the components of a network node 300 according to an embodiment. Processing circuitry 310 is provided using any combination of one or more of a suitable central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), etc., capable of executing software instructions stored in a computer program product 410b (as in Fig. 21), e.g. in the form of a storage medium 330. The processing circuitry 310 may further be provided as at least one application spécifie integrated circuit (ASIC), or field programmable gâte array (FPGA).

Particularly, the processing circuitry 310 is confîgured to cause the network node 300 to perform a set of operations, or steps, S202-S204, as disclosed above. For example, the storage medium 330 may store the set of operations, and the processing circuitry 310 may be confîgured to retrieve the set of operations from the storage medium 330 to cause the network node 300 to perform the set of operations. The set of operations may be provided as a set of exécutable instructions. Thus the processing circuitry 310 is thereby arranged to execute methods as disclosed herein.

The storage medium 330 may also comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be one of magnetic memory, optical memory, solid State memory or even remotely mounted memory, or a combination of two or more of these memory types.

The network node 300 may further comprise a communications interface 320 for communications at least with a wireless device 200. As such the communications interface 320 may comprise one or more transmitters and receivers, comprising analogue and digital components and a suitable number of antennas for wireless communications and ports for wireline communications.

The processing circuitry 310 Controls the general operation of the network node 300 e.g. by transmitting data and control signais to the communications interface 320 and the storage medium 330, by receiving data and reports from the communications interface 320, and by retrieving data and instructions from the storage medium 330. Other components, as well as the related functionality, of the network node 300 are omitted in order not to obscure the concepts presented herein.

Fig. 20 schematically illustrâtes, in ternis of a number of functional modules, the components of a network node 300 according to an embodiment. The network node 300 of Fig. 20 comprises a provide module 310a configured to perform step S202. The network node 300 of Fig. 20 may further comprise a number of optional functional modules, such as a further provide module 310b configured to perform step S204. In general terms, each functional module 310a-310b may be implemented in hardware or in software. Preferably, one or more or ail functional modules 310a-310b may be implemented by the processing circuitry 310, possibly in coopération with functional units 320 and/or 330. The processing circuitry 310 may thus be arranged to fetch, from the storage medium 330, instructions as provided by a fùnctional module 310a-310b and to execute these instructions, thereby performing any steps of the network node 300 as disclosed herein.

The network node 300 may be provided as a standalone device or as a part of at least one further device. For example, the network node 300 may be provided in a node of the radio access network 1 lOor in a node of the core network 120, or even in a node of the service network 130. Altematively, functionality of the network node 300 may be distributed between at least two devices, or nodes. These at least two nodes, or devices, may either be part of the same network part (such as the radio access network 110 or the core network 120) or may be spread between at least two such network parts. In general terms, instructions that are required to be performed in real time may be performed in a device, or node, operatively closer to the cell than instructions that are not required to be performed in real time.

Thus, a first portion of the instructions performed by the network node 300 may be executed in a first device, and a second portion of the of the instructions performed by the network node 300 may be executed in a second device; the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to any particular number of devices on which the instructions performed by the network node 300 may be executed. Hence, the methods according to the embodiments disclosed herein are suitable to be performed by a network node 300 residing in a cloud computational environment. Therefore, although a single processing circuitry 310 is illustrated in Figs. 18 the processing circuitry 310 may be distributed among a plurality of devices, or nodes. The same applies to the functional modules 310a-310b of Fig. 20 and the computer program 420b of Fig. 21 (see below).

Fig. 21 shows one example of a computer program product 410a, 410b comprising computer readable means 430. On this computer readable means 430, a computer program 420a can be stored, which computer program 420a can cause the processing circuitry 210 and thereto operatively coupled entities and devices, such as the communications interface 220 and the storage medium 230, to execute methods according to embodiments described herein. The computer program 420a and/or computer program product 410a may thus provide means for performing any steps of the wireless device 200 as disclosed herein. On this computer readable means 430, a computer program 420b can be stored, which computer program 420b can cause the processing circuitry 310 and thereto operatively coupled entities and devices, such as the communications interface 320 and the storage medium 330, to execute methods according to embodiments described herein. The computer program 420b and/or computer program product 410b may thus provide means for performing any steps of the network node 300 as disclosed herein.

In the example of Fig. 21, the computer program product 410a, 410b is illustrated as an optical dise, such as a CD (compact dise) or a DVD (digital versatile dise) or a Blu-ray Disc™. The computer program product 410a, 410b could also be embodied as a memory, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and more particularîy as a non-volatile storage medium of a device in an external memory such as a USB (Universal Serial Bus) memory or a flash memory, such as a compact flash memory. Thus, while the computer program 420a, 420b is here schematically shown as a track on the depicted optical disk, the computer program 420a, 420b can be stored in any way which is suitable for the computer program product 410a, 410b.

