OA18346A - Assembly system for modular industrial plants - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a modular plant (1), in particular a modular industrial plant, comprising a plurality of cuboid-shaped plant modules (20, 40, 40a, 40c), which are arranged in two or more layers stacked one above the other. The modules have a support structure having fastening points (24, 24', 44, 44'), wherein the fastening points are provided for connecting a module to corresponding fastening points of the adjacent modules of a layer located above and/or below thereof. In the horizontal plane, the modules of a layer are connected to the adjacent modules of the layer located above and/or below thereof in a form-fit manner by means of a connection element (64) having the shape of a double cone or of a double conical frustum. At least one traction device (62, 70, 80) having a tension member (62) is provided, by way of which traction device a bottom layer of modules (40a) or a foundation block (6) can be impinged upon with a tensile force along the vertical, with respect to a top layer of modules (40c) such that along the vertical, the modules between said bottom layer (12) and said top layer (11) and the adjacent modules of the layer located above and/or below thereof are positively pressed together at the fastening points and are thus fixed in place.

Description

The invention relates to modular facilities, in partïcular modular industrial facilities, supply 5 facilities, production facilities etc. The invention further relates to modules for such facilities, and assembly sets for constructing modular facilities, according to the preambles ofthe independent claims.

Technological Background

For certain facilities, in partïcular industrial facilities, supply facilities, production facilities, etc., it may be désirable to construct them in a modular manner, for example to allow rapid and efficient adaptation to new requirements. This may be the case for chemical production facilities, for example, when a change in the product to be produced makes it necessary to adapt or exchange the individual components. Such large chemical facilities 15 frequently require the arrangement of a fairly large number of facility modules in multiple assembly levels situated one above the other. For this purpose, several types of open framework structures and also enclosed buildings are known in the prior art.

In industrial facilities, facility éléments are often used which create vibration, for example motors, turbines, etc. Industrial facilities must therefore preferably be constructed so that 20 such vibrations are not able to propagate in the overall structure, or even to build up.

Large industrial facilities, in partïcular chemical manufacturing facilities or oil refineries, are particularly vulnérable to natural disasters such as earthquakes or storms. In régions having an increased risk for such catastrophes, or in particularly endangered areas, for example densely populated areas, such facilities must be constructed in such a way that 25 they are able to withstand even extreme external influences. The spatial dimensions as well as the modular construction of such facilities, which is often présent, make it very difficult to meet this requirement. In addition, the number, types, sizes, and weights ofthe individual facility modules (components) usually vary greatly from facility to facility. Furthermore, the characteristics of a facility may change considerably over its lifetime, for example because the capacity utilization ofthe facility fluctuâtes, or because the facility is rebuilt and facility modules are replaced, removed, or added. Having to adapt the support structure of such a facility to the new circumstances often requires expensive modifications to its usually complicated architecture, based on complex, costly dynamic 5 structural-mechanical analyses.

A modular construction is likewise advantageous for industrial facilities that must be efficiently dismantled and made transportable, for example to be transported to a remote location and reconstructed. Examples of possible applications here are power plants, processing facilities, control facilities, etc., that are required in mining, but which may hâve 10 to be updated after a few years.

EP 0572814 A1 discloses a chemical facility having a muiti-story structural unit having various building segments with superposed rooms. The facility components together with the associated connections are accommodated in these rooms on mobile stands. The facility components may be quickly removed from the rooms and exchanged on the stands 15 from the sides. In contrast, the basic structure is fixed, and cannot be easily modified or exchanged.

Modular Systems should advantageously be made up of relatively small-volume individual parts so that they may be efficiently transported. The assembly and disassembly, in tum, should be possible without major construction effort.

It is known to assemble individual modules the size of standard cargo containers, for example to erect a temporary building for large construction sites. Such modular Systems are easy to transport due to the standard sizes of the modules, and may be stacked next to and on top of one another, the same as normal cargo containers. However, such structures hâve only limited stability, and in particular are not protected from high 25 mechanical stresses such as those occurring during earthquakes, for example.

Further Systems are known from the prior art for constructing buildings that are protected in particular from natural disasters such as earthquakes and storms.

US 6,151,844 describes structures for creating one- or muiti-story buildings, having wall éléments that are pretensioned in the vertical direction via tension rods. Due to the 30 pretensioning of the wall éléments, they are stabilized against external wind effects and

earthquakes.

WO 2005/121464 A1 describes frame structures for earthquake-resistant modular buildings, in which the beams are brought together to form connecting nodes, so that forces from the beams are concentrically transmitted to these nodes.

WO 95/30814 A1 describes vibration-damped and earthquake-resistant buildings, made up of a déformable vertical core building and an outer structure surrounding same, which are connected by means of energy-absorbing damping éléments. The outer structure comprises a lower portion that is supported against the subsurface, with vibration damping, and an upper portion supported thereon.

US 4,766,708 describes a modular System for vibration-damped building structures. The System has a frame structure with essentially rectangular receiving areas into which modular units may be inserted. The receiving areas each hâve vibration-insulating éléments.

WO 2014/074508 A1 describes a System for connecting modular units, in which in each 15 case eight stacked cube-shaped modules that meet at the corners are joined by means of a plate. The connecting plate is screwed to the roof beams of four modules of a lower layer that abut at the corners. Four modules of an upper layer are placed with their base beams on the connecting plate, a correct orientation of the modules being ensured with annular pins. In each case two superposed connecting éléments are braced together by 20 tension rods within support columns at the vertical edges of the modules. This results in a form-fit and force-fit connection of ail eight mutually abutting modules at their corners. These individual connecting points are mechanically insulated from one another, in the sense that they are only indirectly connected to one another via the modules.

GB 1244356 discloses another System for the modular construction of buildings made up 25 of a plurality of cube-shaped modules. The modules comprise four vertical support columns, in the form of a hollow profile, which at two oppositely situated side faces are connected at the edges to cross braces, and at the other two oppositely situated side faces are connected via side walls in the form of corrugated panels. At the top, the module is closed off by a ceiling panel, and at the bottom, by a floor panel. In each case the support 30 columns of the eight mutually abutting modules are connected to one another in the horizontal in a form-fit manner at the corners by a connecting element. Tension rods, via which the aligned support columns of ali superposed modules are braced against one another, are situated in the support columns. This results in a form-fit and force-fit connection ofthe mutually abutting modules at their corners. Here aswell, the connecting 5 points are mechanically insulated from one another.

WO 2010/031129 A1 discloses another System for the modular construction of buildings made up of a plurality of modules. In each case two vertical support columns are situated on the outer surface at the cube-shaped modules on two opposite side walls in the longitudinal direction. The support columns are slightly offset, so that the support columns 10 of two laterally adjacent modules are in flush alignment with one another in the longitudinal direction. The corresponding two modules are fixed to one another by screwing these support columns together. Adjacent modules are connected in the longitudinal direction in an analogous manner. The support columns of superposed modules are situated in alignment, with centering éléments ensuring a correct orientation. The aligned support 15 columns are likewise screwed together in pairs. This results in connecting points, at which in each case four modules that adjoin one another at the edges are connected in a formfit manner. One or two such connecting points are provided at each edge. These individual connecting points are mechanically insulated from one another.

WO 2004/094752 A1 discloses yet another System for the modular construction of 20 buildings. Situated between superposed support columns of modules are connecting éléments, having an outer flange and an upper and a lower truncated cône having various pitch angles. A through hole is situated in alignment with the truncated cônes and the flange. In the installed state, the flange of one connecting module rests on the support column ofthe module therebelow, and the support column ofthe module thereabove rests 25 on the flange of the connecting element. The truncated cônes of the connecting element are situated in corresponding cone-shaped recesses in the support columns. A continuous tension rod is situated vertically through ail superposed support columns and connecting éléments, the modules being braced against one another in the vertical direction via the tension rod. When the modules are moved laterally, it is provided that after a certain 30 displacement distance the inclined cône wall of the connecting element rests on the inclined cône wall ofthe receiving opening in the support column, sothat a further latéral displacement also results in a displacement in the vertical, opposite the spring force ofthe tension rod, which thus acts as a shock absorber. Further connecting éléments having two adjacent truncated cône éléments are provided, via which two laterally adjacent modules may be connected to one another at the corners. Here as well, the individual connecting 5 points ofthe modules ofthe overall structure are mechanically insulated from one another.

