NZ795498A - Antimicrobial peptides and methods of using same - Google Patents

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides of general formula X0X1X2C X3X4X5CX6X7X8X9CYX10X11CX12X13 are provided. Also provided are certain formulations containing these peptides and methods of using these peptides for treating skin infections in an animal in need thereof.

Description

Antimicrobial es of general formula X0X1X2C X3X4X5CX6X7X8X9CYX10X11CX12X13 are provided. Also provided are certain formulations containing these peptides and methods of using these peptides for treating skin infections in an animal in need thereof.

NZ 795498 ANTIMICROBIAL ES AND METHODS OF USING SAME RELATED ATIONS The present application is a divisional of New d patent application 764838, which is the national phase entry of PCT international application (published as FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001A] This invention is in the field of antimicrobial peptides and uses of such peptides for treatment of infections.

BACKGROUND otics are chemical substances having the capacity, in a dilute solution, to kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms. otics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat ious diseases of humans, animals, and plants. The term was originally cted to substances produced by microorganisms, but has been extended to include synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds of similar chemical activity.

Extensive and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs led to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms. These microorganisms are no longer susceptible to currently available antimicrobial drugs. In order to lower or prevent lethal infectious diseases and maintain public health, new antimicrobial agents are required.

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are an essential component of the host defense system of organisms throughout nature and offer protection from invading pathogens. They show potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, tes and viruses. The smaller AMPs (usually about 15-40 amino acids) act largely by disrupting the structure or function of microbial cell membranes, they do not target single defined molecular structures. ore, as opposed to conventional antibiotics, they are effective regardless of the metabolic activity of bacteria. Human AMPs such as defensins and cathelicidin (LL-37) are present in leukocytes and secreted by various epithelia in skin and mucosal surfaces. In on to their antimicrobial ty, AMPs are important effector les in inflammation, immune activation, and wound healing. AMPs are quite diverse in sequence and ary structure, but share some common properties. They are usually cationic, amphipathic and exert their microbicidal effect by compromising the bacterial membrane integrity. Interaction of AMPs with the anionic membrane surface of the target microbes leads to membrane permeabilization, cell lysis and death.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION In the first aspect, the invention provides an amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X0X1XZCX3X4X5CX6X7X8XQCYX10X11CX12X13) wherein X0 is absent or proline; X1 is lysine, arginine, glycine, or proline; X2 is alanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X3 is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X4 is ne, ne or alanine; X5 is valine or alanine; X6 is tyrosine or arginine or lysine or tryptophan; X7 is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine; X8 is arginine, phenylalanine or glycine; X9 is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine; X10 is arginine or histidine; X11 is arginine or lysine; X12 is arginine, , or asparagine; X13 is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide; with provisos that if X0 is proline, then X1 is not proline; if said amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR) then X13 is 1-4 amino acids long; if X13 is 1 amino acid long or longer, then the N-terminal amino acid in X13 is aspartic acid or glutamic acid; if the amino acid at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not acyl- or palmitic acid — modified; if amino acid is X11 lysine then X6X7X8X9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SEQ ID NO: 16) then the C-terminal asparagine is ed.

In certain embodiments, X0 is absent and X6 is arginine or lysine; and/or X7 is arginine or lysine; X6X7X8X9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is selected from the group ting of YRGI (SEQ ID NO: 17), YRGV (SEQ ID NO: 18), YRGF (SEQ ID NO: 19); and/or X10 is arginine; and/or X3X4X5 (SEQ ID NO: 20) is FRV (SEQ ID NO: 21), WYV (SEQ ID NO: 22); and/or X13 is 1 amino acid long or longer, and the N-terminal amino acid in X13 is aspartic acid.

In a ular set of embodiments, the amino acid sequence is 17-21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (X0X1X2C X3X4X5CX6X7X8X9CYX1OX11CX12X13) wherein X0 is absent; X1 is lysine, arginine or e; X2 is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or argninine; X3 is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X4 is tyrosine or phenylalanine; X5 is valine or alanine; X6 is tyrosine or arginine; X7 is arginine or glycine; X8 is arginine, phenylalanine or e; X9 is e, phenylalanine, tyrosine or valine; X10 is arginine or histidine; X11 is arginine or lysine X12 is arginine, lysine, or asparagine; X13 is a 0-4 amino-acid-long polypeptide.

