OA18522A - Channel type induction furnace. - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a channel type induction furnace provided with a furnace floor that is inclined downwards from an operative rear of the furnace hearth towards an opposing operative front of the hearth, with a wall at the front of hearth comprising a bottom section and a top section, with the front wall bottom section extending further into the hearth than the front wall top section, and the front wall bottom section terminating in an upper edge in abutment with the front wall top section, with a down-passage to an induction heater, located proximate the front wall, having an inlet in the floor at a location proximate the base of the front wall and the or each up-passage having an outlet in the floor at a location in abutment with the base of the front wall bottom section and with the front wall bottom section being provided with a vertical slot extending upwards above the or each up-passage through it and opening onto the upper edge of the bottom section.

Description

This invention relates to channel type Induction fumaces used in the melting or smelting of metals and particularly to induction fumaces used In smelting particuïate materials floating on the surface of the métal and slag.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION *

Conventional channel induction type fumaces that are fed with particuïate material which 10 float on the molten métal surface are designed with relatively deep métal baths. This is so because particuïate material floating on the slag layer on top of a bath of molten métal Is a poor heat sink which leads to higher métal températures and recirculation of heated métal back into the channel heater. This results in overheating of the molten métal and damage to the refractory material lining, if the fumace is designed to operate with a shallow métal bath. 15 A shallow bath also results ln relatively cold areas where the melting rate Is relatively much slower than in the area directly above the channel heater.

On the other hand a deep métal bath has the disadvantage that more métal must be kept in the furnace, ieading to greater heat losses than when a shallow métal bath is used and it 20 results In higher process Inventory, compared to operating the fumace with a shallow métal bath. Métal losses, damage to equipment and danger to personnel in the event of a métal leak is also higher when using a deep meta) bath.

Further, in an induction fumace with a deep métal bath strong convection currents are set up 25 in the fumace during operation thereof. This results in unstable rapid melting of particuïate materials In some areas while in other areas less or even no melting occurs. It has been found that in operation the melting of particuïate materials with a deep métal bath leads to areas of melting migration, In other words the> areas where melting occurs move around in the fumace, resulting in unstable flow and unstable melting conditions.

An attempt to overcome the above mentioned problems involved the Invention described in PCT patent application no PCT/1B2012/050938, by the same applicant. This presented a double ioop channel type Induction fumace which included a plateau extending above the fumace floor into which a trench Is formed. The plateau Is provided with throat passages 35 communicating with the induction heater, and with these passages being In fluid communication with the induction heater channels to distribute heated liquid métal into the trench for distribution along the top of the plateau.

A practical problem with the fumace of patent PCT/IB2012/050938 Is the construction of the 5 plateau and the trench which need to be fixed to a side wall between opposing end walls of the fumace. The plateau has to be constructed of heat résistant, liquid métal résistant, and slag résistant material - in other words a refractory material. Since the plateau Is necessarily submerged and not directly held down by the wall refractory material, métal pénétration Inevitably leads to dlstortlon of bricks and ultimately destruction of the plateau.

Another practical difficulty Is that the use of the trench In the fumace nécessitâtes controlling the depth of liquid métal In the fumace above the trench to ensure optimal distribution of heated métal through the bath. The start-up of the fumace with the plateau and trench Is not easy, requiring a relatively large volume of liquid métal. Also, although the distribution of heated métal 15 Into the liquid bath may be controlled by the depth of the métal bath over the plateau, this also means that unwanted fluctuations in the métal bath may negatively influence the distribution of heated métal In the liquid bath.

A further problem appears when a fumace Is constructed with a long bath. Each Induction heater 20 has a limited reach, and this is defined by the distance between the outlets of the passages which transport heated métal to the hearth. When a longer fumace Is desired, which equates to a greater production capacity, more powerful induction heaters hâve to be installed, resulting in less controllable distribution of the heated métal from the Inductors.

A further problem with iron making fumaces relate to the interaction between siag and métal. Manual labour and robotics are normally used to separate slag and métal, in an attempt to tap métal free from slag contamination.

Of further concem here is also the entrapment of métal droplets in slag, which reduces the 30 métal yield from the ore. A further problem relating to slag and métal interaction Is that when the slag melting point Is much higher than the métal melting point, the slag remains close to Its melting point - which means the slag Is too cold to ailow easy flow over long distances without forming thick slag skulls.

In addition to the above problems, In the steelmaking industry liquid iron from any one of a number of Iron manufacturing processes is traditionally tapped into ladies (mostly so-called torpédo cars or bottle cars), transported to a steelmaking shop and transferred to a so called charging ladle for charging a steelmaking vessel.

A batch of steel is made by addition of fluxes and by blowing gaseous oxygen onto or 5 through the métal. At the end point of the blow samples are taken and if required a “reblow is performed and the required ferroalloys prepared for the steel tapping operation. The steel and ferroalloys are charged to the casting ladle, taking care not to transfer steelmaking slag with the métal into the casting ladle. Any slag that may be transferred to the casting ladle results in unnecessary loss of alloying éléments and phosphorous retuming from the 10 slag to the métal.

ln order to approximate continuous casting, so-called sequence casting is performed, whereby the température of the métal in the ladle and the timing of the ladle amving at the caster must be controlled. Missing a sequence results ln the steel to be reprocessed or at 15 least reheated.

Métal from the casting ladle is poured into a tundish from where it flows into the casting mould. Care must be taken to minlmlze ladle slag from entering the tundish. An excessive amount of slag in the tundish and oxygen dissolved from air contact cause unacceptable 20 non-metallic Inclusions in the cast product.

Ladle linings are expensive to maintain because of the altemativeïy empty and full condition that these expérience during conventional steel making processes. Heat is lost especially when the ladie Is empty and without a lid, and tapping steel into a ladle that has cooled down 25 results in heat losses from the steel, which may cause casting problems or even missing a casting sequence. Lifting and lowering of full and empty ladies require large overhead crânes that need to be maintained and provided with significant amounts of electrical power. Overhead movement of ladies with liquid métal is extremely dangerous; many people hâve lost their llves and were injured in the past due to accidents with overhead transport of liquid 30 métal. Many hâve also lost their lives în accidents while doing maintenance work on these high structures.

During transfer operations large amounts of fugitive émissions are generated In short periods of time (less than 10% of calendar time). This requires large installations of fans, 35 electric motors, bag houses, ducting etc. that are either running unnecessarily or standing idle for most of the time.

There are many costs invoived in the use of ladies and the fact that processes need to stop and start, some of which hâve been mentioned above.

The sequence of processes between the Iran producing plant through the steel producing plant and into the casting plant requires a délicate balance to prevent downgrading of steel batches and Interruption of the smooth operation of these processes, ln most Iron-steelcastîng plants this délicate balance is upset on a daily basis through unforeseen circumstances, leading to costly interruptions and downgrades of batches of steel.

OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION

It Is an objective of the Invention to provide a channel type induction fumace and a steelmaking apparatus which at least partly overcomes the abovementioned problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ln accordance with this Invention there is provided a channel type induction fumace comprising a shell lîned with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form a hearth, at least one induction heater associated with the fumace and communicating with the hearth by means of a throat in the floor, the throat including throat 20 passages comprising a down-passage serving as an inlet to the induction heater and at least one up-passage serving as an outlet from the induction heater, the throat passages being complementary shaped and configured to channels in the induction heater and each passage being in fluid communication with a complimentary shaped and sized channel;

with the fumace floor being inclined downwards from an operative rear of the hearth 25 towards an opposing operative front of the hearth;

with the wall at the front of the hearth comprising a bottom section and a top section to form a front wail, with the front wall bottom section extending further Into the hearth than the front wall top section, and the front wall bottom section terminating in an upper edge in abutment with the front wall top section;

with the down-passage having an inlet in the floor at a location proximate the base of the front wall;

with the or each up-passage having an outlet in the floor at a location ln abutment with the base of the front wall bottom section and with the front wall bottom section being provided with a vertical slot extending upwards above the or each up-passage through it and 35 opening onto the upper edge of the bottom section, and with the induction heater being located proximate the front wall.

There is still further provided for the floor to be provided with a pit proximate the base of the front wall bottom section and the inlet for the down-passage is located in the pit.

According to a still further feature of the invention there is provided for the wall to be comprised of the front wall, an opposing rear wall forming the rear of the hearth, and two opposing end walls;

with an end wall extending between each of opposing ends of the front wall and the rear wall.

There is still further provided for the fumace to comprise a double loop channel type Induction fumace with Its throat Including a central down-passage serving as an Inlet to the Induction heater and two up-passages on opposite sldes of the central down-passage serving as outlets from the Induction heater, and with the two outlets from the up-passages being spaced apart, preferably being an equal distance from the down-passage.

There 1s also provided for the front wall to be Inclined Into the hearth, preferably by between about 0^e and 10^e from the vertical.

There is still further provided for the fumace floor to Include a substantially horizontal floor base proximate the front wall bottom section, and preferably for the Inlet to the central passage to be located ln the floor base.

According to a yet further feature of the invention there is provided for the fumace to include a fore-hearth separate from the fumace hearth, the fore-hearth comprising a shell lîned with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form the forehearth, with the fore-hearth communicating with the Induction heater up-passage by means of passages opening into it In its floor, the fore-hearth passages comprising a down-passage serving as an outlet and an up-passage serving as an inlet to the fore-hearth from the or each Induction heater uppassage operatively to receive substantially slag-free métal from the induction heater, with the fore-hearth passages being complementary shaped and configured to the channels in the Induction heater, and with the fore-hearth including a liquid métal overflow plug.

There is still further provided for the fore-hearth to include a set of fore-hearth passages each comprising a down-passage serving as an outlet and an up-passage serving as an inlet to the fore-hearth, with each set of fore-hearth passages being in fluid communication with an Induction heater up-passage.

According to a further aspect of the invention there 1s provided for the fumace to include an elongate fore-hearth separate from and extending away from the fumace hearth, the forehearth comprising a shell lined with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form the fore-hearth, with the fore-hearth communicating with the induction heater up-passage by means of at least one passage opening into It In its floor at a location distal from the fumace hearth, with the fore-hearth communicating with the fumace hearth by means of a portai extending through the fumace front wall, preferably above the upper edge of the front wall bottom section, with the fore-hearth Including a siag outlet, preferably an overflow outlet, at a point distal from the fumace hearth, operatively for heated métal to flow into the fore-hearth at the inlet distal from the fumace hearth and from the fore-hearth Into the fumace through the portai, and for slag to flow from the fumace hearth Into the fore-hearth through the portai counter current with the heated liquid métal, to allow métal droplets contained In the slag to pass through the slag into the flow of heated métal beneath the slag, and for slag to be removed from the forehearth through the slag outlet.

According to a yet further aspect of the Invention there Is provided a method of operating a fumace as defined above to produce liquid métal, Including the steps of:

preparing a feed material comprising a metallic oxide and a reductant, charging the feed material into the fumace onto the Inclined fumace floor proxlmate a rear wall at an operative rear of the hearth, operatively allowing the feed material to accumuiate on the floor and to extend into the liquid métal bath, to undergo carbo-thermic réduction through radiation from heat of combustion of gases and optionally also fuel, preferably in the form of gas, introduced into the free space above the liquid métal bath and feed material, for the feed material to melt and join the liquid métal bath, with the gases originatîng from heating of the feed material and optionally also from fuel Introduced into free space above the liquid métal bath and feed material.

According to a yet further aspect of the Invention there is provided steelmaking apparatus comprising an Iron fumace, and a refining fumace;

with the Iron fumace comprising a channel type induction fumace with inclusion of a fore-hearth as defined above and provided with a liquid iron transfer conduit extending from the iron fumace fore-hearth to the refining fumace, to produce liquid iron from an iron containing feed material, contain the liquid Iron as a pool in the iron fumace hearth, and to transfer slag-free liquid iron from the pool to the refining fumace by means of the liquid iron transfer conduit; and with the refining fumace comprising a channel type induction fumace without a forehearth as defined above in fluid communication with the Iron furnace fore-hearth through the liquid iron transfer conduit to receive liquid iron from the Iron fumace fore-hearth, to convert the liquid iron to liquid steel and contain the liquid steel as a pool in a hearth, and to transfer slag-free liquid steel from the liquid steel pool to the alloying container by means of a liquid steel transfer conduit, and the refining fumace being provided with a closable outlet to tap liquid steel from the refining fumace.

There is further provided for the steelmaking apparatus to preferably also include an alloying chamber and a casting machine tundish;

with the alloying chamber being provided with heating means for liquid steel to receive liquid steel from the outlet of the refining fumace and contain and heat the liquid steel as a pool in the alloying chamber, the alloying chamber Including means for the addition of alloying éléments, and the alloying chamber further being configured to transfer slag-free liquid steel to the tundish by means of a tundish transfer conduit extending from beneath the operative slag level of the alloying chamber to the tundish; and with the tundish being configured to receive liquid steel from the alloying container through the tundish transfer conduit to feed a casting machine operatively associated with the tundish by means of a casting outlet; and with the steelmaking apparatus including control means for the liquid iron and liquid steel levels in the fumaces in the form of one or more of casting speed control for the tundish and at least one liquid Iron tap hole from the iron fumace.

There is still further provided for the alloying chamber of the steelmaking apparatus to preferably comprise a channel type induction fumace as defined above, and for the alloying chamber to include stirring means for the liquid steel.