None of these Systems allow the implémentation of modular industrial facilities that can be flexibly designed, efficiently assembled and disassembled, whose modules may be easily transported, and which at the same time are secure from extreme mechanical stresses such as earthquakes or storms.

Therefore, there is a general need for progress in this area.

Object of the Invention

The object of the invention is to provide modular facilities of the type stated at the outset, which do not hâve the above-mentioned and other disadvantages.

A modular facility according to the invention should advantageously allow planning and design of the facility. It should be possible to efficiently assemble and disassemble the mentioned modular facilities. At the same time, the modular facility should be secure against extreme mechanical stresses such as earthquakes or storms, as well as general weather effects.

The individual modules of the facility are advantageously easy to transport. The basic structure ofthe individual facility modules is intended to be cost-effective to manufacture.

A further object of the invention is to provide assembly sets for the construction of modular facilities, which allow the construction of such facilities from individual modules.

These and other objects are achieved by a modular facility according to the invention, 25 modules according to the invention for modular facilities, and assembly sets according to the invention for constructing modular facilities, according to the independent claims. Further preferred embodiments are set forth in the dépendent claims.

Description of the Invention

Within the scope of the présent disclosure, the term modular facility refers, among other things, to industrial facilities made up of individual modules, for example chemical production facilities in which various components (for example, reactors, tanks, filters, 5 pumps, heat exchangers, etc.) are typically in operative connection with one another, for example via fines, etc.

Such industrial facilities may also include other processing facilities, for example devices for crushing, washing, sorting, or transporting rock, for example in mining. Power plants may also hâve a modular construction. For example, a facility for utilizing carbon10 containing matériels and for generating energy is known from WO 2011/061299 A1 by the présent applicant. Such a facility may also be implemented as a modular facility.

It is clear to those skilled in the art that the term modular facility encompasses essentially ail technical or industrial facilities and units that are or may be made up of individual modules, in particular chemical production facilities, power plants, supply facilities, 15 purification facilities, processing facilities, etc., as well as other facilities such as storage

Systems, parking garages, and modular buildings that may be constructed from individual modules.

In a first aspect of the invention relating to a modular facility according to the invention, in particular a modular industrial facility, with multiple cube-shaped facility modules that are 20 arranged in two or more layers stacked one above the other, the modules hâve a support structure having fastening points, the fastening points being provided for connecting a module to corresponding fastening points of the adjoining modules of a layer situated above and/or below same;

in the horizontal plane, the modules of one layer are connected in a form-fit manner to the adjoining modules of the layer situated above and/or below same;

at least one tension device having a tension element is provided, via which a lowermost layer of modules or a foundation block can be acted on with a tensile force along the vertical, with respect to an uppermost layer of modules, so that along the vertical, the modules between the said lowermost layer and the said top layer together with the adjoining modules ofthe layer situated above and/or below same are pressed together with a force fit at the fastening points, and are thus fixed in place;

- three or more support éléments that define a first plane are situated on a top side of the support structure of the modules, and three or more support éléments that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side of the support structure facing away from the top side, the support éléments being used as fastening points ofthe modules;

- one support element on the top side and one support element on the bottom side in each case form a pair, and are aligned with one another along a straight line that is parallel to the normal of the planes;

- the said support éléments hâve a conical recess; and

- two mutually facing support éléments of two adjoining modules of adjacent layers are connected by a connecting element, the connecting element having the shape of a double cône or a double truncated cône, and in each case one cône or truncated cône of the connecting element being situated in the conical seating of one ofthe two support éléments and resting on same in direct flush alignment.

The conical latéral surfaces ofthe connecting éléments and the conical latéral surfaces of the seatings of the support éléments are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a 20 support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface of the connecting element that is not part of the latéral surface of the said cône or truncated cône, in particular not on a surface ofthe connecting elementthat is perpendicularto the longitudinal axis of the double cône or double truncated cône.

A support column may be situated in each case between two paired support éléments of 25 a module. The support column absorbs the static forces along the vertical.

The tension device advantageously includes an anchor for the tension element in a module ofthe lowermost layer, and a tensioning device via which the tension element may be tensioned and/or the tensile stress may be maintained. The tension element may be designed, for example, as a single tension rod or multiple parallel tension rods, or as a 30 single tension cable or multiple parallel tension cables. The tension device particularly advantageously has a spring element that is able to compensate to a certain degree for changes in length ofthe tension element due to extemal factors, for example changes in température.

In one advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above, 5 layers having a support module and layers having one or more functional modules are arranged one above the other in alternation.

In another advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above, the modules are arranged in such a way that for at least one layer of modules, the fastening points of two or more modules of the said layer are connected to fastening points 10 of a common module of a layer situated above and/or below same. As a resuit, adjacent modules of a layer are mechanically connected via the jointly connected module of another layer, resulting in reinforcement for the overall facility.

In another advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above, the modules are interlocked and stacked in such a way that at least a portion of the 15 modules form a three-dimensional lattice. This feature also results in mechanical reinforcement of the overall facility.

The modular facility which is mechanically stabilized overall in this way, due to its great rigidity, is able to vibrate only to a very limited extent, so that vibrations caused by individual facility parts, such as rotating machines or other sources of vibrations, or 20 extemal mechanical influences, for example wind effects or earthquakes, are not able to build up, and the natural frequencies ofthe structure are as high as possible.

In yet another advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above, the support éléments of the modules hâve a central opening, so that a tension element is or may be led through the openings along the straight line that is defined by 25 two paired support éléments in each case.

In yet another advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above, the connecting element has a through hole through which a tension element is or may be led.

In such a facility according to the invention discussed above, the modules are 30 advantageously arranged in such a way that the support éléments of ail modules are in

alignment along a plurality of straight lines that are parallel to the vertical, and a tension element may be led through, or a tension element is situated, along each of these straight lines.

One particularly advantageous variant of a facility according to the invention discussed above has at least one tensioning device for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element during changes in température, having a basic structure that is fastened to or supported on a module of the uppermost layer or of the lowermost layer of the facility, a support that is movable with respect to the basic structure along the longitudinal axis of the tension element, and a spring element that is situated between the basic structure and 10 the movable support, wherein a first end of the tension element rests on the movable support of the tensioning device or is connected thereto, a second end of the tension element rests on an opposite side of the facility on a counterbearing or is connected thereto, and the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 ofthe tension element to a second spring constant D2 of the spring element is at least 4/1, preferably at least 6/1, and 15 particularly preferably at least 9/1.

An assembly set according to the invention for constructing a modular facility according to the first aspect ofthe invention comprises

- multiple modules having a support structure, wherein three or more support éléments that define a first plane are situated on a top side ofthe support structure;

three or more support éléments that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side ofthe support structure facing away from the top side; a support element on the top side and a support element on the bottom side in each case form a pair and are aligned with one another along a straight line that is parallel to the normal of the planes; and the said support éléments hâve a conical recess;

multiple connecting éléments that hâve the shape of a double cône or a double truncated cône; and one or more tension éléments;

wherein the conical latéral surfaces of the connecting éléments and the conical latéral surfaces ofthe seatings ofthe support éléments are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface ofthe connecting element that is not part of the latéral surface of the said cône or truncated cône, in particular not on a surface of the connecting element that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the double cône or double truncated cône.

The support éléments ofthe modules advantageously hâve a central opening, so that a tension element may be led through the openings along the straight line that is defined by two paired support éléments in each case.

In one advantageous embodiment of such an assembly set according to the invention, the connecting éléments hâve a through hole through which a tension element may be led.