In a another set of embodiments according to the first aspect, the amino acid sequence is 18—21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or a peptide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, three, or four amino acids, wherein the amino acids differing from the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 are ndently selected from the group ting of arginine or glycine at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; phenylalanine or arginine at position corresponding to position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1; valine or tryptophan at position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 1; tyrosine at position corresponding to on 5 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1; glycine at position corresponding to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine, phenylalanine, or valine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; histidine at position corresponding to on 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1; lysine at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1; asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

More specifically, the amino acid sequence comprises aspartic acid at on corresponding to position 18 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or asparagine at position corresponding to on 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or glycine at on corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or arginine at on corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or both.

In a set of embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences comprising, at the respective N-termini, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 (RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 3 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 4 (KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 5 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 6 (KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 7 (KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 8 (KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 9 (KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD), SQE ID NO: 10 VCYRGICYHRCRD), or SEQ ID NO: 11 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND).

In additional embodiments, the amino acid ce is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 ACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 VCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 VCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 118 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

In yet additional embodiments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, 31.

In the second aspect, the invention provides a multimer comprising a plurality of repeats of the amino acid sequence according to the previous aspect of the invention, wherein further, the N-terminal amino acid of said sequence is proline, and the C-terminal amino acid of said sequence is ic acid. Advantageously, the repeats of the amino acid sequence are joined each other directly, thereby forming D-P bonds. In certain ments, the plurality is between 2 and 20.

The invention also provides a method of making the amino acid sequence that is le for making the multimer as described in the second aspect of the invention. The method comprises synthesizing the multimer and contacting the multimer with a mild acid (e.g., formic acid) whereby D-P bonds are broken.

In a third aspect, the invention es a method of treating infections in an animal in need thereof, comprising stering to the animal a formulation comprising the amino acid sequence according to the first aspect of the invention. In certain embodiments, the infection is a skin infection. In other embodiments, the infection is mastitis, a respiratory infection, an ear infection, urinary tract infection, or reproductive tract infection.

In certain embodiments, the animal is a companion animal, e.g., a dog, a cat, or a horse.

In a particular embodiment, the animal is a dog. In certain embodiments, the formulation is formulated for a l application. In some embodiments, the formulation is a gel, a cream, an emulsion, or a spray.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 illustrates toxicity of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 13 in human, beagle, and rat red blood cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions For a better understanding of the invention, the following miting tions are "About" or "approximately," when used in connection with a measurable numerical variable, refers to the indicated value of the variable and to all values of the variable that are within the experimental error of the indicated value (e.g., within the 95% confidence interval for the mean) or within 10 t of the indicated value, whichever is greater, unless about is used in nce to time intervals in weeks where "about 3 weeks," is 17 to 25 days, and about 2 to about 4 weeks is 10 to 40 days.

"Emulsion" means a composition of two immiscible liquids in which small droplets of one liquid are suspended in a continuous phase of the other liquid. teral administration" refers to the introduction of a substance, such as a vaccine, into a subject's body through or by way of a route that does not include the digestive tract.

Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, utaneous, ermal, eritoneal, intraocular, and intravenous administration. ion [in a sequence of interest] corresponding to” a n position of a reference sequence is determined by aligning the reference sequence and the sequence of interest in such a way that the cysteine residues of the sequence of interest and the reference sequence are matched to each other, and then determining the position in the sequence of st that matcher the desired position in the reference sequence.

"Pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to substances, which are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of subjects without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit-to-risk ratio, and effective for their ed use.

"Therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of the amino acid sequence and/or the formulation containing same that would induce a response in a subject receiving the amino acid or formulation which is adequate to prevent or reduce signs or symptoms of infection.

"Treating" refers to preventing a er, condition, or disease, including, without limitations, infections, to which such term applies, or to preventing or reducing one or more symptoms of such disorder, condition, or disease.

"Treatment" refers to the act of "treating" as defined above.