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There is also provided for the refining fumace of the steelmaking apparatus to include a charging hole for scrap steel or iron.

These and other features of the invention are described in more detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is an end perspective view of a double loop channel type Induction fumace according to a first embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2 is a front perspective view of part of the fumace of Figure 1 ;

Figure 3 is a front perspective view of a second embodiment of a fumace according to the invention, which comprises a fumace similar to that of Figure 1 with the addition of a first embodiment of a fore-hearth;

Figure 4 is a bottom front perspective view of a part of a third embodiment of a fumace according to the invention, which comprises a single loop channel type induction fumace, provided with a similar fore-hearth as that of the fumace in Figure 3;

Figure 5 is a top perspective view of part of the fumace of Figure 4;

Figure 6 is an end perspective view of part of a single loop channel type induction fumace according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, provided with a second embodiment of a fore-hearth;

Figure 7 is a front perspective view of part of an iron making furnace and part of a refining fumace forming part of steelmaking apparatus according to a flfth embodiment of the invention;

Figure 8 is a front élévation of part of the steelmaking apparatus of Figure 7 showing detail of the connection between its iron making fumace and its refining fumace;

Figure 9 Is a front perspective view of an iron making furnace and a refining fumace forming part of steelmaking apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the invention;

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Figure 10 is top perspective view of part of the steeîmaking apparatus of Figure 9 showing detail of the connection between the iron making fumace and the refïnlng fumace;

Figure 11 Is a sectional front élévation of part of the steeîmaking apparatus of Figure 9 showing detail of an alternative embodiment for the connection between the iron making fumace and the refïning fumace; and

Figure 12 Is a sectional end élévation of the fumace of Figure 1 and also showing its roof when used as a refïning fumace, showing gas distribution therein and the width of the liquid métal bath not covered by feed material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OFTHE INVENTION

First embodiment

A first embodiment of a fumace (1) according to the Invention Is shown in Figures 1 and 2 without its refractory material and ancillary equipment for the sake of clarity. The fumace (1) comprises an inclined floor (2) with two opposing end walls (3A, 3B), a front wall (4A) and an opposing rear wall (4B). The walls (3, 4) extend from the floor (2) to form a hearth (5). A double loop induction heater (6) is secured to the base of the fumace (1) and communicates with the hearth (5) through a throat (7) in the fumace floor (2).

The fumace floor (2) includes an Inclined floor (8), which extends between the front and rear wall (4A, 4B) of the fumace (1). The rear wall (4B) is not shown for the sake of clarity but extends upwards from the rear of the fumace (1), at the rear end (2B) of the floor (2). The inclined floor (2) extends from the rear wall (4B) down to the front wall (4A), and terminâtes In a substantially horizontal section (8), adjacent the front wall (4A).

The front wall (4A) extends upward from the horizontal section (8) of the floor (2), and is inclined into the hearth (5) at an angle of about 10^e from the vertical.

The front wall (4A) Is comprised of a bottom section (12) and a top section (13). The bottom section (12) extends further Into the hearth (5) than the top section (13), and the bottom section (12) terminâtes in an upper edge (14) in abutment with the top section (13).

The throat (7) Is located below the horizontal section (8) of the floor (2) and includes a central down-passage (9), which serves as an inlet Into the induction heater (6). The inlet to the down- passage (9) is located within a recessed portion (11) in the horizontal section (8) of the fumace floor (2).

The throat (7) also includes two side up-passages (10A, 10B) on opposite sldes of the central passage (9) which serve as outlets from the induction heater (6). The up-passages (1 OA, 10B) each has an outlet in the floor at a location in abutment with the base of the front wall bottom section (12). The front wall bottom section (12) is provided with a vertical slot (15A, 15B) extending upwards above each up-passage (10A, 10B) through it and opening onto the upper edge (14) of the bottom section (12).

The outlets of the up-passages (10A, 10B) are located undemeath the vertical slots (15A, 15B) ln the front wall (4A) whilst the inlet (9) is located in the horizontal section (8) of the floor (2). The outlets (10A, 10B) are thus placed to direct the fiow of heated métal upwards in abutment with the front wall (4A), whiîst the inlet (9) Is located off-set from that to draw métal in from the bottom of the liquid métal bath, and more specifically métal located in the recessed portion (11) of the horizontal section (8) of the floor (2).

ln use, liquid métal is heated in the channels of the induction heater (6) through electrical résistance to the fiow of electromagnetically induced electrical current in these channels. Cooler métal enters the central channel through the central down-passage (9) drawn from the bottom of the liquid métal bath, while heated métal exits from the two outer channels through the outer throat up-passages (10A, 10B). This Is well known technology which requires no additional explanation.

The outlets (10A, 10B) are located ln the front wall (4A) to ensure that the heated métal that exits the outlets (10A, 10B) fiow upwards in contact with the front wall (4A). The heated métal continues flowing (15) ln the vertical slots (15A, 15B) ln the front wall (4A) to exit onto the upper edge (14) of the bottom section (12).

The meniscus (17) of the liquid métal bath is operatively malntained above the upper edge (14) of the bottom section (12), which means the heated métal is directed upwards in the slots (15A, 15B) along the front wall (4A) to undemeath the meniscus (17). When the relatively diffuse jets (16) impinge on the meniscus (17) from below, fiow Is spread away from and along the top of the front wall (4A).

By arranging a larger number of smaller Inductors along the length of a relatively very long fumace with ail their up-passage outlets équidistant from each other, controlled and even melting can be spread over a long distance. The front wall (4A) Inward angle influences the degree of diffusion (spreadîng) and stability of the jets (16) before reaching the meniscus (17).

The inward angle of the front wall (4A) and the use of the slots (15A, 15B) mitigates deflection of the jets (16A, 16B) by circulating métal currents in the bath which would otherwise adversely affects the melting pattern in the hearth. This arrangement has the effect of stable fiow patterns with reduced likelihood of heated métal retuming to the induction heater (6).

The objective would be to design the furnace to Introduce heat at a low intensity (kW/m fumace length) and evenly to ensure even melting of charge material and thereby maximize the opportunity to transfer combustion heat to the top surface of the material to be melted. This is achieved by using smaller Induction heaters, each with a better power factor, as opposed to the conventional larger induction heater, making it more économie to operate.

This also makes it possible and economically feasible to construct a larger volume furnace, In which the distance of the end walls Is greatiy Increased. This provides an elongated horizontal section of the floor into which a sériés of induction heaters is fitted, side-by-side. Each of these induction heaters wiil then serve a predetermined length of the furnace, typically being about 3m. The distance between the two outlets of each Induction heater is then about 1.5m, and each outlet serves about 1.5m in length.

