OA18853A - Dispositif de chauffage électrique - Google Patents

Abstract

Dispositif de chauffage électrique comprenant un support (2) et une couche de chauffage (3) en composite de fibres de carbone sur le support et connectée à une alimentation électrique pour réchauffer le dispositif. La couche de chauffage (3) a un volume qui comprend une partie de circuit (4) conductrice d'électricité qui s'étend selon au moins une ligne continue, et une partie d'isolation (5) non conductrice d'électricité qui remplit le reste du volume de la couche de chauffage.

Description

Total SA

Electric heater

TECHNICAL AREA

The present invention relates to an electrical heating device, for example a heating pipe for the transport of a fluid requiring at least occasionally heating, said fluid comprising for example a hydrocarbon.

STATE OF THE PRIOR ART

More particularly, the invention relates to an electric heating device comprising:

- a support which extends along a surface,

- a layer of. heating located on said support, said heating layer comprising a first electrically conductive material, said first material comprising first carbon fibers embedded in a first polymer matrix, and said heating layer being intended to be connected to a power supply to heat said device.

The device can take various forms. It can be a substantially planar plate, or a curved plate, or a flexible membrane, for example made of elastomer, or a pipe.

A heating pipe is for example used for transporting a fluid comprising a hydrocarbon, as described in document FR-2958991. Indeed, these pipes are commonly used in very cold environments, on land as at sea, and sometimes at sea at a very great depth. Under these conditions, the fluid can either freeze, or coagulate, or present the formation of paraffin or hydrates, which can generate plugs and hinder the transport of the fluid in the pipe. This is why the pipes are sometimes heated, for example by the Joule effect of an electric current passing through a conductive layer.

A flexible heating membrane or heating blanket is described in document FR-2958994. This heating blanket is for example wrapped around a non-heating pipe to heat the fluid.

All of these devices include a carbon fiber heating layer that extends over the entire surface of their support.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to improve the above electric heating devices.

For this purpose, a device of this type is characterized in that the heating layer has a volume which comprises:

- a circuit part composed of the first electrically conductive material and which extends along at least one continuous line between ends connected directly or indirectly to the power supply, and

an insulating part composed of a second material which is not electrically conductive and which fills the rest of the volume of the heating layer, said insulating part electrically insulating the circuit part in the heating layer.

Thanks to these arrangements, the heating can be localized mainly in the surface of the heating layer corresponding to the circuit part. This makes it possible to adapt the heater, to heat only necessary areas, and to spend less electrical energy.

In addition, this makes it possible to put several electric lines in a single heating layer, and therefore to complicate the electric circuit. In particular, it is possible to use a multiphase, two-phase or three-phase power supply. It is also possible to return a first line to a second line in the same heating layer. The electrical connection of the heating layer can thus be simplified and in particular located at a single location of the electric heating device.

Finally, we avoid stacking several heating layers, isolated from each other by an intermediate layer of electrical insulation. It is thus possible to obtain a heating device with reduced thickness.

In various embodiments of the device according to the invention, one can optionally also have recourse to one and / or other of the following arrangements.

According to one aspect of the invention, the second material comprises second fibers embedded in a second polymer matrix, said second fibers being electrically non-conductive.

According to one aspect of the invention, the second fibers are glass fibers.

According to one aspect of the invention, the polymer of the second matrix is identical to the polymer of the first matrix.

According to one aspect of the invention, the circuit part comprises at least two continuous lines and separated from each other by separation portions of the insulation part.

According to one aspect of the invention, the circuit part comprises three continuous lines separated from each other by separating portions of the insulation part, each line being supplied by one phase of a three-phase power supply.

According to one aspect of the invention, each line comprises a line section in a plane substantially perpendicular to the surface, said line sections being alternated with the separation portions of the insulation part in at least a first direction of said substantially parallel plane. on the surface.

According to one aspect of the invention, the line sections are alternately offset in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction and in a direction opposite to said second direction.

