OA19385A - Method for assessing susceptibility of a virus to treatment by measuring enzyme activity and a system therefore. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for assessing susceptibility of a virus to treatment with a drug inhibiting an enzyme of the wild-type virus comprising the steps: a) extracting the viral enzyme from a sample containing the virus; b) measuring the viral enzyme activity both in the absence of the drug and in the presence of the drug at a single predetermined concentration; and c) determining the virus' susceptibility to treatment with the drug from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence of the drug and the absence of the drug. The invention further relates to a system for performing the method.

Description

One way of working the invention will now be described, referring mainly to Figs. IA and IB, presenting an overview of the procédural steps to be carried out. Herein is schematically illustrated the extraction of viral enzyme and following parallel, simultaneous détermination of viral load and the drug sensitivity profile of the individual from the recovered enzyme by using sensitive enzyme assays.

Fig. IA illustrâtes steps I) - IV), and Fig. IB steps V) - VII), summarised as follows:

I) HIV purification: providing a biological sample, adding an enzyme inactivating agent for inactivating polymerase activity other than that présent in the enveloped virion and subsequently removing the enzyme inactivating agent, enzyme activity blocking antibodies, endogenous enzyme activity inhibitors and antiviral drugs;

II) Reverse transcriptase extraction: lysing the virus particle to release the enzyme, and recovering the concentrated purified viral enzyme in a lysate;

III) RT reaction without and with drug: partition the lysate containing RT from step II) into at least two aliquots, and perform enzymatic polymerization process in the absence and in the presence of a chosen drug at a predetermined concentration in parallel;

IV) Conjugate binding: adding an antibody-enzyme conjugale solution for conjugale binding to the polymerized DNA-strands resulting from step III);

V) Substrate reaction: adding a light-emitting substrate for the conjugate enzyme for quantifying the enzyme activity;

VI) Evaluation: for each of the two aliquots (in the presence and absence of drug respectively), convert the light signal from the substrate to activity ofthe RT présent in the lysate; and

VII) Report: for each patient sample, report viral load (VL Resuit) and HIV drug résistance (HDR), wherein the value obtained for the aliquot without drug is correlated to the amount of virus in the patient (VL resuit), and the ratio between the results with and without drug présent gives RT remaining activity, a measure of the level of drug susceptibility of the virus having infected the respective patient.

The separate steps will now be further described for improved understanding of the method and system ofthe invention.

Steps I) - II) correspond to the extraction and isolation of viral enzyme, and may either be performed manually or by a programmable automated workstationt e.g. a Tecan Freedom EVO 150 liquid handling workstation .

An exemplary protocol for isolation of viral reverse transcriptase (RT) from biological samples is now to be described. For illustrative, but not limiting, purposes reference is made to mainly Figs. 2 - 4 of the appended drawings in connection to describing the above specified steps I) - II).

An amount of sample additive is firstly added to a well (Fig. 2). The purpose of the sample additive is to destroy free host enzymes in the plasma while the enzymes contained within the virions remain intact. In one example, sample additive (e.g. 5,5'-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid)) is pipetted into the wells of a deep well microplate. Next, a volume of patient sample (e.g. EDTA plasma from HIV infected individuals) is added. The sample additive and the plasma are mixed, e.g. by pipetting, and incubated at room température (18-32 °C). The virions are to be purifîed from sample additive, enzyme activity blocking antibodies, antiviral drugs and other substances présent in the plasma that may interfère with quantification of viral RT. Such purification may be achieved by several séparation procedures. The protocol described herein is based on the use of magnetic beads with an immobilized anionic ion exchanger (e.g. Dynabeads® SAX in citrate buffer, schematically illustrated in Fig. 2.

Magnetic beads (Dynabeads® SAX ) are carefully suspended and the bead slurry transferred to each well in the deep well plate. The suspension is mixed, e.g. by pipetting, and incubated at room température. The virus is now bound to the anionic groups on the magnetic beads (see Fig. 2). The deep well plate is transferred to a magnet rack in order to magnetize for a few minutes. The beads with immobilized virus are now attached to the walls of wells and residual plasma/ bead buffer waste can now be aspirated.

The beads are then washed, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Aliquots of bead wash solution are added to each well on the plate. The deep well plate is placed on a shaker, where after it is moved to a magnetic rack and magnetized. The bead wash buffer and waste can now be removed/drained by aspiration. The washing step removes enzyme activity blocking antibodies, antiviral drugs and other substances that may interfère with quantification of viral RT. The beads with immobilized virus is now suspended in essentially pure bead wash solution. This buffer is functional for virus purification, but not adapted to the conditions required for the enzymatic reactions of retroviral RTs. In the following washing, the bead wash buffer is replaced by bead conditioning buffer. The bead conditioning buffer comprises recombinant protein A-G to eliminate remaining RT inhibitory antibody. The beads with immobilized virus are now in an RT reaction compatible buffer.

Extraction of enzymatically active RT is next to be performed, schematically illustrated in Fig. 4. Lysis buffer is added to the wells. In one example, such lysis buffer may correspond to an RT assay compatible buffer including a virus lysing detergent e.g. 1.0 % Synperonic Ail™.

The deep well plate is then incubated for a few minutes where after it is moved to a magnetic rack and magnetized. The lysis buffer causes the virus envelope to break open so that RT is released into the buffer solution. Following lysis, essentially pure RT in lysis buffer (RT lysate) can be aspirated from each well, said lysed virus envelopes being trapped to the walls of the well by means of the magnetic beads. The recovered RT lysâtes are essentially free from RT blocking antibodies, antiviral drugs and cellular polymerase activity, and can be characterized and quantified with a sensitive RT activity assay, e.g. the Cavidi ExaVir RT assay, which is disclosed in WO 01/01129.

In step III), the level of enzyme activity (e.g. RT activity) in the recovered lysâtes isto be determined, called enzyme reaction step, or in case of HIV viral enzyme, RT reaction step. The RT reaction step may be done for instance by using a modification of the Cavidi RT assay (disclosed in WO 01/01129). In accordance herewith, poly(rA) (prA) covalently bound to the wells of a microtiter plate (e.g. a 96 well plate) serves as template for the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (BrdUTP) during the reverse transcription step at 37°C. This is schematically illustrated in Fig. 5.