Second embodiment

A second embodiment of a fumace (50) according to the invention is shown in Figure 3. This fumace (50) Is similar to the fumace (1) of the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, with the addition of a first embodiment of a fore-hearth (60). The fumace (50) includes an inclined floor (71), two opposing end walls (72A, 72B), a front wall (73A) and an opposing rear wall (73B). The walls (72, 73) extend from the floor (71) to form a hearth (74). The inclined floor (71) extends from the rear wall (73B) down to the front wall (73A), and terminâtes in a substantially horizontal section (75), adjacent the front wall (73A).

The front wall (73A) extends upward from the horizontal section (75) of the floor (71), and is inclined Into the hearth (74) at an angle of about 10* from the vertical.

The front wall (73A) Is comprised of a bottom section (76) and a top section (77). The bottom section (76) extends further Into the hearth (74) than the top section (77), and the bottom section (76) terminâtes in an upper edge (78) in abutment with the top section (77).

The fumace (50) includes a double loop induction heater (79) secured to the base of the fumace (50), which communlcates with the hearth (74) through a throat (80) below the horizontal section (75) of the fumace floor (71). The throat (80) Includes a central Inlet passage (9), which serves as an Inlet Into the Induction heater (79). The inlet to the down passage (53) is located within a recessed portion ln the horizontal section (75) of the fumace floor (71).

The throat (80) also Includes two spaced-apart outlet passages (54A, 54B), located on opposite sides of the Inlet passage (53). Each outlet passage (54) Includes a first vertical (56A, 56B) section, that is arranged substantially vertical and is directed substantially parallel with the Inlet passage (53). Each first section (56A, 56B) extends Into an angled second section (57A, 57B), which Is directed upward and away from the fumace (50). These second sections (57A, 57B) of the outiet passages (54A, 54B) each separately opens up In the floor (61) of the fore-hearth (60). The fore-hearth (60) is located adjacent the front wall (58A) of the fumace (50). The fore-hearth (60) is comprised of a floor (61), with walls (62) extending upward around it to form the hearth (63) of the fore-hearth (60).

The fore-hearth (60) Is also provided with two outlet passages (64A, 64B) in its floor (61), which extend downwards from the fore-hearth (60) and is each directed to the fumace (50) to curve up from lower than the front wall (58A) of the fumace (50) to each respectively flow Into a slot (59A, 59B) formed in the lower section (76) of the front wall (58A), which opens up onto the upper edge (78) of the lower section (76).

The second sections (57A, 57B) of the outlet passage (54A, 54B) from the Induction heater (79) each branches into another passage (81 A, 81 B) before It reaches the fore-hearth (60). These passages (81 A, 81 B) are each connected to the respective outlet passage (59A, 59B) from the fore-hearth (60) on its end of the fumace (50) and feeds along with such fore-hearth (60) outlet passage (59A, 59B) Into the respective slot (59A, 59B) In the lower section (76) of the front wall (58A) of the fumace (50).

ln use the hearth (63) of the fumace (50) is filled with liquid métal, which circulâtes through the induction heater (79) for heating. Cooler métal is drawn into the channel (55) via the central Inlet passage (53). Heated métal flows from the channel (55) to the hearth (63) and to the fore-hearth (60) via the outlet passages (54A, 54B).

When the power is switched off at any stage, there is no movement of métal in the passages (53, 54A, 54B). When power is switched on, heat is exchanged between the channel (55) and the métal in the ends of the passages (53, 54A, 54B) where they connect with the channel (55). Since there is a greater volume of métal contained in the larger inlet passage (53), more heat is required to heat métal in the inlet passage (53) than what is required to heat the métal in the smaller outlet passages (54A, 54B). At some stage the métal in the outlet passages (54A, 54B) reaches a higher température than the métal in the inlet passage (53). The density of métal generally decreases with an Increase in it température. The higher density of the métal in the inlet passage (53) causes it to dispiace métal via the channel (55) loop to the outlet passages (54A, 54B). Initially the flow rate is extremely low, but once it is started, the effect Is enhanced by cool métal being drawn into the inlet passage (53), heated in the channel (55) and passed on into the outlet passages (54A, 54B).

By having separate inlet (53) and outlet (54A, 54B) passages it is possible to direct the flow of métal from the outlet passages (54A, 54B). In particular, it is possible to direct the flow of heated métal away from the inlet passage (53) to avoid short-circuiting of métal flow. ln a conventionai double loop induction heated fumace short-circuiting is possible, and usually expected, when the bath levei is low in the hearth (63). This could lead to local overheating with weil-known négative effects.

By directing flow of heated métal away from the inlet (53), it is possible even with very low bath levels to avoid short-circuiting.

As indicated above, the heated métal that flows from the induction heater channel (55) is split into two to reach the hearth (63), firstly via the passages (57A, 57B) to the fore-hearth (60) and secondly via the direct passages (81 A, 81 B) to the hearth (63). The heated métal that flows to the fore-hearth (60) and collecte in the fore-hearth (60) up to the same levei as in the fumace (50). This is because both the fumace hearth (63) and the fore-heath (60) are connected and at atmospheric pressure, which allows level equalisation to occur. The forehearth (60) is provided with a closable overflow in one of its side walls (62) that is used to tap slag-free heated liquid métal from the fore-hearth (60), and thus effectively from the fumace (50). The métal is substantially siag-free because it enters the inlet passage (53) to the induction heater (79) from the bottom of the hearth (63), where the least slag will be présent. Slag entrapment in the métal Is minimised due to the steady operating conditions ln the hearth (63), which avolds violent actions and reactions in the hearth, and allows slag to float to the top of the liquid métal bath in the hearth (63).

The advantage of tapping essentiaily slag-free liquid métal from the fumace (50) Is signîficant and is self-evident to those skilled in the art.

Third embodiment

A third embodiment of an Induction fumace (20) according to the Invention Is shown in Figures 4 and 5, again shown without its refractory material and ancillary equipment for the sake of clarity. This third embodiment comprises a single loop induction heated fumace (20) that includes a shell lined with refractory material (not shown), and having an inclined floor (21) with two opposing end walls (22A, 22B), a front wall (23A) and an opposing rear wall (23B). The walls extend from the floor (21) to form a hearth (29).

The inclined floor (21 ) extends from the rear wall (23B) down to the front wall (23A), and terminâtes in a substantially horizontal section (30), adjacent the front wall (23A).

The front wall (23A) extends upward from the horizontal section (30) of the floor (21), and Is inclined into the hearth (29) at an angle of about 10’ from the vertical.

The front wall (23A) is comprised of a bottom section (31 ) and a top section (32). The bottom section (31 ) extends further into the hearth (29) than the top section (32), and the bottom section (31) terminâtes in an upper edge (33) in abutment with the top section (32).

