OA18939A - Repellent and attractant composition for dichromatic animals - Google Patents
Repellent and attractant composition for dichromatic animals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- OA18939A OA18939A OA1201800247 OA18939A OA 18939 A OA18939 A OA 18939A OA 1201800247 OA1201800247 OA 1201800247 OA 18939 A OA18939 A OA 18939A
- Authority
- OA
- OAPI
- Prior art keywords
- agent
- repellent
- eue
- target
- dichromatic
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 225
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 225
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 78
- 239000005667 attractant Substances 0.000 title abstract description 94
- 230000031902 chemoattractant activity Effects 0.000 title abstract description 94
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 197
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 94
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 61
- 230000003542 behavioural Effects 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000003595 spectral Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 240000008529 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000006669 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002420 orchard Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 108091008017 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000008415 Lactuca sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004456 color vision Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021374 legumes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019713 millet Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- AMZORBZSQRUXNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylphenyl) acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C AMZORBZSQRUXNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005786 Flutolanil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005951 Methiocarb Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- YFBPRJGDJKVWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methiocarb Chemical compound CNC(=O)OC1=CC(C)=C(SC)C(C)=C1 YFBPRJGDJKVWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-BWHPXCRDSA-N [cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl] (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@@H]1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-BWHPXCRDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001948 caffeine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- DULCUDSUACXJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-phenylacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 DULCUDSUACXJJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PTCGDEVVHUXTMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N flutolanil Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC=CC(NC(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(F)(F)F)=C1 PTCGDEVVHUXTMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- APEJMQOBVMLION-VOTSOKGWSA-N trans-cinnamamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 APEJMQOBVMLION-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-M anthranilate Chemical class NC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RWZYAGGXGHYGMB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000002195 synergetic Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000116 mitigating Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- RZVHIXYEVGDQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Anthraquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RZVHIXYEVGDQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 118
- 241000209761 Avena Species 0.000 description 84
- 230000035611 feeding Effects 0.000 description 55
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 48
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 40
- 230000001923 postingestive Effects 0.000 description 37
- 241000699729 Muridae Species 0.000 description 32
- 241000283975 Sylvilagus Species 0.000 description 28
- 241001521143 Urocitellus richardsonii Species 0.000 description 27
- 241001443971 Microtus californicus Species 0.000 description 26
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000002354 daily Effects 0.000 description 21
- 241000699693 Peromyscus Species 0.000 description 20
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 17
- 230000001143 conditioned Effects 0.000 description 16
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 15
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 14
- 235000010215 titanium dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 241001272178 Glires Species 0.000 description 11
- 241000283925 Spermophilus Species 0.000 description 10
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000790 retinal pigment Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000001846 repelling Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241000699709 Microtus Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000699692 Peromyscus maniculatus Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000287436 Turdus merula Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000021195 test diet Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229940076442 9,10-anthraquinone Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000014571 nuts Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 241000689227 Cora <basidiomycete fungus> Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241001416137 Sylvilagus audubonii Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000003750 conditioning Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004438 eyesight Effects 0.000 description 5
- 241000191823 Cynomys Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000274177 Juniperus sabina Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 description 4
- -1 TRPVl Chemical compound 0.000 description 4
- 235000017585 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000017587 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009114 investigational therapy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000287455 Agelaius Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000272517 Anseriformes Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001655249 Corvus brachyrhynchos Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000215542 Microtus arvalis Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000288047 Phasianus colchicus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000555745 Sciuridae Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004634 feeding behavior Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001665 lethal Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000518 lethal Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 240000002860 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000422874 Ictidomys mexicanus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000288147 Meleagris gallopavo Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000699660 Mus musculus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283977 Oryctolagus Species 0.000 description 2
- LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N Quinine Chemical compound C([C@H]([C@H](C1)C=C)C2)C[N@@]1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21 LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000907526 Quiscalus mexicanus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 2
- 231100000765 Toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003466 anti-cipated Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012631 food intake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001339 gustatory Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108020003112 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- AZJUJOFIHHNCSV-KCQAQPDRSA-N (1R,4aS,8aS)-5,5,8a-trimethyl-1,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde Polymers C[C@@]1([C@H](C(C=O)=CC2)C=O)[C@@H]2C(C)(C)CCC1 AZJUJOFIHHNCSV-KCQAQPDRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001096 (4-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-7-yl)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methanol hydrochloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- LBSFSRMTJJPTCW-DSXUQNDKSA-N (R)-[(2S,4S,5R)-5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methanol;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C([C@H]([C@H](C1)C=C)C2)CN1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OC)C=C21 LBSFSRMTJJPTCW-DSXUQNDKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTDQGKWDWVUKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-aminophenyl)ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1N GTDQGKWDWVUKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001248697 Alaudidae Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOJBYZNEUISWFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allyl isothiocyanate Chemical compound C=CCN=C=S ZOJBYZNEUISWFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCQXXBOSCBRNNT-UHFFFAOYSA-K Ammonium aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LCQXXBOSCBRNNT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005781 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000699681 Arvicola Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010063659 Aversion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000219310 Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005996 Blood meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000272828 Branta canadensis Species 0.000 description 1
- KAWOEDMUUFFXAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1(C)CCCC2(C)C(C)C(C=O)=CCC21 Polymers CC1(C)CCCC2(C)C(C)C(C=O)=CCC21 KAWOEDMUUFFXAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQSA-N Capsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCC\C=C\C(C)C)=CC=C1O YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283153 Cetacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001258 Cinchona calisaya Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000434299 Cinchona officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000223760 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004310 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-XIGLUPEJSA-N Corilagin Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H]2OC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC[C@@H](O1)[C@H]2O)C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-XIGLUPEJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008966 Cynara cardunculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019106 Cynara scolymus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Denatonium Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1C[N+](CC)(CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100019395 EFHD1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101700059448 EFHD1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- AUVVAXYIELKVAI-CKBKHPSWSA-N Emetine Chemical compound N1CCC2=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C2[C@H]1C[C@H]1C[C@H]2C3=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C3CCN2C[C@@H]1CC AUVVAXYIELKVAI-CKBKHPSWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000005149 Epigaea repens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000950625 Eremophila alpestris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000289695 Eutheria Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001295 Levene's test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001124569 Lycaenidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710022555 OPN1SW Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000150452 Orthohantavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001481793 Otospermophilus beecheyi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001474977 Palla Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008426 Persea americana Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008299 Pinus lambertiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000204936 Pinus palustris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017339 Pinus palustris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000288906 Primates Species 0.000 description 1
- NZGWDASTMWDZIW-MRVPVSSYSA-N Pulegone Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)C1 NZGWDASTMWDZIW-MRVPVSSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006764 Punica granatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014360 Punica granatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000001987 Pyrus communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017343 Quebracho blanco Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000948 Quinine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001811 Quinine Hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001661240 Quiscalus quiscula Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000065615 Schinopsis balansae Species 0.000 description 1
- PHZOWSSBXJXFOR-PTGZALFTSA-N Sinigrin Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](S\C(CC=C)=N\OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O PHZOWSSBXJXFOR-PTGZALFTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHZOWSSBXJXFOR-MYMDCHNCSA-N Sinigrin Natural products S(=O)(=O)(O/N=C(\S[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1)/CC=C)O PHZOWSSBXJXFOR-MYMDCHNCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007913 Spondias dulcis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000287181 Sturnus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- ZIJKGAXBCRWEOL-SAXBRCJISA-N Sucrose octaacetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(=O)C)O[C@@]1(COC(C)=O)O[C@@H]1[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1 ZIJKGAXBCRWEOL-SAXBRCJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005843 Thiram Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiram Chemical compound CN(C)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(C)C KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000289678 Trichosurus Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 Urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000949456 Zanthoxylum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000001344 [(2S,3S,4R,5R)-4-acetyloxy-2,5-bis(acetyloxymethyl)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxolan-3-yl] acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000240 adjuvant Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930002945 all-trans-retinaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000016720 allyl isothiocyanate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000111 anti-oxidant Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016520 artichoke thistle Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002504 capsaicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003833 capsaicin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000017663 capsaicin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- APEJMQOBVMLION-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 APEJMQOBVMLION-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017803 cinnamon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001149 cognitive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001610 denatonium benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002694 emetine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000019637 foraging behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013569 fruit product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000855 fungicidal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010647 garlic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004383 glucosinolate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011868 grain product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000749 insecticidal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical Effects 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005426 persea americana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930000081 polygodial Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000002207 retinal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020945 retinal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011604 retinal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019515 salmon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005373 siloxane group Chemical group [SiH2](O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 235000017291 sinigrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003997 social interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940013883 sucrose octaacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101700037348 sws2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002447 thiram Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The combination of a repellent agent or an attractant agent with a wavelength-specific visual eue agent has been found to produce an unexpected and synergistic effect of increased repellency or attraction in dichromatic animais who are not maximally sensitive to the wavelength of the repellent or attractant agent. The method of the invention may be used to repel dichromaticanimal pests; or to prevent or minimize monetary damage, particularly to agricultural products, natural resources or private property. The method of the invention may also be used to attract dichromatic animais for the purpose of agricultural production, recreational opportunities (e.g., wildrodent feeders), or the effective administration of target-animal pharmaceuticals or mitigation techniques.
Description
REPELLENT AND ATTRACTANT COMPOSITION FOR DICHROMATIC ANIMALS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application daims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/274,467, ftled on January 4, 2016 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/364,513, filed July 20, 2016, the content of each is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to compositions and methods for repelling or attracting dichromatic animais from target foods or locations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vision is fondamental to the everyday behavior of most animais, including manimals, birds and insects. Most animais use vision to facilitate their social interactions, orientation and foraging behavior. The visual system of humans has been characterized as trichromatic; human visual pigments are maximally sensitive to wavelengths in three régions (i.e. reds, greens and blues). Most birds are tetrachromatic; bird visual pigments and oil droplets are ultraviolet- or violet-sensitive (UVS, VS), as well as the short-, medium- and longwavelength sensitive cônes also found in humans (SWS, MSW, LWS). In contrast, most ail other animais are sensitive to only two wavelength régions and as such are categorized as dichromatic.
Vertebrates generally hâve a single rod photopigment and up to four classes of cône photopigment (i.e. long-, middle-, and two short-wave sensitive visual pigments; Cowan et al. 2002). Most mammals are dichromatic, having two classes of cône photopigment (i.e. long- and short-wave sensitive visual pigments; David-Gray et al. 2002). The short-wave sensitive (SWS) visual pigments of vertebrate cône photorecep tors are divided into two molecular classes, SWSl and SWS2. Only the SWSl class is present in mammals. The SWSl class has been subdivided into violet-sensitive (VS; peak maximum absorbance, or λπιηχ = 400—430 nm) and ultraviolet-sensitive visual pigments (UVS, kmax < 380 nm; Cowing et al. 2002). Although ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity is widespread among animais it is considered rare in mammals, being restricted to the few species that hâve Zmax < 400 nm (Douglas and Jeffery 2014). Animais without UVS visual pigments, however, will be sensitive to UV wavelengths if they hâve ocular media that transmit UV wavelengths, as ail visual pigments absorb significant amounts of UV if the energy level is sufficient (Douglas and Jeffery 2014).”
Although most animais are not maximally sensitive to full spectrum wavelengths (e.g. 3001,400 nm), implications of this technology include behavioral responsiveness (e.g. > 5% repellency or attraction) among dichromatic animais to wavelengths for which they are not maximally sensitive. This invention exploits the novel and non-obvious observation of behavioral responsiveness among dichromatic animais to wavelengths for which they are not maximally sensitive (e.g. <400 nm, >700 nm). This use of wavelengths independent of those that characterize dichromatic vision has implications for a myriad of applications for repellents and attractants of dichromatic animais.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with this discovery, it is an object of this invention to provide improved methods and compositions for repelling and attracting dichromatic animais from a target.