In steps IV) -V), and as shown in Figs. 6 - 7, the amount of bromodeoxyuridine monophosphate (BrdUMP) incorporated into DNA is then detected with an alkaline phosphatase (Ap) conjugated anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody. There are several useful commercially available Ap substrates providing various levels of détection sensitivity (e.g. disodium paranitrophenylphosphate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate and DynaLight ®). The latter is based on chemo luminescence and is one ofthe most sensitive Ap activity détections Systems currently available.

According to the invention, before the RT reaction step, each RT lysate is partitioned into at least two, a first and a second, aliquots. During the subséquent RT reaction step (described above), enzyme activity in said first aliquot is measured in the absence of any drug and the enzyme activity in said second aliquot is measured in the presence of an antirétroviral drug at a predetermined concentration. Said measurements are performed in parallel, that is simultaneously.

Evaluation, step VI), includes examining the RT activity in absence of drug (viral load) and in presence of drug (drug susceptibility) respectively, and the outcome of such évaluation may be summarised and presented to a user in a report, illustrated in the table of Fig. IB, step VII). The table of step VII) is to be seen as an example, and présents results of said previous évaluation regarding the viral load and the drug susceptibility of the virus having infected the patient. The table herein reports that Patients 1 and 5 are infected by a virus that shows résistance against the ongoing drug therapy, and a change in treatment may be advisable. Patients 2, 3, 4 and 6 are infected by virus that are susceptible to the drug treatment. Ail of them hâve a relatively high viral load and hâve viruses which are susceptible to drug treatment. If these patients are treated with EFV, the results indicate bad adhérence, i.e. that the patient does not follow the prescribed dosage instructions.

The évaluation step VI) of the assay according to the invention will now be further described in the following.

The RT reaction procedure for the aliquot without a drug présent produces results regarding the viral load in a patient: i.e. correlating the activity ofthe recovered RT in the lysate with the amount of virions per volume plasma. Hereby, the output (step VII) ) from such viral load assay (VL assay) reflects the concentration of HIV virus in the original patient sample.

The RT reaction procedure for the aliquot with an antirétroviral drug présent (i.e. the drug résistance indicator assay) is a complément to the VL assay. The results of the drug résistance indicator assay reflect if the HIV virus recovered from plasma sample is developing résistance to the drug treatment. Several of the antirétroviral drugs work by preventing the virus from replicating, e.g. by means of blocking the activity of the reverse transcriptase. The effect of an anti-retroviral drug on reverse transcription can be measured in the RT reaction step ofthe viral load assay. As understood from the foregoing, the RT in a lysate originales from the HIV particles in the biological sample. If the HIV in a patient is developing résistance to a drug, the RT in the lysate will then show résistance to that drug in the RT reaction step. Compared to a standard RT reaction without drug, the incorporation of BrdUTP in the presence of drug will be less affected if the RT is résistant, and more affected if the RT is drug susceptible.

To make it possible to quantitate résistance and make comparisons between samples, the level of drug susceptibility is traditionally expressed in a unit called the IC50 value (inhibitory concentration 50). This is the drug concentration, which inhibits virus growth in cell culture or the reaction of an enzyme to 50%.

The IC50 value from a drug susceptibility assay can be used in clinical decision making. An IC50 value that exceeds a certain threshold is an indication that a drug in a patient's antirétroviral drug treatment is not working and a therapy switch should be considered (Pironti et al 2017).

According to prior art, a classic IC50 titration is done by means of a producing an inhibition curve where the remaining RT activity is measured in presence of serial dilutions of a drug.

This is exemplified in Fig. 8A. Recombinant HIV RT enzymes with indicated amino acid substitutions in the HIV 1 BH10 sequence were incubated 3 hours in RT reaction solution without drug and in presence of indicated concentrations of EFV. Remaining activity at each drug concentration was calculated as the quota of RT activity in presence of drug and RT activity in absence of drug times 100 and plotted towards the drug concentration in μΜ. As illustrated herein, the remaining activity decreases for ail tested reverse transcriptase variants at increased drug concentrations, however some of the RT variants are less susceptible and others are more susceptible to EFV. The IC50 values found for the enzymes analyzed are indicated by arrows.

According to the invention, évaluation is done by means of an indicator assay in which one single drug concentration is chosen for testing the effect on remaining RT activity, herein also called single point measurement. This is exemplified in Fig. 8B and 8C, which highlights the remaining RT activity for each tested sample at 10 μΜ EFV concentration. Resuit from the indicator assay is reported e.g. as remaining activity (Ra) after RT reaction in presence of drug at the predetermined concentration.

Using a single drug concentration provides a number of advantages. it becomes possible to rank the samples of a test in the order from drug sensitive (e.g. wild type RT) to drug résistant (e.g. mutant rRT with known susceptibility). Furthermore, only two assays per sample are needed: one for activity without drug and one for the activity at a single drug concentration. The choice ofthe fixed, predetermined drug concentration dépends on the drug to be tested.

In one embodiment the drug concentration is set to correspond to the IC50 concentration for a reference RT with a known susceptibility, for instance the IC50 value for mutant recombinant RT with a certain susceptibility. The drug concentration and the résistant reference RT could be chosen to represent a clinically important eut off, e.g. where it is obvious that the drug treatment is failing. The sample can then be scored as being at least as résistant as the reference or less résistant. Even if no exact IC50 value will be known for the sample, the results can still be used to support a therapy switch decision.

The system according to the invention is schematically shown in Fig. 15. The System (100) comprises a computer (110) and an apparatus (112) for determining enzyme activity in a sample, said apparatus (112) being configured to transmit enzyme activity values to said computer (110), and wherein the computer is configured to receive said enzyme activity values and a sériés of standard values correlating enzyme activity values to viral load. The standard values are preferably stored in a database (114) which is accessible to the computer. The computer (110) is programmed to détermine the viral load in the sample from the enzyme activity in the absence of the drug, based on the standard values correlating enzyme activity values to viral load; and to détermine the virus' résistance to treatment with the drug from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence of the drug and the absence of the drug.

The apparatus for determining enzyme activity (112) may further comprise an apparatus (116), as shown in Figure 15B, for automated extraction of viral enzyme from a sample, according to the method aspects of the présent invention.