The fumace (20) Includes at least one single loop channel type induction heater (24) associated with it and this induction heater (24) is in fluid communication with the hearth (29) by means of a throat (25) in the floor (21 ). The throat (25) is located below the horizontal section (30) of the floor (21 ).

The throat (25) comprises two throat passages (26, 27) each of which is in communication with the Induction heater channel (26). The throat passages (26, 27) include an Inlet passage (26) for flow of métal from the hearth (23) to the induction heater channel (28) and an outlet passage (27) for flow of métal from the induction heater channel (28) to the hearth (29), with the Inlet passage (26) having a larger cross sectional area than the outlet passage (27).

A person skilied In the art will appreciate that the channel (28) and the portions of the passages (26, 27) that extend below the furnace are formed within a bulk of refractory material. For the sake of clarity, this refractory material below the fumace (20) is not shown In any of the drawings.

As mentioned, the throat comprises two passages, namely the inlet passage (26) and the outlet passage (27). The inlet passage (26) commences at floor level (21) in the hearth and extends substantially vertical down from the floor to the channel (28), to which It Is tangentially connected. The outlet passage (27) extends from the channel (28), also tangentially, and terminâtes In a recessed portion of the lower section of the front wall (31).

It has a first section (34) that Is arranged substantially vertical and Is directed substantially parallel with the inlet passage (26). The first section (34) extends into an angled second section (35), which is directed upward and away from the fumace (20). This second section (35) of the outlet passage opens up în the floor (41) of a fore-hearth (40), which is located adjacent the front wall (23A) of the fumace (20). The fore-hearth (40) îs comprised of a floor (41), with walls (42) extending upward around it to form the hearth (43) of the fore-hearth (40).

The fore-hearth (40) Is also provided with an outlet passage (44) in its floor (41), which Is extends downwards from the fore-hearth (40) and directed to the fumace to curve up from lower than the front wall (23A) of the fumace (20) to flow into a slot (36) formed in the lower section (31) of the front wall (23A), which opens up onto the upper edge (33) of the lower section (31).

The second section (35) of the outlet passage (27) from the induction heater (28) branches into another passage (37) before it reaches the fore-hearth (40). This passage (37) is connected to the outlet passage (44) from the fore-hearth (40) and feeds along with the forehearth (40) outlet passage (44) into the slot (37) in the lower section (31 ) of the front wall (23A) of the fumace (20).

In use the hearth (29) of the fumace (20) is filled with liquid métal, which circulâtes through the Induction heater (24) for heating. Cooler métal is drawn into the channel (28) via the inlet passage (26). Heated métal flows from the channel (28) to the hearth (29) and to the forehearth (40) via the outlet passage (27).

When the power is switched off at any stage, there is no movement of meta! in the passages (26, 27). When power Is switched on, heat Is exchanged between the channel (28) and the métal in the ends of the passages (26, 27) where they connect with the channel (28). Since there Is a greater volume of métal contained in the larger inlet passage (26), more heat is required to heat métal in the Inlet passage (26) than what is required to heat the métal ln the smaller outlet passage (27). At some stage the métal in the outlet passage (27) reaches a higher température than the métal In the inlet passage (26). The density of métal generally decreases with an Increase ln It température. The higher density of the métal ln the inlet passage (26) causes it to displace métal via the channel (28) loop to the outlet passage (27). Initially the flow rate is extremely low, but once it is started, the effect is enhanced by cool métal being drawn Into the inlet passage (26), heated in the channel (28) and passed on Into the outlet passage (27).

By having separate Inlet (26) and outlet (27) passages It Is possible to direct the flow of métal from the outlet passage (27). ln particular, it is possible to direct the flow of heated métal away from the inlet passage (26) to avoid short-circuiting of métal flow. In a conventional single loop Induction heated fumace short-circuiting is possible, and usually expected, when the bath level is low in the hearth (29). This could lead to local overheating with well-known négative effects.

By directing flow of métal away from the Inlet (26), it is possible even with very low bath levels to avoid short-circuiting.

As Indicated above, the heated métal that flows from the induction heater channel (28) Is split Into two to reach the hearth (29), firstly via the passage (35) to the fore-hearth (40) and secondly via the direct passage (37) to the hearth (29). The heated métal that flows to the fore-hearth (40) and collects in the fore-hearth (40) up to the same level as ln the fumace (20). This Is because both the fumace hearth (29) and the fore-heath (40) are connected and at atmospheric pressure, which allows level equalisation to occur. The fore-hearth (40) Is provided with a closable overflow in one of its side walls (42) that is used to tap slag-free heated liquid métal from the fore-hearth (40), and thus effectively from the fumace (20). The métal is substantially slag-free because it enters the Inlet passage (26) to the induction heater from the bottom of the hearth (29), where the least slag will be présent. Slag entrapment ln the métal Is minimisée! due to the steady operating conditions in the hearth (29), which avoids violent actions and réactions in the hearth, and allows slag to float to the top of the liquid métal bath in the hearth (29).

The advantage of tapping essentially slag-free liquid métal from the fumace (20) Is significant and Is self-evident to those skilled ln the art.

Fourth embodiment

A fourth embodiment of an induction-heated fumace (90) according to the Invention is shown In Figure 6. This fumace (90) is again shown without its refractory material and ancillary equipment for the sake of clarity. This third embodiment (90) comprises a single loop induction heated fumace (90) that Includes a shell lined with refractory material (not shown), and having an Inclined floor (91) with two opposing end walls (92A, 92B), a front wall (93A) and an opposing rear wall (93B). The walls extend from the floor (91 ) to form a hearth (99).

The inclined floor (91) extends from the rear wall (93B) down to the front wall (93A), and terminâtes in a substantially horizontal section (100), adjacent the front wall (93A).

The front wall (93A) extends upward from the horizontal section (100) of the floor (91), and Is Inclined into the hearth (99) at an angle of about 10’ from the vertical.

The front wall (93A) is provided with a portai (101), which extends to a trench (102) bounded by side (103) and end walls (104). The trench (102) extends away from the front wall (93A) of the fumace (90). The trench (102) has a depth that places It bottom below the operative the slag line of the liquid métal bath ln the fumace (90). This means that slag can flow into the trench (102) up to Its distal end wall (104). The trench (102) is also provided with an overflow in its side (103) or end wall (104), with a height that allows only slag to overflow from it This provides the fumace with an outlet for slag.

The fumace (90) includes at least one single loop channel type Induction heater (94) associated with It and this induction heater (94) is in fluid communication with the hearth (99) by means of a throat (95) in the floor (91). The throat (95) Is located below the horizontal section (100) of the floor (91). The throat (95) comprises a single throat passage (96), which

Is in fluid communication with the induction heater channel (98), which comprises an Inlet passage for flow of métal from the hearth (93) to the Induction heater channel (98).