An object of the invention is to provide a method for decreasing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associaied with a target comprising: providing a repellent composition comprising a wavelength-specific visual eue agent and a repellent agent wherein the wavelength-specîfic visual eue agent has spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the spectral characteristics of the repellent agent and wherein the spectral characteristics of the repellent agent fall outside of the ranges within which said dichromatic animal is maximally sensitive; applying said repellent composition to said target, presenting said target to said dichromatic animal, whereby said dichromatic animal’s behavioral response associated with said target is decreased at a level of at least 5% greater than when said dichromatic animal is presented with a target upon which is applied a composition comprising only one of said wavelength-specific visual eue agent or said repellent agent, or comprising significantly lower amounts of either (or both) said wavelength-specific visual eue agent or said repellent agent. The visual eue agent can be applied at an amount effective to be visibly recognized by said dichromatic animais.
A further object of the invention is a method for decreasing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target via a repellent application selected from the group consisting of: (a) an initial application of an effective amount of a repellent agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of an effective amount of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent in combination with the same amount or a reduced amount of the repellent agent; or (b) an initial application of an effective amount of a repellent agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of effective amounts of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent; or (c) one or more concurrent applications of an effective amount of a repellent agent and an effective amount of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent.
Another object of the invention is a method for increasing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target comprising: providing an attractant composition comprising a wavelength-specific visual eue agent and an attractant agent wherein the wavelength-specific visual eue agent has spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the spectral characteristics of the attractant agent and wherein the spectral characteristics of the attractant agent fall outside of the ranges within which said dichromatic animal is maximally sensitive; applying said attractant composition to said target, presenting said target to said dichromatic animal, whereby said dichromatic animal’s behavioral response associated with said target is increased at a level of at least 5% greater than when said dichromatic animal is presented with a target upon which is applied a composition comprising only one of said wavelength-specific visual eue agent or said attractant agent.
Another object of the invention is a method for increasing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target via an attractant application selected from the group consisting of: (a) an initial application of an effective amount of attractant agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of an effective amount of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent in combination with the same amount or a reduced amount of the attractant agent; or (b) an initial application of an effective amount of an attractant agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of effective ainounts of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent; or (c) one or more concurrent applications of an effective amount of an attractant agent and an effective amount of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent.
Another object of the invention is a method for changing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target comprising providing a composition comprising a wavelength-specific visual eue agent and an agent wherein the wavelength-specific visual eue agent has spectral characteristics sufïiciently similar to the spectral characteristics of the agent and wherein the spectral characteristics of the agent fall outside of the ranges within which said dichromatic animal is maximally sensitive, applying said composition to said target, presenting said target to said dichromatic animal, whereby said dichromatic animafs behavioral response associated with said target is changed at a level of at least 5% greater than when said dichromatic animal is presented with a target upon which is applied a composition comprising only one of said wavelength-specific visual eue agent or said agent. The change can be a decrease in the behavioral response, wherein the composition is a repellent composition and the agent is a repellent agent. The change can be an increase in the behavioral response, wherein the composition is an attractant composition and the agent is an attractant agent.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become readily apparent from the ensuing description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure l is a bar graph that illustrâtes repellency of an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent in a dichromatic animal, the California vole (Microtus californiens Peale). Mean feeding repellency associated with varying concentrations of an anthraquinone-based repellent (Avipel® Shield; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) offered to California voles (Microtus californiens Peale). Repellency represents test consumption (day 4) relative to average, pretreatment consumption (days l-3) of untreated whole oats (n = 8-10 voles per repellent concentration).
Figure 2 is a bar graph that illustrâtes repellency of an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent in a dichromatic animal, Richardson's ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine). Mean feeding repellency associated with varying concentrations of an anthraquinone-based repellent (Avipel® Shield; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) offered to Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine). Repellency represents test consumption (day 4) relative to average, pretreatment consumption (days l-3) of untreated whole oats (n = 9-10 ground squirrels per repellent concentration).
Figure 3 is a bar graph that illustrâtes repellency of an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent in a dichromatic animal, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner). Mean feeding repellency associated with varying concentrations of an anthraquinone-based repellent (Avipel® Shield; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) offered to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner). Repellency represents test consumption (day 4) relative to average, pretreatment consumption (days 1-3) of untreated whole oats (n = 8-9 mice per repellent concentration).
Figure 4 is a bar graph that illustrâtes repellency of an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent in a dichromatic animal, the cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii). Mean feeding repellency associated with varying concentrations of an anthraquinone-based repellent (Avipel® Shield; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) offered to cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus audubonii Baird). Repellency represents test consumption (day 4) relative to average, pretreatment consumption (days I-3) of untreated whole oats (n = 10 rabbits per repellent concentration).
Figure 5 is a bar graph that illustrâtes repellency of an UV-absorbent visual eue subséquent to exposure to an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent in a dichromatic rodent, the California vole (Microtus californiens). Mean consumption (± S.E.M.) of whole oats offered to California voles (Microtus californiens Peale; 11 = 8 per test group). Voles were offered untreated whole oats and those treated with 0.2% of an UV feedîng eue (active ingrédient: titanium dioxide; Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation) throughout the four-day test. The repellent-conditîoned test group was exposed to an UV, postingestive repellent prior to the test.
DETA1LED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure is directed to combinations of a visual eue agent and a rodent attractant or repellent composition which hâve been found to produce an unexpected and synergistic effect of increased repellency or attraction in dichromatic animais. The synergy of this invention is characterized by greater behavioral response (e.g. > 5% repellency or attraction) to the combination of a visual eue and a repellent, or a visual eue and an attractant, relative to the behavioral response observed for the visual eue agent and repellent or attractant when presented independently (i.e. not in combination). The method of the invention may be used to repel dichromatic-animal pests; or to prevent or minimize monetary damage, particularly to agricultural products, naturel resources, or private property. The method of the invention may also be used to attract dichromatic animais for the purpose of agricultural production, recreational opportunités (e.g. wild-rodent feeders), or the effective administration of target-animal phannaceuticals or mitigation techniques.
In contrast to the prior art of an Ultraviolet Strategy for Avian Repellency (Le. tetrachromatic animais; U.S. Patent No. 9131678), the methods and compositions of this invention are effective for and applicable to decreasing or increasing the behavioral response of dichromatic animais associated with a target (i.e. food or location) of interest using repellent or attractant agents having spectral characteristics outside the range within which dichromatic animais are maximally sensitive (e.g. wavelengths of <400 nm, >700 nm). In contrast to repelling rodents with a polycyclic quinone (i.e. Methodfor Repelling Rodents\ U.S. Patent Application No. 14595718), the methods and compositions ofthis invention are effective for and applicable to decreasing or increasing the behavioral response of dichromatic animais associated with a target that comprises the use of a combination of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent and a repellent or attractant agent.
In particular, the présent disclosure is directed to improved compositions and methods for repelling and attracting dichromatic animais by use of wavelength-specific repellent and attractant agents in combination with visual eue agents, and in certain cases, visual eue agents alone.
In one embodiment of the présent disclosure, a repellent agent can be used in combination with wavelength-specific visual eue agents that exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to those of the repellent agent such that dichromatic animais do not visibly differentiate between the agents (e.g. ± 10 50 nm), the amount of the repellent agent may be reduced while maintaining the ability to effectively repel dichromatic animais (e.g. < 95% of the amount of the repellent agent necessary to achieve > 5% repellency without this invention, or when the repellent or attractant agent is used without a visual eue agent).
In an alternative embodiment, an attractant agent can be used in combination with wavelength-specific visual eue agents that exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to those of the attractant agent such that dichromatic animais do not visibly differentiate between the agents (e.g. ± 10-50 nm), the amount of the attractant agent may be reduced while maintaining the ability to effectively attract dichromatic animais (e.g. < 95% of the amount of the attractant agent necessary to achieve > 5% attraction without this invention, or when the attractant agent is used without a visual eue agent).
One surprising finding of the présent disclosure is that dichromatic animais, which are not maximally sensitive to UV or infrared (IR) signais, are in fact responding behaviorally to UV or IR signais when presented in accordance with the présent disclosure. Dichromatic animais are not maximally sensitive to wavelengths which are either less than 400 nm or greater than 700 nm. However, when repellent or attractant agents are presented on a target in combination with a vîsual eue agent exhibiting spectral characteristics suffïciently simiiar to the agent, but falling outside of the ranges to which dichromatic animais are sensitive, the dichromatic animais unexpectedly respond behaviorally by exhibiting a decreased behavioral response when presented with a repellent agent or an increased behavioral response when presented with an attractant agent in accordance with the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “repeliency” means the percent decrease in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target. The term “effective repeliency ’ means at least 5% decrease in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target. The effective repeliency as contemplated herein can be 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, ll%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 2I%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%,
41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51 %, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%,
57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 6I%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%,
73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,
89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%. 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% decrease in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target.. These values can be used to define a range, such as 50% to 75%, or 75% to 85%, or 25% to 50% decrease in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target.
As used herein. the term “attraction” means the percent increase in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target.. The term “effective attraction means at least 5% increase in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target. The effective attraction as contemplated herein can be 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, %, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%,
57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%,
73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,
89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% increase in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target. These values can be used to define a range, such as 50% to 75%, or 75% to 85%, or 25% to 50% increase in consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target.
The term “relevant behavioral response” as used herein refers to the dichromatic animal’s reaction to either effective repellency or effective attraction. For example, when a dichromatic animal exhibits a relevant behavioral response of decreased consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target, that response is the resuit of effective repellency. Altematîvely, when a dichromatic animal exhibits a relevant behavioral response of increased consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target, that response is the resuit of effective attraction. In addition, the percentage values provided in the two paragraphe preceding this one can be used with the term “relevant behavioral response.” For example, 50% repellency is équivalent to a behavioral response at a level of 50% decreased consumption (or occupancy) of treated target relative to untreated target.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the methods for repelling dichromatic animais from a target can be accomplished by at least any of the following approaches: (i) the application of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent to a target în an amount effective to repel dichromatic animais; (ii) the application of an initial treatment of a wavelength-specific repellent agent to the target in an amount effective to repel dichromatic animais, and the subséquent application of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent in combination with same or reduced application rate of the repellent; (iii) the application of an initial treatment of a wavelength-specific repellent agent to the target în an amount effective to repel dichromatic animais, and the subséquent application of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent without further application of the repellent; and (iv) the concurrent application of a wavelengthspecific repellent agent, and a wavelength-specific visual eue agent to the target in an amount effective to repel dichromatic animais of interest. For each of these applications, the visual eue agent is applied at an amount sufficient for eliciting a relevant behavioral response in the dichromatic animal of interest.