Pepfldes Generally, the invention provides an amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO:12 (XOX1X2C X3X4X5CX6X7X8X9CYX1OX11CX12X13) wherein X0 is absent or proline; X1 is , arginine, glycine, or proline; X2 is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X3 is phenylalanine, valine or tryptophan; X4 is arginine, ne or phenylalanine; X5 is valine or alanine; X6 is tyrosine or arginine; X7 is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine; X8 is arginine, phenylalanine or glycine; X9 is cine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or ; X10 is arginine or histidine; X11 is arginine or lysine; X12 is arginine, lysine, or asparagine; X13 is a 0-4 amino-acid-Iong polypeptide; with provisos that if X0 is proline, then X1 is not proline; if said amino acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR) then X13 is 1-4 amino acids long; if X13 is 1 amino acid long or , then the N-terminal amino acid in X13 is ic acid or glutamic acid; if the amino acid at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not acyl- or palmitic acid — modified; if amino acid is X11 lysine then X6X7X8X9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SQE ID NO: 16) then the C-terminal asparagine is In certain embodiments, X0 is absent and X6 is arginine or lysine; and/or X7 is arginine or lysine; X6X7X8X9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is selected from the group consisting of YRGI (SEQ ID NO: 17), YRGV (SEQ ID NO: 18), YRGF (SEQ ID NO: 19); and/or X10 is arginine; and/or X3X4X5 (SEQ ID NO: 20) is FRV (SEQ ID NO: 21), WYV (SEQ ID NO: 22); and/or X13 is 1 amino acid long or longer (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 amino acids long), and the N-terminal amino acid in X13 is aspartic acid.

In a particular set of ments according to the first aspect, the amino acid sequence is 18—21 amino acids long and comprises, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID NO: 1 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD) or a peptide that differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, three, or four amino acids, wherein the amino acids differing from the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 are independently ed from the group consisting of arginine or glycine at position corresponding to on 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine or argninine at position corresponding to position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 1; valine or tryptophan at position corresponding to position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 1; tyrosine at position corresponding to position 5 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position corresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1; glycine at position corresponding to position 9 of SEQ ID NO: 1; arginine at position ponding to position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine, alanine, or valine at position corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; histidine at position ponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1; lysine at position ponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1; asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In ent embodiments, the amino acid sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 1 by one, two, or three amino acids.

In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence comprises aspartic acid at position corresponding to position 18 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or asparagine at position corresponding to position 17 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or glycine at on corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; alanine at on corresponding to position 11 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or arginine at position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or both.

In a set of ments, the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences comprising, at the respective N-termini, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 (RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 3 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 4 VCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 5 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 6 (KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 7 (KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 8 (KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 9 (KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD), SQE ID NO: 10 (KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD), or SEQ ID NO: 11 VCYRGICYRRCND).

Additional amino acid sequences may be found among SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 101 (KWCFRVYCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 (KWCFRACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 103 (KWCFRVCKRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 VCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 111 (KWCFRVCYRGICRYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 (GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 118 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

Thus, the amino acid sequence may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97 (KRCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD); SEQ ID NO: 98 (KWCVRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 99 (KWCFFVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 100 (KWCFWVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 102 ACYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 104 (KWCFRVCYFGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 105 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRN), SEQ ID NO: 106 (KWCWRVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 107 (KWCFRVCWRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 108 (KWCFRVCYGGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 109 (KWCFRVCYRRICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 110 (KWCFRVCYRGYCYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 112 VCYRGICYRRCKD), SEQ ID NO: 113 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCAD), SEQ ID NO: 114 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRR), SEQ ID NO: 115 VCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 116 (KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND), SEQ ID NO: 117 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD), SEQ ID NO: 118 (GWCFYVCYRGICYRRCND).

The peptides according to the invention can be manufactured by methods that are well- known in the art, including, without tions, solid-phase peptide synthesis. The peptides may also be synthesized using bioengineering ques (e.g., fermentation) in fungal, bacterial or eukaryotic systems.