Another advantageous embodiment of such an assembly set according to the invention includes at least one tensioning device for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element during changes in température, having a basic structure that may be fastened to 15 or supported on a module, a support that is movable with respect to the basic structure, and a spring element that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end of a tension element is supportable on the movable support of the tensioning device or is connectable thereto, and the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 ofthe tension element to a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least 20 4/1, preferably at least 6/1, and particularly preferably at least 9/1.

In a second aspect of the invention, a modular facility according to the invention has multiple cube-shaped facility modules that are arranged in two or more layers stacked one above the other. The modules hâve a support structure having fastening points, the fastening points being provided for connecting a module to corresponding fastening points 25 of the adjoining modules of a layer situated above and/or below same. In the horizontal plane (in the horizontal), the modules of one layer are connected in a form-fit manner to the adjoining modules ofthe layersituated above and/or belowsame. In addition, at least one tension device having a tension element is provided, via which a lowermost layer of modules or a foundation block can be acted on with a tensile force along the vertical, with 30 respect to an uppermost layer of modules, so that along the vertical (vertical axis), the modules between the said lowermost layer and the said top layer together with the adjoining modules of the layer situated above and/or below same along the vertical are pressed together with a force fit at the fastening points, and are thus fixed in place.

The tension device advantageously includes an anchor for the tension element in a module of the lowermost layer, and a tensioning device with which the tension element 5 may be tensioned and/or the tensile stress may be maintained. The tension element may be designed, for example, as a single tension rod or multiple parallel tension rods, or as a single tension cable or multiple parallel tension cables. The tension device particularly advantageously has a spring element that is able to compensate to a certain degree for changes in length of the tension element due to external factors, for example changes in 10 température.

In such a modular facility, layers having a support module and layers having one or more functional modules are advantageously arranged one above the other in alternation.

In another advantageous embodiment variant of such a modular facility, the modules are arranged in such a way that for at least one layer of modules, the fastening points of two 15 or more modules of the said layer are connected to fastening points of a common module of a layer situated above and/or below same. As a resuit, adjacent modules of one layer are mechanically connected via the jointly connected module of another layer, resulting in reinforcement for the overall facility.

It is likewise advantageous when, in a modular facility according to the invention, the 20 modules are interlocked and stacked in such a way that at least a portion of the modules form a three-dimensional lattice. This feature also results in mechanical reinforcement of the overall facility.

The modular facility which is mechanically stabilized overall in this way, due to its great rigidity, is able to vibrate only to a very limited extent, so that vibrations caused by 25 individual facility parts, such as rotating machines or other sources of vibrations, or external mechanical influences, for example wind effects or earthquakes, are not able to build up, and the natural frequencies of the structure are as high as possible

Altematively or additionally, in such a modular facility according to the invention, three or more support éléments that define a first plane are situated on a top side of the support 30 structure of the modules, and three or more support éléments that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side ofthe support structure facing away from the top side. One support element on the top side and one support element on the bottom side in each case form a pair, and are aligned with one another along a straight line that is parallel to the normal of the planes. The support éléments are used as fastening 5 points of the modules.

In such an embodiment of a facility according to the invention, the support éléments ofthe modules particularly advantageously hâve a conical recess. Additionally or altematively, the support éléments ofthe modules hâve a central opening, so that a tension element is or may be led through the openings along the straight line that is defined by two paired 10 support éléments in each case.

A support column may be situated in each case between two paired support éléments of a module. The support column absorbs the static forces along the vertical.

In one advantageous variant, two mutually facing support éléments of two adjoining modules of adjacent layers are connected by a connecting element. The support éléments 15 of the modules particularly advantageously hâve a conical recess, and the connecting element has the shape of a double cône or a double truncated cône, and in each case a cône or truncated cône of the connecting element is situated in flush alignment in the conical seating of one of the two support éléments. The connecting element advantageously has a through hole through which a tension element is or may be led.

In a modular facility according to the invention, the modules are particularly advantageously arranged in such a way that the support éléments of ail modules are in alignment along a plurality of straight lines that are parallel to the vertical. A tension element may be led through, or a tension element is situated, along each of these straight lines.

A module according to the invention for a modular facility has a support structure, wherein three or more support éléments that define a first plane are situated on a top side of the support structure, and three or more support éléments that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side ofthe support structure facing away from the top side. One support element on the top side and one support element on the 30 bottom side in each case form a pair, and are aligned with one another along a straight line that is parallel to the normal ofthe planes.

The support éléments of such a module according to the invention advantageously hâve a conical recess. Altematively or additionally, the support éléments hâve a central opening, so that a tension element may be led through the openings along the straight 5 line that is defîned by two paired support éléments in each case.

In another advantageous variant, a support column is situated in each case between two paired support éléments.

An outer shell may be mounted on the support structure of such a module. In one advantageous variant, the outer shell is designed as a standard cargo container (ISO 10 container).

An assembly set according to the invention for constructing a modular facility according to the invention comprises multiple modules according to the invention and one or more tension éléments. Such an assembly set particularly advantageously has a plurality of connecting éléments to which the fastening points of the modules may be connected.

In a third aspect of the invention, a modular facility according to the invention, in particular a modular industrial facility, comprises multiple cube-shaped functional modules that are arranged in two or more layers stacked one above the other, and multiple connecting modules. A connecting module is situated between the oppositely situated side faces of two directly adjacent functional modules, and is connected in a force-fit and/or form-fit 20 manner to the support structure of the particular functional modules at the corresponding side faces of these functional modules, in each case at three or more connecting points situated in a plane.

Two or more connecting modules of a group of connecting modules that are situated in a common plane (x-y), (y-z), or (x-z) are advantageously designed as a common connecting 25 module.

It is likewise advantageous when at least one pair of functional modules is connected by more than one connecting module at their side faces.

Brief Description ofthe Drawings

Reference is made below to the drawings for better understanding of the présent invention. The drawings merely show exemplary embodiments ofthe subject matter ofthe invention, and are not appropriate for limiting the invention to the features disclosed herein.

Identical or functionally équivalent parts are provided with the same reference numerals in the following figures and the associated description. Modules are merely illustrated schematically as cubes or as rounded cubes.

Figure 1 schematically shows one possible embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, (a) in a front view, (b) in a side view from the left, and (c) in a top view.

Figure 2 schematically shows a cross section of the point of connection between two modules (detail A in the modular facility according to the invention from Figure 1).

Figure 3 schematically shows a cross section of the point of connection between a module of the uppermost layer and a tensioning device (detail B in the modular facility according to the invention from Figure 1).

Figure 4 schematically shows a cross section of one alternative embodiment of a tensioning device.

Figure 5 schematically shows one possible design of the support structure of a functional module and of an intermediate module of a modular facility according to the invention as shown in Figure 1, in a side view from the left.

Figure 6 schematically shows another possible embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, with vertically oriented modules, (a) in a front view, and (b) in a side view from the left.

Figure 7 shows two different views (a), (b) of a three-dimensional model of another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention.

Figure 8 shows a schematic illustration of another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, in a perspective view.

Figure 9 shows a schematic illustration of yet another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, in a perspective view.

Figure 10 shows a schematic illustration of another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, in a perspective view.

Figure 11 shows a schematic illustration of yet another embodiment of a modular facility, in a perspective view.

Figure 12 likewise shows a schematic illustration of one alternative embodiment of a modular facility, in a perspective view.

Figure 13 schematically shows two possible variants of a horizontal form-fit support of functional modules in a perspective view, (a) with connecting bolts in a conical support element, and (b) with surrounding latéral mountings. Portions of the modules are eut away in the figure in order to make the design of the support visible.

Figure 14 schematically shows another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, (a) in a front view, and (b) in a side view.

Figure 15 schematically shows another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention in a front view.

Figure 16 schematically shows yet another embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention in a side view.

Discussion ofthe Invention

One possible exemplary embodiment of a modular facility 1 according to the invention is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. The various points of connection are schematically shown in Figures 2 and 3. The modular facility 1 is made up of six functional modules 20 and eight intermediate modules 40, which are stacked in an interlocking manner on a common foundation base 6. The functional modules 20 and intermediate modules 40, which are only schematically shown in the figures, hâve the outer shape of a cube, and are made up of a support structure and the facility éléments that are présent in the individual modules. The design of the modules is discussed in greater detail below. For explaining the functional principle of the modular facility according to the invention, it is sufficient to regard the modules as rigid, tension- and pressure-resistant, torsionally stable cubical éléments.