The apparatus for determining enzyme activity and for automated extraction of viral enzyme (112,116) may be embodied by commercially available laboratory equipment such as automated laboratory robots and work stations, magnetic bead séparation racks, reaction plates, plate readers, plate washers. The computer (110) may be any computer that can be programmed to perform the calculations included in the methods according to the invention. The computer preferably comprises output means to communicate the results to the user ofthe system. Such means include, but are not limited to, displays, printers, and communication lines to other means for presenting or storing the results, such as other computers, databases, etc. Illustrative embodiments of the system according to the invention are provided in the examples below.

Figure 16 is an illustration of an embodiment of the apparatus for determining enzyme activity and for automated extraction of viral enzyme (112,116). The illustration shows a Setup on a commercially available laboratory workstation (Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland). The workbench comprises a reagent rack (1), sample racks (2), pipette tip racks (3), pipette tip waste collector (4), pipette liquid waste collector (5), a magnet (6), plate heater (7), shaker (8), a storage position for the incubation lid (9), buffer rack (10), incubation lid (11), plate washer (12), luminometer (13), rinse solution container (14), washer liquid waste container (15), and plate wash buffer heater (16).

EXAMPLES

Materials

Séparation beads: Suspension of Dynabeads® SAX , 1 pm paramagnetic polystyrène particles with strongly anionic functional group Life Technologies AS of Ullernchausseen 52, PO Box 114, Smestad, N-0309 Oslo, Norway (ThermoFisher company).

Magnetic bead séparation plate Alpaqua Magnum FLX

Automated workstationt: Tecan Freedom EVO 100 or EVO 150 liquid handling workstation

Chemo luminescence AP substrate: DynaLight® Substrate, Life Technologies AS of Ullernchausseen 52, PO Box 114, Smestad, N-0309 Oslo, Norway (ThermoFisher company)

Luminometric plate reader LuMate® Microplate Luminometer, Awareness Technology, Inc

Hydroflex plate washer. Micro plate washer available from Techan.

RT reaction plate: Microtiter plates with immobilised prA, i.e. Nunc™ NucleoLink™ strips (ThermoFisher) coated with prA.(

Cysteine modifying agent: e.g.66 mM 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid),

Mild sulfhydryl reducing agent: 33 mM cysteamine in water

Protein A/G: Recombinant protein A/G fusion protein that combines IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G, ProSpec-Tany Technogene Ltd. Rehovot Branch 179 Herzel St. Rehovot 76110, Israël

Antiviral drugs: Nevirapine (ll-cyclopropyl-5,ll-dihydro-4-methyl-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2^,,3^,f][l,4]diazepin-6-one) (NVP), Efavirenz, (-)6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyll,4-dihydro-2H-3,l-benzoxazin-2-one) (EFV), Etravirin (4-({6-amino-5-bromo-2-[(4cyanophenyl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl}oxy)-3,5-dimethylbenzonitrile) (ETV) and Rilpivirin (4-{[4({4-[(lE)-2-cyanoeth-l-en-l-yl]-2,6-dimethylphenyl}amino)pyrimidin-2yl]amino}benzonitrile) (RPV) were purchased from Séquoia Research Products Ltd, United Kingdom.

3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate (AZT-TP) was bought from Moravek Biochemicals, California US.

Plasma samples from HIV infected individuals: Plasma samples from HIV infected South African blood donors were purchased from South African National Blood Service (SANBS), Biorepository, Hospital Road, Boksburg).

Recombinant RT enzymes: RTs with NNRTI spécifie mutations. Recombinant RT with Cterminal His-tag_pET-30a(+) was constructed from the HIV BH10 isolate used as WT RT sequence, introducing mutations to spécifie positions. The plasmid construct was purchased from Genescript. Each rRT was expressed from a plasmid with the desired sequence, not by site directed mutagenesis ofthe WT BH10 sequence. Plasmid DNA constructs with HIV-RT wt, L100I, K103N/L100I and Y181C were transformed into BL21 (DE3). The RT proteins were purified on a 4 ml Ni2+-sepharose column.

The RTs with AZT spécifie mutations were produced by introducing the mutations into the RT-coding région of a wild type HXB2-D EcoRI-Ndel restriction enzyme fragment cloned into the expression vector pKK233-2 (Amersham Biotech). Mutations were generated using QuikChange (Stratagene). The mutated vectors were transformed into E. coli strain XLl-Blue and the génotypes were verified by DNA sequence analysis.

The recombinantly expressed and purified SIV RT was derived from the molecular clone pSIV_srn/H4. An expression vector pSRT.ET 11c was constructed and expression of SIV-RT in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) in ordinary LB medium was carried out. The enzyme was purified in three chromatographie steps on a Heparin Sepharose CL-6B column, a Sepharose FF column and a Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B column.

The Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) recombinant RT was a gift from A Hizi Tel Aviv University. The MMTV RT gene was derived from the pUC1002 provirus plasmid generated from the MMTV BR6 strain. The RT was expressed in E. coli DH5a and purified from bacterial extracts. (Taube et al., 1998).

Recombinant MMuLV RT, prepared according to Roth et al. (1985), was purchased from Pharmacia (catalogue no. 27-0925).

Virus préparations: FIV virus FIV-M2 clade B containing cell culture supernatant, cleared from cell débris by centrifugation, was obtained courtesy of Dr Donatella Matteucci, Retrovirus Centre and Virology Section, Dept. of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy (Matteucci et al, 1995). The supernatant obtained was aliquoted and stored at -70 °C until use.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 of cell culture origin was a gift from Dr Bo Svennerholm, Sahlgrenska hospital, Gôteborg, Sweden.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) orginating from FLK-BLV cells was obtained by the courtesy of Dr Malik Merza, Svanova AB, Uppsala Sweden. (This cell line is chronically infected by BLV).

Virus culture supernatant was cleared from cell débris by centrifugation, aliquoted and stored at -70 °C until use

The UK strain of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV), was obtained courtesy of Massimo Palmarini, Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH, UK. The supernatant obtained was aliquoted and stored at -70 °C until use.

PERV from PK15 cells were obtained by the courtesy of Dr Jonas Blomberg, Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden. Virus culture supernatant was cleared from cell débris by centrifugation, aliquoted and stored at -70 °C until use

Buffers used:

Bead wash buffer: 0.2 M citrate/ citric acid, 0.2 M NaCI, 0.1 % Triton X305, pH 6.0.

