OA16329A - Therapeutic vaccination against active tuberculosis. - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method for therapeutic treatment of a patient having active tuberculosis (TB), the method comprising: administering to the patient a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mycobactium tuberculosis (Mtb). Advantageously, the method can be used to shorten conventional drug therapy for treating active TB.

Description

Title: Therapeutic vaccination against active tuberculosis

The invention relates to the field of health care. More particularly, it concems novel methods for therapeutic vaccination of subjects having active tuberculosis.

Background of the invention

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with the slow-growing bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TB can be either latent or active, the latter meanîng that the bacteria are growîng and causing symptoms. Most often the bacteria are found in 10 the lungs, which is called pulmonary TB, and which is contagious. Approximately a third of the world population is infected with Mtb and 5-10% of these individuals will develop active TB in the course of their lives. TB is responsible for more than 2 million deaths each year, with more than 90% of cases occurring in developing countries.

Current treatment of drug susceptible TB typically consists of a cocktail of 15 antibiotîc drugs taken over a period of 6 months to one year or more for antibiotic résistant strains as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Even though a large proportion of actively replicating bacîlli are killed within the first month of therapy, the remainîng duration of treatment is required for the killing of slow-growing persisting Mtb bacteria that are primarily located inside cells, în order to prevent relapse 20 of the disease. Discontinuation of therapy earlier than the 6 month duration recommended by the WHO will resuit in relapse of disease due to the multiplication of the remainîng bacteria whereas strict adhérence to the 6 month therapy can resuit in cure rates of only over 90% under optimal circumstances.

However, there are several disadvantages of such lengthy treatment régîmes. Indeed, the 25 actual cure rate in many developing countries are below the 85% target cure rate set by the WHO, at times dipping below 50%. The low treatment success rate is attributed to poor patient compliance resulting in relapses in the form of multidrug and extremely drug résistant TB (MDR-TB/XDR-TB). Therefore, adhering to ail doses of the antibiotics is very important, and daily visits with a health professional observing the intake of the 30 medicine(s) are involved to ensure patient compliance. This is known as directly observed therapy (DOT), which entails a high cost and logistical burden.

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j : Despite the success of TB drug therapy in saving the lives of many since it was first introduced, the emergence of MDR and XDR-TB highlights the inhérent limitations in

-i j the usage of antibiotics against bacteria.

j Thus, there is still an urgent need for improved therapy against active TB, in order

-i to curb the current global TB épidémie.

One way of shortening the duration of the treatment of TB has been described in j WO 2004/062607, and includes the use of weak acids or their precursors for the i treatment of TB.

An alternative and independent route to fight TB is by vaccination. However, this i 10 approach generally aims at preventing TB, by inducing immune responses in people that

I do not hâve active TB (and preferably are not even infected with Mtb when vaccinated), and thus the vaccines in this approach are prophylactic vaccines. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live and attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is the only available vaccine against TB to date and has been used for the vaccination of newboms for décades. This j

\ 15 vaccine has its limitations however, and progress in generating more effective TB

J j vaccines has been made with several candidate vaccines in recent years. One candidate that has been in clinical trials is based on adenovirus serotype 35 expressing Ag85A, | Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb (Havenga et al, 2006; Radosevic et al, 2007; WO i î 2006/053871). This vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe in uninfected people and was able to induce high T-cell responses against Mtb antigens of the vaccine, making it a promising candidate for a prophylactic TB vaccine.

Vaccination in patients having active TB with the aim of treating these patients would however require a therapeutic TB vaccine. In principle such a therapeutic TB j vaccine might hâve the potential to improve therapy for active TB.

The concept of a therapeutic TB vaccine to cure tuberculosis was first coined by i Robert Koch himself in 1890 when he announced the cure of tuberculosis by tuberculin therapy (see Burke, 1993). Tuberculin consists of extracts of Mtb.

However, although the treatment succeeded in curing the disease in some patients, a i subset of patients exhibited worsening of symptoms, which became known as Koch’s phenomenon. Koch’s phenomenon occurs due to systemic release of Th 1-associated cytokines, resulting in necrosis of TB lésions (Churchyard et al, 2009) that could lead to devastating clinical symptoms, which may even resuit in death. Thus, an important safety

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i î considération that will need to be demonstrated for any new therapeutîc TB vaccine candidate is the absence of Koch’s phenomenon following wîdespread vaccine administration to TB patients. This can only be addressed by well-designed, controlled clinical trials in endemic areas.

In recent times, interest in reinvigorating therapeutîc TB vaccination regained attention, particularly with the possibility for use as an adjunct to TB chemotherapy with the hope of shortening treatment. Animal studies have indicated that DNA vaccines encoding TB antigens such as heat shock protein 65 (HSP-65) (Lowrie et al, 1999), Ag85A (Ha et al, 2005) and Ag85B (Zhu et al, 2005) could reduce bacterial burden in Mtb infected animais (Ha et al, 2005; Zhu et al, 2005), and prevent relapses when used in conjunction (Ha et al, 2005) or following the completion of chemotherapy (Lowrie et al, 1999).

A therapeutîc TB vaccine, given when the bacterial burden is low early in chemotherapy should enable the immune system to target persisters, to resuit in the prévention of relapse. In clinical studies, a heat-killed environmental mycobacterial (Mycobacterium vaccae) préparation has been shown to be effective as an adjunctive treatment in MDR-TB as shown in trials conducted in China (Fan et al, 2007). This therapy relies on the nou-specific nature of M. vaccae immunomodulation. Another vaccine in clinical development is RUTI, which is a liposome préparation containing cell wall of Mtb, aimed for usage as an adjunct to TB chemotherapy (Churchyard et al, 2009).

Despite the progress, an important safety considération that still remains to be demonstrated for these vaccines is the absence of Koch’s phenomenon following wîdespread vaccine administration to TB-infected patients, an important aspect that can only be addressed by well-designed, controlled clinical trials in endemic areas. Indeed, a few years ago it was reported in a conférence by one company active in this field that development of a therapeutîc vaccine candidate had to be discontinued for safety reasons. Furthermore, although some reports for treatment of TB using a DNA vaccine encoding hsp60 or Ag85 antigen in mice were successful, others reported classical Koch reactions in an immunotherapeutic mouse model (Taylor et al, 2003). This underscores the risk of eliciting Koch’s phenomenon by immunotherapeutic vaccination, and thus highlights the need for clinical studies for each vaccine candidate to assess potentîal safety problems.

US 2004/0057963 relates to therapeutic vaccines against latent TB by delivering polypeptides or nucleic acids encoding such, which polypeptides are upregulated or expressed during the latent stage of mycobacteria infection. US 2004/0057963 teaches that some antigens (exemplified therein by ESAT6) though potent as prophylactic vaccine hâve no effects as therapeutic vaccines, whereas in contrast other antigens (exemplified therein by Rv2031 c) can be efficient therapeutic vaccines although they hâve no or only negligible effects as prophylactic vaccines (see e.g. example 2 therein). Thus, the skilled person consulting US 2004/0057963 is taught to use different antigens for therapeutic TB vaccines than for prophylactic TB vaccines.

A further complicating factor for therapeutic vaccination of patients with active TB, is that indîvîduals with active TB actually possess T lymphocytes that are unresponsive to stimuli with antigens from Mtb, as observed by tetramer binding assays (Weichold et al, 2007). Indeed, the clinical trials described in the présent invention demonstrate that the patients having active TB in these trials are ‘immunosuppressed’ or ‘tolérant’ with respect to at least some major Mtb antigens: although it is well known that for instance Ag85A and Ag85B are amongst the strongest îmmunogenic proteins of Mtb, the subjects did not hâve a response to these proteins. Thus, a therapeutic vaccine candidate should be capable of breaking this Aftb-induced tolérance on cell mediated immunity.

Thus, the instant invention aims at providing therapeutic treatment of patients having active TB, which treatment should be effective yet comply with strict safety standards, and preferably should also be capable of being used in conjuction with drug therapy and preferably improve such drug therapy by shortening the duration thereof.