According to one aspect of the invention, the line sections all have substantially the same area.

According to one aspect of the invention, the line sections have a shape at least twice as elongated in the first direction as in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

According to one aspect of the invention, the heating layer is produced by depositing on the support a plurality of first composite bands composed of the first material and a plurality of second composite bands composed of the second material, the deposition positions of said said material. first and second composite bands determining the formation of the circuit part and the insulation part of the heating layer.

According to one aspect of the invention:

- the support is a hollow tube extending in a longitudinal direction and intended to transport a fluid comprising a hydrocarbon, said tube having at least one electrically insulating outer surface, and

- The heating layer is substantially a cylindrical layer above the tube.

According to one aspect of the invention, the line has a helical shape around said tube, and the insulation portion has a separation portion which extends between each turn of the helix.

According to one aspect of the invention, the support is a flexible membrane intended to cover at least one zone of a device for transporting a fluid comprising a hydrocarbon, and the heating layer is a layer which covers at least one face of the fluid. said membrane.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of at least one of its embodiments, given by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

On the drawings:

- Figure la is a longitudinal sectional view of a first embodiment of a composite heating pipe according to the invention;

- Figure 1b is a transverse side view of the pipe of Figure la;

- Figure 2 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a heating pipe according to the invention;

- Figures 3a to 3f are cross sectional views of heating layers of heating devices such as a pipe or blanket;

- Figure 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a heating blanket according to the invention.

In the various figures, the same numerical references designate identical or similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the present description, the terms “front” and “rear” are used with respect to the longitudinal direction X. The terms “upper” or “upwards” and “lower” or “downwards” are used with respect to the vertical direction Z, upwards, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction X and to the transverse direction Y.

The electric heating device of the present invention can be a heating blanket, a heating plate, a heating pipe, or any other device of any shape which comprises a surface covered with a layer called a "heating layer". This heating layer comprises carbon fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, said carbon fibers making it possible to pass an electric current which heats the layer by the Joule effect.

The term "blanket" of the present invention is to be understood to mean a device having the shape of a flexible membrane, which can be deformed to surround or envelop a device for transporting a fluid, such as a pipe, a valve, or a valve. well head.

The term "pipe" of the present invention should be understood as being a device comprising a tube for transporting a fluid at least between an inlet and an outlet, the device being able to include other elements, such as a valve, or by-passes. multiple.

Document FR-2958991 describes a pipe comprising a single heating layer comprising carbon fibers for conducting electricity, and electrically insulating layers (for example made of glass fiber). It is possible to superimpose several layers of heaters by interposing an insulation layer between each layer of heating, in order to build a multilayer pipe. For example, one can have a pipe with two stacked heating layers, the second heating layer providing an electrical return to a single supply end. For example, one can have a pipe with three stacked heating layers, suitable for example for a three-phase supply.

Figures la, lb and 2 show a pipe 1 according to the invention in longitudinal section along the XZ plane and in cross section along the YZ plane. In these figures, only an upper half above the X axis is shown, the other lower half being substantially identical by symmetry with respect to the X axis. However, it will be understood that any device with or without symmetry is possible.

The pipe 1 comprises a hollow tube 2, extending in the longitudinal direction of axis X between first and second ends 1a, 1b. This tube 2 comprises an internal surface 2a close to the X axis, and an external surface 2b more distant from the X axis. Inside the internal surface 2a extends a cavity 2c between an inlet and an outlet. of the cavity located at each end. The cavity 2c is adapted to transport the fluid between said inlet and outlet.

The pipe 1 has a section of substantially cylindrical shape in the YZ plane, but other shapes could be produced.

The tube 2 can be made with an electrically conductive material, such as steel, as shown in the figures.

The tube 2 can be made with an electrically non-conductive (insulating) material, for example a polymer. This material can be a polyamide (PA), or a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). This material can also be a composite material comprising fibers embedded in a polymer matrix. These fibers are for example made of glass.

The outer surface 2b of this tube 2 is a support.