The interlocked stacking of the modules has the effect that forces acting on individual 5 modules, for example due to wind, earthquakes, or mechanical vibrations from machines and devices running in the facility, are not able to directly propagate through the facility structure, and instead are deflected in different directions of the structure. This results in reinforcement of the overall structure, accompanied by an increase in the natural oscillation frequencies.

The modules 20,40 hâve eight support éléments 24,24', 44,44' each on the top side and the bottom side, in which connecting éléments 64 (only schematically indicated in Figure 1) are situated, which center the modules with respect to one another and fix them in place in a form-fit manner in the horizontal plane. Due to their arrangement, connecting éléments situated one above the other are in flush alignment along the vertical (vertical axis). In the 15 vertical direction, tension éléments 62 which brace the modules against one another in the vertical direction extend through ail modules 20,40 and connecting éléments 64.

In the example shown, the connecting éléments 64 hâve the shape of a mirror-symmetrical double truncated cône having two conical latéral surfaces 66, 66' and a through hole 68 for leading through the tension element 62, which in the exemplary embodiment shown is 20 implemented as a tension rod.

Other shapes would also be possible, for example truncated pyramids. However, the double conical shape has the advantage that the connecting element is automatically centered in the likewise conical support element. In addition, upon final tensioning of the tension éléments, the conical connecting éléments are pressed into the likewise conical 25 layer seatings in such a way that sîgnificant mechanical stability results from this measure alone. This correspondingly requires that, as in the example shown, the connecting éléments and the support éléments are adapted to one another in such a way that only the conical latéral surface ofthe cône ofthe connecting element and the conicallyconcave latéral surface ofthe seating ofthe support element rest against one another. In addition, 30 for the conical shape shown it is not important which side of the double truncated cône is on the bottom and which is on top, or which angular position is provided, which simplifies

I the installation. The connecting éléments are advantageously made of forged steel.

The tension éléments 62 extend vertically, between tension rod anchors 70 in the lowermost layer of intermediate modules 40, 40a, through ail modules 20, 40 and connecting éléments 64, to tensioning devices 80 above the uppermost layer modules 40, 5 40c. The tension éléments, as in the example shown, may be designed as tension rods, in particular one-piece tension rods, or as tension rods made up of two or more parts. Such tension rods may be made of steel, for example, or other suitable materials such as carbon fibers. In addition, tension cables may be used instead of tension rods, although tension cables provide no added value due to the static application, and tension rods are 10 advantageous on account of the simpler manufacture and installation. It is likewise possible to use multiple tension rods or wire cables, guided in parallel, as the tension element.

The functional modules 20 and the intermediate modules 40 on the bottom side 21, 41 hâve support éléments 24, 44 with conical latéral surfaces 25, 25', 45, 45', and central 15 openings 26, 46 in which the connecting éléments 64 are situated. Identical support éléments 24', 44' are situated on the top side 22, 42. These support éléments are advantageously made of a suitable metallic material, and are stably connected to the support structure (not illustrated) of the module 20.

The connection between two modules 20, 40 is shown in Figure 2 (detail A in Figure 1). 20 The connecting element 64 is situated in a support element 24' on the top side 22 of a functional module 20, and with the lower conical latéral surface 66 rests on the conical latéral surface 25' of the support element 24'. On the bottom side 41 of the intermediate module 40 situated thereabove, a support element 44 rests with the conical latéral surface 45 on the upper conical latéral surface 66' ofthe connecting element 64. The tension rod 25 62 extends from the anchoring device, through the central opening 26 in the support element 24, through the through hole 68, and through the central opening 46 in the support element 44, toward the tensioning device at the upper end ofthe facility.

The intermediate modules 40, 40a of the lowermost layer rest directly or indirectly on a concrète foundation 6, and are fastened in the foundation base 6 in a form-fit manner with 30 suitable foundation anchors 72. During assembly of the modules 40,40a of the lowermost layer, it may be necessary to use spacer éléments to ensure a permanent correct horizontal orientation ofthe modules on the foundation base. Tension rod anchors 70 (only schematically indicated in Figure 1 ), to which the tension rods 62 are fastened, are situated in the modules of the lowermost layer. This may be a nut, for example, that is screwed onto a terminal extemal thread of the tension rod. However, those skilled in the art are 5 also familiar with various other options for reversibly anchoring a tension rod in a structure.

As an alternative to anchoring the tension rods in the modules ofthe lowermost layerand separately anchoring these modules in the foundation, direct anchoring of the tension rods in the foundation block 8 would also be possible. However, this variant requires the mounting of anchoring devices and support éléments in the foundation, which similarly 10 must be precisely oriented, and is correspondingly more complicated. In such an embodiment variant, the foundation block 8 in principle may be treated as a lowermost module.

Situated on the top side of the uppermost layer of intermediate modules 40, 40c are tensioning devices 80, which are used to keep the tensile stress of the tension éléments 15 within a certain tolérance range over a wide température range. This is particularly important due to the fact that the modular facilities according to the invention are exposed to the weather, and may be subjected to correspondingly large température fluctuations.

For a linear expansion coefficient of steel of approximately 10·⁵ K'¹ at room température, if the température changes by 50°C, which may occur, for example, in desert régions 20 during the course of the day, for an unstressed steel tension rod having a length of meters this may resuit in a change in length of 10 mm. Within a small expansion range, a tension rod acts as a very stiff tension spring having an essentially constant spring constant. If a tension rod is directly tensioned, as is customary, so that the resulting tensile force is a linear fonction of the expansion of the tension rod, such a change in length 25 results in a significant decrease or a significant increase in the tensile stress. In the extreme case, the resuit is that tensile stress is no longer présent at ail, or the value is in an excessively high range that may lead to damage to the tension rod. For example, for a tension rod having an original length of 20 m, which is expanded by 20 mm, a decrease in length of -10 mm would resuit in an approximately 50% higher tensile force, or an 30 increase in length of +10 mm would resuit in an approximately 50% lower tensile force.

The tensioning device in Figure 3 solves this problem, in that an additional spring element

90, implemented in the illustrated exemplary embodiment as a precompressed compression coil spring, compensâtes for a positive or négative change in length of the tension rod 62. In the tensioned state, theforce ofthe compressed compression spring 90 corresponds to the oppositely directed tensile force of the tension rod, which acts as a 5 tension spring. The spring constant D2 of the spring element 90 is selected so that it is significantly less than the spring constant D1 of the tension rod; i.e., the compression spring is softer. When the tension rod contracts orexpands due to changes in température, the compressed or expanded compression spring then simultaneously compensâtes for a large part ofthe effect ofthe change in length. Forspring éléments situated in sériés, this 10 results in a spring constant D for the overall System of 1/D = (1/D1 + 1/D2). If the ratio of the spring constants is D1/D2 = 9/1, for example, the spring constant ofthe overall System is now 90% of D2, or 10% of D1. If the tension rod now contracts or expands due to a decrease in température, the increase or decrease of the tensile force is only approximately 10% ofthe value for a System having only a tension rod, without a spring. 15 With a suitable sélection of the spring constants, the values of the tensile force thus remain in a comparatively narrow range, even for extreme changes in température.

Another advantage of a modular facility according to the invention having such tensioning devices is the behavior during earthquakes. During violent earthquakes it is possible for the entire modular facility to be accelerated upwardly and then dropped downwardly, 20 corresponding to a négative accélération. For the latter, the accélération forces do not act over the support structure of the facility, but instead act over the tension rods. Even in such a case, the compression spring compensâtes for this stress, and ensures that the modules securely hold together, even under négative accélération.