Repellent agents which are suitable for use in the present disclosure include but are not limited to anthraquinones, flutolanil, anthrandates, methiocarb, caffeine, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acerophenone, 2-amino-4,5dimethyl ecetophenone, veratroyl amine, cinnamic aldéhyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, allyl isothiocyanate, capsaicin, TRPVl, denatonium benzoate, quebracho, sucrose octaacetate, quinine, quinine hydrochloride, magnésium sulfate, o-aminoacetophenone, emetine dihydrochloride, aluminum ammonium sulphate, putrescent and volatile animal products (e.g. eggs, urine, blood meal, castor oil), putrescent and volatile plant products (e.g. pine needle oil, garlic oil, sinigrin), d-pulegone, thiram, glucosinolate, polygodial, piperîne (e.g. Zanthoxylum piperïtum), and combinations thereof.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the methods for attracting dichromatic animais from a target can be accomplîshed by at least any of the following approaches: (i) the application of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent to a target in an amount effective to attract dichromatic animais; (ii) the application of an initial treatment of a wavelengthspecific attractant agent to the target în an amount effective to attract dichromatic animais, and the subséquent application of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent in combination with same or reduced application rate of the attractant; (iii) the application of an initial treatment of a wavelength-specific attractant agent to the target in an amount effective to attract dichromatic animais, and the subséquent application ofa wavelength-specific visual eue agent without further application of the attractant; and (iv) the concurrent application of a wavelength-specific attractant agent, and a wavelength-specific visual eue agent to the target in an amount effective to attract dichromatic animais of interest. For each of these applications, the visual eue agent is applied at an amount sufficient for eliciting a relevant behavioral response in the dichromatic animal of interest.
Attractant agents which are suitable for use in the present disclosure include but are not limited to food-based agents (e.g. grains and grain products, seeds and seed products, nuts and nut products, nut butter, fruit and fruit products, dairy products, confectionery ingrédients), energy (e.g. plant fats, animal fats), protein, and combinations thereof.
As stated above, the visual eue agent preferably exhibits spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to those of the repellent or attractant agent depending upon which it is being used with. Spectral characteristics include reflectants, absorbents, réfractants as well as UV and IR wavelengths. It is preferred that the visual eue agent exhibit the spectral characteristics within 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nm ofthe spectral characteristics of the repellent or attractant agent. These values can be used to define a range, such as a visual eue agent exhibiting spectral characteristics within the range of 10 to 15 nm, or 20 to 35 nm, or 40 to 50 nm of the spectral characteristics of the repellent or attractant agent. Suitable visual eue agents of the présent disclosure preferably exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the previously or concurrently-applied repellent or attractant treatment such that the dichromatîc animal of interest preferably does not visually differentiate between the visual eue agent and the repellent or attractant agent or the formulation of the first treatment formulation containing the repellent or attractant agent. For example, by way of illustration and without being limited thereto, one effective repellent, anthraquinone, exhibits UV-A (320-400 nm) and/or UV-B (280-320 nm) absorbance. For purposes of the présent disclosure, a suitable visual eue agent could exhibit UV or IR absorbance, réflectance or refraction at or sufficiently near the wavelengths of the repellent or attractant agent (e.g. ± 10-50 nm as described above). The UV or IR spectra of repellent or attractant agents and visual eue agents may be readily determined using conventional spectroscopic analysis techniques.
Some examples of visual eue agents for use in the présent disclosure include, but are not limited to, titanium (IV) oxides (TiOi), trisïloxanes, siloxanes, other UV-absorbent and UVrefleclive agents (100-400 mn), and infrared agents (>700 nm).
In certain embodiments, the présent disclosure provides improved methods and compositions for repelling dichromatîc animais using reduced amounts of the repellent agent applied throughout the period of needed repellency (e.g. < 95% of the amount of the repellent agent necessary to achieve > 5% repellency without this invention).
il
In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides improved methods and compositions for repelling dichromatic animais utilizing multiple applications of repellent agents wherein the amount of the repellent agents may be reduced after the initial application (e.g. < 95% of the amount ofthe repellent agent associated with its initial application).
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the use of repellent agents in combination with wavelength-specific visual eue agents that exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the repellent agent such that the amount of the repellent agent may be reduced as compared to previously-applied repellent agent while maintaining the ability to maintain effective repellency of dichromatic animais ( e.g. < 95% of the amount of the repellent or attractant agent associated with its initial application).
In alternative embodiments, the present disclosure provides improved methods and compositions for attracting dichromatic animais using reduced amounts of the attractant agent applied throughout the period of needed attraction (e.g. < 95% of the amount of the repellent or attractant agent necessary to achieve > 5% attraction without this invention).
In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides improved methods and compositions for attracting dichromatic animais utilizing multiple applications of attractant agents wherein the amount of the attractant agents may be reduced after the initial application (e.g. < 95% of the amount ofthe attractant agent associated with its initial application).
In an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, the use of attractant agents in combination with wavelength-specific visual eue agents that exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the attractant agent such that the amount of the attractant agent may be reduced as compared to previously-applied attractant agent while maintaining the ability to maintain effective attraction of dichromatic animais ( e.g. < 95% of the amount of the repellent or attractant agent associated with its initial application).
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the amount of the desired repellent or attractant agent used may vary from the initial application to subséquent applications. In this embodiment, the amount of the repellent or attractant agent to be used in the initial application (as well as any subséquent applications in the absence of visual eue agent) is selected to effectively repel or attract the dichromatic animal from a treated target (i.e. food or location). Thus, as used herein, an “effective amount” is defined as that amount which results in “effective repellency” or “effective attraction” as previously defined herein. The effective amount may vary depending upon the particular repellent or attractant agent that is selected, as well as the following additional variables: the formulation of the repellent/attractant, the spécifie dichromatic animal of interest, the target material and environmental factors (e.g. context of the application including alternative foods and locations, behavioral history). Effective amounts of repellent agents and attractant agents can be 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, or 50,000 ppm. These values can be used to define a range, such as effective amounts in the range of 5000 to 20,000 ppm, or 1000 to 7500 ppm of repellent or attractant.
The effective amount can be readily determined by routine controlled expérimentation. By way of example and without being limited thereto, in the initial application, preferred amounts of anthraquinone (AViPEL® SHIELD, FLIGHT CONTROL® PLUS, AV-1011, AV2022 or AV-4044) are approximately 1-2% active ingrédient (wt/wt) for most dichromatic animais, but may be as low as 0.01% active ingrédient (wt/wt).
The term “subséquent applications” it is intended to be those applications wherein the repellent or attractant agent is combined with the desired visual eue agent after the initial application of the repellent or attractant agent. In certain embodiments, the amount of the repellent or attractant agent used in the subséquent applications can be the same as the initial application. Altematively, in certain embodiments, the amount of the repellent or attractant agent used in the subséquent applications can be reduced. In these subséquent applications, reduced amounts of the repellent or attractant agent may be 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80%, 79%, 78%, 77%, 76%, 75%, 74%, 73%, 72%, 71%, 70%, 69%, 68%, 67%, 66%, 65%, 64%, 63%, 62%, 61%, 60%, 59%, 58%, 57%, 56%, 55%, 54%, 53%, 52%, 51%, 50%, 49%, 48%, 47%, 46%, 45%, 44%, 43%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 39%, 38%, 37%, 36%, 35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%,
30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, I3%, 12%, 1l%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% (wt/wt) of repellent or attractant agent. These values can be used to define a range such as 95% - 50% of repellent or attractant. It is further contemplated that the repellent or attractant can be reduced to as low as 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, or 0.9%, (wt/wt) of repellent or attractant agent. These values can be used to defïne a range, such as 0.01-0.1% (wt/wt) of repellent or attractant agent. In even further embodiments, the amount of the repellent or attractant agent used in the subséquent applications can omitted completely.
It is further contemplated by the présent disclosure that in certain embodiments, the one or more desired Visual eue agent(s) used in combination with the original or reduced amount of repellent or attractant agent is applied in amounts that are effective in at least maintaining the level of effective repellency or effective attraction that was accomplished by the repellent or attractant alone. The synergy of this invention is characterized by greater behavioral response to the combination of a visual eue and a repellent or a visual eue and an attractant, relative to the behavioral response observed for the visual eue, the repellent or the attractant when applied independently (not in combination). The effective amount (having the same meaning as previously provided) of the visual eue agent may vary depending upon the particular repellent or attractant agent that is selected, as well as the following additional variables: the formulation of the repellent/attractant, the spécifie dichromatic animal of interest, the target material and environmental factors (e.g. context of the application including alternative foods and locations, behavioral history). Effective amounts of visual eue agents can be 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 35,000, 40,000, 45,000, or 50,000 ppm. These values can be used to define a range, such as effective amounts in the range of 2000 to 5000 ppm, or 4000 to 7000 ppm.
By way of exaniple and without being limited thereto, one effective visual eue agent is titanium (IV) oxide, and effective amounts of titanium (IV) oxide may vary from 2,000 to
5,000 ppm (AEROXIDE® P25, Evonik Goldschmîdt Corp., Hopewell, VA) to 3,500 to 5,000 ppm (Catalog no. 232033 available from Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) to 4,000 to 7,000 ppm (Catalog no. 808 available from Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ; HOMB1KAT UV 100 available from Sachtleben, Duisburg, Germany; Catalog no. 89490 available from Aldrich, St. Louis, MO.; Catalog no. T315-500 available from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA).
In certain embodiments, the repellent and attractant agents may be formulated with one or more suitable înert carriers as is well known in the art. Formulations of repellent and attractant agents as well as the visual eue agents may vary with the particular target and method of application. The repellent, attractant and visual eue agents may, for example, be formulated as solutions, émulsions, emulsifiable concentrâtes, suspension concentrâtes, wettable powders, dusts, granules, adhèrent dusts or granules, and aérosols. Of greatest interest are those carriers which are agronomically acceptable and those suitable for application onto structures, agricultural fields or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, and combinations thereof. The particular carrier selected is not critical, and a variety of liquid and solid phase carriers may be used, including but not limited to water, aqueous surfactant mixtures, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, glycols, ketones, esters, oils (natural or synthetic), clays, kaolinite, silicas, cellulose, rubber, talc, venniculate, and synthetic polymers, The repellent and attractant agents, and the visual eue agent may also be formulated in a single composition or formulated in different compositions and applied separately. The repellent and attractant agents and/or the visual eue agent may also be formulated in admixture with other agriculturally bénéficiai agents, including but not limited to, UV or IR stabilizers, antioxidants, baits, adjuvants, herbicidal agents, fertilizers, and pesticides including insecticides and fungicides.
The method of the invention may be used to repel or attract dichromatic animais anywhere they pose a nuisance or, more importantly, to prevent or minimize économie damage, particularly to agricultural products, natural resources, or private property. The repellent and attractant agents, and the visual eue agent may be applied on any target or spatial location of concem from (to) which dichromatic animais are to be repelled (or attracted). In accordance with this invention, preferred targets for application include, but are not limited to, one or more of structures, agricultural fields or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, and combinations thereof, Crops include, but are not limited to, one or more of corn, fruit, grains, grasses, legumes, lettuce, millet, oats, rice, row crops, sorghum, sunflower, tree nuts, turf, vegetables, and wheat,
The subséquent treatments of the target with the repellent or attractant agent, and the visual eue agent are typically applied at any time following the initial application desired by the user. For instance, in one anticipated embodiment, the subséquent treatments are applied during periods when heavier damage is anticipated. In practice, the subséquent treatment is typically applied at least one week after the first treatment (in the same growing season).
Dichromatic animais are those animais that use only two distinct types of photoreceptors for color vision, generally including placental mammals and excluding sea mammals (pinnipeds and cetaceans; monochromats), primates closely related to humans (i.e. trichromats) and most birds (tetrachromats).
Targets comprise structures, agricultural fields or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, or combinations thereof, Crops comprise com, fruit, grains, grasses, legumes, lettuce, millet, oats, rice, row crops, sorghum, sunflower, tree nuts, turf, vegetables, or wheat.
The following examples are intended only to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims.