Summary of the invention

The instant invention is thus based on the novel îdea that the reason TB persists clinically in treated and untreated indîviduals is that the Mtb bacillus is able to induce tolérance against what are normally immunodominant antigens of Mtb. The induction of such tolérance paralyzes the immune System in an antigen spécifie manner so that it is not able to recognize and kill intracellular TB organisms that chemotherapeutic agents hâve lîttle access to. By presenting these antigens in the context of an adenovector which inserts nucleic acids coding for these antigens into spécifie target cells, tolérance can be y/ broken and effective antigen spécifie responses can be induced. Furthermore these antigen spécifie responses are induced in a manner which does not induce the general inflammatory response associated with Koch’s phenomenon. This invention is therefore able to break tolérance and induce antigen spécifie immune responses, in the absence of deleterious non-specific inflammatory responses that lead to progression rather then suppression of disease. The tolérance is for example demonstrated in a clinical trial in humans being treated for active TB, who were surprisingly found to not hâve cellular immune responses to normally immunodominant antigens Ag85A and Ag85B, indicating tolérance to these antigens during the process of active infection. It was further shown that immunization with a recombinant adénoviral vector containing nucleic acid coding for Ag85A and Ag85B surprisingly could break this tolérance and induce high levels of cellular immunity în these individuals that demonstrated lack of immune response to these immunodominant antigens during TB infection. It was also surprisingly shown that the induction of this antigen spécifie immune response in this manner dîd not cause any signs of Koch’s phenomenon or clinical progression of pulmonary or other forms of TB in these individuals undergoing chemotherapy for active disease. The type of cellular immunity induced in these patients was primarily CD8 T cells expressing gamma interferon which suggests effector memory cells capable of kîlling TB inside înfected cells.

One of the front runners in the race to find new prophylactic TB vaccine candidates is an adenovirus-based TB vaccine expressing the TB antigens Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 inside host cells as a fusion protein, called Ad35.TBS or Ad35.TB-S (Havenga et al, 2006; Radosevic et al, 2007; WO 2006/053871; the vaccine is also referred to as AERAS-402 in literature), and this candidate is undergoing extensive Phase I and II clinical trials in Africa and the USA. In order to proceed to larger clinical trials in the future without the need for extensive TB testing among recruits for practical reasons, it was decided to first test the safety of the vaccine in Mtb înfected individuals. Therefore, a clinical trial for this vaccine was conducted in South Africa. The vaccine was tested in a Phase II trial among people undergoing TB therapy as well as those who are cured but were previously înfected with TB.

The surprisîng results of this study demonstrated that the vaccine was safe by the notable absence of Koch’s phenomenon in Mtb exposed individuals. Equally crucially, W f

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I the vaccine was able to overcome the immune suppression to Mtb antigens mediated by the bacteria, as measured by the immunological responses to the vaccine antigens. These clinical trial findings reveal the enormous potential for the utilization of a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Mtb antigens Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 in a therapeutic setting. The vaccine may also be used as an adjunct to antibiotics, for example to shorten the duration of TB drug therapy, and/or to reduce the relapse rates of shortened TB drug therapy treatment régimes.

Thus, the invention in a first aspect provides a method for treatment of a patient having active tuberculosis (TB), the method comprising: administering to the patient a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mycobactium tuberculosis (Mtb).

The invention in a second aspect further provides a method for inducing an immune response against antigens of Mtb in a subject infected with Mtb, the method comprising administering to the subject administering to the patient a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb to express the antigens and induce an immune response to at least one of the antigens in the subject.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb for the treatment of patients having active TB.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb for inducing an immune response against antigens of Mtb in a subject infected with Mtb.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides the use of a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mtb for the préparation of a médicament for the treatment of patients having active TB.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides the use of a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mtb for the préparation of a médicament for inducing an immune response against antigens of Mtb in a subject infected with Mtb.

i The following embodiments relate to each of the aspects of the invention i described above, unless it is clear from the context that the embodiment relates to certain i

i aspects only.

In certain embodiments, the patient or subject is subjected to drug therapy, e.g. by administering to the patient or subject one or more antibiotic drugs that are capable of j killing Mtb. In further embodiments, the patient or subject is on treatment or eligible for

J treatment by drug therapy.

J s In certain embodiments, the patient or subject is subjected to drug therapy for a reduced period as compared to standard drug therapy, e.g. the administering of antibiotic 10 drugs is performed in a regimen that is shorter than a standard regimen of administering ï the antibiotic drugs to which the patient or subject would be eligible in the absence of ! administering the adenovirus.

In certain embodiments, the subjecting the patient to drug therapy for a reduced period comprises administering therapeutic drugs such as antibiotic drugs to the patient 15 for a period of about between one week and five months, e.g. between two weeks and four months.

In certain embodiments, the standard drug therapy regimen for the patient i comprises the daily administration of a cocktail of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for a period of two months, followed by administration of rifampin and isoniazid with or without ethambutol daily or three times per week for a period of four j months.

j In certain embodiments, the bacterial burden of Mtb as measured in a group of patients at a given time after the initiation of drug therapy is lower as compared to the burden at the same time point without the administration of the adenovirus.

In certain embodiments, the relapse rate of active TB as measured in a population of patients after the therapeutic drug therapy for a reduced period is the same as or less than for a standard drug drug regimen for a normal period without the administration of the adenovirus.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 ·; 30 antigens, encodes these antigens as a fusion protein.

j In certain embodiments, the adenovirus is a replication-deficient human i adenovirus of serotype 35. <ν\Λ '1 f

In certain embodiments, the adenovirus is a replicatîon-deficîent human adenovirus of serotype 26.

In certain embodiments, the adenovirus vector is administered în a heterologous prime-boost regimen. In certain embodiments, the heterologous prime-boost regimen comprises administration of vectors of human adenovirus serotype 35 and of human adenovirus serotype 26.

In certain embodiments, the TB that the patient has is pulmonary TB.

In certain embodiments, the patient or subject has an infection with multîdrug résistant Mtb (MDR-TB) or extremely drug résistant Mtb (XDR-TB).

In certain embodiments, a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb is administered to the patient or the subject more than once.

In certain embodiments, the administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD8+ T-cell response in the patient or the subject against at least one of the antigens encoded by the nucleic acid in the adenovirus.

In certain embodiments, said CD8+ T-cell response is a polyfunctional T-cell response.

In certain embodiments, the administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD4+ T-cell response in the patient or the subject against at least one of the 20 antigens encoded by the nucleic acid in the adenovirus.

In certain embodiments, the subject that is infected with Mtb has latent TB.

Brief description of the Figures

FIG. 1. Increase in the percentage of CD8 lymphocytes over time releasing IFNy or

IL-2 or TNF-α upon stimulation with pooled peptides of Ag85A among vaccinées receiving 3 x IO¹⁰ virus particles (vp) when compared to placebo control.

FIG. 2. Increase în the percentage of CD8 lymphocytes over time releasing IFNy or IL-2 or TNF-α upon stimulation with pooled peptides of Ag85B among vaccinées receiving 3 x 1O¹⁰ virus particles (vp) when compared to placebo control.

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FIG. 3. Increase în the percentage of CD8 lymphocytes over time releasing IFNy or IL-2 or TNF-α upon stimulation with pooled peptides of TB10.4 among vaccinées receiving 3 x 1O¹⁰ virus partîcles (vp) when compared to placebo control.

FIG. 4. Increase in the percentage of polyfunctional CD8 lymphocytes over time releasing IFNy and TNF-α upon stimulation with pooled peptides of Ag85B among vaccinées receiving 3 X 10^,ϋ virus partîcles (vp) when compared to placebo control.

FIG. 5. Scheme of the animal study to demonstrate the chemotherapy- shortening effect of Ad35.TB-S with details on the timing of vaccination and immunologîcal studies.

FIG 6. Scheme of the animal study to demonstrate the chemotherapy-shortening effect by heterologous prime-boost with Ad35.TB-S followed by Ad26.TB-S with details on the timing of vaccination and immunologîcal studies.