The shown exemplary embodiment of a tensioning device 80 is placed with a conical 25 support element 82 on a connecting element 64, which in turn rests on a support element

44' of an intermediate module 40, 40c, analogously to the connection between the modules 20,40 as described above. A first support disk 92, having a central opening and a sleeve 93, on which the compression spring 90 rests, is situated on the support element 82. The compression spring thus rests at one end on a basic structure 81 ofthe tensioning 30 device 80 that is statically supported on the uppermost layer 11 of the modules. The said support disk 92 is suitably connected to the support element 82, for example by means of screws (not illustrated). A second support disk 94, having a central opening and a sleeve 95, rests on the top side of the compression spring. The sleeves 93,95 situated one inside the other are used as a guide during expansion/compression of the compression spring. The support disk 94 forms a movable support for the upper end of the tension rod. The 5 tension rod 62 has an external thread at its upper end 63. A nut 84 is screwed onto the external thread, and transmits the tensile force of the tension rod 62 to the second support disk 94 and thus to the compression spring 90. A removable housing 86 protects the tensioning device from weather effects.

The connecting element 64 and the support element 82 could also be designed as one 10 piece instead of as individual éléments. Likewise, with suitable dimensioning of the support element 82 with regard to the compression spring 90 that is supported thereon, the support disk 92 may be dispensed with. The spring element of a tensioning device may also be împlemented using a tension spring, situated above the tension rod, instead of using a compression spring. It is also possible to use multiple compression springs or 15 stacked disk springs.

Figure 4 shows another possible embodiment of a tensioning device 80, in which the spring element 90 is designed as a pretensioned tension coil spring. The basic structure 81 in the form of a hollow cylinder is fastened to a module of the uppermost layer 11 via a flange 87. The fastening may take place, for example, by welding, screwing, or other 20 suitable types of fastening. A movable support 94 is connected to one end of the tension spring 90. The other end ofthe tension spring is connected to a plate atthe upper end of the basic structure 81. The support disk 94 forms a movable support for the tension rod 62. The upper end 63 of the tension rod 62 extends through an opening in the movable support and is supported on the support 94 by means of a screw nut situated on an 25 external thread (not illustrated) of the tension rod. Analogously to the above-mentioned first example of a tensioning device, in the completely installée! state the force of the tensioned tension spring 90 corresponds to the oppositely directed tensile force of the tension rod 62, which acts as a tension spring. The ratios of the spring constants for the use of a compression spring discussed above apply here as well. Accordingly, for a 30 positive or négative change in length of the tension rod due to a change in température, the change in length is essentially compensated for by a corresponding négative or positive change in length of the softer tension spring, so that the change in the effective tensile stress is signifïcantly reduced.

During assembly of a modular facility, the tension rods must be tensioned to the desired tensile force, using suitable means. The tensioning device 80 subsequently maintains this 5 tension. In Figure 3, the compression spring 90 is already in the compressed state, with the tension rod tensioned. For this purpose, however, both the tension rod 62 and the compression spring 90 must hâve been tensioned beforehand. This may take place separately, for example by compressing the compression spring 90 to a certain pressure force value using a suitable external device, and subsequently screwing the nut 84 tightly 10 onto the second support disk 94 while the tension rod 62 is still in the unstressed state.

After the external application of force on the compression spring is discontinued, the compression spring expands, and at the same time, the tension rod is tensioned until equilibrium is reached, at which point the forces of the compression spring and of the tension rod are identical. Altematively, the tension rod and the compression spring may 15 be tensioned simultaneously. For this purpose, for example a hydraulic device, which acts downwardly on the compression spring, may be mounted on the tension rod 62, above the nut 84. In the process, the hydraulic device simultaneously tensions the compression spring and the tension rod until the desired tensile stress is achieved. The nut 84 is subsequently screwed tightly onto the second support disk, so that the tensile stress is 20 maintained when the hydraulic device is removed.

To compensate for a change in length of the tension rod, instead of a spring element it is possible to provide hydraulic means, or also pneumatic springs, which are less advantageous with varying températures. Combinations of hydraulic pistons and spring Systems are also possible. The tensioning device may additionally hâve damping 25 éléments to avoid buildup of vibrations in the static System.

In one advantageous alternative embodiment variant, the spring element is situated between the tension rod anchor and the module of the lowermost layer, which is functionally identical to the tensioning device discussed above. However, the tension rod is still tensioned from the upper side. Such a variant has the advantage that the spring 30 éléments may be accommodated in a space-saving manner in the modules 40a of the lowermost layer.

For use as a static element ofthe facility structure, besides the features already mentioned above, and compatible outer dimensions, the facility modules 20,40 of a modular facility 1 according to the invention need only be able to carry out the static functions. Otherwise, the modules 20, 40 may be adapted as desired to the intended purposes. The static 5 functions constitute on the one hand absorption of the load along the tension éléments, and on the other hand, sufficient rigidity and mechanical stability.

Figure 5 shows the static components of a functional module 20 and an intermediate module 40, as illustrated in Figure 1(b). The other modules 20,40 hâve been omitted for the sake of better clarity. The functional module 20 and the intermediate module 40 each 10 include a support structure 78 in the form of a lattice frame. Eight support columns 74, situated between the support éléments 24, 24', are stably connected to the support structure. Each support column has a cavity (not illustrated) over its entire length, through which the tension rod 62 is guided.

In the completely installed state of the modular facility, the support columns of the 15 modules, as well as the support éléments and connecting éléments situated between the modules situated thereabove, receive the weight of the facility and direct it into the foundation. In turn, the support structure 78 of a module bears the various devices and facility éléments, etc., that are part of a given module, and at the same time reinforces the module. Lastly, the modular facility as a whole is reinforced due to the modules of the 20 various layers situated lengthwise and crosswise in alternation.

Modules of a modular facility according to the invention may also receive the weight ofthe modules situated above same and the tensile force of the tension rods via the support structure itself instead of via support columns, which requires support structures that are correspondingly more stably dimensioned.

The outer shell 79 of the functional module 20 or of the intermediate module 40 does not hâve a direct static function, and is primarily used as weather protection. The outer shell may also be omitted without impairing the stability. For the case that the outer dimensions of the modules are selected to be compatible with standard cargo containers (ISO containers) to allow efficient transport by truck, rail, and cargo ship, the appropriate 30 mounting devices, etc., for example the customary corner castings, may be mounted on this outer shell. In such a case, the outer shell may correspond to the structure of a

conventional cargo container, for example a 20-foot, 40-foot, or 45-foot container, in such a case the outer shell fulfilling a static fonction only during transport. However, the dimensioning of the facility modules is in no way limited to such container sizes. The modules may also hâve smaller or larger dimensions.

The facility éléments, etc., of the module, which may be different depending on the module, are situated within a module. In the example illustrated, a schematically shown fairly large facility element 76 is situated in the functional module 20 within the support structure 78. This may be a machine, a tank, a power generator, a heat exchanger, or a chemical reactor, for example. Accessible control devices, lounge areas, etc., may also 10 be provided. However, these are only illustrative examples. If an additional functional module should be needed for static reasons, without it being situated in this facility element, such a functional element may also be composed of only a bare support structure. In such a case, however, it is more advantageous to design the module in question as a transport module in which material, for example connecting éléments or 15 tension rod segments, may be transported during transport of the modular facility.

Unes 77, cable ducts, etc., may be situated in the intermediate module 40, which has a lower height than the functional module 20, in order to operatively connect various modules to one another. Figure 5 shows by way of example a line 70 which is situated in the longitudinal direction of the intermediate module 40, and which is connected via a 20 further line 77' to the facility element 76 of the functional module 20 situated above same.

A connection of the line parts within the modules 20,40 may be established only after the entire modular facility, or at least the modules in question, are installed. However, since a majority of the lines, cables, etc. are situated within the modules, these connection operations are limited to the installation of short connecting pièces, or the joining of cables.

In the exemplary embodiment previously described, two basic types of modules, which differ in their relative outer dimensions, were combined. The advantage of the intermediate modules 40, which hâve only one-third the height of the functional modules 20, is that three such modules, having essentially the same outer dimensions as the functional modules, may be stacked and temporarily combined into a unit for transport.