EXAMPLES
It is understood that the foregoing detailed descriptions are given merely by way of illustration and that modifications and variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Exaniples - Repellent application strategy for wild rodents and cottontail rabbits
Effective Chemical repellents and repellent application strategies are needed to manage damages caused by wild rodents and rabbits to agricultural resources. For the purpose of comparatively investigatîng the behavioral response of wild rodents and rabbits to a Chemical repellent, the concentration-response relationship of an anthraquinone-based repellent in California voles (Microtus californiens Peale), Richardson's ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine), deer mice (Peromyscus manicidatus Wagner) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus aiidubonii Baird) in captivity were evaluated. 52-56% feeding repellency for whole oats treated with 10,800 ppm anthraquinone or 18,500 ppm anthraquinone was observed in mice and squirrels, and 84-85% repellency for oats treated with 18,300 ppm anthraquinone or 19,600 ppm anthraquinone was observed in voles and rabbits, respectively. In addition to providing the négative postîngestive conséquences necessary for conditioned food avoidance, the anthraquinone-based repellent also absorbs ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths that are visible to most wild birds. For the purpose of developing a repellent application strategy to modify the behavior of vertebrate pests, a conditioned avoidance experiment was conducted by offering repellent- and UV-treated food to California voles in a subséquent behavioral assay. Relative to unconditioned test subjects (P = 0.3161 ), voles conditioned with the UV, postîngestive repellent subsequently avoided whole oats treated only with an UV eue (P = 0.0109). These behavioral responses to anthraquinone-based repellents and UV feeding eues are exploited as a repellent application strategy for wild mammals. Preplant seed treatments and surface treatments that include postîngestive repellents and related visual eues can be used for the protection of agricultural resources associated with mammalian déprédation.
The opportunistic feeding behavior and fecundity of some wild rodents and rabbits cause économie losses annually lo world-wide agricultural production (Gebhardt et aL, 2011, Jacob and Tkadlec, 2010, Johnson and Tinim, 1987, Pelz, 2004, Salmon, 2008 and Witmer and Singleton, 2010). For example, voles (Microtus spp. Schrank and Arvicola spp. La Cépède) are known to cause damage in the United States of America and Europe to agricultural crops such as alfalfa, peas and wheat, and reforestation efforts (Baldwin, 2014, Giusti, 2004, Jacob and Tkadlec, 2010, Sullivan and Sullivan, 2008 and Witmer et al., 2007). Ground squirrels (Spermophihis spp. Cuvier) cause millions of dollars of damage to alfalfa production în the western United States and Canada (Johnson-Nistler et al., 2005 and Proulx, 2010). Ground squirrels caused SI7.9-23.9 million in crop losses and $l 1.9-17.9 million (dollars projected for 2016 valuation) in physical damages to materials such as structures, levees and earthen dams as well as damages to nut crops, tree fruits and rangeland forage (Baldwin et al., 2013, Marsh, 1998). Deer mice (Pero/nyscus spp. Gloger) cause damage to corn, almonds, avocados, cîtrus, pomegranate and sugar beet crops (Pearson et al., 2000 and Wîtmer and Moulton, 2012). Cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus fîoridanus Allen) damage tree seedlings, shrubs, hay, soybean and rangeland forage (Dugger et aL, 2004, Johnson and Timm, 1987).
Agricultural déprédation caused by wild rodents and rabbits is a persistent problem with few cost-effective solutions. Methods to alleviate damage caused by wild rodents and rabbits include behavioral applications (e.g. physical exclusion, Chemical repellents) and léthal removal. The need for effective solutions to mammal déprédation remains despite prior évaluations of numerous Chemical repellents (Agnello et al., 2014, Baldwin et al., 2014, Gumey et al., 1996, Moite and Bamett, 2000, Nolte et al., 1993, Sutherland, 2000 and Williams and Short, 2014). The effectiveness and commercial development of wildlife repellents are dépendent upon the repellent’s efficacy under field conditions, cost relative to expected damages of unprotected resources, environmental impacts, and food and feed safety (Wemer et al., 2009).
Although anthraquinone is a naturally-occurring compound that was identified as a promising avian repellent in the early 1940s (Heckmanns and Meisenheimer, 1944), an anthraquinonebased seed treatment (AV-1011; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) was first registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the protection of newlyplanted rice in January 2016. Anthraquinone has been used to effectively repel blackbirds (Avery et al., 1997, 1998; Carlson et al., 2013; Cummings et al., 2002a,b, 2011; Neff and Meanley, 1957; Wemer et al., 2009, 2011a, 2014b,c), Canada geese (Branta canadensis Linnaeus; Blackwell et al., 1999; Dolbeer et al., 1998; Wemer et al., 2009), sandhill crânes (Gnis canadensis Linnaeus; Blackwell et al., 2001), ring-necked pheasants (Phasianns colchicus Linnaeus; Wemer et al., 2009), European starlings (Stunuis vidgaris Linnaeus; Tupper et al., 2014), wild turkeys (Meieagrisgallopavo Linnaeus; Wemer et al., 2014a), homed larks (Eremophila alpestris Linnaeus), great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin) and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm; Wemer el al., 2015),
Relatively few studies, however, hâve evaluated anthraquinone as a mammalian repellent. Santillî et al. (2005) discovered that wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) consumed 86.5% less corn treated with 0.64% anthraquinone than untreated com. Wemer et al. (201 Ib) observed 24-37% repellency in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianns Ord) offered com seeds treated with 0.5^4.0% anthraquinone. Cowan et al. (2015) observed an aversion to anthraquinone-treated baits in black rats (Ratlus rattus Linnaeus; 0.1% and 0.25% anthraquinone) and possums (Trichosurus vulpecida K.err; 0.25% anthraquinone). Relative to the consumption of control baits (0.01-0.03% cinnamon, green carrots), the consumption of anthraquinone-treated baits was less in brown rats (R. norvégiens Berkenhout; 0.04% and 0.08% anthraquinone) and no different in possums (T. vulpecida, 0.08% anthraquinone;
Clapperton et al., 2015). Although Hansen et al. (2015) observed that female common voles (M. arvalis Pallas) consumed 47% less wheat treated with 5% anthraquinone and chloroform than wheat treated only with chloroform, Hansen et al. (2016) found no différence in consumption of wheat treated with 15% anthraquinone and chloroform in male common voles and greater consumption of wheat treated with 15% anthraquinone and chloroform in male house mice (Mus imisculus Linnaeus) relative to wheat treated only with chloroform.
Comparative investigation was performed on the behavioral response of wild rodents and rabbits to a Chemical repellent, and an effective application strategy for the protection of agricultural resources commonly damaged by these wild mammals was developed. The investigation included (1) experimentally evaluating the concentration-response relationship of an anthraquinone-based repellent for California voles (M. californiens Peale), Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine), deer mice (P. maniculatus Wagner) and cottontail rabbits (S. audubonii Baird), and (2) developing a repellent application strategy by exploiting the behavioral responses of wild rodents and rabbits to anthraquinone-based repellents and associated visual eues. The investigation also included the conditioned avoidance of UV visual eues subséquent to exposure to an UV, postingestive repellent in California voles.
Four concentration-response feeding experiments were conducted at the headquarters of the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA). 38 California voles were captured adjacent to commercial artichoke fields in California USA, 28 Richardson’s ground squirrels within alfalfa fields in Montana, and 34 deer mice and 30 cottontail rabbits adjacent to NWRC-Fort Collins using appropriate Scientific Collection Permits. 8-10 test subjects per treatment group were used (Wemer et al, 2009, 201 Ib) and thus 3-4 concentrations for each of the four tested species based upon the availability of test subjects subséquent to live-captures. The capture, care and use of ail test subjects associated with each experiment were approved by the NWRC Animal Care and Use Committee (NWRC Study Protocols QA-2104, QA-2243, QA-2333; S.J. Wemer- Study Director).
AU test subjects were offered a maintenance diet for at least one week prior to each of the feeding experiments (i.e. quarantine, holding). For the purpose of comparatively investigating the intra- and interspecific efficacy of a Chemical repellent. ail test subjects were maintained within individual cages throughout the experiments (quarantine, holding, acclimation, pre-test, test). California voles, Richardson’s ground squirrels and cottontail rabbits were maintained within visually-isolated, individual cages (23 x4l x 18-cm cages for voles, 62 x 50 x 42-cm for ground squirrels, 62 * 50 x 42-cm for rabbits) in an NWRC indoor animal research building. Deer mice were maintained within individual cages (46 x 24 x 19-cm) in the NWRC outdoor animal research facility throughout the experiment to reduce the potentiel exposure of researchers to hantavirus. Free access to water and environmental enrichment were provided to ail test subjects throughout the feeding experiments.
An anthraquinone-based repellent (Avipel® Shield, active ingrédient: synthetic 9,10anthraquinone; Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) was used for each of the experiments (Wemer et al., 2009, 2010, 201 la,b). Seed treatments for ail concentrationresponse experiments were formulated by applying aqueous suspensions ( 100 ml/kg) to the test diet using a rotating mixer and household spray equipment (Wemer et al., 2014a). The test diet for each of the concentration-response feeding experiments was whole oats. Without wishing to be bound, it is believed that repellency is directly related to repellent concentration during the concentration-response experiments. >80% repellency was operationally defined as efficacious during the laboratory feeding experiments (Wemer et aL, 2009, 201 la, 20l4a,b,c). As such, consumption of efficacious treatments (i.e. threshold repellency) is <20% of average, pre-test consumption during the concentration-response experiments.
For each test group, the dépendent measure of the concentration-response experiments was calculated as average test consumption of treated test diet relative to average, pre-test consumption of untreated test diet (i.e. percent repellency). The NWRC Analytical Chemistry Unit used high performance liquid chromatography to quantify actual anthraquinone concentrations (± 10-100 ppm AQ) among the anthraquinone-treated test diets (Wemer et al., 2009, 201 la, 20l4a,b,c, 2015). A non-linear régression procedure was used (SAS v9.1) to analyze percent repellency as a function of actual anthraquinone concentration (ppm). When non-linear relationships were observed for repellency and repellent concentration (a < 0.05), it was predicted that the threshold anthraquinone concentration needed to achieve 80% feeding repellency. Descriptive statistics were used (x ± S.E.M.) to summarize anthraquinone dosage for observed threshold repellency (mg anthraquinone/kg body mass [BM]).
Example 1 - California vole feeding experiment
For the purpose of identifying an effective Chemical repellent for wild rodents, this experiment involved concentration-response testing of the anthraquinone-based repellent with California voles in captîvity. The maintenance diet for California voles included rodent blocks (LabDiet® 5001; Land O'Lakes, St. Louis, MO, USA) and apple slices. Thirty eight California voles (experimentally-naïve) were available for this feeding experiment. Ail voles acclimated within individual cages for five days (Wednesday-Sunday). During the accliraation period, one food bowl that contained untreated oats (ad libitum) was presented on the north side of each cage at 0800 h, daily.
During the three days subséquent to the acclimation period (Monday-Wednesday), one bowl (30.0 g untreated oats) was presented on the north side of each cage at 0800 h, daily. Daily food consumption (including spillage and desiccation) was measured (± 0.1 g) at approximately 0800 h on Tuesday-Thursday. Voles were ranked based upon average, prétest consumption and assigned to one of four test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test (n = 8-10 voles per group) such that each group was similarly populated with voles that exhibited high-low daily consumption (Werner et al., 2009, 2010, 201 la,b). Test treatments among groups (i.e. experimental units) were randomly assigned.
On the day subséquent to the pre-test (Thursday), one bowl (30.0 g anthraquinone-treated oats) was presented on the north side of each cage at 0800 h. Voles in Groups l-4 received whole oats treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, l.0%, or 2.0% anthraquinone, respectively (target concentrations, wt/wt). Daily food consumption (including spillage and desiccation) was measured at approximately 0800 h on Friday.