Around this support (for example on this support), there is at least one heating layer 3.

The pipe can have other layers. For example, the tube can be covered with a protective layer to limit corrosion of said tube, generally made of steel. For example, the tube can also be covered with an adhesion layer to facilitate the adhesion of the next layer (heating layer 3) on said tube. For example, the pipe can also comprise a thermal insulation layer, for example above the heating layer 3. For example, the pipe can also comprise one or more layers of electrical insulation, below or above the pipe. heating layer 3.

The heating layer 3 is a composite comprising at least a first electrically conductive material, composed of first carbon fibers embedded in a first polymer matrix. This polymer is advantageously an epoxy resin, a polyamide (PA), or a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).

The carbon fibers are able to conduct an electric current to heat the tube by the Joule effect. The resistivity of the carbon fibers, having for example the p-value _{carbon fiber} = 1.9. lO ^"5 Qm at a temperature of 20 ° C, which is substantially 1100 times more resistive than copper at 20 C. Therefore, when using such a material for making a heating layer, it covers the entire surface of the support to a certain thickness in order to obtain the desired linear resistivity. However, this resistivity remains extremely low compared to an insulating material such as glass. The resistivity of the glass has for example for _glass p value = 10 ^Ι7 Ω.ηι.

The heating layer 3 according to the invention is thus a composite which covers the tube 2, but it is more complex than those of the prior art. It includes two parts in its volume:

- a circuit part 4, made with the first electrically conductive material, namely the first carbon fibers embedded in a first polymer matrix, and

- an insulation part 5, made with a second electrically non-conductive material, and which fills the rest of the volume of the heating layer to electrically insulate the circuit part in the heating layer.

The circuit part 4 further extends along at least one continuous line between ends which are connected directly or indirectly to electrical supply means which supply the electrical current to the heating layer 3 to heat the pipe 1.

The heating layer 3 according to the invention is therefore not a continuous layer of electrically conductive material covering the surface of the support (example: tube). The heating layer comprises at least one electrically insulated conductive circuit in a non-conductive material. It is thus possible to design a heating layer 3 with a circuit suitable for heating predetermined areas. Less electrical energy is thus spent.

The second material is advantageously composed of second fibers embedded in a second polymer matrix. These second fibers are not electrically conductive (insulating).

The heating layer 3 is therefore a composite comprising two types of fibers: conductive carbon fibers and non-conductive fibers. Thanks to this composite structure with fibers, the heating layer 3 is mechanically very resistant.

Alternatively, the second fibers are glass or aramid (eg, a para-aramid sold under the trade name Kevlar). The heating layer 3 is thus even more mechanically resistant.

Alternatively, the first and / or second fibers are a mixture of fibers. For example, the first fibers are a mixture of carbon fibers and glass fibers, or a mixture of carbon fibers and aramid fibers. For example, the second fibers are a mixture of glass fibers and aramid fibers. The electrical conductivities of the circuit part 4 and of the insulation part 5 can thus be predetermined and each adapted to the application.

Alternatively, the polymer of the second matrix and the polymer of the first matrix are the same. The heating layer 3 therefore forms a single composite with the same polymer matrix. This layer thus has a continuity of material which makes it even more mechanically resistant.

The heating layer 3 of the pipe 1 is for example manufactured by known means using preformed composite strips of two types (composed of the first material or of the second material), each preformed strip extending in one direction and comprising fibers (carbon, glass or kevlar) embedded in a polymer matrix. The fibers are optionally oriented in the direction of the preformed strip.

The volume of the heating layer 3 extends for example according to a constant thickness on the support (tube 2), in a direction perpendicular to its surface. The heating layer 3 of the pipe 1 is a cylindrical layer located on the pipe 2.

The heating layer 3 of the pipe 1 shown in FIG. 1b comprises a circuit part 4 comprising four lines arranged inside the heating layer 3, each line being covered on all its lateral sides by the insulating part 5. In particular, the insulation part 5 comprises separation portions 5a located between each line to separate them from one another, and thus to insulate them electrically.