Bead Reconditioning Buffer: An RT assay compatible buffer e.g. 10 mM Hepes (N-(2Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 6.25 mM KAc, 50 mM MgCI2*6H2O, 0,175 mM EGTA, 9,75 ng odT22, 2.0 mM Spermine, 0.3 % Triton CF32, 10 pg/ml Protein A/G, 0.5 g/L BSA pH 7.4 mM.

Lysis buffer: An RT assay compatible buffer including a virus lysing detergent e.g. 1.0 % Synperonic Ail, and identical concentrations of the same components as in the conditioning buffer. A suifhydryl reducing agent, i.e. 2 mM cysteamine is optionally added when processing viruses with RT that are sensitive to SH oxidation/modification.

RT Reaction solution: e.g. 10 mM Hepes pH 7.6,19 μΜ BrdUTP, 80 ng/ml odT22, 4mM MgCQ, 2 mM spermine, Synperonic Ail 0.5 %(v/v), EGTA 0.2 mM and BSA 0.5 mg/ml, GTP.

Drug reaction solution: A buffer identical to above mentioned RT Reaction solution with a defined concentration of an antiviral drug added.

NRTI RT Reaction buffer was supplemented with 6 mM ATP, the pH was adjusted to 7.0 and the final BrdUTP concentration was decreased to 1.5 μΜ.

NRTI drug RT reaction buffer was supplemented with 0.70 μΜ AZT-TP.

Ail buffers used for analysis of y-retroviruses RTs were supplemented with 6 mM Mn2+, but were otherwise identical to the buffers described above.

Plate wash buffer: Boric acid 3 mM, 0.75 % Triton X-100, 0.005 % (W/V) Dextran Sulphate, 0.2 % ETOH and 0.025 % NaN₃.

Virus abbreviations

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

SIV Simian immunodeficiency virus

FIV Feline immunodeficiency virus

JSRV Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus

MMTV Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus

BLV Bovine Leukemia Virus

HTLV Human T-lymphotropic virus)

PERV Porcine endogenous retrovirus

MMuLV Moloney Murine leukemia virus

Example 1: Viral Load Assay

It is a purpose of this example to illustrate one way of performing a viral load assay according to the invention.

Frozen plasma samples from HIV infected individuals were thawed and mixed.

Isolation of HIV is performed in a séparation plate, a 96 deep-well microplate (well volume 2 ml). The Viral Load assay is started by addition of 40 μΙ sample additive e.g 5,5'-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) to each well (see Fig2). Thereafter the patient plasmas and control samples are added. Sample additive is mixed with the plasma prior to isolation of HIV for inactivation of certain enzymes présent in the plasma. After 20 minutes incubation, a slurry containing 1 μm magnetic polymeric beads, is added to the wells. The positively charged beads are used to capture the HIV particles. At low pH (e.g. 5.5) and appropriate sait concentration the negatively charged HIV particles bind to the beads while most of the other components présent in plasma will not bind, e.g. the proteins (antibodies) and anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs). After an additional five minutes incubation, the microwell plate is transported to a magnetic plate. When exposed to the magnetic field from the magnetic plate, the beads will be trapped to the walls ofthe wells. The plasma can then be removed by aspiration using a pipette. The séparation plate is then transported back to the shaker, away from the magnetic plate.

The wash procedure (see Fig. 3) starts by adding a first wash buffer, the Bead Wash Buffer, and the entire séparation plate will be shaken during three minutes to resuspend the beads. After that, the séparation plate is moved to the magnetic plate where the beads will be exposed to the magnetic field and trapped to the walls of the wells. Next, the wash buffer is aspirated. The séparation plate is then transported back to the shaker, away from the magnetic plate. In the current example, this wash procedure is repeated three times with the Bead Wash Buffer (referred to as Wash solution 1 in Fig. 3) and one time with the second wash buffer, the so called Bead Reconditioning Buffer (referred to as Wash solution 2 in Fig. 3).

The composition of the Bead Wash Buffer is similar to the binding buffer (pH 5.5, sait) but also contains a non-lysing detergent to increase the wash efficiency. Accurate wash température is advantageous for the resuit, so therefore the Bead wash buffer température is preferably controlled. The Bead Reconditioning Buffer has higher pH (e.g. 7.0) and also contains Protein A/G to remove unwanted plasma antibodies. After the wash procedure the HIV particles still bind to the beads but very few contaminants from the plasma remain.

The reverse transcriptase (RT) is now to be extracted from the viral particles, which is illustrated in Fig. 4. The HIV particle is composed of a protein core surrounded by a lipid bilayer envelope that will break if it is exposed to certain détergents. Once the lipid bilayer envelope is dissolved, the protein core falls apart and the RT inside is released. When the last wash step is finalized, lysis buffer containing e. g. the detergent Synperonic Ail is added to the wells, in Fig. 4 referred to as lysis buffer. The virus envelope breaks and the reverse transcriptase, RT, is released. With the magnetic beads still bound to the walls of the wells, the lysate containing the released RT is collected by aspiration and used in the subséquent RT reaction step.

RT reaction

Referring now to Figs. 5-7, the RT reaction is the enzymatic polymerization process whereby the enzyme RT builds a new single-stranded DNA strand. To do this it needs an RNA template to copy, a short complementary DNA strand to start extending from and a complementary deoxynucleotide(s) triphosphates that can be used as building blocks in the growing strand. The reaction is performed in an RT reaction plate, in this example a 96-well plate (well volume 300 μΙ). The well surfaces are pre-coated with prA, i.e. a single stranded polyriboadenylic acid composed of only one nucléotide base, adenine. The prA molécules hâve an average chain length of >200 nucléotides and act as the template for the RT reaction.

The other components needed for the RT reaction are part of the RT reaction mixture. The RT reaction mixture (see Fig 5) contains odT₂₂ (oligo-deoxy-thymidine-22-mono-phosphate) and BrdUTP (Bromo-deoxy-Uridine-tri-phosphate). odT₂₂ is the primer, and corresponds to a short (22 bases) single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid oligonucleotide base pairing with the prA strand. BrdUTP provides the nucléotide bases that get added to the primer by the RT. Directly after the addition ofthe RT reaction mixture, also the lysate containing the RT enzyme is transferred to the respective well.