Detailed description of the invention

TB can be either latent or active, as is known to the skilled person and can be detected and recognized according to routine methods known to the skilled person, such as radiographie, bactériologie or immunologie methods or combinations thereof (see e.g. Mitchison, 2005). Examples are acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear of sputum samples, mycobacterial culture, tuberculîn skin testing and interferon-γ release assays. For instance AFB or mycobacterial culture can also be used to détermine the effects of therapy. Latent TB means that the Mtb bacteria are présent in the body of a subject, but the body’s défenses are keeping it from tuming into active TB. This means that such subjects do not hâve any symptoms at that moment and normally don’t spread the disease to others. Latent TB can become active TB at some stage. Active TB means that the Mtb bacteria are growing and causing symptoms. Infection often takes place in the lungs, and this is called pulmonary TB. If the lungs are infected with active TB, the disease can easily be spread to others. TB can also spread to other parts of the body, which is called extrapulmonary TB. Extra-pulmonary TB may include disseminated tuberculosis, lymphatic tuberculosis, pleural tuberculosis, genitourinary tuberculosis, bone and joint tuberculosis and central nervous system tuberculosis. The invention is in principle suitable for improving therapy of any sort of active TB. In certain embodiments, the active TB according to the invention is pulmonary TB. Infection with HIV increases the likelihood c to get TB, and hence in certain embodiments the TB patient may also hâve concomitant infection with HIV. In other embodiments, the TB patient does not hâve concomitant HIV infection. Symptoms of active TB may include: a cough that brings up thick, cloudy and sometimes bloody mucus from the lungs (called sputum) for more than 2 weeks, tiredness and weight loss, night sweats and a fever, a rapid heartbeat, swelling in the neck (when lymph nodes in the neck are affected), shortness of breath and chest pain (în rare cases). Pulmonary TB is usually diagnosed by taking a sample of sputum and testing whether there are Mtb bacteria in it. Sometimes a chest radiograph is taken to help find pulmonary TB. Extrapulmonary TB can be found using biopsy or fluid aspiration of the infected tissue, or collection of excrétions, for AFB smear, culture and histology.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, a patient according to the invention is a human patient. ïn other embodiments the patient may be a mammal that is capable of being infected with Mtb and in certain aspects having active TB, for example a domestic animal, or a rodent such as a mouse in a model for TB.

According to the présent invention, an adenovirus is used as a therapeutic vaccine. Adenoviruses for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines are well known and can be manufactured according to methods well known to the skilled person. An adénoviral vector can be generated by using any species, strain, subtype, or mixture of species, strains, or subtypes, of an adenovirus or a chimeric adenovirus as the source of vector DNA (see for instance WO 96/26281, WO 00/03029). An adenovirus according to the invention preferably is a human adenovirus. It can be of any serotype. Human adénoviral vectors that were identified to be particularly useful are based on serotypes 11, 26, 34, 35, 48,49, and 50 as was shown in WO 00/70071, WO 02/40665 and WO 2004/037294. Others hâve found that also adenovirus 24 (Ad24) is of particular interest as it is shown to be a rare serotype (WO 2004/083418). In a preferred embodiment the adenovirus used for the invention is thus a human adenovirus of a serotype selected from the group consisting of: Adl 1, Ad24, Ad26_} Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49 and Ad50. The advantage of this sélection of human adenoviruses as vaccine vectors is that humans are not regularly infected with these wild type adenoviruses, so that neutralizing antibodies against these serotypes are less prévalent in the human population at large. Particularly preferred serotypes according to the invention are Ad35, and Ad26. In another preferred ï

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j embodiment, the adenovirus is a simian, canine or a bovine adenovirus, since thèse | viruses also do not encounter pre-existing immunity in the (human) host to which the i

recombinant virus is to be administered. The applicability of simian adenoviruses for use i

ï } in human gene therapy or vaccines is well appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the i

I 5 art. Besides this, canine and bovine adenoviruses were found to infect human cells in j vitro and are therefore also applicable for human use. Particularly preferred simian j adenoviruses are those isolated from chimpanzee. Examples that are suitable include C68 j (also known as Pan 9; US 6,083,716) and Pan 5, 6 and 7 (WO 03/046124); See also WO ί 03/000851.

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I 10 Recombinant adenoviruses can be produced to very high titers using cells that are ^! considered safe, and that can grow in suspension to very high volumes, using medium that does not contain any animal- or human derived components. Also, it is known that recombinant adenoviruses can elicit a dramatic immune response against the protein encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid sequence in the adénoviral genome.

In the genome of the adenovirus, the nucleic acid encoding the transgene(s), here the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens, is operably linked to expression control sequences. This can for instance be done by placing the nucleic acid encoding the transgenes under the control of a promoter. Further regulatory sequences may be added. A convenient and routine way of doing this is cloning the transgenes into an expression cassette, available in many formats from several expression plasmids sold by commercial vendors, which expression cassette usually contains sequences capable of bringing about expression of the nucleic acid, such as enhancer(s), promoter, polyadenylation signal, and the like. Several promoters can be used for expression of the transgenes, and these may comprise viral, mammalian, synthetic promoters, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable promoters for obtaining expression in eukaryotic cells, are the CMV-promoter (US 5,385,839), a mammalian EF1-alpha promoter, a mammalian ubiquitîn C promoter, or a SV40 promoter. In certain embodiments, a promoter drivîng the expression of the transgenes is the CMV immédiate early promoter, for instance comprising nt. -735 to +95 from the CMV immédiate early gene enhancer/promoter. A polyadenylation signal, for example the bovine growth hormone polyA signal (US 5,122,458), may be présent behind the transgenes. Ά

The administration of the adenovirus according to the invention will resuit in expression of the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens in cells of the patient to which the adenovirus is administered. This will resuit in an immune response to at least one of the antigens in the patient. Thus, the invention provides methods and uses according to the invention, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens is expressed in the patient. In certain aspects the invention provides methods and uses according to the invention, so that an immune response against at least one, preferably at least two, more preferably ail three of the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens is induced.

Preferably, the adénoviral vector is déficient in at least one essential gene function of the El région, e.g., the El a région and/or the El b région, of the adénoviral genome that is required for viral réplication. In certain embodiments, the vector is déficient in at least one essential gene function of the El région and at least part of the non-essentîal E3 région. The adénoviral vector can be multiply déficient, meaning that the adénoviral vector is déficient in one or more essential gene fonctions in each of two or more régions of the adénoviral genome. For example, the aforementioned El-déficient or E l -, E3deficient adénoviral vectors can be further déficient in at least one essential gene of the E4 région and/or at least one essential gene of the E2 région (e.g., the E2A région and/or E2B région). As known to the skilled person, in case of délétions of essential régions from the adenovirus genome, the fonctions encoded by these régions hâve to be provided in trans, preferably by the producer cell, i.e. when parts or whole of El, E2 and/or E4 régions are deleted from the adenovirus, these hâve to be présent in the producer cell, for instance integrated in the genome, or in the form of so-called helper adenovirus or helper plasmids.

In certain embodiments, the adenovirus of the invention lacks at least a portion of the El-région, e.g. El A and/or E1B coding sequences, and forth er comprises heterologous nucleic acid encoding the Mtb antigens Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 .

The construction of adénoviral vectors is well understood in the art and involves the use of standard molecular biological techniques, such as those described in, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, 2d ed., Scientific American Books (1992), and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in

Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience Publîshers, NY (1995), and other references mentioned herein.

Adénoviral vectors. methods for construction thereof and methods for propagating thereof, are well known în the art and are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,559,099, 5,837,511, 5,846,782, 5,851,806, 5,994,106, 5,994,128, 5,965,541, 5,981,225, 6,040,174, 6,020,191, and 6,113,913, and Thomas Shenk, Adenoviridae and their Réplication, M. S. Horwitz, Adenoviruses, Chapters 67 and 68, respectively, in Virology, B. N. Fields et al., eds., 3d ed., Raven Press, Ltd., New York (1996), and other references mentioned herein.