However, the heating layer 3 of the invention may comprise a single line, two lines, or three or more lines. The positions, longitudinal or transverse shapes of these lines can also vary.

By virtue of a single heating layer 3 which comprises several electrically conductive lines, the alternate stacking of heating layers and of insulation layers of the prior art, in which these layers cover the entire surface each time. support surface. The heating device according to the invention therefore has a smaller thickness (smaller dimension in the second direction RI).

For example, each line of the circuit portion 4 may be a substantially rectilinear line which extends in the longitudinal direction X, or a line which extends in a direction inclined relative to the longitudinal direction X.

In the sectional view of Figure 1b, in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction X, each line has a line section 4a having a predetermined shape, for example a rectangle shape or a curved rectangle shape to accommodate the shape of the tube. This section of line 4a is used to pass the electric current necessary for heating pipe 1.

As a variant, each line can extend according to any predetermined curve above the support (tube 2).

Each line forms a wire or conductive element of a circuit.

The ends of the lines are able to be connected directly or indirectly to electrical supply means for passing current.

The type of power supply (direct current, alternating current, two-phase or three-phase current) is adapted to the number of lines in the circuit part 4 and their characteristics (line section 4a, line length, material resistivity).

Line ends located at one end of the pipe are optionally interconnected to one another to form an electrical star circuit more suited to a multiphase type power supply. The electrical connection is thus simplified, and only on one side of the device 1.

As a variant, the lines are independent of each other. Optionally, the power supply comprises switching means for powering one or more of the available lines. The heating of the device can thus be regulated.

In FIG. 2, the pipe 1 comprises a part of the circuit 4 which comprises three reference lines 4i, 4 ₂ and 4 ₃ .

Each line forms a helix around the tube 2 which extends round after round around the tube in the longitudinal direction X. The helices of the three lines are nested one in the other, so that in the longitudinal direction X the lines 4i, 4 ₂ and 4 ₃ are alternated. The first and second ends 1a, 1b thus have the same line sections in their cross section.

The insulating part 5 of the heating layer 3 of this heating pipe 1 comprises separation portions 5a which extend between each turn of the helix of a line and / or between each line 4 _lz 4 ₂ and 4 ₃ . The helix turns of a line are isolated from each other, and the lines are isolated from each other.

This three-line pipe 1 is advantageously supplied with a three-phase electrical supply.

In FIGS. 3a to 3f are shown variant sections of a heating device 1, making it possible to illustrate variant positions and shapes of sections of lines 4a of said device.

For example, the representations of these sections correspond to sections of cylindrical pipes shown in development along a first rectilinear direction T corresponding to a direction tangential to the pipe. The second directions RI, R2, R3 correspond to radial directions of the pipe.

For example, these representations can thus also correspond to sections of substantially planar heating blanket as described below, and illustrated in FIG. 4, the first direction corresponding to a direction in the plane of the blanket (surface S), and the second direction RI corresponding to a direction perpendicular or normal to this surface.

These figures can thus represent cross sections of pipes having two lines. In this case, it is considered that the direction RI corresponds to an angular position of 0 °, that the direction R2 corresponds to an angular position of 180 °, and that the direction R3 corresponds to an angular position of 360 °. However, these figures can represent sections of pipes with fewer lines or more lines, the pattern being repeatable or periodic. It suffices to define the values of the angular positions of the directions RI, R2 and R3.

According to a first variant in Figure 3a, the line sections 4a of the two lines 4χ and 4 ₂ are rectangular sections separated and isolated from each other in the first direction T by the separation portion 5a of the insulation part 5.

The lines 4χ and 4 ₂ are also separated or isolated in the second directions RI, R2, R3 by insulation layers 5b of the insulation part 5.

These separations or insulations are filled with the second electrically non-conductive material of the insulating part 5. Thus, the lines are enveloped in this electrically insulating material.