The central axis of the induction heater (94) In this embodiment Is orientated parallel with the front wall (93A) of the furnace (90), which aligns the circuler channel (98) with the inclined floor (91), viewed from the rear wall (93B) to the front wall (93A). This is dissimilar to the embodiment of the single loop Induction heater (25) of the furnace (20) shown in Figures 4 and 5, ln this embodiment, the channel (98) is still located lower than the hearth (99), but it is not located undemeath the furnace (90). The Inlet passage (96) extends directly below the furnace (90), at its front wall (93A), and Joins the channel (98) tangentially on Its side closest to the furnace (90).

The channel (98) Is provided with an outlet passage (97) that extends vertically from the top of the channel (98). This outlet passage (97) extends vertically upwards underneath the trench (102), and then tums away from the furnace (90) and extends undemeath the trench (102), to tum upwards proximate the distal end (104) of the trench (102), where it extends upwards into the bottom of the trench (102). The outlet passage (97) therefore feeds heated liquid métal Into the bottom of the trench (102), at its distal end (104), from where it flows into the hearth through the portai (101) in the front wall (93B) of the furnace (90).

The slag that flows from the hearth (99) into the trench (102), therefore flows counter current with heated liquid métal that flows from the induction heater (94), through the trench (102) into the hearth (99). This allows for métal droplets trapped in the slag to drop out from the slag Into the stream of heated liquid métal undemeath It, to be moved back into the furnace (90). The furnace (90) is provided with a separate tapping arrangement that takes of liquid métal below the slag line, allowing essentially slag free métal to be tapped from the furnace.

A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the channel (98) and the portions of the passage (96) that extend below the furnace (90) are formed within a bulk of refractory material. For the sake of clarity, this refractory material below the furnace (90) is not shown in any of the drawings.

Fifth embodiment

A fifth embodiment of the invention Is shown ln Figure 7, with detail thereof ln Figure 8. This embodiment of the Invention comprises steelmaking apparatus (110) Includes an Iron making furnace (111) and a refining furnace (112).

The iron making furnace (111) comprises a furnace (113) similar to that of the first embodiment (1) shown in Figures 1 and 2, which furnace (113) Is provided with a sériés of 6 spaced apart double loop Induction heaters (114A-F) which each communicate with the hearth (115) through a throat (116) ln the fumace floor (117).

During operation, and once a pool of liquid iron has been established ln the hearth of the fumace (113), liquid iron is produced from the raw material feed of iron ore, coai and fluxes fed Into the fumace (113) using, for example, a process as described ln any one or more of patent applications PCT/IB2012/050938, PCT/1B2014/064801, and ZA2013/07212 or plg Iron and/or scrap Is melted In a well-deslgned fumace.

The Iron making fumace (111) includes at one end (118) a fore-hearth (119) extending from the induction heater (114F) located at that end (118). This is similar in arrangement to the second embodiment of the fumace (50) and fore-hearth (60) shown in Figure 3.

The fore-hearth (119) in this fifth embodiment is comprised of a floor (124), with walls (125) extending upward around It to form the hearth (126) of the fore-hearth (119).

The fore-hearth (119) Is in fluid communication with the double loop induction heater (114F) through extensions (120) from the outlet passages (121) from the induction heater channel (122). Each of these separately opens up in the floor (124) of the fore-hearth (119). The forehearth (119) Is located adjacent the front wall (123) of the fumace (111).

Rie fore-hearth (119) is also provided with outlet passages (127) in its floor (124), which extend downwards from the fore-hearth (119) and is each directed to the Iron-making fumace (111) to curve up from lower than the front wall (123) of the fumace (111) to each respectively flow into a slot (not shown) formed in the lower section (not shown) of the front wall (123), which opens up onto the upper edge (not shown) of the lower section (not shown).

The fore-hearth (119) extends on its side distal from the iron-making fumace (111) into a trough (128) which includes an upwardly angled floor (129), which rises to an overflow passage (130) which connects the fore-hearth (119) with the steel-making fumace (112). The fore-hearth with the overflow passage (130) acts as a so-called tea-pot arrangement to transfer liquid iron to the refining fumace (112), which is a decarburization or refining vessel. The overflow passage (130) is closable by means of a clay plug (135).

ln the refîning fumace (112) liquid iron is refined by decarburization to produce liquid steel (14). The steelmaking or refîning fumace (112) includes a set of four (or any suitable number) double loop electrical Induction heaters (131A-D), which each communicate with the hearth (133) through a throat (132) in the fumace floor (134) to cïrculate and heat the liquid steel.

Heat Is required to compensate for endothermie chemical reactions and the cooling effect of cold fluxes and iron oxides and to heat the liquid Iron from between about 1300’C and 1400^eC to steel températures between about 1480^eC and 1550’C, depending on the steel grade to be made and casting requirements.

The refîning fumace (112) Is provided with means (not shown) to remove slag containing phosphores, sulfur Impurities, siiica, lime and Iron oxide.

From the refîning fumace (112), métal is again transferred through another teapot arrangement (not shown) to a casting arrangement, which may include an alloying chamber (not shown), for further chemical refinement and température control of the liquid steel before It is cast Into a casting mould.

There is no significant loss in élévation between the iron making fumace (111) and the refîning fumace (112).

The total surface area of liquid métal in the fumaces (111, 112) Is large when compared to conventional technology, resulting in extremely slow changes in élévation during operation when there is a mismatch between melting and casting rates. If the casting rate is lower than the melting rate the level can be controlled by tapping iron from the Iron making fumace (111) by means of the additional tapping spouts (not shown) to produce pig iron pigs. If the casting rate cannot be reduced to compensate for insufficient iron production, scrap steel or Iron can be added to the refîning fumace (112).

Stirring ln the iron making fumace (111) and In the refîning fumace (112) is taken care of by the channel inductor (114,131) and throat arrangements (116,132). Small amounts of slag are formed in the alloying chamber (not shown) which is removed by manual or mechanical sklmming (not shown).

Alloying and température control is performed using conventional techniques.

Refining Is performed by supplying oxygen ln the form of Iran ore or mill scale. Power required for the réduction of the Iran oxide Is provided by the channel induction heaters (131). Removal of phosphorous is favoured by lower températures, high oxygen potential, basic slag formation and efficient slag to métal contact. Ail these conditions are ideally reached in the refining fumace (112) without the risk of nitrogen pickup.