However, within the scope of the invention it is also possible to construct a modular facility using modules having uniform dimensions, i.e., a facility having only functional modules.

It is likewise possible to use more than two module sizes, provided that stacking and bracing according to the invention are possible.

For certain industrial facilities, facility parts are necessary that are very high in comparison to the base surface, for example distillation columns, flue gas cleaning units, silos, etc.

Such facility parts cannot be installed in the modules disclosed heretofore. However, it is possible to install such facility parts in modules that can be transported horizontally, and ultimately installed upright in the modular facility.

Such an exemplary embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention is illustrated in Figure 6. The first three layers of modules 40a, 20,40 are identical to Figure 10 1. On the second layer ofthe intermediate modules 40, however, four high modules 20a are situated, which in tum hâve four support éléments 24, 24' each on a lower side and on an upper side (schematically illustrated only in the left module 20a in Figure 6(a)) for accommodating the connecting éléments 64. Support columns 74 are situated between the support éléments 24,24'.

Two layers of interlocked modules may be situated on the top side to stabilize the high modules. However, if these modules used for stabilization cause interférence, for example for a high module that is open at the top, cross braces 51, 5T may instead be mounted between adjacent high modules 20a, as in the exemplary embodiment shown.

For transport, the modules 20a may be laid on a defined lower side so that the support 20 éléments 24, 24' rest on the end faces of the module. It is thus possible in particular to provide a high module with the outer shell of a standard cargo container, in the installed state the longitudinal ends of the container forming the top side and bottom side of the high module.

In addition, an alternative fastening of the facility 1 on the foundation 6 is shown in the 25 exemplary embodiment in Figure 6. Instead of fastening the foundation anchors to the support structure of the lower modules 40a, as illustrated in Figure 1, the foundation anchors are situated in the extension ofthe tension éléments 62 and tension anchors 70, so that mechanical forces during an earthquake, for example, are transmitted directly from the subsurface 4 via the foundation 6 to the tension éléments 62.

In another possible embodiment of a modular facility according to the invention, the

intermediate modules 40 are designed in such a way that in each case four intermediate modules fit in a conventional standard transport container. The functional containers in tum hâve the size of conventional 20-foot or40-foot containers. A model of such a modular facility 1 according to the invention is depicted in Figures 7(a) and (b) in two different 5 views. The illustrated facility is made up of three separate blocks I, 11, III. As an example, block I in a lowermost layer is made up of four intermediate modules 40a that are fixedly connected to the foundation block (not illustrated). Two functional modules 20 are situated on this lowermost layer, at right angles thereto, in the outer shell of a 40-foot cargo container. These functional modules correspondingly hâve sixteen support éléments on 10 the top side and on the bottom side, and sixteen support columns situated in between. A further layer having four intermediate modules 40,40b is followed, on a front side of block I, by three layers of functional modules 20 having the outer shape of a 20-foot tank container, and intermediate modules 40 in alternation. In the example shown, the tensioning devices are integrated into the intermediate modules 40,40c ofthe uppermost 15 layer. Four high modules 20a are situated on a rear side of block I. The tensioning devices are integrated into the top side of the high modules 20. For stabilizing the high modules 20a, the four modules are connected by a central cross brace element 51 that rigidly connects ail four high modules 20a.

Since the length and width of the intermediate éléments 40 are less than those of the 20 functional modules 20, in the exemplary embodiment shown this results in a denser, more space-saving design than illustrated in Figure 1, for example.

Another possible embodiment of a modular facility 1 according to the invention is illustrated in Figure 8. The facility 1 has twelve functional modules 20 (schematically illustrated as rounded cubes) that are distributed on three facility levels situated vertically 25 one above the other (i.e., in the z direction), essentially parallel (x/y plane) to the surface of the subsurface 4. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, four functional modules 20 of a lower facility level are situated on a base support module 40a, which in turn is suitably situated on the subsurface 4, for example on one or more foundation blocks (not illustrated). The four functional modules 20 of the lower facility level hâve essentially the 30 same height. Situated on the functional modules is an intermediate support module 40b, on the top side of which four functional modules 20 are in turn situated in a middle facility

level. Situated on the functional modules 20 of the middle facility level is a further intermediate support module 40b, on which four functional modules 20 on an upper facility level are situated. Lastly, a top support module 40c is provided which rests on the top side of the four functional modules 20 ofthe upper facility level.

A central tension element 62 extends vertically in the z direction from an anchor (not illustrated) fastened in the subsurface 4, through corresponding openings in the modules 40a, 40b, 40c, through ail facility levels to the top support module 40c. The tension element 62 is situated essentially at the midpoint of the particular facility levels; i.e., in each case it is approximately the same distance from the four functional modules 2 of a facility level, 10 resulting in a symmetrical force distribution.

The same as for the preceding embodiment variants, a single tension rod or multiple parallel tension rods made of steel or carbon fibers, or one or more parallel wire cables may be used as a tension element 62. Likewise, a tension element may be made up of multiple individual éléments, which are the same or different, suspended in sériés.

Altematively or additionally, fastening of the tension element 62 to the base support module 40a is possible. In such embodiments ofthe invention, the anchoring ofthe overall facility may take place by suitable anchoring of the base support module 40a in the subsurface 4.

In the area of its upper end, the tension element 62 is in mechanical operative connection 20 with a tensioning device 80 that acts on the tension element 62 with a tensile force. Due to this tensile force, the various intermediate modules 40, 40a, 40b and the functional modules 20 are braced against one another in the vertical direction in such a way that the modules 20, 40a, 40b, 40c are stably held together, even without screw connections or the like.

In the exempiary embodiment shown, the tensioning device 80 is mounted on the top support module 40c, but may also be situated inside or below the top support module 40c. The top support module 40c, intermediate support modules 40b, and also the base support module 40a may be produced from steel profile structures, for example. However, other types of construction for producing lightweight, plate-shaped (fiat) support structures 30 having sufficient mechanical strength and rigidity are also possible, for example

honeycomb structures or corrugated métal sheets. Since the force distribution takes place from the central tension rod to the functional module stack via the base support module 40a and the top support module 40c, these must hâve a more stable design than the intermediate support modules 40b, which essentially mainly ensure the rigidity of the 5 overall structure of the facility 1.

The various functional modules 20 of the exemplary embodiment of a modular facility 1 shown are in a suitable operative connection with one another, for example via Unes for transporting fluid materials, power Unes, control cables, etc. The examples of such connecting lines 77' shown in Figure 8 are understood to be purely illustrative. A modular 10 facility 1 according to the invention may also include external facility modules 8.

Figure 9 shows another modular facility 1 according to the invention, having functional modules 20 situated in three planes, similar to the example from Figure 8, the connecting lines being omitted for the sake of clarity. In the example shown, the modules 20, 40a, 40b, 40c are braced with five tension éléments 62. The use of multiple distributed tension 15 éléments 62, in comparison to a single tension element 62, in particular allows the use of a top support module 40c having a lower plate rigidity, as the resuit of which more lightweight and economical designs may be used for the top support module. In addition, the use of multiple tension éléments 62 allows better adaptation of the facility to the mechanical properties ofthe functional modules 20.

Figure 10 shows another variant of a modular facility 1 according to the invention, having 27 functional modules 20 that are situated in three planes and braced with eight tension éléments 62. The base support module 40a is made up essentially of a basin 12, advantageously made of reinforced concrète, which is partially embedded in the subsurface 4. The anchoring ofthe tension éléments 62 takes place via anchoring devices 25 72 in the basin. The basin 12 is used in particular as a safety précaution, in that it prevents uncontrolled escape of liquids to the environment in the event of malfunctions within the facility. Such catch basins are therefore often stipulated as a safety measure for chemical production facilities.

Figure 11 shows another advantageous embodiment of a modular facility 1 according to the invention, which has a basic design corresponding to that from Figure 10. For additional stabilization against laterally acting forces, the facility 1 has guy wires 47 that

mechanically connect tie-down points 48, situated on the intermediate support modules 40b, to extemal anchorings 49. In particular, shear forces on the facility in the x/y direction may be reduced in this way. Additionally or altematively, guy wires are possible between tie-down points, situated on the top support module, and extemal anchorings.