In certain embodiments, where the N-terminal amino acid of the antimicrobial peptide is proline, and the C-terminal amino acid is aspartic acid, the method of manufacturing the anti- ial peptide may entail sizing a multimer of the antimicrobial peptide. In different embodiments, the number of monomers in the multimer may be 1 to about 20, e.g., about 5, about 10, or about 15. Conveniently, the monomers of the antimicrobial peptide would be linked via a peptide bond between the C-terminal aspartic acid of an upstream monomer and the N- terminal proline of the downstream monomer (D-P bond). This D-P bond can conveniently be cleaved via mild acid (e.g., formic or citric acid) hydrolysis. Thus, a le encompassed by such description as, for example, (SEQ ID NO: 29)n or (SEQ ID NO: 31).,, wherein n is an integer between 1 and 20, may be used in the itions and methods of the invention.

Formulations The peptides according to the embodiments above may be formulated for delivery to the target site (i.e., the site that is infected or the site that is in danger of being infected due to a wound, irritation, to the like). Without limitation, the sites include skin, eyes, ears, mammary gland, reproductive tract, urinary bladder, nasal and oral cavities. The composition comprising the peptides of the instant invention is ated depending on the site of st.

Also provided are compositions that can be ed by mixing one or more antimicrobial peptides described herein, with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, binders, diluents or the like, to treat or ameliorate a variety of bacterial infections. A therapeutically effective dose or amount refers to that amount of one or more compounds described herein ient to result in amelioration of symptoms of the infection. The pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention can be manufactured by methods well known in the art such as conventional granulating, mixing, dissolving, encapsulating, lyophilizing, or emulsifying processes, among others. The compositions can be in the form of, for example, granules, powders, tablets, capsule syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or ons. The instant compositions can be formulated for various routes of administration, for example, by oral administration, by topical administration, by transmucosal administration, by rectal administration, or aneous stration as well as intrathecal, intravenous, intramammary, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, intraocular or intraventricular injection. The compound or compounds of the instant invention can also be administered in a local fashion, such as injection as a sustained release formulation. The following dosage forms are given by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the instant invention.

For oral, buccal, and sublingual administration, powders, suspensions, granules, tablets, pills, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets are acceptable as solid dosage forms. These can be prepared, for example, by mixing one or more compounds of the t invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers f, with at least one additive or excipient such as a starch or other additive. Suitable additives or excipients are sucrose, lactose, cellulose sugar, mannitol, ol, dextran, sorbitol, , agar, alginates, s, chitosans, pectins, tragacanth gum, gum arabic, gelatins, collagens, , albumin, synthetic or semisynthetic polymers or glycerides, methyl cellulose, ypropylmethyl-cellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Optionally, oral dosage forms can contain other ingredients to aid in administration, such as an ve diluent, or lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or preservatives such as paraben or sorbic acid, or anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol or cysteine, a disintegrating agent, binders, thickeners, buffers, sweeteners, flavoring agents or perfuming agents. Additionally, dyestuffs or pigments can be added for fication. Tablets and pills can be further treated with suitable coating materials known in the art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, slurries and solutions, which can contain an inactive diluent, such as water. Pharmaceutical formulations can be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as, but not d to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. ceutically suitable tants, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, can be added for oral or parenteral administration.

As noted above, sions can include oils. Such oils include peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil and mixtures of oils. Suspension ation can also n esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and ated fatty acid glycerides. Suspension formulations can include ls, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol. Ethers, such as but not limited to, poly (ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as l oil and petrolatum; and water can also be used in suspension ations.

For certain routes of administration, the pharmaceutical formulations can be a spray or aerosol containing and appropriate solvents and optionally other compounds such as, but not limited to, stabilizers, antimicrobial , antioxidants, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. A propellant for an aerosol formulation can include ssed air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or a hydrocarbon based low boiling solvent. The compound or compounds of the instant invention are iently red in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from a zer or the like. lnjectable dosage forms generally include aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions which can be prepared using a suitable dispersant or wetting agent and a suspending agent. lnjectable forms can be in solution phase or in the form of a sion, which is prepared with a solvent or diluent. able solvents or vehicles include sterilized water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, sterile oils can be employed as solvents or suspending agents. Generally, the oil or fatty acid is latile, including natural or synthetic oils, fatty acids, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides.