California voles exposed to whole oats treated with 0.25-2.0% anthraquinone exhibited 24— 84% repellency during the concentration-response experimenl (Fig. I). Actual anthraquinone concentrations from our anthraquinone-treated oats ranged from 2,050-18,300 ppm anthraquinone (Fig. 1 ). Thus, California voles exhibited 84% repellency for whole oats treated with 18,300 ppm anthraquinone, or 365.0 ± 103.1 mg anthraquinone/kg BM (mean vole BM = 38.1 g). Vole repellency (y) was a function of anthraquinone concentration (x): y = 26.828 ln(x) - 174.795 (r2 = 0.95, P = 0.0267). A threshold concentration of about 13,400 ppm anthraquinone was predicted for Califomia voles offered treated oats. The results of this laboratory efficacy experiment suggest that a threshold concentration of 1.3% anthraquinone (wt/wt) can effectively repel Califomia voles from treated food.
Another experiment was conducted to illustrate the repellency of an UV-absorbent feeding eue subséquent to two-day exposure to an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent (i.e., 9,10anthraquinone) in a dichromatic animal, the California vole (Microtus californiens). Sixteen Califomia voles (voles) were each offered two bowls of untreated oats for three days. Voles were ranked based upon average pre-test consumption and assigned to one of two test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test (/? = 8 voles per test group). Test treatments (i.e. repellentexposed, unexposed) were then randomly assigned among test groups.
During the two-day exposure period, voles in the unexposed group were offered untreated oats in both food bowls, daily. For the purpose of establishing the cognitive association between UV-absorbent food and its négative postingestive conséquence, voles in the repellent-exposed group were offered oats treated with 0.25% anthraquinone (target concentration; wt/wt) in both food bowls, daily (Wemer et al. 2008, 2012, 2014a).
During the four-day test, ail voles were offered one bowl of untreated oats and one bowl of oats treated with 0.2% of an UV-absorbent feeding eue (Wemer et al. 2012, 2014a,b), daily. The UV-treated oats were randomly placed on the First day and thereafter altemated treatment locations within ali test cages, daily, throughout the test. Daily oat consumption was measured on the day subséquent to each test day.
A statistically significant treatment effect was observed between treatment groups (i.e. groupby-treatment interaction; P = 0.0146). Voles that were exposed to the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided UV-absorbent oats relative to untreated oats throughout the four-day test (i.e. 42% repellency was observed in repellent-exposed group; P = 0.0109; Figure 5). In contrast, voles that were not exposed to the UV-absorbent. postingestive repellent consumed similar amounts of untreated oats and oats treated with the UV-absorbent feeding eue during the test (i.e. <l% repellency was observed in repellentunexposed, or control group; P = 0.316l ; Figure 5). Thus, a dichromatic animal responded behaviorally to an UV-absorbent feeding eue.
These data demonstrate that, in the absence of pre-test exposure to the repellent, consumption of food treated with the UV-absorbent eue was not different than that of untreated food.
Subséquent to exposure to the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent, however, dichromatic animais significantly avoided the UV-absorbent eue during the test. Thus, by using visual eue agents that exhibit spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the previously-applied repellent treatment (e.g. ± 10-50 nm), the amount of the repellent agent may be reduced (or even omitted; Example 3) and yet effectively repel dichromatic animais. The synergy observed in this Example was characterized by greater behavioral response to the combination of a visual eue and a repellent relative to the behavioral response observed for the visual eue alone (i.e. not in combination with the repellent).
Example 2 - Richardson’s ground squirrel feeding experiment
This experiment involved concentration-response testing of the anthraquinone-based repellent with Richardson’s ground squirrels in captivity. The maintenance diet for Richardson’s ground squirrels included rodent blocks (LabDiet® 5001 ; Land O’Lakes, St. Louis, MO, USA), apple slices and carrots. The test procedures of our previous concentration-response experiment were replicated with 28 Richardson’s ground squirrels (experimentally-naïve) within individual cages (i.e. acclimation, pre-test, test). Test groups l-3 (/; = 9-10 ground squirrels per group) received whole oats treated with 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% anthraquinone (target concentrations, wt/wt), respectively, during the test.
40-56% feeding repellency was observed among Richardson’s ground squirrels offered whole oats treated with target concentrations of 0.5-2.0% anthraquinone (Fig. 2). Actual anthraquinone concentrations from the oat seed treatments ranged from 5,380-18,500 ppm anthraquinone (Fig. 2). Ground squirrel repellency was weakly related to actual anthraquinone concentrations (r~ = 0.95; P = 0.1458). 56% repellency was observed for whole oats treated with 18,500 ppm anthraquinone in Richardson’s ground squirrels.
An additional experiment was conducted to illustrate the synergistic repellency of an UVabsorbent. postingestive repellent (i.e., 9,10-anthraquinone) combined with an UV feeding eue (e.g. titanium dioxide) in dichromatic animais, Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) and deer mice (Peroniyscus manicidatus). Up to forty Richardson’s ground squirrels (ground squirrels) and up to forty deer mice (mice) were each offered one bowl of untreated oats for three days. For each experiment, test subjects were ranked based upon average pre-test consumption and assigned to one of four test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test (h = 10 test subjects per group). Test treatments were then randomly assigned among test groups. During the one-day test, one bowl of repellent-treated oats was offered to each test subject. Test subjects in Groups 1-4 received oats treated with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25% or 0.5% anthraquinone during the test (i.e. target concentrations; wt/wt). Test treatments also included 0.2% of an UV feeding eue (e.g. titanium dioxide). Daily oat consumption was measured on the day subséquent to the test.
Ground squirrels exhibited 30-75% repellency for oats treated with 0.05-0.5% anthraquinone and 0.2% of an UV feeding eue. Mice exhibited 15-75% repellency for oats treated with 0.05-0.5% anthraquinone and 0.2% of an UV feeding eue. Synergistic repellency was observed for food treated an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent and an UV feeding eue in dichromatic animais.
Example 3- Deer niouse feeding experinient
This experiment involved concentration-response testing of the anthraquinone-based repellent with deer mice in captivity. The maintenance diet for deer mice included rodent blocks (LabDiet® 5001; Land O'Lakes, St. Louis, MO, USA) and apple slices. The test procedures of our previous concentration-response experiments were replicated with 34 deer mice (experimentally-naïve) within individual cages (i.e. acclimation, pre-test, test). Test groups 1—4 (n = 8-9 mice per group) received whole oats treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% anthraquinone (target concentrations, wt/wt), respectively, during the test.
Deer mice exposed to whole oats treated with target concentrations of 0.25-2.0% anthraquinone exhibited 19-52% repellency during the concentration-response experiment (Fig. 3). Actual anthraquinone concentrations from our oat seed treatments ranged from 2,820-19,900 ppm anthraquinone (Fig. 3). Deer mouse repellency was weakly related to actual anthraquinone concentrations (r2 = 0.89; P = 0.0580).
52% repellency was observed for whole oats treated with 10,800 ppm anthraquinone in deer mice.
Example 4- Cottontail rabbit feeding experiment
This experiment involved concentration-response testing of the anthraquinone-based repellent with cottontail rabbits in captivity. The maintenance diet for cottontail rabbits included Rabbit Chow® (Purina® Mills, St. Louis, MO, USA), apple slices and alfalfa hay. The test procedures of our previous concentration-response experiments were replicated with 30 cottontail rabbits (experimentally-naïve) within individual cages (i.e. acclimation, pre-test, test). Test groups l-3 (n = 10 rabbits per group) received whole oats treated with 0.5%, l .0%, or 2.0% anthraquinone (target concentrations, wt/wt), respectively, during the test.
68-85% feeding repellency was observed among cottontail rabbits offered whole oats treated with target concentrations of 0.5-2.0% anthraquinone (Fig. 4). Actual anthraquinone concentrations from our oat seed treatments ranged from 4,790-19,600 ppm anthraquinone (Fig. 4). Rabbit repellency was weakly related to actual anthraquinone concentrations (r2 = 0.99; P = 0.0757). 85% feeding repellency was observed, however, among rabbits offered whole oats treated with 19,600 ppm anthraquinone. Thus, cottontail rabbits were effectively repelled from whole oats treated with a target concentration of 2.0% anthraquinone (Fig. 4), or 149.9 ± 28.1 mg anthraquinone/kg BM (mean rabbit BM = 0,8 kg).
85% repellency was observed for whole oats treated with 19,600 ppm anthraquinone in cottontail rabbits. It is believed that field efficacy testîng of foliar repellent applications for the protection of tree seedlings, shrubs, hay, soybean and rangeland forage associated with damages caused by cottontail rabbits can be successfully performed. Field efficacy experiments can include: (1) application strategies that are specifically developed to protect agricultural crops from mammalian déprédation; (2) independent field replicates with predicted rodent or rabbit damage; (3) varied application rates based upon species-specific threshold concentrations, including untreated Controls; (4) pre- and at-harvest analytical chemistry; (5) crop damage measurements; and (6) crop yield measurements (Wemer et al., 201 la).
Another experiment was conducted to illustrate the repellency of an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent (i.e., 9,10-anthraquinone) in a dichromatîc animal, the cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii). Thirty cottontail rabbits (rabbits) were each offered one bowl of untreated oats for three days. Rabbits were ranked based upon average pre-test consumption and assigned to one of three test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test (n = 10 rabbits per test group). Test treatments were then randomly assigned among test groups. During the one-day test, one bowl of repellent-treated oats was offered to each test subject. Rabbits in Groups 1-3 received oats treated with 0.5%, 1% or 2% anthraquinone during the test (i.e.
target concentrations; wt/wt). Daily oat consumption was measured on the day subséquent to the test.
Rabbits exhibited 68%, 75% and 85% repellency for oats treated with 4,790 ppm, 10,300 ppm and 19,600 ppm anthraquinone, respectively (actual concentrations determined via high performance liquid chromatography; Figure 4). Thus, similar to tetrachromatic birds with retinal cônes that are maximally sensitive to UV waveiengths (Wemer et al. 2009, 2011, 2014a,b), a dichromatic animal exhibited efficacious repellency for food treated an UVabsorbent, postingestive repellent.
A further experiment was conducted to illustrate the synergistic repellency of an UVabsorbent, postingestive repellent (i.e., 9,10-anthraquinone) combined with an UV feeding eue (e.g. titanium dioxide) in a dichromatic animal, the cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii). Thirty cottontail rabbits (rabbits) were each offered one bowl of untreated oats for three days. For the first and second experiments, test subjects were ranked based upon average pre-test consumption and assigned to one of three and one of four test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test, respectively. Test treatments were then randomly assigned among test groups. During the one-day test, one bowl of repellent-treated oats was offered to each test subject. For the first experiment, test subjects received oats treated with 0.5%, 1% or 2% anthraquinone and 0.2% of an UV feeding eue (titanium dioxide) during the test (i.e. target concentrations; wt/wt). For the second experiment, Groups 1 & 2 received oats treated with 0.1% or 0.25% anthraquinone during the test (i.e. target concentrations; wt/wt); Groups 3 & 4 received oats treated with 0.1% or 0.25% anthraquinone and 0.2% of the UV feeding eue. Daily oat consumption was measured on the day subséquent to the tests for each of Experiments 1 & 2.
Relative to the prior experiment 1, rabbits in the earlier experiment exhibited up to 3% greater repellency for oats treated with 0.5-2% anthraquinone and 0.2% of an UV feeding eue. Relative to the repellency of oats treated only with the anthraquinone repellent, rabbits in the later experiment exhibited up to 5% greater repellency for oats treated with a combination of 0.1-0.25% anthraquinone and the UV feeding eue.