According to a second variant in FIG. 3b, the line sections 4a are furthermore offset in the second direction RI alternately (one in two in the first direction T). The insulation part 5 has a hook or crenellated shape passing below a first line then above a second adjacent line (alternately above and below the lines).

According to a third variant in FIG. 3c, the thicknesses in the second direction RI of the lines (part of circuit 4) and of the insulation part 5 are identical. Each line thus has a thickness which is half the thickness of the heating layer 3.

According to a fourth variant in FIG. 3d, the line sections 4a are no longer rectangular but in the shape of a diamond, so that they have faces inclined with respect to the second direction RI.

According to a fifth variant in FIG. 3e, the line sections 4a have a trapezoidal shape. Line sections 4a are alternately (one in two in the first direction T) reversed. A second row has an inverted trapezoidal shape from that of a first row. The successive and adjacent trapezoids combine so that the separation portion 5a which separates them has a substantially constant thickness.

According to a sixth variant in FIG. 3f, the line sections 4a have different surfaces and / or shapes. For example, a first line 4χ close to the support 2 covers it entirely. Then, an insulation layer 5b of the insulation part 5 completely covers this first line. Then, several lines 4 ₂ , 4 ₃ are located on this insulation layer 5b and are separated from each other by separation portions 5a.

In this sixth variant, the first line 4 ₂ closest to the support 2 (tube) may have a section different from (and for example larger than) each of the other lines 4 ₂ , 4 ₃ . The surfaces of the sections of each conductive line can thus be adapted to obtain a balance of the electric currents in each of the lines to improve the heating of the support while reducing the transverse bulk.

For example, in a multiphase supply, it can be the return (or main) line and conduct a current equal to the sum of the currents of the other lines. Thus, the first line 4j and the heating layer 3 are more effective in heating the support. In addition, the transverse (radial) size is reduced.

Optionally, the other lines 4 ₂ , 4 ₃ are all located in a single layer located above the insulation layer 5b to optimize the heating efficiency and to reduce the transverse (radial) bulk.

Optionally, in the case of a tube-type support, the other lines 4 ₂ , 4 ₃ are wound helically around the pipe of the pipe. As the flow of fluid is in a substantially longitudinal direction of the tube, heating the pipe with lines helically wound around the tube is even more efficient. This arrangement also results in a more uniform heating, suitable for minimizing multiple cold spots in the pipe. The helical winding also has the advantage of allowing easier manufacture. Another advantage is to allow improved integrity and resistance of the layers, compared to an arrangement of the additional lines 4 ₂ and 4 ₃ in the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube where the risk of delamination of these lines (layers of material ) is higher.

Optionally, the power supply is three-phase, and the heating layer comprises a first line 4j and two other lines.

An advantage of all the configurations of this sixth variant is to facilitate and optimize the manufacture (production) of different heating pipelines, which makes it possible to reduce production and storage costs. In fact, a first tube can be produced with the single layer corresponding to the first line 4i for the manufacture of a pipeline having a single heating line 4i. It can be used to manufacture a pipeline suitable for a three-phase supply by adding to said layer 4i of this first tube the layers of insulation 5b and the other heating lines 4 ₂ and 4 ₃ .

FIG. 4 shows another type of electric heating device 1 according to the invention: a heating blanket.

This substantially flexible heating blanket 1 extends along a surface S approximately in an XY plane. It comprises a first face F1 (lower face) and a second face F2 (upper face) in the Z direction.

In this direction Z, the heating blanket 1 consists of at least:

- a substantially flat support 2, and

- a heating layer 3 on said support 2.

The heating layer 3 comprises a circuit part 4 and an insulation part 5.

The circuit part 4 comprises at least one continuous line between ends connected directly or indirectly to the power supply.

The insulation part 5 electrically isolates the line in the heating layer 3 at least in the directions of the surface S (XY plane of FIG. 4), by separating portions 5a.