Figure 12 shows another exemplary embodiment of a modular facility 1 according to the invention, having functional modules 20, 20', 20 situated in two facility levels. To also allow installation of facility éléments 76 whose height differs greatly from the functional modules 20 on the same facility level, these facility éléments are situated in a functional module 20' made up essentially of a support structure 78. For better visibility ofthe support 10 structure, a portion ofthe top support module 40c situated thereabove is omitted. Likewise, a functional module 20 made up only of the support structure 78 may be used as a placeholder in order to occupy locations at which no operative functional modules 20 are présent. This may be meaningful, for example, when certain locations within the facility are intended to be kept open for possible subséquent expansions ofthe facility.

Figure 13 shows two other possible horizontal form-fit supports of functional modules 20 on beams 50 of an intermediate support module 40b (or base support module 40a or top support 40c), which may be used in particular in the embodiments from Figures 8 through 12. The horizontal form-fit support prevents the individual functional modules 20 from shifting in the horizontal direction relative to the beams 50 or the intermediate module 20 40a/40b/40c.

In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 13(a), the horizontal form-fit support is made up essentially of bolts 64 that are oriented in the vertical direction (z direction) and held in a form-fit manner in conical boit seatings 24, 24' in the functional modules 20. It is also possible for a boit to be designed to pass through a beam, and at the same time to be 25 used for the horizontal form-fit support of two functional modules arranged one above the other. Figure 13(b) shows another variant of a horizontal form-fit support. The functional modules 20 are supported against shifting in the horizontal direction by frame éléments 64. The frame éléments 64 are in fixed mechanical connection with the beams 50.

Another embodiment of a modular facility 1 according to the invention is schematically 30 illustrated in Figure 14, and includes a plurality of cube-shaped modules 20 and connecting modules 40, 40', 40. In the front view in Figure 14(a), the position of the

connecting module 40* (not visible), situated behind the module 20 at the top left, is indicated by dashed lines for purposes of illustration. The same similarly applies for the other functional modules 20. In the side view in Figure 14(b), once again the position of the connecting module 40, not visible, is indicated by dashed lines.

Nine fiat, cube-shaped connecting modules 40 are situated along a lattice on a foundation base 6, and are connected to the foundation base 6 via suîtable means, as already described for other embodiments. A functional module 20 is situated on each of these connecting modules of the lowermost layer, and is connected in a form-fit and/or force-fit manner to the connecting module 40 situated below same. Adjacent modules 20 are 10 connected in a form-fit and/or force-fit manner at the side faces via fiat, essentially cubeshaped connecting modules 40, and are analogously connected at the front faces via fiat, cube-shaped connecting modules 40'. The form-fit and/or force-fit connection between functional modules and connecting modules 40, 40', 40 may take place by screw connections, for example, or other suîtable réversible fastening methods such as snap 15 locks, bayonet locks, etc. Fastening by welding is also possible, although in such a case the facility can be reconstructed only in an inefficient manner. The form-fit and/or force-fit connection may also take place by suîtable bracing ofthe modules with tension éléments, preferably in the vertical direction, but also in the horizontal direction, as already discussed in detail above. In such a case, support columns of the inner support structure of the 20 functional modules preferably extend between fastening points situated vertically above one another.

The connecting modules 40, 40', 40 are in each case connected to corresponding fastening points at the side walls of the functional modules, at least 4 to 8 connecting points advantageously being provided for each side face. The connecting points of the 25 modules 20, 40, 40', 40 are part of the support structure 78 of the modules, as already explained with reference to Figure 5, for example.

To construct the overall facility, the individual functional modules 20 and connecting modules 40, 40', 40 are positioned and fastened to one another in succession, thus constructing the facility from bottom to top. Functional modules may also already be 30 connected to individual connecting modules prior to assembly, and in this form placed on the facility as a combined building block, in order to reduce the number of assembly steps

during the actual construction.

The connecting modules may contain portions ofthe infrastructure, for example pipeline sections, cable ducts, electrical lines, and smaller pièces of equipment. However, it is also possible for these modules to hâve a particularly fiat design in the connecting direction 5 when they are intended to hâve essentially only a connecting function. In such a case, connecting modules for connecting functional modules may hâve the size of ISO containers, for example a height of only 10 cm.

A modular design allows significantly increased torsional stability. The modules are reinforced in their entirety. In particular, a force acting horizontally, for example due to 10 wind effects or rotating machines, may cause only a minor latéral deflection of the overall structure. Without being bound to a spécifie theory, it is the opinion of the applicants that this effect is achieved due to a force, acting in the horizontal direction on a functional module, being deflected upwardly and downwardly on both sides by the connecting modules, which themselves are very rigid and which are arranged in three different 15 orientations between the functional modules, at right angles to the action of force. In contrast, isolated connecting points hâve only slight torsional rigidity, so that forces are able to propagate through the overall structure much more strongly along their original direction. A latéral application of force to an individual module thus results in a significantly greater latéral displacement ofthe modules ofthe layer in question compared to the overall 20 structure. The same naturally applies for forces that act vertically.

Such a reinforced design of a modular facility, compared to the prior art in which the individual modules are connected to one another at isolated connecting points at the abutting corners or edges, has the particular advantage that, due to the minor displacement movements between the modules for lines that extend between two 25 modules, no spécial measures need to be taken. Thus, for example, high-pressure steam lines may be situated between two adjacent modules without the need for a complicated expander for compensating for dynamic changes in the geometry of the line.

Figure 15 schematically shows another embodiment of such a modular facility, in which, between the first and second layer and between the second and third layer of functional 30 modules 20, in each case two directly adjacent connecting modules 40 that are parallel in the (x-y) plane are designed as a common connecting module 140. Analogously, two pairs of directly adjacent connecting modules 40 that are parallel in the (y-z) plane are designed as a common connecting module 140. In addition, a common connecting module 140' in the (x-z) plane (not visible) is illustrated by dashed lines.

The use of such common connecting éléments has the advantage that the overall 5 structure of the facility is generally additionally reinforced. Furthermore, the rigidity of the overall structure may be adapted as needed by the targeted placement of such common connecting modules 140,40', 140 in the three planes (x-y), (x-z), (y-z).

Figure 16 schematically shows yet another embodiment of such a modular facility, in which two connecting modules 40,40 are used in each case for connecting the long side faces 10 of the functional modules 20, while a single connecting module is provided for connecting the front sides. This embodiment variant has the advantage that ail connecting modules may hâve identical designs with regard to shape and inner construction.

The scope of the présent invention is not limited to the spécifie embodiments described herein. Rather, various other modifications of the présent invention, which likewise fall 15 within the scope of protection of the claims, resuit for those skilled in the art from the description and the associated figures, in addition to the examples disclosed herein. Furthermore, various référencés are cited in the description, whose disclosure in their entirety is hereby by reference

List of reference numerals
	1	modular facility
	4	subsurface
	6	foundation base
5	8	external facility module
	9	connecting fines
	11	uppermost module layer
	12	lowermost module layer
	12	catch basin
10	20, 20a	functional module
	20, 20', 20	functional module
	20a	high module
	21	bottom side
	22	top side
15	24, 24'	support element, seating for connecting element
	25, 25’	conical latéral surface
	26	central opening
	40, 40', 40	intermediate module, connecting module
	40a	base support module
20	40b	intermediate support module
	40c	top support module
	41	bottom side
	42	top side
	44, 44'	support element, seating for connecting element
25	45, 45'	conical latéral surface
	46	central opening
	47	guy wire
	48	tie-down point (fastening)
	49	external anchorings
30	50	beam
	51,51', 5	cross brace
	62	tension element, tension rod

64	connecting element, connecting cône
66, 66'	conical latéral surface
68	through hole
70	tension rod anchor, counterbearing
72	foundation anchor
74	support columns
76	facility éléments
77, 77'	lines
78	support structure
79	shell, outer wall
80	tensioning device
81	basic structure
82	support element, seating for connecting element
83	conical latéral surface
84	nut
86	housing
87	flange
90	spring element, compression spring
92	first support disk
93	sleeve
94	second support disk, movable support
95	sleeve
140	common connecting module