The inventive concept has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments. However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the inventive concept, as defined by the appended list of claims. For example, although at least some embodiments hâve been described in the context of NB-IoT, the embodiments disclosed herein apply equally to eMTC.

Claims (18)

1. A method performed by a wireless device to access a communications network, wherein the wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of ranked coverage classes, the method comprising:

obtaining a network access configuration for the set of ranked coverage classes from the communications network;

initiating network access to the communications network by transmitting a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel, PRACH, wherein said network access is initiated during a starting opportunity related to the coverage class of the wireless device; and among possible starting opportunities that may be used by a higher ranked coverage class according to the network access configuration, backing off from any possible starting opportunity of the coverage class of the wireless device having PRACH resources that collide with PRACH resources of a possible starting opportunity of the higher ranked coverage class.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the starting opportunity is defined by the wireless device backing off from initiating said network access in a possible starting opportunity and determining whether to initiate the network access in a next possible starting opportunity.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting subframe for initiating said network access, and wherein the starting opportunity, during which the network access is initiated, is determined based on the common starting subframe.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting subframe for initiating said network access and each coverage class in the set of coverage classes has a different offset for initiating said network access in relation to said common starting subframe, and wherein said network access is initiated according to said offset.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein each coverage class in the set of coverage classes is associated with a different number of répétitions for performing said network access.

2?

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes is associated with a different number of starting opportunities.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said network access is initiated in a frequency band, and wherein the starting opportunity is dépendent on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising being provided with information from the network node that one coverage class defines several possible starting opportunities, wherein said several possible starting opportunities are distributed in time such that at least two of said several possible starting opportunities are separated by a starting opportunity of another coverage class in the set of coverage classes.

9. A method for enabling network access of a wireless device to a communications network, wherein the wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of ranked coverage classes, the method being performed by a network node, the method comprising:

providing a network access configuration for the set of ranked coverage classes to the wireless device, wherein the network access configuration spécifiés network access initiation to the communications network for the wireless device, and wherein the network access configuration spécifiés a starting opportunity defined by the coverage class of the wireless device during which network access is to be initiated, wherein the network access configuration spécifiés the starting opportunity based on that the wireless device, among possible starting opportunities that may be used by a higher ranked coverage class according to the network access configuration, backs off from any possible starting opportunity of the coverage class of the wireless device having PRACH resources that collide with PRACH resources of a possible starting opportunity of the higher ranked coverage class.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the starting opportunity is defined by the wireless device backing off from initiating said network access in a possible starting opportunity and determining whether to initiate the network access in a next possible starting opportunity.

11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the network access configuration moreover spécifiés a further starting opportunity, during which wireless devices in a different coverage class in the set of coverage classes are to initiate network access.

12. The method according to claim 9, wherein ail coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share a common starting subframe for initiating said network access.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein each coverage class in the set of coverage classes has a different offset for initiating said network access in relation to said common starting subframe, and wherein said network access is initiated according to said offset.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein each coverage class in the set of coverage classes is associated with a different number of répétitions for performing said network access.

15. The method according to claim 9, wherein each of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes is associated with a different number of starting opportunities.

16. The method according to claim 9, wherein said network access is initiated in a frequency band, and wherein the starting opportunity is dépendent on how many of the coverage classes in the set of coverage classes share the frequency band of the coverage class of the wireless device.

17. The method according to claim 9, further comprising providing the wireless device with information that one coverage class defines several possible starting opportunities, wherein said several possible starting opportunities are distributed in time such that at least two of said several possible starting opportunities are separated by a starting opportunity of another coverage class in the set of coverage classes.

18. A wireless device adapted for network access of the wireless device to a communications network, wherein the wireless device is associated with a coverage class from a set of ranked coverage classes, the wireless device comprising processing circuitry and a communication interface comprising one or more transmitters, the processing circuitry being configured to cause the wireless device to:

obtain a network access configuration for the set of ranked coverage classes from the communications network;

initiate network access to the communications network by transmitting, using said communication interface, a preamble sequence for random access on a physical random access channel, PRACH, wherein said network access is initiated during a starting opportunity defined 5 by the coverage class of the wireless device; and among possible starting opportunities that may be used by a higher ranked coverage class according to the network access configuration, back off from any possible starting opportunity of the coverage class of the wireless device having PRACH resources that collide with PRACH resources of a possible starting opportunity of the higher ranked coverage class.