Thanks to these arrangements, the heating layer 3 forms an electrical circuit which can be predetermined to heat certain areas more and to heat other areas less. One line can be the return of another, and the electrical connections are simplified and / or united on one side of the device. The heating blanket has less overlapping layers (heating layer / insulation layer) and is therefore more flexible.

The geometric arrangements of the heating layer 3 in a cross section (XZ plane) can be similar to those described in Figures 3a-3f.

The arrangements of the materials making up the circuit part 4 and the insulation part 5 may be identical to the arrangements described for the heating pipe 1 (figures 1-2).

The matrix used for the various composite materials is advantageously a polymer of the elastomer type. Cover 1 is therefore flexible.

All the variants envisaged for pipe 1 and its power supply are also possible for the present heating blanket.

Claims (15)

1- Electric heating device comprising: - a support (2) which extends along a surface (S), a heating layer (3) situated on said support, said heating layer comprising a first electrically conductive material, said first material comprising first carbon fibers embedded in a first polymer matrix, and said heating layer being intended to be connected to an electrical supply for heating said device, said device being characterized in that the heating layer (3) has a volume which comprises: a circuit part (4) composed of the first electrically conductive material and which extends along at least one continuous line between ends connected directly or indirectly to the electrical supply, and - An insulation part (5) composed of a second material which is not electrically conductive and which fills the rest of the volume of the heating layer, said insulating part electrically insulating the circuit part in the heating layer. 2. Device according to claim 1, in which the heating layer (3) comprises: - a first line (4i) close to the support and which completely covers it, an insulation layer (5b) belonging to the insulation part (5) and which entirely covers the first line (4i), and - Several lines (4 ₂ , 4 ₃ ) located on said insulation layer (5b) and separated from each other by separation portions (5a). 3. Device according to claim 1, in which the second material comprises second fibers embedded in a second polymer matrix, said second fibers being non-conductive of electricity. 4. Device according to claim 3, wherein the second fibers are glass fibers. 5. Device according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the polymer of the second matrix is identical to the polymer of the first matrix. 6. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the circuit part (4) comprises at least two lines (4j, 4 ₂ ) continuous and separated from each other by separation portions ( 5a) of the insulation part (5). 7. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the circuit part (4) comprises three continuous lines and separated from one another by separation portions (5a) of the insulation part (5), each line being supplied by a phase of a three-phase supply. 8. The device of claim 6, wherein each line (4i, 4 ₂ ) comprises a line section (4a) in a plane substantially perpendicular to the surface (S), said line sections being alternated with the separation portions (5a ) of insulating part (5) in at least a first direction (T) of said plane substantially parallel to the surface (S). 9. Device according to claim 7, in which the line sections (4a) are alternately offset in a second direction (RI) substantially perpendicular to the first direction (T) and in a direction opposite to 19 said second direction. 10. Device according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the line sections (4a) have substantially all the same surface. 11. Device according to any one of claims 6 to 10, in which the line sections (4a) have a shape at least twice as elongated in the first direction (T) as in a second direction (RI) substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 12. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, in which the heating layer (3) is produced by depositing on the support (2) a plurality of first composite strips composed of the first material and a plurality second composite strips composed of the second material, deposition positions of said first and second composite strips determining the formation of the circuit part (4) and the insulation part (5) of the heating layer (3). 13. Device according to one of claims 1 to 12, in which: the support (2) is a hollow tube extending in a longitudinal direction (X) and intended for transporting a fluid comprising a hydrocarbon, said tube (2) having at least one electrically insulating external surface (2b), and - The heating layer (3) is substantially a layer of cylindrical shape above the tube. 14. Device according to claim 13, wherein the line has a helical shape around said tube, and the insulation part (5) has a separation portion (5a) which extends between each turn of the propeller. 15. Device according to one of claims 1 to 12, in which the support (2) is a flexible membrane intended to cover at least one zone of a device for transporting a fluid comprising a hydrocarbon, and the layer of heating (3) is a layer which covers at least one face of said membrane.