In preferred embodiments, the adenovirus is réplication déficient, e.g. because it contains a délétion in the El région of the genome. If the adenovirus is an adenovirus from a subgroup other than human adenovirus subgroup C (e.g. Ad35 from subgroup B or Ad26 from subgroup D), it is preferred to exchange the E4-orf6 coding sequence of the adenovirus with the E4-orf6 of an adenovirus of human subgroup C such as Ad5. This allows propagation of such adenoviruses in well known complementing cell Unes that express the El genes of Ad5, such as for example 293 cells, PER.C6 cells, and the like (see, e.g. Havenga et al, 2006; WO 03/104467, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein). In certain embodiments, the adenovirus is a human adenovirus of serotype 35, with a délétion in the El région into which the nucleic acid encoding the antigens has been cloned, and with an E4 orf6 région of Ad5. In other embodiments, the adenovirus is a human adenovirus of serotype 26, with a délétion in the El région into which the nucleic acid encoding the antigens has been cloned, and with an E4 orf6 région of Ad5. If the adenovirus is of human subgroup B, such as Ad35, Ad34 or Adl 1, it is preferred to retain the 3’ end of the E1B 55K open reading frame in the adenovirus, for instance the 166 bp directly upstream of the pIX open reading frame or a fragment comprising this such as a 243 bp fragment directly upstream of the pIX start codon, marked at the 5’ end by a /<sj;361 restriction site, since this increases the stability ofthe adenovirus because the promoter of the pIX gene is partly residing in this area (see, e.g. Havenga et al, 2006; WO 2004/001032, incorporated by reference herein).

The adenovirus used in the invention comprises Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb. Such adenoviruses and ways of making these hâve been described before in Havenga et al, 2006; Radosevic et al, 2007; WO 2006/053871, ail incorporated Ά in their entirety by reference herein. In certain embodiments, the adenovirus of the invention comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens as a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes the entire open reading frames of the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens in that 5’ to 3’ order, as a fusion protein. In other embodiments, the adenovirus comprises fragments of the coding sequences for the Ag85A, Ag85B and/or TB 10.4 antigens, which fragments comprise antigenic parts or epitopes of these Mtb proteins. In certain embodiments the adenovirus comprises nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein as provided by amino acids 1-676 of SEQ ID NO:7 of US 2009/0123438 Al, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the antigens has been codon optimized for expression in humans. In certain embodiments, the adenovirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence comprising nucléotides 13-2043 of SEQ ID NO: 4 of US 2009/0123438 Al, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

The adenovirus used in the invention was thus already known as a prophylactic vaccine against TB, and the instant invention discloses for the first time its use as a therapeutic vaccine in patients with active TB. This use could not be anticipated and is surprising, since there appears an induced tolérance generated by Mtb on host cellular immunity towards Mtb antigens (Weichold et al, 2007), as further shown for the Ag85A and Ag85B antigens in the clinical trial described hereinbelow, a tolérance which was surprisingly found to be broken by the vaccine according to the invention. A further reason why this could not be predicted is that antigens that are useful as prophylactic TB antigens are not necessarily effective as therapeutic TB antigens (see e.g. Andersen et al în US 2004/0057963), underscoring the unpredictability of the immune responses for these vaccines.

Adenoviruses can be prepared, harvested and purified în cell culture Systems well known in the art, and for instance WO 2010/060719, incorporated by reference herein, describes suîtable methods for obtaining and purifying large amounts of recombinant adenoviruses such as those used in the présent invention. Further methods for producing and purifying adenoviruses are disclosed in for example WO 98/22588, WO 00/32754, WO 04/020971, US 5,837,520, US 6,261,823, WO 2005/080556, and WO 2006/108707, ail incorporated by reference herein.

For administering to humans, the invention may employ pharmaceutical compositions comprising the adenovirus and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In the présent context, the terrn pharmaceutically acceptable means that the carrier or excipient, at the dosages and concentrations employed, will not cause unwanted or harmfiil effects in the subjects to which they are administered. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients are well known in the art (see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th édition, A. R. Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publîshing Company [1990]; Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins, S. Frokjaer and L. Hovgaard, Eds., Taylor & Francis [2000]; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3rd édition, A. Kibbe, Ed., Pharmaceutical Press [2000]). The purified adenovirus preferably is formulated and administered as a stérile solution. Stérile solutions are prepared by stérile filtration or by other methods known per se in the art. The solutions can then be lyophilized or filled into pharmaceutical dosage containers. The pH of the solution generally is in the range of pH 3.0 to 9.5, e.g pH 5.0 to 7.5. The adenovirus or immunogenic parts thereof typically are in a solution having a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, and the solution of adenovirus may also contain a sait. In certain embodiments, detergent is présent. In certain embodiments, the vaccine may be formulated into an injectable préparation. These formulations contain effective amounts of the adenovirus, are either stérile liquid solutions, liquid suspensions or lyophilized versions and optionally contain stabilizers or excipients. The vaccine can also be aerosolized for intranasal administration (see e.g. WO 2009/117134).

For instance the adenovirus may be stored in the buffer that is also used for the Adenovirus World Standard (Hoganson et al, Development of a stable adénoviral vector formulation, Bioprocessing March 2002, p. 43-48): 20 mM Tris pH 8, 25 mM NaCI, 2.5% glycerol. Another useful formulation buffer suitable for administration to humans is 20 mM Tris, 2 mM MgCh, 25 mM NaCI, sucrose 10% w/v, polysorbate-80 0.02% w/v. Obviously, many other buffers can be used, and several examples of suitable formulations for the storage and for pharmaceutical administration of purified (adeno)virus préparations can for instance be found in European patent no. 0853660, US patent 6,225,289 and in international patent applications WO 99/41416, WO 99/12568, WO 00/29024, WO 01/66137, WO 03/049763, WO 03/078592, WO 03/061708. V

In certain embodiments the vaccine further comprises an adjuvant. Adjuvants are known in the art to further increase the immune response to an applied antigenic déterminant, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising adenovirus and adjuvants are for instance disclosed in WO 2007/110409, incorporated by reference herein. Examples of suitable adjuvants include aluminium salts such as aluminium hydroxîde and/or aluminium phosphate; oil-emulsion compositions (or oil-in-water compositions), including squalene-water émulsions, such as MF59 (see e.g. WO 90/14837); saponin formulations, such as for example QS21 and Immunostimulating Complexes (ISCOMS) (see e.g. US 5,057,540; WO 90/03184, WO 96/11711, WO 2004/004762, WO

2005/002620); bacterial or microbial dérivatives, examples of which are monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL), CpG-motif containing oligonucleotides, ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins or mutants thereof, such as E. coli heat labile enterotoxin LT, choiera toxin CT, pertussis toxin PT, or tetanus toxoid TT. Examples of further adjuvants are given in WO 2007/110409.

In other embodiments, the vaccines used in the invention do not comprise further adjuvants.

In the methods or uses of the invention, the dose of the adenovirus provided to a patient during one administration can be varied as is known to the skilled practitioner, and is generally between lxlO⁷ viral particles (vp) and 1x10¹’ vp, preferably between 20 1x10⁸ vp and lxlO¹¹ vp, for instance between 3x10⁸ and 5x10^lc vp, for instance between

10⁹ and 3xl0¹⁰ vp.

Administration of the vaccine according to the invention can be performed using standard routes of administration. Non-limiting embodiments include parentéral administration, such as by injection e.g. into the blood stream, intradermal, intramuscular, 25 etc, or mucosal administration, e.g. intranasal, oral, and the like. In one embodiment the vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoîd muscle. The skilled person knows the various possibilîties to administcr a vaccine according to the invention, in order to induce an immune response to at least one of the antigens in the vaccine.

In the présent invention, a patient with active TB is treated by administering adenovirus according to the invention, which is referred to as immunotherapy or thereapeutic vaccination. Treatment as used herein is therapeutic treatment, i.e. with the aim of improving the condition of the patient, preferably resolving the TB completely.

The treatment according to the invention involves immunotherapeutic vaccination, i.e. it ] aims at inducing an immunogenic response against at least one of the Ag85A, Ag85B and ] TB10.4 antigens, preferably against at least two of these, more preferably against ail three ] 5 of these. In preferred embodiments, the treatment reduces the Ievel of the Mtb infection in ; the patient. In preferred embodiments, the treatment results in curing the patient from active TB, more preferably the treatment finally results in absence of infection with Mtb in the patient.

i

I In contrast, the prior art use of similar vaccines aimed at prévention or i

i 10 prophylaxîs of TB, by administering the vaccine to subjects that were not infected with | Mtb and/or had no active TB. Immune responses and potential effects thereof in such | cohorts can be very different, and not prédictive for the effects of immunotherapy in Mtb| infected patients, especially patients with active TB.