Conventional conversion of iron to steel by blowing oxygen gas, results in removal of carbon and silicon from the Iron. Further oxygen is required to increase the iron content of the slag, which negatively impacts the yield of steel from a given available iron quantity. To obtain the correct level of iron oxide in the slag in the conventional processes high cost Fe in the liquid iron feed is oxidized. The net effect is that conventionally one can expect a yield (from liquid iron to liquid steel) of about 94%.

ln the processing according to the invention the carbon in the melt is effectively replaced by »

Fe from the ore. Effectively no oxidation of the iron contained in the liquid feed material is performed, and a 106% yield can be reached with the présent process. High cost Fe contained in liquid iron is replaced by low cost Fe contained ln iron ore and losses minimized. ln the présent process low cost iron oxide is obtained from the ore, and further carbon présent in the liquid iron reduces Fe from the ore or slag thereby increasing the mass of liquid métal.

Decarburization with gaseous oxygen, as used in the conventional processes, results in Fe being vaporized at the point of impact of the oxygen jet with the métal. This Is seen as red smoke. The off-gas must be scrubbed with water for removal of the iron oxide, resulting in high water consumption and sludge disposai requirements. In this way the gas can be cleaned and be suitable for recovery as fuel. A maximum volume of off-gas is formed during short periods (less than 25% of calendar time) requlring large ID fans, water pumps, pipes, ducts and electrical motors that consume electric power ail the time.

Since the métal and slag levels do not change by more than about 50mm over time, water cooled copper éléments are used to cool a small section of the lining along the slag line.

This will ensure extremely long lining lives in ail the vessels. So called freeze linings are thus formed.

In this manner and by using this configuration of an iron-making fumace (111) and refining fumace (112) it is possible to produce liquid steel In a very efficient and controlled manner.

The fumaces (111, 112) shown in Figures 7 and 8 are not arranged in a line - the two fumaces (111, 112) are angled at about 90* with respect to each other across the intersection formed by the tea-pot arrangement transfer system (128). The 90’ is created by taking the transfer system (128) at a right angle of the last induction heater (114F) and introducing it again at a right angle into the side of the refining fumace (112).

Sixth embodiment

As shown with the sixth embodiment of a steelmaking apparatus (140) in Figures 9 to 11, It is possible to arrange an iron making fumace (141) and a refining fumace (142) in this type of configuration in a straight line, with liquid iron being transferred through a tea-pot arrangement transfer system (143) from the iron-making fumace (141) to the refining furnace (142).

In this embodiment (140) the iron making fumace is provided with five double loop Induction heaters (144A-E) and one single loop induction heater (145). The single loop Induction heater (145) includes a fore-hearth (148) similar to that described in the third embodiment shown in Figure 5, with the différence that the Induction heater Is located at the end (146) of the iron making fumace, which locates the induction heater channel (147) beside the end (146) of the fumace (141).

The fore-hearth (148) is fed with heated liquid métal (in this instance liquid iron), from the induction heater channel (147) through a conduit (149) which flows into the base (150) of the fore-hearth (148). The fore-hearth (148) is also provided with an outlet (151) whîch flows out of its base (150) to below the end of the fumace wall (146) to feed into the fumace hearth (152). In this manner, substantially slag free heated liquid iron Is passed from the induction heater (145) through the fore-hearth (148) to the iron making fumace hearth (152).

The fore-hearth (148) also includes proximate its top an overflow passage (153) which connects the fore-hearth (148) with the refining fumace (142). In this embodiment the forehearth (148) if connected at a right angle of the side (146) of the iron making fumace (141) and It connects through the overflow passage (153) at a right angle to the refining fumace (142). This aligns the iron-making fumace (141) and refining fumace (142) in a straight line.

Of course, it is possible to change this straight line to an angled connection, by changing the angle at which the fore-hearth is connected to either of the iron making fumace (141) or the refining fumace (142).

More importantly, the configuration means the fore-hearth (148) receives and contains substantially slag free and recently heated liquid Iran from the single loop induction heater (145). This means the liquid iron Is clean and its température Is very stable, which provides a high quality stable input to the refining fumace (142).

General

A final aspect of the invention Is shown in Figure 12, which shows a sectional end view of a fumace (160) according to the first embodiment of the invention, shown in Figures 1 and 2, when used as a refining fumace.

Feed material (161) will be charged from the side of the rear wall (162) onto the inclined floor (163) and will be partly supported by it and partly float on the surface of the liquid métal bath (164) . In the case of a refining fumace, there is a wide portion of the liquid métal bath that is not covered by feed material. The floor (163) is operatively shlelded by a protective skull (177) which forms onto It.

The upper surface of the charged material Is exposed to a combustion chamber (165) formed below the roof (166) of the fumace (160), thereby reducing the electrical energy required for heating, chemical reactions and melting.

The sériés of spaced apart Induction heaters (167) along the front wall (168) makes the front wall (168) effectively the warm wall, and this prevents material (161) that hâve been charged to the fumace (160) from the rear wall (162) side from creating a bridge between the rear wall (162) and front wall (168), which is to be avolded to prevent unstable operating conditions from developlng.

The soiid feed (161) consists of ore fines, fluxes and a small amount of coal to reduce the

Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ to mainly FeO. Heat generated by the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) formed at the metal-slag Interface (169) bubbles (174) through the slag (170), and this is used to help drive the endothermie decarburization reaction and to melt the FeO rich slag at the surface (171) of the heap of material. The molten FeO rich slag flows down the surface (171) ofthe heap to join the layer of slag (170) on the métal surface (169).

Hot air and oxygen (172) is pumped Into the fumace (160) across the surface of the slag layer (170), to flow up over the surface (171) of the material supported on the inclined floor (163). Spent gas (173) circulate around the Interior of the combustion chamber (165), and joins the hot air and oxygen (172) and CO (174) to moderate the flame temperature and prevent formation of NOx. The spent gas, also known as off-gas, ultimately finds its way ln a circulating/ corkscrew along the length of the fumace (160) to exhaust openings (176) in the end-walls (175). The off-gas is passed through a heat exchanger (not shown) to heat the air used in the fumace (160).

As mentioned above, Figure 12 relates to a refining fumace (160). If the fumace of the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 is used for iron making the gas flow pattern is similar, but the distribution of the feed material ln the hearth is different. As shown in Figures 7 and 9, the feed material (178, 179) in the iron making fumaces (111, 141) covers aimost the entire liquid métal bath, leaving only a small portion of the bath uncovered (180,181). This is in comparison with the much larger area of the liquid métal bath (182, 183) that Is left uncovered ln the refining fumaces (112,142) by the feed material (184,185).