In this step an HIV-1 rRT calibrator is introduced in the assay. The calibrator has already been prepared in parallel with the earlier described separation/washing process and is based on a recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with known activity. The lyophilized, (freeze dried) calibrator has been dissolved, mixed and serially diluted into a set of concentration levels, herein a number of six levels. These are added into separate wells in the RT reaction plate and will be used to construct a calibration curve.

With the addition of lysate or calibrator, the RT-enzyme reaction is now started and the amount of the newly produced BrdU strand will be proportional to the amount of RT enzyme présent in the lysate or calibrator.

The RT reaction is température dépendent and reaction velocity increases with increasing température until enzyme function is impaired by dénaturation. The RT reaction plate is therefore placed on a heating block during the reaction and also covered by a lid to prevent évaporation during the 3 hour incubation. Both the incubation température and the time for the reaction (incubation time) are factors that are to be controlled.

The RT reaction is stopped after 3 hours by removing the RT-reaction solution. This is done by a careful wash procedure using the Hydroflex plate washer. The wash solution used contains certain components e.g. detergent to increase the efficiency of the wash.

Conjugale binding

After the RT-reaction solution is washed away, an antibody-enzyme conjugale solution is added (see Fig. 6). The antibody part of the conjugale is a monoclonal mouse antibody with anti-BrdU specificity and the conjugale enzyme is alkaline phosphatase (AP). The conjugale binding reaction is also température dépendent and the RT reaction plate is therefore placed back on the heating block during the 37° C, 30 min incubation.

The conjugale binding step is ended by a careful wash procedure using the Hydroflex plate washer to remove the conjugale solution and non-specifically bound conjugale so that only conjugale bound to the BrdU remains. Increased wash température (30-35° C) is advantageous for a good wash resuit. The wash solution is the same as for the RT wash.

Substrate reaction

In a final reaction, a solution containing a substrate for alkaline phosphatase (AP), is added to the wells (see Fig. 7). This substrate generates light when the AP enzyme part of the conjugale modifies the substrate structure. In this stage of the process the Chemical reaction can be affected by airborne dust particles that may contain AP. Therefore the RT reaction plate is directly moved into the Lumate Microplate Luminometer reading chamber where it is protected from dust. After a short lag phase of 10 minutes to obtain a stable light signal, the light intensity is measured by the luminometer.

Evaluation

The purpose of the évaluation is to convert the light signais from the RT assay to the desired output; i.e. the HIV viral load in the plasma sample and thus in the infected patient. The intensity of the light produced by the AP enzymatic process is proportional to the amount of conjugated enzyme bound to the well via the binding of the anti-BrdU antibody part to the synthesized BrdU strands. The amount of incorporated BrdU is in its turn proportional to the amount of RT that was présent in a lysate or in a calibrator respectively. The HIV rRT calibrators are used to construct a calibration curve which is used to quantify the amount of RT activity in the lysâtes. The primary output according to the formula for the régression line from the calibration curve is RTa units /ml plasma. One RTa unit corresponds to the activity generated by 1 fg HIV-1 BH10 calibrator enzyme. This output from the RT assay reflects the concentration of HIV virus in the starting human plasma sample. The standard unit to express HIV concentration is RNA copies/ml plasma.

The concentration of RT in the lysate will be converted to the concentration of HIV RNA in the sample by using a conversion factor. This conversion factor is empirically determined by correlating the results obtained with a state of the art method (e.g. Roche Cobas Amplicor assay), expressed as HIV RNA copies, with the results from the same plasma cohort run on the assay.

With the viral load assay, the response to an antirétroviral drug treatment is reflected by alterations in amount of circulating virus.

Example 2: Drug résistance indicator assay

This example présents a setup for a semi-quantitative drug résistance indicator assay. Each sample is tested against a single predetermined drug concentration (instead of against several concentrations as in a standard IC50 drug résistance assay).

The drug résistance indicator assay procedure follows that of the Viral Load procedure, but the RT assay step and the Evaluation are performed differently. As illustrated in Fig. 9, in the RT reaction step either buffer with the selected drug at a single concentration or buffer without drug is added to the wells with the RT reaction mixture before the lysate is added.

In this example, the drug used in the test was the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) Efavirenz, and the predetermined concentration was 10 μΜ, corresponding to the IC50 value of mutated HIV rRT L100I, chosen to represent the résistant reference (see Fig. 10). HIV rRT L100I is a well characterized HIV sample representing a virus with known drug résistance mutation. Thus, when RT reaction step is evaluated, the remaining activity for L100I should be close to 50% as the drug concentration used is the known IC50 value for this reference enzyme.

Each lysate is split into two aliquots, one whereof is added to a well containing drug at a predetermined concentration, and one whereof is added to a well without added drug. Apart from the lysâtes, said HIV drug susceptibility reference samples are also included in the assay. The lyophilized, (freeze dried) reference has been dissolved and mixed and is then added into wells with and without drug in the RT reaction plate just like the lysâtes.

During the the RT reaction, the drug présent in the assay will be more or less effective in blocking the RT in the different lysâtes. A lysate with drug-susceptible RT will be blocked and very little new DNA will be made. In a lysate with a drug-resistant RT similar to the reference, the drug will block about 50% of the BrdUTP incorporation. In a lysate with a drug resistantant RT more résistant than the reference, the drug may not block incorporation of

BrdUTP at ail.

Evaluation drug résistance indicator assay

The drug résistance indicator assay gives at least two different answers:

I. The Viral Load value indicating whether the ongoing therapy is effective; and

II. The Drug Susceptibility of the virus replicating in the patient and whether an elevated viral load recorded is due to the patient's adhérence to the treatment of the patient or occurrence of drug résistant virus.

The light signal corresponding to the RT activity in wells without drug added is set to 100%. The signais obtained from the wells with drug are calculated as a percentage of the activity found without added drug. An example of présentation of remaining activity is shown in Fig. 10. Herein is seen that the remaining activity of the résistant reference is close to 50 %. This is expected as the drug concentration used is the known IC50 value for this rRT. This resuit indicates that the assay has been run under proper conditions and that the assay run can be accepted. The remaining activities for the samples 1 - 8 are calculated in the same manner.