ί In certain aspects therefore, the invention provides a method for inducing an immune response against antigens of Mtb in a subject infected with Mtb, the method . comprising administering to the subject a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleîc acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb to express the antigens and induce an immune response to at least one of the antigens in the subject.

It is an aspect of the invention to provide such methods for treating patients having active TB.

In certain aspects of the invention, the subject or patient is further treated by administering to the subject or patient one or more drugs that are capable of killing or at least signifïcantly inhibitîng the growth of Mtb. Thus, the invention also comprises a combination of immunotherapy with drug therapy, with the aim to prevent the subject 25 from developîng or to cure the patient from active TB, preferably to remove any infection of Mtb from the subject or patient.

Clinical trials with a vaccine according to the invention in groups of patients infected with Mtb and either having latent or active TB hâve demonstrated that the immunotherapeutic vaccination according to the présent invention does not lead to 30 Koch’s phenomenon. Koch’s phenomenon is thought to occur due to boosting of Thl responses leading to a release of Thl-related cytokines triggering necrosis of lésions containing Mtb (Churchyard et. al, 2009). Many TB patients treated by Robert Koch with ï tuberculin suffered from systemic reactions such as delirium, coma or angina pectoris (Burke, 1993). In some cases, deaths occurred in patients with advanced cavitary pulmonary disease (Burke, 1993).

Active TB îs usually treated with drug therapy. Drug treatment of TB aims to reduce the Mtb burden by sterilization and prévention of disease relapse following therapy. The largest number of drugs are utilized in the initial phase of therapy to prevent résistant strains emerging when the bacterial population is at its largest (Mitchîson DA, 2005). The risk of drug résistance reduces as the bacillary burden lowers over time. Thus, the remainder of TB therapy utilizes fewer drug combinations compared to the initial phase of treatment (Mitchîson DA, 2005).

Drug therapy as meant herein comprises the administration of one or more antibiotics to the patient, usually a combination of such antibiotics. These antibiotics are capable of killing or at least significantlv inhibiting the growth of Mtb. Several such antibiotics are known and available to the skilled person, which is capable of making the best choice amongst those for the case of each individual patient. Usually a treatment régime takes 6 months, with daily administration of antibiotics. If tests still show an active TB infection after 6 months, the treatment is continued for another 2 or 3 months. DOT may be used to help the patient follow ail the instructions and keep up with the treatment that can be complex and takes a long time. It is recommended to use more than one medicine to prevent MDR-TB. Antibiotics usefiil in the drug therapy for treating active TB include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Further antibiotics useful in treatment include p-aminosalicylic acid, streptomycin, thiacetazone, fluoroquinolones, PA 824, R207910, rifabutin, rifapentine, amikacin, capreomycin, cycloserine, ethionamide, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin. The dose to be administered for each antibiotic is generally well known to the skilled person, and generally îs at least as high as the minimal effective dose that gives bactericidal activity (see e.g. Mitchîson, 2005). The standard treatment begins with four medicines given daily for two months. The first two months of therapy known as the initiation phase, consists of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol taken daily. In certain regimens, streptomycin is used instead of ethambutol especially for people who cannot take ethambutol, but generally ethambutol is preferred, to avoid transmission of HIV. The next phase, termed

the continuation phase, reduces the therapy to rifampin and isoniazid, on a daily or three times per week basis. In certain cases, ethambutol is also added during this phase. This phase takes 4 months în standard regimens. In some cases this phase is lengthened to 9 months or even longer if necessary. The number of medicines used during this time dépends on the results of sensitivity testing. Another standard regimen consists of an 8 month regimen, wherein in a two month initiation phase isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and streptomycin is used, continuing with thiacetazone and isoniazid for 6 months; for this regimen sometimes ethambutol is substituted for thiacetazone as well as for streptomycin. If required, a different combination of medicines is tried if the treatment is not working because of drug résistance, when tests show that TB-causing bacteria are still active. Relapses may occur if treatment has not been successful, and such relapses usually occur within 6 to 12 months after treatment. Treatment after relapse is based on the severity of the disease and which medicines were used during the first treatment.

Thus, standard treatment may differ for different patients, but still is standard treatment according to the invention, as it is well known and routine for the skilled practitioner to décidé which treatment is needed in individual cases depending on the circumstances. Such a practitioner can follow the recommendations of the WHO regarding the standard drug therapy for TB. Several régimes for treatment of active TB are reviewed in (Mitchison, 2005), incorporated by reference herein.

The standard drug therapy treatment can thus be significantly shortened by the methods of the présent invention. In certain embodiments the therapeutic vaccination according to the invention may render drug therapy redondant, but generally, the drug therapy treatment according to the invention will take at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks. In certain embodiments, the administration of drugs can be shortened by at least one month, at least two months, or more, as compared to a standard drug therapy regimen. In certain preferred embodiments, the standard drug therapy regimen according to the invention comprises the daily administration of a cocktail of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for a period of two months, followed by administration of rifampin and isoniazid with or without ethambutol daily or three times per week for a period of four months, and said standard drug therapy treatment can be shortened to a total period of less than 5 months, 4 months or less, 3 months or less, 2 Aj months or less, 6 weeks or less, 5 weeks or less, 4 weeks or less. This can be established by shortening either the continuation or the initiation phase, or both. It may also be possible to administer less amounts of drugs, less different drugs of the cocktail, or less frequently than normal. Clearly, this is a breakthrough in the therapy of active TB, since it significantly shortens the period during which therapeutic drugs need to be taken by the patient, which results in lower costs and importantly reduces the logistîc burden and complexity of the treatment. In principîe, the drug treatment becomes more akîn to standard antibiotic treatments of other diseases. Using the methods of the invention, DOT is required for more limited periods compared to standard drug treatment of active TB, and in preferred embodiments DOT is no longer required at ail. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that the methods of the invention break the tolérance of the patient, so that the immune System will be capable of removing the residual Mtb bacteria after the vast majority thereof has been killed by the therapeutic drug regimen, like the immune System generally does for other bacteria after antibiotic treatment. When measured over a population of patients, this results in a significantly reduced relapse rate of active TB, when measured after for instance a 6 to 24 months after treatment with the drug regimen. The standard regimen has a relapse rate of between about 0-2%. If a standard drug regimen is shortened to 4 months, the relapse proportion at 24 months is between 8 to 11.8% (Clinical trial of 6-month and 4-month regimens of chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, 1981). În preferred embodiments, the instant invention comprises administering the therapeutic vaccine according to the invention in conjunction with therapeutic drug administration for a period that is significantly reduced compared to the standard period for drug administration, resulting in a significantly reduced relapse rate as compared to the relapse rate that is observed for the same drug therapy without the therapeutic vaccination. Preferably, the relapse rate at the shortened drug therapy regimen according to the invention is about the same or lower than the relapse rate of the standard drug therapy regimen of 6 months. In further embodiments, the immunotherapeutic vaccination of the invention combined with drug therapy resuit in a decrease of the bacterial burden at a given time as compared to the same burden after the same drug therapy regimen without the immunotherapeutic vaccination.

’ί î

The relapse rate can for instance be measured as the bacteriological relapse rate, measured by positive sputum culture at a spécifie time, e.g. at 24 months or 5 years after initiation or ending drug therapy.

i The administration of the therapeutic vaccine according to the invention can in i

| 5 principle be performed before, but because of lower bacterial burden preferably is ' performed during or after the therapeutic drug regimen, the therapeutic drug regimen in this case referring to the period of generally several months during which antibiotics are administered. In certain preferred embodiments, the vaccine is administered within 0 to 4 months after initiation of drug treatment, e.g. about 1 week, or about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 weeks, 10 or about 2 months, or about 3 months, or about 4 months after initiation of drug treatment. In other embodiments, the vaccine is administered more than 4 months after initiation of drug treatment, e.g. more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 months after initiation of drug treatment, and may even be administered after drug treatment has been ceased, e.g. one year or more after initiation of drug treatment, e.g. to prevent relapse of active TB. In other embodiments, the vaccine may also be administered at the indicated time points to subjects with past infection but diagnosed with latent TB.