A synergistic repellency was observed for food treated an UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent and an UV feeding eue in dichromatic animais. The synergy observed in this Example was characterized by greater behavioral response to the combination of a visual eue and a repellent relative to the behavioral response observed for the repellent alone (i.e. not in combination with the visual eue).
Example 5 - Conditioned avoidance experiment with ultraviolet feeding eue
Unlike most tested birds (Aidala et al., 2012, Bennett and Cuthill, 1994 and Cuthill et al., 2000), most tested mammals do not exhibit UV vision (Honkavaara et al., 2002, Hut et al., 2000, Jacobs, 1992, Jacobs and Yolton. 1971, Jacobs et al., 1991 and Tovee, 1995). Anthraquinone-based repellents provide the négative postingestive conséquences and a relevant UV feeding eue necessary to condition avoidance of UV-treated food (Wemer et al., 2012, 2014a). Conditioned avoidance of UV-treated food subséquent to anthraquinone conditioning was tested in California voles. Seed treatments for the conditioned avoidance experiment were formulated by applying aqueous suspensions (60 ml/kg) to the test diet using a rotating mixer and household spray equipment (Wemer et al., 2012, 2014b).
Sixteen California voles (experimentally naïve) were used for this feeding experiment. The maintenance diet (apple slices and LabDiet® 5001, Land O’Lakes St. Louis, MO, USA) and water was again provided to ail voles within individual cages, daily. The anthraquinonebased repellent (Avipel® Shield; Arkion® Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA) and a titanium dioxide feeding eue (Aeroxide® P25; Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ, U.S.A.) were used for the conditioned avoidance feeding experiment (Wemer et al., 2012, 2014a,b). A Genesys™ 2, 336002 spectrophotometer (Thermo Spectronic US, Rochester, NY, USA) was previously used to détermine that both the anthraquinone-based repellent and the titanium dioxide feeding eue absorb near UV wavelengths (Wemer et aL, 2012).
Ail voles acclimated within individual cages for fîve days (Wednesday—Sunday; Week l). Two food bowls (east and west side of each cage) of unadulterated oats were provided throughout the acclimation period. Two food bowls (unadulterated oats on east and west sides of cage) were presented at approximately 0800 h, daily for two days subséquent to acclimation (Monday and Tuesday; Week 2), Cages were ranked based upon pre-test consumption, assigned cages to one of two groups, and randomly assigned treatments between groups at the completion of the pre-test.
Two food bowls (east and west side of cage) were presented at approximately 0800 h, daily for two days subséquent to the pre-test (Wednesday and Thursday; Week 2). For the purpose of behavioral conditioning with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent, ail voles in the conditioned group (Group l ; n = 8) were exposed to oats treated with 0.25% anthraquinone (target concentration, wt/wt) in both food bowls. Ail voles in the unconditioned group (Group 2; n = 8) were exposed to unadulterated oats in both food bowls. Two food bowls were presented of the maintenance diet from approximately 0930 h on Friday (Week 2) through 0800 h on Monday (Week 3) to ali test subjects.
Two food bowls were presented at approximately 0800 h, daily for four test days (MondayThursday; Week 3). For the purpose of preference lesting with the UV-absorbent feeding eue subséquent to behavioral conditioning, Groups l and 2 received oats treated with 0.2% of the UV eue in one bowl, and untreated oats in the aitemate bowl, daily. UV-treated oats were randomly located on the first test day (i.e. east or west side of cage) and thereafter altemated daily throughout the test such that UV-treated and untreated oats were each offered twice on the east and west side of each cage. Oat consumption was individually measured in east and west food bowls in each cage throughout the test (i.e. approximately 0800 h, Tuesday Friday; Week 3).
The dépendent measure of the conditioned avoidance experiment was average (i.e. daily) test consumption of treated and untreated food. After conducting Levene’s test for equal variances (a = 0.05) and affirmatively inspecting the normality of resîduals, consumption data were subjected to a Welch’s analysis of variance. The group-by-treatment interaction was analyzed using a general linear model (SAS v9.l). Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons were used to separate the means of the signîficant interaction (a = 0.05). Descriptive statistics (x ± S.E.M.) were used to summarize consumption of treated and untreated food throughout the conditioned avoidance experiment.
The two test groups consumed different amounts of UV-treated and untreated food during the four-day test (/-3,07 = 4.48, P = 0.0063). Relative to the consumption of untreated oats, voles conditioned with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent consumed fewer oats treated only with the UV-absorbent eue throughout the test (i.e. repellent-conditioned, Fig. 5). The repellent-conditioned group consumed an average of l .6 ± 0.3 g of UV-treated whole oats and 2.7 ± 0.3 g of untreated oats per day, throughout the test (Tukey-Kramer P = 0.0109).
In contrast, unconditioned voles consumed similar amounts of UV-treated oats and untreated oats throughout the test (Fig. 5). The unconditioned group consumed an average of 2.0 ± 0.3 g of UV-treated whole oats and 2.6 ± 0.2 g of untreated oats per day, throughout the test (Tukey-Kramer P = 0.3161). Thus, without prior conditioning with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent, the UV-absorbent eue was not itself aversive to California voles. Moreover, although California voles are not maximally sensitive to UV wavelengths, voles conditioned with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent subsequently consumed less food treated only with the UV-absorbent eue.
Because California voles consumed less ofthe test diet treated only with the UV-absorbent feeding eue subséquent to conditioning with the UV-absorbent, postingestive repellent (i.e. relative to the unconditioned control group; Fig. 5), we observed cue-consequence specificity (Domjan, 1985) for an UV visual eue and a postingestive repellent in a dichromatic rodent. Thus, similar to blackbîrds (Wemer and Provenza, 2011 ), California voles cognitively associate pre- and postingestive conséquences with visual eues, and reliably întegrate visual and gustatory expérience with postingestive conséquences to procure nutrients and avoid toxins. These visual eues include UV-absorbent and UV-reflectîve eues for mammalian feeding behavior. The behavioral responses of this study can be exploited as a repellent application strategy for the protection of agricultural resources. This application strategy comprises a postingestive repellent and a feeding eue with visual characteristics sufficiently similar to the repellent such that the repellent concentration can be decreased (i.e. to include 0% of the Chemical repellent subséquent to repellent exposure, Fig. 5) whilst maintaining or synergistically increasing repellent efficacy (Werner et al., 2014b).
The repellent application strategy described herein (i.e. UV, postingestive repellent and associated UV visual eue) has implications for several wild rodents and rabbits. Although the spectral sensitivity function peaks at 520 nm in California ground squirrels (i.e. VS visual pigments; Otospennophilus beecheyh Anderson and Jacobs, 1972), the lens of Mexican ground squirrels (Ictidomys mexicanus) exhibits of 265-370 nm (i.e. UVS visual pigments; Cooper and Robson, 1969). In Richardson’s ground squirrels, 50% of incident illumination is transmitted at 462 nm and 0.6% of light from 315—400 nm is transmitted by the lens (Douglas and Jeffrey, 2014). Although shortwave sensitive cônes (S) constitute only 5-15% of the cônes in deer mice, partial sequencing of the S opsin gene suggested UV sensitivity of the S cône visual pigment (Arbrogast et al., 2013). In house mice, 50% of incident illumination is transmitted at 313-337 nm and 81.7% of light from 315-400 nm is transmitted by the lens (Douglas and Jeffrey, 2014). The maximum optical transmittance (i.e. 94—96%) in albino rabbits was found between 630—730 nm; transmittance decreased to 50% at 400 nm and <1% at 380 nm (Algvere et al., 1993). In rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus), 50% of incident illumination is transmitted at 392 nm and 12.7% of light from 315-400 nm is transmitted by the lens (Douglas and Jeffrey, 2014). Based on the testing herein commercial development (e.g. pricing of optimized formulations) of a repellent application strategy comprising an UV, postingestive repellent and an associated UV feeding eue can be performed for wild rodents and rabbits.
52-56% feeding repellency was observed for whole oats treated with 10,800 ppm anthraquinone or 18,500 ppm anthraquinone in mice and squirrels, and 84-85% repellency for oats treated with 18,300 ppm anthraquinone or 19,600 ppm anthraquinone in voles and rabbits, respectively. Considérable interspecies variation was observed in the feeding behavior of these wild mammals offered food treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent. Similarly, it was predicted a threshold concentration of 1,450-1,475 ppm anthraquinone for Canada geese and red-winged blackbirds, 5,200 ppm anthraquinone for American crows, 9,200 ppm anthraquinone for common grackles (Qitiscalus quiscula Linnaeus) and 10,450 ppm anthraquinone for ring-necked pheasants (Wemer et al. 2009, 2011a, 2015). Thus, anthraquinone repellency is not inversely proportional to the body mass of the target animal and considérable interspecific variation exists for anthraquinone among tested mammals and birds. Species-specific efficacy may be required and treatment amounts determined for each further target animal under laboratory and field conditions.
Relative to unconditioned test subjects, voles conditioned with the UV, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided whole oats treated only with an UV eue. Similarly, redwinged blackbirds conditioned with the UV, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided UV-treated food relative to unconditioned blackbirds (Wemer et al. 2012). This ultraviolet strategy for repellent applications was recently developed for wild birds associated with agricultural crop déprédation (Wemer 2015). Relative to the repeliency of food treated only with the anthraquinone-based repellent, synergistic repeliency (i.e. 45-l 15% increase) was observed when 0.2% of the UV feeding eue was combined with 0.02% or 0.035% anthraquinone (wt/wt; Wemer et al. 2014b). This ultraviolet strategy for repellent applications is applicable for the management of damages caused by wild rodents and rabbits to plant and animal agriculture.
Among the wild mammals that we hâve experimentally offered food treated with 0.25-2% anthraquinone (wt/wt), the ranked efficacy of anthraquinone-based repellents in order of high-low repeliency was cottontail rabbits (68-85% repeliency), California voles (24—84% repeliency), Richardson’s ground squirrels (40-56% repeliency), deer mice (19-52% repeliency) and black-tailed prairie dogs (24—37% repeliency; Wemer et al. 2011 b). Interestingly, the transmittance of UVA wavelengths (315-400 nm) through the ocular media was estimated to be 13%, 0.6% and 0% in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuiüculits Linnaeus), Richardson’s ground squirrels and black-tailed prairie dogs, respectively (Douglas and Jeffery, 2014). Thus, the efficacy of this UV, postingestive repellent is directly proportional to the known transmittance of UVA wavelengths in these wild mammals. The development of non-Iethal, UV repellent application strategies for wild mammals associated with human-wildlife conflicts can be performed.
Because inconsistent success has been observed among rodent repellent trials conducted under laboratory and field conditions, a progression of efficacy experiments (i.e. cage, then enclosure, then field studies) has been recommended for the reliable measurement of repeliency and the successfiil development of non-lethal wildlife repellents (Hansen et al.
2016b). Field enciosure experiments can be performed to further evaluate anthraquinonebased repellents and ultraviolet application strategies. The results of the present experiments can enable the design of supplémentai field efficacy experiments and the development of non-lethal repellents for wild rodents, rabbits and other wildlife associated with humanwildlife conflicts.