The reason for this is that there is practically no gas évolution from the liquid métal surface ln the Iron making fumaces (111, 141), whereas there Is significant gas évolution from the liquid métal surface in the refining fumaces (112,142).

it will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and it is possible to include changes to the embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (16)

1. A channel type Induction fumace comprising a shell lined with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form a hearth, at least one induction heater associated with the fumace and communicating with the hearth by means of a throat ln the floor, the throat including throat passages comprising a downpassage serving as an inlet to the induction heater and at least one up-passage serving as an outlet from the Induction heater, the throat passages being complementary shaped and configured to channels In the Induction heater and each passage being in fluid communication with a complimentary shaped and sized channel; with the fumace floor being Inclined downwards from an operative rear of the hearth towards an opposing operative front of the hearth;

with the wall at the front of the hearth comprising a bottom section and a top section to form a front wall, with the front wall bottom section extending further Into the hearth than the front wall top section, and the front wall bottom section terminating in an upper edge in abutment with the front wall top section;

with the down-passage having an inlet in the floor at a location proximate the base of the front wall;

with the or each up-passage having an outlet in the floor at a location ln abutment with the base of the front wall bottom section and with the front wall bottom section being provided with a vertical slot extending upwards above the or each uppassage through it and opening onto the upper edge of the bottom section, and with the Induction heater being located proximate the front wall.

2. A fumace as claimed in claim 1 in which the floor Is provided with a pit proximate the base of the front wall bottom section and the inlet for the down-passage Is located ln the pit.

3. A fumace as claimed in claim 2 in which the wall is comprised of the front wall, an opposing rearwall forming the rearofthe hearth, and two opposing end walls;

with an end wall extending between each of opposing ends of the front wall and the rear wall.

4. A fumace as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 which comprises a double loop channel type Induction fumace with its throat including a central down-passage serving as an inlet to the induction heater and two up-passage$ on opposite sides of the central down-passage serving as outlets from the induction heater, and with the two outlets from the up-passages being spaced apart, preferably being an equal distance from the down-passage.

5. A fumace as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 in which the front wall is inclined Into the hearth.

6. A fumace as claimed ln claim 5 in which the front wall Is inclined into the hearth by between about 0^e and 10^e from the vertical.

7. A fumace as claimed in any one or more of claims 1 to 6 In which the fumace floor includes a substantially horizontal floor base proximate the front wall bottom section, preferably with the Inlet to the central passage being located in the floor base.

8. A fumace as claimed ln any one of claims 1 to 7 which Includes a fore-hearth separate from the fumace hearth, the fore-hearth comprising a shell lined with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form the fore-hearth; with the fore-hearth communicating with the Induction heater up-passage by means of passages opening Into It ln Its floor, the fore-hearth passages comprising a down-passage serving as an outlet and an uppassage serving as an Inlet to the fore-hearth from the or each Induction heater uppassage operatively to receive substantially slag-free métal from the induction heater, with the fore-hearth passages being complementary shaped and configured to the channels in the induction heater, and with the fore-hearth Including a liquid métal overflow plug.

9. A fumace as claimed in claim 8, read with claim 4, in which the fore-hearth Includes a set of fore-hearth passages, with each set comprising a down-passage serving as an outlet and an up-passage serving as an inlet to the fore-hearth, with each set of forehearth passages being ln fluid communication with an induction heater up-passage.

10. A fumace as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 which includes an elongate forehearth separate from and extending away from the fumace hearth, the fore-hearth comprising a sheîl lined with refractory material, and having a floor with a wall extending from the floor to form the fore-hearth, with the fore-hearth communlcating with the induction heater up-passage by means of at least one passage opening into it in its floor at a location distal from the fumace hearth, with the fore-hearth communicating with the fumace hearth by means of a portai extending through the fumace front wall, preferably above the upper edge of the front wall bottom section, with the fore-hearth including a slag outlet, preferably an overflow outlet, at a point distal from the fumace hearth, operatively for heated métal to flow into the fore-hearth at the inlet distal from the fumace hearth and from the fore-hearth into the fumace through the portai, and for slag to flow from the fumace hearth into the fore-hearth through the portai counter current with the heated liquid métal, to allow métal droplets contained in the slag to pass through the slag into the flow of heated métal beneath the slag, and for slag to be removed from the fore-hearth through the slag outlet.

11. A method of operating a fumace as claimed in claim 1 to produce liquid métal, including the steps of preparing a feed material comprising a metallic oxide and a reductant, charging the feed material into the fumace onto the inclined fumace floor proximate a rear wall at an operative rear of the hearth, operatively allowing the feed material to accumulate on the floor and to extend into the liquid métal bath, to undergo carbo-thermic réduction through radiation from heat of combustion of gases, for the feed material to melt and join the liquid métal bath, with the gases origlnating from heating of the feed material and optionally also from fuel, preferably gas, introduced Into free space above the liquid métal bath and feed material.

12. A method as claimed in claim 11 which includes the step of introducing fuel into the free space above the liquid métal bath and feed material to combust and generate heat for réduction of the feed material.

13. Steelmaking apparatus comprising an iron fumace, and a refining fumace;

with the iron fumace comprising a channel type Induction fumace as claimed ln claim 8 provided with a liquid iron transfer conduit extending from the iron fumace forehearth to the refining fumace, to produce liquid iron from an iron containing feed material, contain the liquid iron as a pool in the iron fumace hearth, and to transfer slag-free liquid iron from the pool to the refïning fumace by means of the liquid Iron transfer conduit; and with the refïning fumace comprising a channel type induction fumace as claimed In any one of claims 1 to 7 In fluid communication with the iron fumace fore-hearth through the liquid iron transfer conduit to receive liquid iron from the Iron fumace fore-hearth, to convert the liquid Iron to liquid steel and contain the liquid steel as a pool in the refïning fumace hearth, and to transfer slag-free liquid steel from the liquid steel pool to the alioying container by means of a liquid steel transfer conduit, and the refïning fumace being provided with a closable outlet to tap liquid steel from the refïning fumace.

14. Steeîmaking apparatus as claimed In claim 13 which includes an alioying chamber and a casting machine tundish;

with the alioying chamber being provided with heating means for liquid steel to receive liquid steel from the outlet of the refïning fumace and contain and heat the liquid steel as a pool in the alioying chamber, and the alioying chamber Including means for the addition of alioying eiements, and the alioying chamber further being configured to transfer slag-free liquid steel to the tundish by means of a tundish transfer conduit extending from beneath the operative slag level of the alioying chamber to the tundish; and with the tundish being configured to receive liquid steel from the alioying container through the tundish transfer conduit to feed a casting machine operatively associated with the tundish by means of a casting outlet; and with the steeîmaking apparatus Including control means for the liquid Iron and liquid steel levels in the fumaces In the form of one or more of casting speed control for the tundish, at least one liquid Iron tap hole from the iron fumace.

15. Steeîmaking apparatus as claimed in claim 14, in which the alioying chamber preferably comprises a channel type induction fumace as claimed In any one of claims 1 to 7, and the alioying chamber Includes stirring means for the liquid steel.

16. Steeîmaking apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15 in which the refïning fumace includes a charging hole for scrap steel or Iron.