In certain embodiments, the vaccine is administered more than one time, i.e. a i

prime-boost regimen for administration of the therapeutic vaccine is used. In cases where the vaccine is administered more than once, the timing of administration of the vaccine with respect to the therapeutic drug administration as described above refers to the first dose of the vaccine. In certain embodiments where the vaccine is administered more than once, the administration of the second dose of the vaccine can be performed one week or ^! more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, two weeks or more after the î administration of the first dose of the vaccine, three weeks or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, one month or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, six weeks or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, two months or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, 3 months or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, 4 months or more after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine, etc, up to several years after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine. In certain embodiments, the second dose of the vaccine is administered 42 days after the administration of the first dose of the vaccine. In embodiments where more than one dose of vaccine is

administered, the vaccines may be heterologous with respect to each other, for instance by using different adenovirus serotypes for the prime and the boost vaccination (see e.g. WO 04/037294), e.g. priming with human Ad35 and boosting with human Ad26, priming with human Ad26 and boosting with Ad35, etc. This is referred to as a heterologous prime boost regimen. The vectors of the different adenovirus serotypes then preferably are each a vector according to the invention, i.e. comprise nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens. It is also possible to use a different vector for priming or boosting, e.g. priming with adenovirus according to the invention and boosting with for instance DNA or MVA encoding the same or other TB antigens, or vice versa. Also, the priming and boosting vaccine may differ in the Mtb antigens, for instance by omitting one or more of the Ag85A, Ag85B or TB10.4 antigens from the adenovirus according to the invention for either the priming or the boosting vaccine. In other embodiments, the vaccines may be homologous with respect to each other, i.e. the same vaccine is administered as prime and as boost vaccine. It is also possible to admînister the vaccine more than twice, e.g. three times, four times, etc, so that the first priming administration is followed by more than one boosting administration. In addition, the therapeutic vaccine according to the invention may be used even after priming with BCG or recombinant forms of BCG, which may have been used to vaccinate the patient earlier in life. In other embodiments, the vaccine according to the invention is administered only once.

It has been observed that the administration of the vaccine according to the invention to patients having active TB, gives rise to CD8+ T-cell responses to Mtb antigens encoded by the vaccine. In certain aspects therefore, methods and uses according to the invention are provided, wherein the administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD8+ T-cell response in the patient against at least one of the antigens encoded by the adenovirus vector, meaning that the patient has CD 8 lymphocytes releasing cytokines, such as for example 1L-2, IFN-γ or TNF-α. In certain embodiments, said CD8+ T-cell responses are boosted after a second administration of recombinant adenovirus vector. In certain embodiments, the CD8+ T-cell responses are polyfunctional, meaning that T lymphocytes secrete more than one cytokine. Such polyfunctional T lymphocytes may increase the efficiency of the treatments according to 1 ί

i .I i

j the invention. It has also been observed that the administration of the vaccine according | to the invention gave rise to CD4+ T-cell responses to Mtb antigens encoded by the ] vaccine, in particular after boosting with a second dose of adenovirus. In certain aspects

J

J therefore, methods and uses according to the invention are provided, wherein the ί 5 administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD4+ T-cell response in ; the patient against at least one of the antigens encoded by the adenovirus vector, meaning i that the patient has CD4 lymphocytes releasing cytokines, such as for example IL-2, IFNi γ or TNF-α. In certain embodiments, said CD4+ T-cell responses are boosted after a second administration of recombinant adenovirus vector. Methods for measuring antigen10 spécifie cellular immune responses such as CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses are well i known and routine to the skilled person, and include for instance ELISPOT, întracellular cytokine stainîng (ICS), and multiplex cytokine assays (see e.g. Havenga et al, 2006; Radosevic et al, 2007; Lemckert et al, 2005; O’Connor, 2004).

Multîdrug résistant TB (MDR-TB) is defined as résistance to rifampin and isoniazid (WHO définition). Extremely drug résistant TB (XDR-TB) is defined as résistance to any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (capreomycin, kanamycin and amikacin), în addition to MDR-TB. Strategies to treat MDR-TB/XDR-TB differ according to the results of drug susceptibility testing and should contain at least 4 drugs with either certain, or almost certain clinical effectiveness.

The therapy involves an injectable drug phase of 6-10 months followed by an oral drug therapy that resuit în a total duration of therapy of 18-24 months (WHO). The immunotherapeutic vaccination according to the invention prevent the retum of TB after therapy, in particular the retum of TB caused by (multi-)drug résistant forms of Mtb. The vaccination is also suitable to treat active TB and/or decrease the frequency of relapse caused by MDR-TB or XDR-TB, as well as treatment of latent TB.

The insights from the instant invention also provide the advantage that TB vaccination with recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb, especially with the rAd35 vector as described herein, can be performed without stratification or testing of the presence of (active) TB, since no Koch’s phenomenon was observed upon administration of the vaccine to patients having active TB, nor to patients having latent TB as assessed in a different clinical trial. Thus, the invention also provides methods for post-exposure prophylaxis of TB by administering to a subject a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mtb. Such subjects may have been exposed but not yet have clinical signs of TB, or have undiagnosed TB, or altematively may already have clinical signs of TB and thus have active TB. In certain embodiments, the subjects may have latent TB. The administration of the vaccine according to the invention may slow down or prevent the development or progression of the disease.

Also for latent TB, the immunotherapeutic vaccination of the invention may be combined with drug therapy. Examples of standard drug therapy regimens for treating latent TB comprise administering isoniazîd during 9 months, or altematively rifampin for 4 months. Also these standard drug regimens can be shortened according to the invention,

e.g. by at Ieast one month, at Ieast two months, at Ieast three months, etc.

The invention is further explained in the following examples. The examples do not limit the invention in any way. They merely serve to clarify the invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Clinical trial with Ad35-based TB vaccine (Ad35.TB-S) in human subjects

A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial on human subjects was performed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Ad35.TB-S (Havenga et al, 2006; Radosevic et al, 2007; WO 2006/053871) in individuals with prior or current tuberculosis. This trial was conducted to ensure that the vaccine did not elicît severe adverse reactions, such as Koch’s phenomenon in subjects with previously unrecognized or active tuberculosis. By ensuring the safety of the vaccine in patients clînically documented to have tuberculosis, the vaccine could then be administered widely to larger populations in future studies without the need for extensive TB testing among subjects.

The study was designed as a dose escalation study where the vaccine dosage was increased in successive patient groups. Patients were enrolled sequentially, with the VZ •j ί

ί patients receiving the lowest dosage of vaccine enrolled and tested first. Conversely, j patients receiving the hîghest vaccine dosage were enrolled last after the safety profile of l

j the lower vaccine dosages had been asccrtaincd. Enrollees were stratified based on time j from the beginning of TB treatment. The “on-treatment” stratum consists of individuals | 5 who hâve active TB and who are currently undergoing treatment between one to four months prior to Study Day 0. Subjects in the “post-treatment’ ’ stratum had begun TB treatment at least 12 months prior to Study Day 0. The subjects were stratified as such

I since it was unclear whether individuals who suffered from active TB or cured of TB

I ί were at higher risk of developing Koch’s phenomenon following vaccination containing

TB antigens. Subjects from both the “on-treatment” and “post-treatment” strata were vaccinated once intramuscularly (IM) at Study Day 0 with 1ml of 3x10 (Group 1) and 3xl0⁹ (Group 2) viral particles (vp). Subjects in Group 3 were vaccinated with two dosages of 3xlO^lovp at Study Day 0 and Study Day 42. Placebo controls were vaccinated in stérile buffer solution, which was identical to the buffer used to formulate the vaccine (20 mM Tris, 2 mM MgCI₂, 25 mM NaCl, sucrose 10% w/v, polysorbate-80 0.02% w/v).

At the end of the study, thirty-one patients from the “on-treatment” and “post-treatment” groups each received Ad35.TBS. Thus, a total of sixty-two TB-infected patients received the Ad35.TB-S vaccine in this study and these patients were followed up over a period of six months.