The experiments contained herein provide a novel investigation of an anthraquinone-based repellent and related visual eues for wild rodents and rabbits associated with damages to agricultural resources. 52-56% feeding repellency was observed for whole oats treated with 10,800 ppm anthraquinone or 18,500 ppm anthraquinone in deer mice and Richardson’s squirrels, and 84-85% repellency for oats treated with 18,300 ppm anthraquinone or 19,600 ppm anthraquinone in California voles and cottontail rabbits, respectively. Relative to unconditioned test subjects, voles conditioned with the UV, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided whole oats treated only with an UV eue. Thus, California voles cognitively associate pre- and postingestive conséquences with visual eues, and reliably integrate visual and gustatory expérience with postingestive conséquences to procure nutrients and avoid toxins. These behavioral responses to anthraquinone-based repellents and UV feeding eues are described herein as a repellent application strategy (or method) for the non-lethal management of agricultural déprédation caused by wild mammals. These methods can comprise a postingestive repellent and a feeding eue with visual characteristics sufficiently similar to the repellent such that the repellent concentration can be decreased whilst maintaining or increasing repellent efficacy.
Example 6
Three additional experiments were performed to illustrate the attractîveness of bail formulations including an UV feeding eue in dichromatic animais, cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus aiidubonii), Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocîtelhis richardsonii) and deer mice (Peromyscus manicidatus). For each experiment, up to forty test subjects were each offered one bowl of untreated oats for three days. Test subjects were ranked based upon average pre-test consumption and assigned to one of four test groups at the conclusion of the pre-test (n = 10 test subjects per group). Test treatments were then randomly assigned among test groups. During the one-day test, one bowl of attractant-treated oats was offered to each test subject. Test subjects in Groups l-4 receîved oats topically-treated with an attractant (e.g. apple, molasses or peanut flavoring) and 0, 0.7, 0.14 or 0.2% of an UV feeding eue (e.g. titanium dioxide). Daily oat consumption was measured on the day subséquent to the test.
Relative to pre-test consumption of untreated oats, rabbits, ground squirrels and mice exhibited 40-85% more consumption of test treatments including 0-0.2% of the UV feeding eue. A synergistic attraction was observed for food treated an attractant and an UV feeding eue in dichromatic animais.
Exaniple 7
The below, 9,10 Anthraquinone formulation, which is effective for dichromatic animais when applied to surfaces at the rates set forth in this application, is suitable for application to any solid or plant surface:
AQ <0.5%or>l0%
Visual Cue 0.1-50%
Water 25-35%
Polyethylene Glycol 2-3%
Surfactants 1-3%
Thickeners (1-3%)
Exaniple 8
Table 1 illustrâtes decreased behavioral response (prophétie) to a repellent formulation including a wavelength-specific repellent agent plus a wavelength-specific visual cue agent in dichromatic animais, the cottontaîl rabbit (Sylvilagus spp., CORA), deer mouse (Peromyscus spp., DEMI), house mouse (Mus spp., ΗΟΜΓ) and Richardson’s ground squirrel (Urocitelhts richardsonii, RGS).
Table 1: Decreased behavioral response to a repellent formulation including a wavelength-specifïc repellent agent plus a wavelength-specifïc visual eue agent in dichromatic animais
Repellent Conc. (wt/wt) | Seed Treatment Repellency (%) | Surface Treatment Repellency (%) | ||||||
CORA | DEMI | HOMI | RGS | CORA | DEMI | HOMI | RGS | |
0.5% | 80 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 80 | 50 | 50 | 60 |
1.0% | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
2.0% | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
Example 9
Table 2 illustrâtes increased behavioral response (prophétie) to an attractant formulation including a wavelength-specifïc attractant agent plus a wavelength-specifïc visual eue agent in dichromatic animais, the cottontail rabbit (Sylvdogus spp.), deer mouse (Peromyscusspp.), house mouse (Mus spp.) and Richardson’s ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii).
Table 2: Increased behavioral response to an attractant formulation including a wavelength-specifïc repellent agent plus a wavelength-specifïc visual eue agent in dichromatic animais
Attractant Conc. (wt/wt) | Seed Treatment Attraction (%) | Surface Treatment Attraction (%) | ||||||
CORA | DEMI | HOMI | RGS | CORA | DEMI | HOMI | RGS | |
0.5% | 80 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 80 | 50 | 50 | 60 |
1.0% | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
2.0% | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
Référencés
Agnello, A.M., Kain, D.P., Gardner, J., Curtis, P.D., Ashdown, M. L., Hoffmann, M.P., 2014. Novel barriers to prevent dogwood borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and rodent damage in apple plantings. J. Econ. Entomol. 107, 1179-1186.
Aidala, Z., Huynen, L., Brennan, P.L.R., Musser, J., Fidler, A., Chong, N., Machovsky
Capuska, G.E., Anderson, M.G., Talaba, A., Lambert, D., Hauber, M.E., 2012. Ultraviolet visual sensitivity in three avian lineages: paleognaths, parrots, and passerines. J. Comp. Physiol. A 198, 495-510.
Algvere, P.V., Torstensson, P.L., Tengroth, B.M., 1993. Light transmittance of ocular media in lîving rabbit eyes. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 34, 349-354,
Anderson, D.H., Jacobs, G.H., 1972. Color vision and visual sensitivity in the California ground squirrel (Citelhts beecheyï). Vision Res. 12, 1995-2004.
Arbogast, P,, Glosmann, M., Peichl, L., 2013. Retinal cône photoreceptors of the deer mouse Peromyscus nianiculatus: development, topography, opsin expression and spectral tuning. PLoS One 8 (11), e80910.
Avery, M.L., Humphrey, J.S., Decker, D.G., 1997. Feeding deterrence of anthraquinone, anthracene, and anthrone to rice-eating birds. J. Wildl. Manage. 61, 1359-1365.
Avery, M.L., Humphrey, J.S., Primus, T.M., Decker, D.G., McGrane, A.P., 1998. Anthraquinone protects rice seed from birds. Crop Prot. 17, 225-230.
Baldwin, R.A., Salmon, T.P., Schmidt. R.H., Timm, R.M., 2013. Wildlife pests of California agriculture: régional variability and subséquent impacts on management. Crop Prot. 46, 29-37.
Baldwin, R.A., Salmon, T.P., Schmidt, R.H., Timm, R.M., 2014. Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture. Int. Zool. 9, 265-279.
Bennett, A.T.D., Cuthill, LC., 1994. Ultraviolet vision in birds: w'hat is its function? Vision Res. 34, 1471-1478.
Blackwell, B.F., Seamans, T.W., Dolbeer, R.A., 1999. Plant growth regulator (Stronghold ™) enhances repellency of anthraquinone formulation (Flight Control™) to Canada geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 63, 1336-1343.
Blackwell, B.F., Helon, D.A., Dolbeer, R.A., 2001. Repelling sandhill crânes from corn: whole-kernel experiments with captive birds. Crop Prot. 20, 65 68.
Carlson, J.C., Tupper, S.K., Wemer, S.J., Pettit, S.E., Santer, M.M., Linz, G.M., 2013. Laboratory efficacy of an anthraquinone-based repellent for reducing bird damage to ripenîng com. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 145, 26-31.
Clapperton, B.K.., Day, T.D., Morgan, D.K.J., Huddart, F., Cox, N., Matthews, L.R., 2015. Palatability and efficacy to possums and rats of pest control baits containing bird repellents. NZ J. Zool.42, 104-H8.
Cooper, G.F., Robson, J.G., 1969. The yellow colour of the lens of the grey squïrrel (Schtrus carolinensis leucotis). J. Physîol. 203, 403-410.
Cowan, P., Brown, S., Forrester, G, Booth, L., Crowell, M., 2015. Bird-repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests. Pest Manage. Sci. 71, 1075-1081.
Cowing, J.A., Poopalasundaram, S., Wilkie, S.E., Robinson, P.R., Bowmaker, J.K., Hunt, D.M., 2002. The molecular mechanism for the spectral shifts between vertebrate ultraviolet-and violet-sensitive cône visual pigments. J. Biochem. 367, 129-135.
Cummings, J.L., Avery, M.L., Mathre, O., Wilson, E.A., York, D.L., Engeman, R.M., Pochop, P.A., Davis, J.E., Jr., 2002a. Field évaluation of Flight Control™ to reduce blackbird damage to newly planted rice. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 30, 816-820.
Cummîngs, J.L., Pochop, P.A., Engeman, R.M., Davis, J.E., Je, Primus, T.M., 2002b. Evaluation of Flight Control to reduce blackbird damage to newly planted rice in Louisiana. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 49, 169-173.
Cummings, J.L., Byrd, R.W., Eddleman, W.R., Engeman, R.M., Tupper, S.K., 2011. Effectiveness of AV-1011® to reduce damage to drill-planted rice from blackbirds. J. Wildl. Manage. 75, 353-356.
Cuthill, LC., Partridge, J.C., Bennett, A.T.D., Church, S.C., Hart, N.S., Hunt, S., 2000. Ultraviolet vision in birds. Adv. Study Behav. 29, 159-214.
David-Gray, Z.K., Bellingham, J., Munoz, M., Avivi, A., Nevo, E., Foster, R.G., 2002. Adaptive loss of ultraviolet-sensitive/violet-sensitive (UVS/VS) cône opsin în the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergï). Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 1186—1194.
Dolbeer, R.A., Seamans, T.W., Blackwell, B.F., Bêlant, J.L., 1998. Anthraquinone formulation (Flight Control™) shows promise as avian feeding repellent. J. WildL Manage. 62, I558-1564.
Domjan, M., 1985. Cue-consequence specificity and long-delay leaming revisited. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 443, 54-66.
Douglas, R.H., Jeffery, G., 2014. The spectral transmission of ocular media suggests ultraviolet sensitivity is widespread among mammals. Proc. Royal Soc. B. 281,20132995.
Dugger, S., Dey, D.C., Millspaugh, J.J.. 2004. Végétation cover affects mammal herbivory on planted oaks and success of reforesting Missouri River bottomland fields. Connor, K.R. ed. 2004 Proc. Of the 12lh biennial Southern silvicultural research conférence. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-71. Asheville, NC: U .S. Dept. of Agric,, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
Gebhardt, K., Anderson, A.M., Kirkpatrick, K.N., Shwiff, S.A.. 2011. A review and synthesis of bird and rodent damage estimâtes to select California crops. Crop Prot. 30, 1109-1116.
Giusti, G.A.. 2004. Assessment and monitoring of California vole (Microtus californiens) feeding damage to a Coastal redwood (Séquoia sempervirens) restoration project. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 21, 169-173.
Gumey, J.E., Watkins, R.W., Gill, E.L., Cowan, D.P., 1996. Non-lethal mouse repellents: évaluation of cinnamamide as a repellent against commensal and field rodents. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 49, 353-363.
Hansen, S.C., Stolter, C., Jacob, J., 2015. The smell to repel: the effect of odors on thefeeding behavior of female rodents. Crop Prot. 78, 270-276.
Hansen, S.C., Stolter, C., Jacob, J., 2016a. Effect of plant secondary métabolites on feeding behavior of microtine and arvicoline rodent species. J. Pest Sci. 89, 955-963.
Hansen, S.C., Stolter, C., Imholt, C., Jacob, J.. 2016b. Plant secondary métabolites as rodent repellents: a systematîc review. J. Chem. Ecol. DOI 10.1007/s 10886-016-0760-5 (in press).
Heckmanns, F., Meisenheimer, M., 1944. Protection of seeds against birds. Patent 2,339,335. U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C.
Honkavaara, J., Koivula, M., Korpimaki, E., Siitari, H., Viitala, J., 2002. Ultraviolet vision and foraging in terrestrîal vertebrates. Oikos 98, 505-511.