Claims (20)

1. Patent Claims

   1. A modular facility (1), with multiple cube-shaped facility modules (20, 20a, 40,

   40a, 40b, 40c) that are arranged in two or more layers stacked one above the other; wherein the modules hâve a support structure (78) having fastening points (24, 24',

   44, 44’);

   the fastening points are provided for connecting a module to corresponding fastening points of the adjoining modules of a layer situated above and/or below same;

   in the horizontal plane (x-y), the modules (20, 40) of one layer are connected (24, 24', 64,44,44') in a form-fit manner to the adjoining modules (40,20) of the layer situated above and/or below same;

   at least one tension device (62, 70, 80) having a tension element (62) is provided, via which a lowermost layer of modules (40a) or a foundation block (6) can be acted on with a tensile force along the vertical (z), with respect to an uppermost layer of modules (40c), so that the modules between the said lowermost layer and the said uppermost layer together with the adjoining modules (40, 20) of the layer situated above and/or below same are pressed together with a force fit at the fastening points, and are thus fixed in place;

   three or more support éléments (24', 44') that define a first plane are situated on a top side (22, 42) of the support structure (78) of the modules (20, 20a, 40), and three or more support éléments (24, 44) that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side (21, 41) of the support structure facing away from the top side, the support éléments being used as fastening points ofthe modules; and one support element on the top side and one support element on the bottom side in each case form a pair, and are aligned with one another along a straight line thatis parallel to the normal ofthe planes;

   characterized in that the said support éléments (24, 24', 44, 44') hâve a conical recess (25, 25' 45, 45'); and two mutually facing support éléments (24, 24', 44, 44') of two adjoining modules (20, 20a, 40) of adjacent layers are connected by a connecting element (64), the connecting element (64) having the shape of a double cône or a double truncated cône, and in each case one cône or truncated cône of the connecting element being situated in the conical seating of one of the two support éléments and resting on same in direct flush alignment.

   k
2. 2. The facility according to Claim 1, wherein the modular facility (1) is a modular industrial facility.
3. 3. The facility according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein conical latéral surfaces (66,66') of the connecting éléments (64) and conical latéral surfaces (25, 25') of the seatings of the support éléments (24,24') are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface of the connecting element that is not part of the latéral surface ofthe said cône or truncated cône.
4. 4. The facility according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein conical latéral surfaces (66, 66') of the connecting éléments (64) and conical latéral surfaces (25, 25') of the seatings ofthe support éléments (24,24') are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface ofthe connecting elementthat is perpendicularto a longitudinal axis ofthe double cône or double truncated cône.
5. 5. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein layers having a support module (40, 40a, 40b, 40c, 6) and layers having one or more functional modules (20, 20', 20, 20a) are arranged one above the other in alternation.
6. 6. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the modules (20, 20a, 40) are arranged in such a way that for at least one layer of modules, the fastening points of two or more modules of the said layer are connected to fastening points of a common module of a layer situated above and/or below same.
7. 7. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the modules (20, 20a, 40) are interlocked and stacked in such a way that at least a portion ofthe modules form a three-dimensional lattice.
8. 8. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the support éléments (24, 24', 44, 44') ofthe modules (20, 20a, 40) hâve a central opening (26, 46), so that a tension element (62) is or may be led through the openings along the straight line that is defined by two paired support éléments in each case.
9. 9. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the connecting element (64) has a through hole (68) through which a tension element (62) is or may beled.
10. 10. The facility according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the modules (20, 20a, 40) are arranged in such a way that the support éléments (24,24', 44,

    44') of ail modules are in alignment along a plurality of straight Unes that are parallel to the vertical (z), and a tension element (62) may be led through, or a tension element is situated, along each of these straight lines.
11. 11. The facility according to one of the preceding daims, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that is fastened to or supported on a module of the uppermost layer (11 ) or of the lowermost layer (12) of the facility, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure along the longitudinal axis of the tension element, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of the tension element rests (84) on the movable support ofthe tensioning device or is connected thereto, a second end ofthe tension element rests on an opposite side of the facility on a counterbearing (70) or is connected thereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 of the tension element to a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least4/1.
12. 12. The facility according to one of daims 1 to 10, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that is fastened to or supported on a module ofthe uppermost layer (11) or ofthe lowermost layer (12) ofthe facility, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure along the longitudinal axis of the tension element, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of the tension element rests (84) on the movable support of the tensioning device or is connected thereto, a second end of the tension element rests on an opposite side of the facility on a counterbearing (70) or is connected thereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 of the tension element to a second spring constant D2 of the spring element is at least 6/1.
13. 13. The facility according to one of daims 1 to 10, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that is fastened to or supported on a module ofthe uppermost layer (11) or ofthe lowermost layer (12) ofthe facility, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure along the longitudinal axis of the tension element, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of the tension element rests (84) on the movable support ofthe tensioning device or is connected thereto, a second end ofthe tension element rests on an opposite side of the facility on a counterbearing (70) or is connectedthereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 ofa first spring constant D1 ofthe tension elementto a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least 9/1.
14. 14. An assembly set for constructing a modular facility according to one of the preceding claims, comprising multiple modules (20, 20a, 40) having a support structure (78), wherein three or more support éléments (24', 44') that define a first plane are situated on a top side (22, 42) of the support structure; three or more support éléments (24, 44) that define a second plane that is parallel to the first plane are situated on a bottom side (21, 41) ofthe support structure facing away from the top side; a support element on the top side and a support element on the bottom side in each case form a pair and are aligned with one another along a straight line that . is parallel to the normal of the planes; and the said support éléments hâve a conical recess (25, 25' 45,45');

    multiple connecting éléments (64) that hâve the shape of a double cône or a double truncated cône; and one or more tension éléments (62);

    wherein conical latéral surfaces (66, 66') of the connecting éléments (64) and conical latéral surfaces (25, 25') of the seatings of the support éléments (24, 24') are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface of the connecting element that is not part of the latéral surface of the said cône or truncated cône.
15. 15. The assembly set according to Claim 14, wherein the conical latéral surfaces (66, 66') of the connecting éléments (64) and the conical latéral surfaces (25, 25') ofthe seatings ofthe support éléments (24, 24') are shaped in such a way that a cône or truncated cône of a connecting element is able to rest in flush alignment in the conical seating of a support element without a portion of the associated module resting on a surface of the connecting element that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the double cône or double truncated cône.
16. 16. The assembly set according to Claim 14 or 15, wherein the support éléments (24, 24', 44, 44') ofthe modules (20, 20a, 40) hâve a central opening (26, 46), so that a tension element (62) may be led through the openings along a straight line that is defined by two paired support éléments in each case.
17. 17. The assembly set according to one of Claims 14 to 16, wherein the connecting éléments (64) hâve a through hole (68) through which a tension element (62) may be led.
18. 18. The assembly set according to one of Claims 14 to 17, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that may be fastened to or supported on a module, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of a tension element is supportable (84) on the movable support ofthe tensioning device or is connectable thereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 of the tension element to a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least4/1.
19. 19. The assembly set according to one of Claims 14 to 17, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that may be fastened to or supported on a module, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of a tension element is supportable (84) on the movable support ofthe tensioning device or is connectable thereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 of the tension element to a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least6/1.
20. 20. The assembly set according to one of Claims 14 to 17, having at least one tensioning device (80) for maintaining the tensile stress on a tension element (62) during changes in température, having a basic structure (81, 82, 87, 92) that may be fastened to or supported on a module, a support (94) that is movable with respect to the basic structure, and a spring element (90) that is situated between the basic structure and the movable support, wherein a first end (63) of a tension element is supportable (84) on the movable support ofthe tensioning device or is connectable thereto, and wherein the ratio D1/D2 of a first spring constant D1 of the tension element to a second spring constant D2 ofthe spring element is at least9/1.