To assess the safety of the vaccine in patients, investigators carried out serial injection site examînations, pulmonary function tests, chest radiography (CT scans), sérum hematology, chemistry and monitored collection of solicited and unsolicited adverse events. Mild to moderate injection site reactions were more often observed after 25 the first dose of injection in the “on-treatment” versus the “post-treatment” stratum. Nonetheless, frequency of unsolicited adverse events and différences în pulmonary function tests were not évident between dose groups or between strata, lmportantly, at ail vaccine dosages tested, Ad35.TB-S did not elicit any îmmunopathology similar to Koch’s phenomenon, which indicates that the vaccine is safe to be used among adults with a history of pulmonary TB. xs/ i s j

i i

i i

s

Immunogenicity of the vaccine was assessed by stimulation of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected at spécifie time points with peptide pools containing TB antigens Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4. Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and flow cytometry were subsequently carried out to identîfy whether the cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ or/and TNF-α were produced by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes upon stimulation with the TB antigens described above. The results of the immunogenicity study for the “on-treatment” stratum are depicted in Figs. 1 to 4.

Figs. 1 to 4 show the results of the ICS study carried out for subjects in the “on10 treatment” stratum from Group 3 who were administered 3x10¹⁰ vp of the vaccine at Study Day 0 and 42. The ICS measures the percentage of CD 8 lymphocytes releasing IFNy or TNFa or IL-2 upon stimulation with pooled peptides containing antigens 85A (Fig. 1), 85B (Figures 2 and 4) and TB 10.4 (Fig. 3). Measurements were taken at spécifie time points between Day 0 and 84 (Figs. 1 to 4). Responses were found at ail doses and appeared to be dosage-dependent, and to demonstrate a booster effect. For ail three antigens tested, a higher percentage of CD8 lymphocyte cytokine responses were detected for the vaccinated group compared to placebo (Figs. 1 to 4). These increased responses are particularly évident with Ag85B (Fig. 2). At later time points, some vaccinated subjects developed more than 1% of Ag85B-specific CD8 cells, which in some cases reached as high as 3% (Fig. 2). Polyfunctional T lymphocytes that secrete more than one cytokine are considered to be an important T cell subset in naturel host immunity against TB disease. Intriguingly, vaccination with Ad35.TB-S resulted in an increased percentage of polyfunctional CD8 T lymphocytes expressing both IFNy and TNFa (Fig. 4). Results of the ICS assay depicting the presence of CD8 cells expressing

IFNy and TNFa upon stimulation with Ag85B can be seen in Fig. 4, where the percentage of Ag85B-specific polyfunctional CD8 cells increased markedly following vaccination at Day 0 and Day 42 when compared to the placebo control group. It is of particular relevance to observe that CD8 lymphocytes from the placebo group, which originates from individuals infected with Mtb but did not receive vaccination with

Ad35.TB-S, were less responsive to stimulation with antigens 85A, 85B or TB 10.4 (Figs. 1 to 4), pointing towards a clear lymphocyte tolérance against these Mtb antigens, v/''· s

Taken together, the results of these immunological studies strongly indicate that the vaccine is immunogenic in Λίίά-infected individuals who are normally unable to mount an immune response against Mtb antigens. This can be clearly observed by comparing the immune responses of the subjects in the placebo group to subjects who were vaccinated with Ad35.TB-S (Figs. l-4). The results of this trial suggests that the vaccine possesses an intrinsic ability to break the tolérance induced by the Mtb infection against host-induced immune responses, without resulting in immunopathological damage manifesting as Koch’s phenomenon. This is the first trial of a novel recombinant TB vaccine conducted in individuals with a history of pulmonary TB that shows a good 10 safety record with the ability to induce tolerance-breaking immune responses.

A separate clinical trial has demonstrated the safety and immunogenîcity of the same vaccine in subjects with latent TB (data not shown), demonstratîng that the vaccine can also be safely used (without induction of Koch’s phenomenon) in such subjects, to induce immunogenic responses against at least one and preferably more of the antigens in 15 the vaccine.

Example 2: Proof of concept study to show the treatment-shortening effect of the Ad35.TB-S vaccine on tuberculosis drug therapy in mice

Here, a method to show the TB chemotherapy-shortening effect of Ad35.TB-S is 20 described. The method utilizes an established mouse model for TB drug chemotherapy which îs adapted for expérimentation with the Ad35.TB-S vaccine.

Treatment of humans with Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide in the first 2 months followed by Rifampicin and Isoniazid for the remaining 4 months of therapy 25 results in a 1-2% chance of disease relapse (Neurmberger, 2008; Fox et. al, 1999). In mice, similar therapy results in a 0-10% chance of relapse (Neurmberger, 2008). In a recent study, BALB/C mice exhibited a 0% relapse proportion when treated with fois 6 monfo standard regimen, which rose to 90% when treatment was shortened to 4 months (Williams et. al, 2009). In that study, relapse was defined as isolation of 1 or greater CFU 30 after platîng the entire lung homogenate three months beyond completion of therapy (Williams et. al, 2009).

l i

i j

j Based on the approach by Williams et. al, the following experiment was designed to detect the ability of a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mtb (here: Ad35.TB-S) to reduce the lîkelihood of relapse when therapy is shortcned to a maximum of 4 months (Fig. 5).

BALB/C mice were infected via the aérosol route with the Mtb strain H37RV two weeks prior to allocation into five different groups. The first group served as positive control (PC) where animais were treated with the standard 6 month WHO treatment regimen and hâve a known relapse occurrence of approximately 0%. The second group consisted of mice that were treated with the 4 month WHO treatment regimen, that served as négative control (NC-WHO) and are known to relapse approximately 90% of the time. The third group comprised of animais that were infected with TB but not treated, and served as control for the Mtb infection (NC-I). The fourth group consisted of animais that were treated with the 4 month WHO regimen, and vaccinated with Ad35 empty vector at month 1 and 2 of the treatment regimen (NC-V). The NC-V group served as négative control to monitor any vaccination related adverse effects. In order to test the effect of Ad35.TB-S vaccination on prévention of relapse, a group of animais were treated with the 4 month WHO regimen and vaccinated with Ad35.TB-S at 1 and 2 months following treatment initiation (T-V). The dosage of 10¹⁰ viral particies for the vaccine and empty vector control in this study was determined to be optimal based on immunogenicity in pilot studies. If vaccination with Ad35.TB-S results in a more efficient sterilizing activity after 4 months of TB chemotherapy than the standard chemotherapy alone, the proportion of vaccinated animais that relapse after treatment cessation is lower than the unvaccinated controls (T-V vs NC-WHO and NC-V).

At spécifie time points îndicated in Fig. 5, ELISpot assays (Radosevic K et. al,

2007; Havenga M et. al., 2006; Lemckert AA et. al, 2005) were conducted to détermine T cell responses to the vaccine antigens. Specifically, splénocytes isoiated from animais in each group were stimulated with antigens from M. tuberculosis encoded within the vaccine such as Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4. For Ag85A, known CD4 and CD8 peptides were used to enable characterization of the exact T cell subset stimulated in the study. The magnitude of IFN-gamma sécrétion upon stimulation with antigen was used as an îndicator of T cell responsiveness. The results of the ELISpot study indicated that when i

Ί ι

I . compared to the control groups (NC-WHO and NC-V), the vaccine significantly boosted i

] the immune responses against ail antigens tested in the T-V group. For almost ail ,j antigens used, the immune responses induced by vaccination were significantly higher in j the T-V group than the NC-I group which contains a higher burden of bactcria j 5 systemically. There was also a consistently higher CD8 response to Ag85A noted within

I the vaccine T-V group. These promising immunogenicity results suggest that the vaccine, !

I when utilized as an adjunct to TB chemotherapy in mice, was able to overcome T cell unresponsîveness that resulted from chronic TB infection.

To support the data obtained from the immunogenicity ELISpot studies and identify potential correlates of protection, multiplex cytokine analysis are conducted at each time point where the ELISpot analysis was carried out.

Histopathology was performed on lung samples obtained from animais in ail groups to detect lung pathology that may be related to vaccination with Ad35.TB-S. For ail experiments, samples from naïve mice served as baseline control. In ail cases observed so far, no immunopathology was observed in the vaccinated T-V groups compared to the control groups. These results confirm that the vaccine has an excellent safety profile to that seen in the human trials when used in the context of a TB infection in a closely controlled mouse model of infection.

It is expected that this experiment demonstrates that addition of vaccine to the chemotherapy regimen results in a decreased occurrence of relapse when compared to standard chemotherapy alone due to the enhanced immune responses elicited by the vaccine during therapy. Together, these results indicate that Ad35.TB-S can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy to shorten treatment duration and/or relapse rate and/or decrease in bacterial burden.