Hut. R.A., Scheper, A., Daan, S., 2000. Can the circadian system of a diumal and a noctumal rodent entrain to ultraviolet light? J. Comp. Physiol. A 186, 707-715.
Jacob, J., Tkadlec, E., 2010. Rodent outbreaks in Europe: dynamics and damage. In: Rodent outbreaks: ecologyand impacts. G.R. Singleton, S.R. Belmain, P.R. Brown, B. Hardy (eds.). Los Bacos, pp 207-224.
Jacobs, G.H., 1992. Ultraviolet vision in vertebrates. Amer. Zool. 32, 544—554.
Jacobs, G.H., Yolton, R.L., 1971. Visual sensitivity and color vision in ground squirrels. Vision Res. 11,511-537.
Jacobs, G.H., Neitz, J., Deegan, J.F., II, 1991. Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light. Nature 353, 655-656.
Johnson. R.J., Timm, R.M., 1987. Wildlife damage to agriculture in Nebraska: a preliminary cost assessment. Proc, of the East. Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 3, 57-65.
Johnson-Nistler, C.M., Knight, J.E., Cash, S.D., 2005. Considérations related to Richardson’s ground squirrel control in Montana. Agron. J. 97, 1460-1464.
Marsh, R.E., 1998. Historical review of ground squirrel crop damage în California. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 42, 93-99.
Neff, J.A., Meanley, B„ 1957. Research on bîrd repellents: bird repellent studies in the eastem Arkansas rice fields. Wildl. Res. Lab., Denver, CO, 21 pp.
Nolte, D.L., Bamett, J.P., 2000. A repellent to reduce mouse damage to longleaf pine seed. Int. Biodeterior. and Biodegred. 45, 169-174,
Nolte, D.L., Mason, J.R., Clark, L., 1993. Avoidance of bird repellents by mice (Mus tmtsculus). J. Chem. Ecol. 19, 427-432.
Pearson, A.B., Gorenzel, W.P., Salmon, T. P., 2000. Lesser-known vertebrate pests of almonds in California. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 19, 365-376.
Pelz, H.J.. 2003. Current approaches towards environmentally benign prévention of vole damage in Europe. Singleton, G.R., Hinds, L.A., Krebs, C.J. and Spratt, D.M. (Eds.), Rats, mice and people: Rodent biology and management, Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) pp. 233-237.
Proulx, G., 2010. Factors contributing to the outbreak of Richardson’s ground squirrel populations in the Canadian prairies. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 24, 213-217.
Salmon, T.P., 2008. Rodents, rodent control, and food safety. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 23, 16 19.
Santilli, F., Galardi, L., Russo, C., 2005. Com appetibility réduction in wild boar (Sus scrofa L. ) in relationship to the use of commercial repellents. Annali Fac Med. Vet. 58, 213-218.
Sullivan, T.P., Sullivan, D.S.. 2008. Vole-feeding damage and forest plantation protection: Large-scale application of diversionary food to reduce damage to newly planted trees. Crop Prot. 27, 775-784.
Sutherland, D„ 2003. Fossorial rodent control compositions and methods. U.S. Patent number 6,558,684 Bl.
Tovee, M.J., 1995. Ultra-violet photoreceptors in the animal kingdom: their distribution and function. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 455-460.
Tupper, S.K., Wemer, S.J., Carlson, J.C., Pettit, S.E., Wise, J.C., Lindell, C.A., Linz, G.M., 2014. European starling feeding activity on repellent treated crops and pellets. Crop Prot. 63, 76-82.
Werner, SJ., 2015. Ultraviolet strategy for avian repellency. Patent 9,131,678. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, Virginia.
Werner, S.J., Provenza, F.D., 2011. Reconciling sensory eues and varied conséquences of avian repellents. Physiol. Behav. 102, 158-163.
Werner, S.J., Carlson, J.C., Tupper, S.K., Santer, M.M., Linz, G.M., 2009. Threshold concentrations of an anthraquinone-based repellent for Canada geese, red-winged blackbirds, and ringnecked pheasants. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 121, 190-196.
Werner, S.J., Linz, G.M., Tupper, S.K., Carlson, J.C., 2010. Laboratory efficacy ofchemîcal repellents for reducing blackbird damage in rice and sunflower crops. J. Wildl. Manage. 74, 1400-1404.
Werner, SJ., Linz, G.M., Carlson, J.C., Pettit, S.E., Tupper, S.K., Santer, M.M., 2011a. Anthraquinone-based bird repellent for sunflower crops. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 129, 162-169.
Werner, S.J., Tupper, S.K., Pettit, S.E., Carlson, J.C., Linz, G.M., 2011b. Anthraquinone repellent to reduce take of non-target birds from zinc phosphidejodentîcide applications. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, 135, 146-153.
Werner, S.J., Tupper, S.K., Carlson, J.C., Pettit, S.E., El lis, J.W., Linz, G.M., 2012. The rôle of a generalized ultraviolet eue for blackbird food sélection. Physiol. Behav. 106, 597-601.
Werner, SJ., Buchholz, R., Tupper, S.K., Pettit, S.E., Ellis, J.W., 2014a. Functional significance of ultraviolet feeding eues in wild turkeys. Physiol. Behav. 123, 162-167.
Werner, S.J., DeLiberto, S.T., Pettit, S.E., Mangan, A.M., 2014b. Synergistic effect of an ultraviolet feeding eue for an avian repellent and protection of agricultural crops. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 159, 107-113.
Werner, S.J., Tupper, S.K., Pettit, S.E., Ellis, J.W., Carlson, J.C., Goldade, D.A., Hofmann, N.M., Homan, H J., Linz. G.M., 2014c. Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds. Crop Prot. 59, 63-70.
Werner, S.J., DeLiberto, S.T., Mangan, A.M., Pettit, S.E., Ellis, J.W., Carlson, J.C., 2015.
Anthraquinone-based repellent for homed larks, great-tailed grackles, American crows and the protection of Califomia’s specialty crops. Crop Prot. 72, 158-162.
Williams, S.C., Short, M.R., 2014. Evaluation of eight repellents in deterring eastem cottontail herbivory in Connecticut. Human-Wîldl. Interact. 8, 113-122.
Witmer, G.W., Moulton, R.S., 2012. Deer mice (Peromysctts spp.) biology, damage and management: a review. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 25,213-219.
Witmer, G.W., Singleton, G., 2010. Sustained agriculture: the need to manage rodent damage in: Agricultural Production Wager, F.C., Ed. pp 1-38.
Witmer, G.W., Sayler, R., Huggins, D., Capelli, J., 2007. Ecology and Management of rodents in notill agriculture in Washington, USA. Integr. Zool. 2, 154-164.
Claims (11)
- ClaimsWe Claim;1. A method for changing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target comprising:providing a composition comprising a wavelength-specific visual eue agent and an agent wherein the wavelength-specific visual eue agent has spectral characteristics sufficiently similar to the spectral characteristics of the agent and wherein the spectral characteristics of the agent fall outside of the ranges within which said dichromatîc animal is maximally sensitive;applying said composition to said target, presenting said target to said dichromatic animal, whereby said dichromatic animal's behavioral response associated with said target is changed at a level of at least 5% greater than when said dichromatic animal is presented with a target upon which is applied a composition comprising only one of said wavelength-specific visual eue agent or said agent.
- 2. The method of claim l, wherein the change is a decrease in the behavioral response, wherein the composition is a repellent composition, wherein the agent is a repellent agent.
- 3. A method for decreasing the behavioral response of a dichromatic animal associated with a target via a repellent application selected from the group consisting of:a. an initial application of an effective amount of a repellent agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of an effective amount of a wavelengthspecific visual eue agent în combination with the same amount or a reduced amount of the repellent agent; orb. an initial application of an effective amount of a repellent agent to said target, and one or more subséquent applications to said target of effective amounts of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent; orc. one or more concurrent applications of an effective amount of a repellent agent and an effective amount of a wavelength-specific visual eue agent.
- 4. The method of claim l wherein said dichromatic animais are those animais that use only two distinct types of photoreceptors for color vision.
- 5. The method of claim 3 wherein said dichromatic animais are those animais that use only two distinct types of photoreceptors for color vision.
- 6. The method of claim l wherein said targets comprise structures, agricultural fields or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, or combinations thereof.
- 7. The method of claim 3 wherein said targets comprise structures, agricultural fields or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, or combinations thereof.
- 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said crops comprise corn, fruit, grains, grasses, legumes, lettuce, millet, oats, rice, row crops, sorghum, sunflower, tree nuts, turf, vegetables, or wheat.
- 9. The method of claim 2 wherein said repellent agent is selected from the group consisting of anthraquinones, flutolanil, anthranilates, methiocarb, caffeine, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acerophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl ecetophenone, veratroyl amine, cinnamic aldéhyde, cînnamic acid, cinnamide, and combinations thereof.
- 10. The method of claim l wherein said visual eue agent is selected from the group consisting of UV-absorbent materials, IR-absorbent materials, UV-reflective materials, IR-reflective materials, UV-refracting materials, IR-refracting materials, human-visible materials, infrared materials, and combinations thereof.
- 11. The method of claim 3 wherein said visual eue agent is selected from the group consisting of UV-absorbent materials, IR-absorbent materials, UV-reflective materials, IR-reflective materials, UV-refracting materials, IR-refracting materials, human-visible materials, infrared materials, and combinations thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US62/274,467 | 2016-01-04 | ||
US62/364,513 | 2016-07-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
OA18939A true OA18939A (en) | 2019-10-28 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Nolte et al. | A repellent to reduce mouse damage to longleaf pine seed | |
AU2015294513B2 (en) | Use of visual cues to enhance bird repellent compositions | |
US11252953B2 (en) | Repellent and attractant composition for dichromatic animals | |
Werner et al. | Anthraquinone-based repellent for horned larks, great-tailed grackles, American crows and the protection of California's specialty crops | |
Werner et al. | Repellent application strategy for wild rodents and cottontail rabbits | |
Werner et al. | Chemical repellents | |
CN106793770B (en) | Ultraviolet strategy for repelling birds | |
Day et al. | Repellents to deter New Zealand's North Island robin Petroica australis longipes from pest control baits | |
US9131678B1 (en) | Ultraviolet strategy for avian repellency | |
OA18939A (en) | Repellent and attractant composition for dichromatic animals | |
US20050186237A1 (en) | Bird repellent | |
MX2008009940A (en) | Agrochemical bird repellent and method. | |
Mason et al. | Evaluation of turpentine as a bird-repellent seed treatment | |
CA2489992A1 (en) | A bird repellent | |
Qambrani et al. | Comparative efficacy of some insecticides against Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) under laboratory condition | |
Bosland et al. | Preliminary field tests of capsaicinoids to reduce lettuce damage by rabbits | |
Moran et al. | Assessment of toxic bait efficacy in field trials by counts of burrow openings | |
Stanion | Assessing giving up density as an indicator of boldness in wild brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) populations in New Zealand. | |
Mineau | Birds: Pesticide Use Impacts | |
Skalitsky | Strengthening the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew)(Diptera: Tephritidae), Eradication Program with the Use of Attract-and-Kill Devices | |
Hodne-Fischer | Anthraquinone corn seed treatment (Avitec™) as a feeding repellent for ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) on newly planted corn in eastern South Dakota | |
Linz et al. | Effectiveness of Foliar Applications of 9, 10-Anthraquinone for Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflower | |
Day | Bird repellents for pest control baits | |
Day et al. | Feeding responses of North Island robins and North Island tomtits to pest control baits treated with bird repellents | |
Reynolds | Improvements in the design and usage of red sticky spheres to control the apple maggot fly (R. pomonella). |