With cut-off values established by using existing drug résistance databases and/or by clinical studies the remaining activity relative to a known résistant reference RT can be interpreted as infection with susceptible, reduced susceptible or résistant virus.

Example 3 - Viral Load and Drug résistance assay

This Example aims at describing one possible outline for the combined virus quantification and phenotypic drug résistance testing on viral RT enzyme that is recovered directly from patient plasma samples. The example présents a protocol for testing 28 patient samples for viral load and drug susceptibility, and also the évaluation and resulting report.

Fig. 11 illustrâtes an example of an RT reaction plate layout for measuring the activity of the purified RT containing lysâtes in presence and absence of a drug at a carefully selected/predetermined concentration. For each sample, HIV particles were isolated and viral RT extracted using the method previously described (see e.g. Example 1).

In this example, the drug chosen for the assay is Efavirenz, and the predetermined concentration is set to 10 μΜ, corresponding to the IC50 value for mutated recombinant control RT L100I, in respect ofthe chosen drug. Fig. 11 is understood to represent an example only, and the skilled person can think of a wide variety of alternative, equally possible RT reaction plate layouts. For instance, it is possible to choose between a wide variety of control RTsand corresponding concentration (based on IC50 value), different number of drug Controls etc.

In the table of Fig. 11, the following abbreviations are used:

DRS = Drug Reaction Solution

VLRS= RT Reaction Solution

Pos control = Positive control

Neg control = Négative control wt rRT = HIV-1 wild type recombinant Reverse Transcriptase bg = background l^st - 9^th std = l^st - 9^th serial diluted HIV-l rRT calibrator

Moreover, Drug reaction solution is understood to refer to a reaction buffer with a selected antirétroviral drug dissolved to a predetermined concentration, and RT reaction solution is understood to refer to a reaction buffer without any drug présent. For examples of buffers, see Buffers used under Materials.

In this protocol, 28 patient samples are tested on the same microplate, each sample being evaluated for viral load and drug susceptibility respectively, using the drug résistance indicator assay described in Example 2 for evaluating viral drug susceptibility.

Referring to the table of Fig. 11, schematically illustrating the outline of a microplate, the patient sample wells correspond to Al - D7, A8, B8, C8 and D8. Wells E7, E8, F7 and F8 correspond to positive Controls (a non-infectious recombinant HIV virus préparation used as séparation control); wells G7, G8, H7 and H8 correspond to négative Controls (plasma from healthy blood donors); A9, A10, B9 and B10 correspond to control wells to be loaded with résistant recombinant RT with defined drug susceptibility (herein SIV rRT); C9, CIO, D9, D10, E9, E10, F9 and F10 correspond to control wells to be loaded with intermediate recombinant RT (herein L100I rRT and Y181C rRT respectively); G9, G10, H9 and H10 correspond to control wells to be loaded with wild-type recombinant RT; Ail - Hll and A12 correspond to serial dilutions of a recombinant control RTs with defined enzymatic activity; and B12 - H12 correspond to background control wells.

In the given example, SIV rRT, L100I rRT, Y181C rRT and wt rRT are recombinant control RTs with defined drug susceptibility.

Loading of the wells on the RT reaction plate is now to be described.

-Add 30 μΙ Drug reaction solution to ail wells in columns 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 at the 96 wells RT reaction plate.

-Add 30 μΙ RT reaction solution to ail wells in columns 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12 at the RT reaction plate.

-Add 100 μΙ Lysis buffer to wells B12-H12 at the reaction plate (background Controls).

-Add 100 μΙ serial dilutions of a recombinant RT standard to wells All-Hll and A12.

-Add 100 μΙ of recombinant HIV RT control 1 (herein SIV rRT) with defined susceptibility to the selected drug to wells A9 to A10, and B9 to B10 respectively.

-Add 100 μΙ of recombinant HIV RT control 2 (herein L100I) with defined susceptibility to the selected drug to wells C9 to CIO and D9 to D10.

-Add 100 μΙ of recombinant HIV RT control 3 (herein Y181C) with defined susceptibility to the selected drug to wells E9 to E10 and F9 to F10.

-Add 100 μΙ of wt HIV-1 RT to wells G9 to G10 and H9 to H10.

-Add 100 μΙ of sample lysâtes from the séparation plate to wells Al- H8. Each lysate is analysed as duplicates in two adjacent wells; one sample in presence of drug and one in standard reaction solution without drug (see plate layout in Fig.11).

-Incubate the RT reaction plate for 3h at 37°C.

-The RT reactions are finally terminated by repeated washes of the RT reaction plate and the amount of newly synthetized DNA in each well are determined using an AP conjugated antiBrdU monoclonal antibody as described previously. A chemoluminiscent AP substrate (DynaLight® Substrate) is used to achieve high détection sensitivity in the final AP assay.

Calculation of VL and Drug susceptibility.

The signais generated by the DynaLight® Substrate in the AP reaction are read in a luminometric plate reader. The serially diluted rRT calibrator provide a sériés of values correlating the enzyme activity to viral load. The signais obtained are plotted against the amounts of rRT used and the formula for the standard régression line is calculated. This formula is then used to recalculate the signais generated from the lysâtes measured in absence of drug into amount of RT/ml lysate and, after considération of lysis recovery and samples volumes, into amount of RTa units /ml original plasma.

The virus susceptibility to treatment with the drug can be determined from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence and in absence of the drug. This can be expressed as percent remaining RT activity, i.e. the quota between signal in presence of drug and signal in absence of drug times 100.

Example 4 - Détermination of susceptibility to four NNRTI drugs

Table 1 demonstrates of the ability of the current invention to détermine susceptibility to 10 four currently used NNRTI drugs. The plasma samples Sa 24 and Sa 147 were processed according to the above described protocol for extracting viral RT. The RT extracts recovered from this process and the other RT samples were analyzed for remaining activity according to above described drug résistance indicator assay. The drug concentrations used were Efavirenz (EFV) 9.0 μΜ, Nevirapin (NPV) 81.0 μΜ, Etravirin (ETV) 21.8 μΜ and Rilpivirin (RPV) 15 12.0 μΜ.