The length of treatment with antibiotics, the antibiotics used and the moment(s) of vaccination with the adenovirus vaccine are easily varied in this model. For example, the length of treatment with antibiotics is shortened to 3 months, 2 months, 6 weeks, 4 weeks, and shorter if deemed useful. \\/ j

:i i

ί Example 3: The effect of therapeutic vaccination by heterologous boosting of i

| Ad35.TB-S with Ad26.TB-S vaccines in a mouse model of TB therapy i

j The first heterologous prime-boost vaccine was trialed in humans by the group of

J Adrian Hill at Oxford (Schneider et al. 1998) in a trial desîgned to study the < 5 immunogenicity of a prophylactic vaccine against malaria. It was then observed that :

| priming and boosting with different vectors carrying the same antigens resulted in a markedly enhanced immune response which was due to the prolifération of memory T cells.

To test if priming with Ad35 and boosting with Ad26 would markedly resuit in j 10 enhanced immunogenicity as well as a decrease in relapse proportions upon shortening of

TB therapy, two additional arms were added to the study shown în Example 2 (Figure 6). In one arm, an additional vaccination of Ad26.TB-S containing the same antigens as the Ad35.TB-S was given at the end of the four month therapy. Should the Ad26.TB-S boost enhances the immune response and targets slow-growing întracellular persisters at this stage of the infection, the proportion of animais relapsing at the end of the study in this ί

ί arm would be even lower than the group that received two vaccinations of Ad35.TB-S at !

and 2 month of therapy. To control for the effect of Ad26 vector aione, another arm was added. This Ad26 control group is expected to relapse at the same proportion as the group that received two Ad35.TB-S vaccinations aione (T-V).

To détermine if the Ad26.TB-S boost resulted in enhanced immunogenicity,

ELISpot assays were conducted prior to immunization and two weeks after vaccination as indicated in Figure 6. The results of the ELISpot study was highly encouraging as the i

Ad26.TB-S vaccination resulted in a significant boost to the T cell responses that exceeded the highest responses seen with the initial Ad35.TB-S vaccination during therapy. In contrast, the control vector did not elicit any boosting effect, confirming that the immune responses were targeted to the antigens contained in the vector.

As described in Example 2, histopathology samples are taken at each time point to ensure that no immunopathology develops as a resuit of boosting with Ad26.TB-S.

References

Burke DS. Of postulâtes and peccadilloes: Robert Koch and vaccine (tuberculin) therapy for tuberculosis. Vaccine. 1993;11(8):795-804.

Cardona PJ. RUTI: a new chance to shorten the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2006 May-Jul;86(3-4):273-89.

Clinical trial of 6-month and 4-month regimens of chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the results up to 30 months. Tubercle. 1981; 62 (2): 95-102.

Churchyard GJ, Kaplan G, Fallows D, Wallis RS, Onyebujoh P, Rook GA.

Advances în îmmunotherapy for tuberculosis treatment. Clin Chest Med. 2009 Dec;30(4):769-82.

Fan M, Chen X, Wang K, et al. Adjuvant effect of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine on récurrent treated pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of 10 Evidence-Based Medicine. 2007; 7 (6): 449-55

Fox W, Ellard GA, Mitchison DA. Studies on the treatment of tuberculosis undertaken by the British Medical Research Council tuberculosis units, 1946-1986, with relevant subséquent publications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999 Oct;3(10 Suppl 2):S23179.

Ha SJ, Jeon BY, Youn JI, Kim SC, et al. Protective effect of DNA vaccine during chemotherapy on réactivation and reinfection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Ther. 2005 Apr; 12(7):634-8.

Havenga M, R Vogels, D Zuijdgeest, K Radosevic, et al. 2006. Novel replicationincompetent adénoviral B-group vectors: high vector stability and yield in PER.C6 cells.

J. Gen. Virol. 87: 2135-2143.

Lemckert AA, Sumida SM, Holterman L, Vogels R, et al. Immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens involving recombinant adenovirus serotype 11 (Adl 1) and Ad35 vaccine vectors in the presence of anti-Ad5 immunity. J Virol. 2005 Aug;79(l 5):9694-701

Lowrie DB, Tascon RE, Bonato VL, Lima VM, et al. Therapy of tuberculosis in miceby DNA vaccination. Nature. 1999 lui 15;400(6741 ):269-71.

Mitchison DA. 2005. The diagnosis and therapy of tuberculosis during the past 100 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 699-706.

Nuermberger E. Using animal models to develop new treatments for tuberculosis.

Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct;29(5):542-51

O'Connor KA, Holguin A, Hansen MK, Maier SF, Watkins LR..A method for measuring cytokines from small samples. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity. 2004, 18 (3); 274-280

Radosevic K, CW Wieland, A Rodriguez, GJ Weverlîng, et al. 2007. Protective immune responses to a recombinant adenovirus type 35 Tuberculosis vaccine in two mouse strains: CD4 and CD8 T-cell epitope mapping and rôle of gamma interferon. Infect Immunity 75: 4105-4115.

Schneider, J. et al. Enhanced immunogenicity for CD8⁺ T cell induction and complété protective efficacy of malaria DNA vaccination by boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Nat. Med. 4, 397-402 (1998)

Taylor JL, OC Turner, RJ Basaraba, JT Belisle, et al. 2003. Pulmonary necrosis resulting from DNA vaccination against Tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 71: 2192-2198.

Weichold FF, Mueller S, Kortsik C, Hitzler WE, étal. 2007. Impact of MCH class I alleles on the M. tuberculosis antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell response in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Genes and Immunity. 8, 334-343.

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Claims (17)

1. i AMENDED CLAIMS !

   | i

   1. Use of a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucleic acid ! 5 encoding the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis i

   j (Mtb) in the manufacture of a médicament for the treatment of active tuberculosis (TB), wherein the treatment comprises administering the recombinant adenovirus to a patient having active TB
2. 2. A use according to claim 1, further comprising subjecting the patient to j 10 drug therapy.

   i
3. 3. A use according to claim 2, wherein the patient is subjected to drug therapy for a reduced period as compared to standard drug therapy.
4. 4. A use according to claim 3, wherein subjecting the patient to drug ^! therapy for a reduced period comprises administering therapeutic drugs to the patient ! 15 for a period of between one week and four months.

   f ί
5. 5. A use according to claim 3 or 4, wherein standard drug therapy i

   | comprises the daily administration of a cocktail of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide i

   and ethambutol for a period of two months, followed by administration of rifampin and isoniazid with or without ethambutol daily or three times per week for a period of four i 20 months.

   i
6. 6. A use according to any one of claims 3-5, wherein the bacterial burden i of Mtb as measured in a group of patients at a given time after the initiation of drug | therapy is lower as compared to the burden at the same time point without the j

   administration of the adenovirus.

   25
7. 7. A use according to any one of claims 3-6, wherein the relapse rate of active TB as measured in a population of patients after the therapeutic drug therapy for a reduced period is the same as or less than for a standard drug drug regimen for a normal period without the administration of the adenovirus.
8. 8. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleic

   30 acid encoding Ag85A, Ag85B and TB10.4 antigens, encodes these antigens as a fusion f protein. x'
9. 9. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adenovirus is a replication-deficient human adenovirus of serotype 35.
10. 10. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adenovirus is a replication-deficient human adenovirus of serotype 26.
11. 11. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adenovirus vector is administered in a heterologous prime-boost regîmen.
12. 12. A use according to claim 11, wherein the heterologous prime-boost regimen comprises administration of vectors of human adenovirus serotype 35 and of human adenovirus serotype 26.
13. 13. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the TB is pulmonary TB.
14. 14. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the patient has an infection with multidrug résistant Mtb (MDR-TB) or extremely drug résistant Mtb (XDR-TB).
15. 15. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a recombinant adenovirus vector that comprises nucieic acid encodîng the Ag85A, Ag85B and TB 10.4 antigens of Mtb is administered to the patient more than once.
16. 16. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD8+ T-cell response in the patient against at least one of the antigens.
17. 17. A use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the recombinant adenovirus vector induces a CD4+ T-cell response in the patient against at least one of the antigens. xY