Virus	Sample type	Sequence/ Isolate	Remaining activity (% of actvity in absence of drug)
EFV	NPV	ETV	RPV
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	HXB2 wild type	4,1	8,1	2,8	2,4
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 wild type	3,5	3,4	3,5	2,5
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	HXB2 T215Y	3,4	8,3	1,5	1,6
HIV-1 C	Plasma Sa72	wild type	8,3	16,1	6,5	9,3
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 V179D	19,1	5,1	2,2	3,0
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10Y181C	17,3	72,6	38,7	20,8
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 L100I	63,8	30,7	28,4	46,6
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 K103N	60,8	64,1	5,2	13,9
HIV-1 C	Plasma Sa24	K103N	78,0	69,3	24,2	31,8
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 K103N/L100I	96,3	72,5	47,3	82,3
HIV-1 C	Plasma Sal47	K103N,E138Q, Y318F,M184V	87,8	94,9	_ 68,0_	80,8
SIV	Recombinant RT	SIVsmH4	99,9	99,5	98,5	107,5
FIV	Cell culture virus	M2 CladB	93,6	87,7	90,6	86,1

Table 1

The remaining activity profile pattern for the four drugs differed between the samples.

The three wild type RTs and the RT with the NRTI induced mutation T215Y RT were susceptible to inhibition by ail four drugs. The samples containing one or two known NNRTI mutations revealed varying degree of reduced susceptibly or résistance to the different drugs. Simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) RT, Feline immune deficiency virus (FIV) RT and RT from Sa 147, a plasma sample with a HIV with four NNRTI spécifie mutations in the RT gene, were résistant to ail four drugs.

Example 5 - Détermination of susceptibility to both NRTI and NNRTI drugs

Virus	Sample type	Sequence/ Orgin	Remaining activitv (% )
AZT	EFV
Lenti virus
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	HXB2 wild type	1,8	4,1
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	HXB2T215Y	11,6	3,8
69SS+5M	Recombinant RT HXB2 M41L, T69S-SS, L210W, R211K, L214F, T215Y	52,6	3,5
, 69SG+5M	Recombinant RT HXB2 M41L, T69S-SG, L210W, R211K, L214F, T215Y	66,3	3,9
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 wild type	2,9	2,4
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 V179D	6,2	19,1
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 Y181C	4,2	15,8
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10L100I	6,4	63,8
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10K103N	6,0	60,8
HIV-1 B	Recombinant RT	BH10 K103N/L100I	10,7	96,3
HIV-2	Cell culture virus	CRF01_AB	4,3	100,2
SIV	Recombinant RT	SIVsmH4	19,0	103,0
FIV	Cell culture virus________	M2 CladB	15,4	93,6
6 -retrovirus
JSRV	Cell culture virus	UK strain	8,6	102,7
MMTV	Recombinant RT	BR6 strain	7,7	101,6
δ-retrovirus
BLV	Cell culture virus	__________FLK-BLVcells________________	6,9	101,7
HTLV-1	Cell culture virus	MT-2 Cells	6,6	93,8
HTLV-2	Cell culture virus		4,1	91,7
y -retrovirus
PERV	Cell culture virus	PERV-PK15	2,7	98,0
MMuLV	Recombinant RT	Roth et al. (1985)	2,2	96,9
Mammalian* y -polymerase mithochondria	Beef Heart	100,5	94,8
*The mammalian y- polymerase has an editing function and is not affected by AZT-TP

Table 2

Table 2 demonstrates of the ability of the current invention to détermine susceptibility to both NRTI and NNRTI drugs. The RT préparations investigated were analyzed for remaining activity according to the protocol for drug résistance indicator assay. Note that two different RT reaction conditions were used. Susceptibility to NNRTIs was determined at saturated deoxynucleotide substrate concentrations, while the reaction conditions for NRTI susceptibility assay was designed as a compromise between the conditions required for a rapid DNA élongation reaction and ability to distinguish between résistant and susceptible RTs (see RT reaction buffers in material and methods). The drug concentrations used were AZT-TP 0.16 μΜ and (EFV) 9.0 μΜ respectively.

In presence of 0.16 μΜ AZT-TP the two HIV-1 recombinant wild type RTs investigated exhibited remaining activities (Ra) of 1.8 and 2.9 % respectively. The Ra value increased to 9.4 when the mutation T215Y was introduced in the sequence of HIV-1 HXB2. RTs containing multiple NRTI associated mutations like M41L, T69S-SS, L210W, R211K, L214F, T215Y exhibited Ra values in the range 53-66 %. None of these mutations did significantly affect the susceptibility to NNRTI drugs like EFV. These data show that the current invention also can be used to characterize susceptibility to chain-terminating NRTI drugs like AZT.

AH enzymes in the panel of HIV-1 RTs with NNRTI spécifie mutations exhibited similar susceptibility to AZT-TP inhibition . This type of mutations did thus not influence the susceptibility to AZT-TP. Wild type RTs from other lentiviruses like HIV-2, SIV and FIV had similar or slightly higher AZT Ra values as the wild type HIV-1 RTs.

RTs from β-retroviruses like Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) and Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) were susceptible to AZT-TP inhibition but showed slightly higher Ra values (7.7-8.6 %) than the wild type HIV-1 RTs.

RTs from δ-retroviruses like Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) gave similar results as those from β-retrovirus.

RTs from y-retroviruses had Ra values in the same range as the wild type HIV RTs

Among ail the analysed enzymes only the HIV-1 RTs devoid of major NNRTI spécifie mutations were significantly inhibited by EFV.

The mammalian γ-polymerase, that was included as a control was not significantly inhibited by any of the anti viral drugs.

The drug résistance indicator assay thus has the capacity to analyse polymerase samples from viruses and cells for susceptibility to both NRTI and NNRTI drugs.

Example 6 -Relationship between IC50 and remaining RT activity

The example aims at showing that remaining RT activity at a single selected drug concentration gives virtually identical information as a IC50 titration based on multiple drug concentrations

The IC50 value for EFV was determined for each préparation in a panel of 10 recombinant HIV RT enzymes with defined amino acid substitutions in the HIV 1 BH10 sequence. The duration ofthe RT reactions were 3 hours and each IC50 value was calculated based on measurements of the RT activity at eight different EFV concentrations and in absence of drug (as exemplified in figure 8A).

The Ra value for each enzyme was calculated from the same data set using the RT activity at 9 μΜ EFV divided with the RT activity in absence of drug times 100 (as exemplified in figs 8B and C).

Figure 12 shows the Ra value, at the selected single EFV concentration 9 μΜ for each enzyme, plotted against the IC50 value of the same enzyme. Each dot in Figure 12 thus represents one RT préparation.

It is clear from figure 12 that there is a strong corrélation between the remaining activity at 9 μΜ EFV and the corresponding IC50 value (r2 = 0.9859, p« 0.001).

Example 7 - Corrélation to phenotypic data

This Example aims at showing that the method for evaluating RT activity according to the présent invention gives information that is comparable to that provided by the wellestablished PhenoSense™ test. PhenoSense is a widely used in vivo phenotypic test for HIV drug résistance that reports the fold increase ofthe samples IC50 relative to the IC50 value for a reference drug-sensitive HIV clone. It can be regarded as gold standard drug résistance assay.

A panel of recombinant HIV-1 RTs constructed by introduction of NNRTI spécifie mutations into the sequence of HIV-1 BH10 wild type RT were investigated using the current protocol for drug indicator assay according to the invention. The duration of the RT reactions were 3 hours and the samples were analyzed in presence and absence of 9 μΜ EFV.

The Stanford HIV Drug Résistance database contains a table with RT drug résistance mutations and corresponding PhenoSense fold increase. Some of the RTs with known mutations that had been tested with the drug résistance indicator assay in examples 3 to 5 could be found in this table. The relationship between remaining RT activity and the phenotypic fold increase can thus be analyzed. As can be extracted from Figure 13 we found a strong corrélation (r2 = 0.9738, p< 0.001) between PhenoSense fold increase and the remaining RT activity from the current drug résistance indicator assay.

Example 8 - Relationship between HIV VL determined with Abbott m2000rt real-time PCR and RTa determined with the current invention

This Example aims at showing that the method for evaluating RT activity according to the présent invention is comparable to the standard method of evaluating viral presence based on RNA content detected by means of rtPCR.

CPD plasma samples from 47 HIV infected persons from South Africa were analyzed using the viral load assay according to the invention (described in example 1). The serially diluted standard with a known concentration of recombinant HIV RT is used to recalculate the signais generated from the sample RTs measured in absence of drug into amount of RT/ml lysate and, after considération of lysis recovery and samples volumes, into amount of RTa units/ml original plasma. The plasma samples had previously been analyzed for HIV-1 RNA viral load with Abbott m2000rt real-time PCR. Figure 14 shows the amount of RT recovered (RTa units) plotted against the amount of HIV-1 RNA (RNA copies) for each of these 47 plasma samples. As can be extracted from the figure, there is a strong corrélation (R² = 0,8873, p< 0.001) between these variables.

Claims (13)

1. A method for assessing susceptibility of a virus to treatment with a drug inhibiting an enzyme of the wild-type virus comprising the steps:

a) Extracting the viral enzyme from a sample containing the virus;

b) Measuring the viral enzyme activity both in the absence of the drug and in the presence ofthe drug at a single predetermined concentration; and

c) Determining the virus' susceptibility to treatment with the drug from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence of the drug and the absence ofthe drug.

2. A method for assessing whether a patient treated for a viral infection is in need of a change in drug therapy with a drug inhibiting a viral enzyme, due to the virus' résistance to the drug therapy, comprising assessing the virus' susceptibility to treatment with the drug, according to claim 1, wherein a susceptibility below a predetermined cut-off level is indicative of a need for a change in drug therapy.

3. A method for determining the load of an virus in a patient sample and said virus résistance to treatment with a drug inhibiting an enzyme of the wild-type virus, said method comprising the steps

a) Extracting the enzyme from a sample containing the virus;

b) Partitioning the extracted enzyme into at least two, a first and a second, aliquots;

c) Measuring the enzyme activity in said first aliquot in the absence of the drug and measuring the enzyme activity in said second aliquot in the presence of the drug at a single predetermined concentration;

d) Providing a sériés of standard enzyme activity values correlating enzyme activity to viral load;

e) Determining the viral load in the sample from the enzyme activity in the absence ofthe drug, based on the enzyme activity standard values; and

f) Determining the viral résistance to treatment with the drug from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence of the drug and the absence of the drug, respectively.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the virus is a retrovirus and the enzyme is a reverse transcriptase packed into said retrovirus.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the retrovirus is a lentivirus, such as HIV, SIV, FIV; a β-retrovirus, such as JSRV or MMTV; a δ-retrovirus, such as BLV, HTLV-1 or HTLV-2; or a γ-retrovirus, such as PERV or MMuLV.

6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the drug is a Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) or a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI).

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the NNRTI drug is selected from the group consisting of nevirapine, efavirenz, rilpivirine, etravirine, delavirdine, lersivirine, GSK 2248761, RDEA806, BILR 355 BS, calanolide A, MK-4965, MK-1439 , MK-6186, doravirine, and elsulfavirine.

8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the NRTI drug is selected from the group consisting of zidovudine, didasonine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, censavudine, MK-8591, adefovir, telbivudine and entecavir.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the predetermined drug concentration corresponds to the IC50 value for a reference enzyme with known level of drug résistance.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the predetermined concentration corresponds to 10-50 times the IC50 value for the wild-type enzyme for the drug, such as 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 times the IC50 value for the wildtype enzyme for the drug.

11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sample is a blood sample, sérum sample, plasma sample, a virus préparation from a cell culture, breast milk, saliva, semen, génital sécrétions, urine, intraperitoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid.

12. System for performing at least steps c)-f) of the method according to any one of claim 3-11, comprising a computer and an apparatus for determining enzyme activity in a sample, said apparatus being configured to transmit enzyme activity values to said computer, and wherein the computer is configured to receive said enzyme activity values and a sériés of standard values correlating enzyme activity values to viral load, and is programmed to détermine the viral load in the sample from the enzyme activity in the absence of the drug, based on the standard values correlating enzyme activity values to viral load; and to détermine the virus' résistance to treatment with the drug from the relation between the enzyme activities in the presence of the drug and the absence of the drug.

13. System according to claim 12, wherein the apparatus for determining enzyme activity in a sample further comprises an apparatus for automated extraction of viral enzyme from a sample.