For injection, the pharmaceutical formulation can be a powder suitable for reconstitution with an appropriate solution as bed above. Examples of these include freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, granules, precipitates, or particulates. For ion, the ations can optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these. The compounds can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection such as by bolus injection or continuous infusion. A unit dosage form for injection can be in ampoules or in multi-dose containers.

For rectal administration, the pharmaceutical formulations can be in the form of a suppository, an ointment, an enema, a tablet or a cream for release of compound in the intestines, d flexure and/or rectum. Rectal suppositories are prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the instant ion, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or tautomers of the compound, with acceptable vehicles, for example, cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, which is present in a solid phase at normal storing temperatures, and present in a liquid phase at those temperatures suitable to release a drug inside the body, such as in the rectum. Oils can also be employed in the preparation of formulations of the soft gelatin type and suppositories.

Water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and ols can be employed in the preparation of suspension formulations which can also contain suspending agents such as pectins, carbomers, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or carboxymethyl ose, as well as buffers and preservatives.

Besides those representative dosage forms described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carries are lly known to those skilled in the art and are thus included in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers are described, for example, in "Remington's ceutical Sciences", Mack Pub. Co., New Jersey .

The formulations of the invention can be designed to be short-acting, fast-releasing, long-acting, and sustained-releasing. Thus, the pharmaceutical formulations can also be formulated for controlled release or for slow e.

The t compositions can also comprise, for example, micelles or liposomes, or some other encapsulated form, or can be administered in an ed release form to provide a prolonged storage and/or delivery effect. Therefore, the pharmaceutical ations can be compressed into pellets or cylinders and implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneously as depot injections or as implants such as stents. Such implants can employ known materials such as nes and biodegradable polymers.

The composition may also contain anti-pruritic medications, including, without limitations, nib and salts thereof (e.g., APOQUEL® and anti-lL-31 antibodies (e.g., CYTOPOINTTM).

The composition can also comprise a steroid or an anti-fungal medicine. Suitable ds include, without limitations, Betamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone aceponate, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone acetate, and the like. Suitable anti-fungal medicines include, without limitations chlotrimazole, econazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole.

The compositions can contain, for example, from about 0.1% by weight, to about 90% or more by weight, of the antimicrobial peptide, depending on the method of administration. Where the compositions comprise dosage units, each unit can contain, for example, from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg per dose of the antimicrobial e. For example, one dose of the composition may contain about 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg, 4 mg, 4.5 mg, 5 mg, .5 mg, 6 mg, 6.5 mg, 7mg, 7.5 mg, 8 mg, 8.5 mg, 9 mg, 9.5 mg. The composition may n about 1 to about 5 mg of the antimicrobial peptide per dose, or about 1.5 to about 5 mg of the crobial peptide per dose, or about 2.5 mg to about 7.5 mg per dose, or about 1.5 mg to about 2.5 mg per dose, depending on the severity of the wound and the size of the animal.

Methods In yet another aspect, the invention also provides methods of treating or preventing a bacterial infection in a t, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein to the subject. Suitable subjects that can be treated e dogs, cats, , cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, primates (e.g., rhesus monkeys and lgus (also known as crab-eating or long-tailed) monkeys, marmosets, nds, chimpanzees, macaques), rabbits, and rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like). In certain embodiment, the subject is a dog, and the antimicrobial peptide of the invention is delivered topically, asally, intraocularly, or intraaurally. The antimicrobial peptide may be delivered in a form of drops, spray, cream, gel, ointment and the like.

Infections that can be treated with the described compounds include external ear infections, infections of the middle ear, such as acute otitis media, infections of the cranial sinuses, eye infections, infections of the oral cavity, such as infections of the teeth, gums and mucosa, upper atory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, gastrointestinal infections, gynecological infections, emia, bone and joint infections, skin and skin structure infections, burns, antibacterial prophylaxis of surgery, and antibacterial prophylaxis in immunosuppressed ts, such as patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, or organ lant ts. These infections can be treated in hospital or community settings via various routes of administration as described herein.

The compounds or compositions described herein can also be used prophylactically.

Accordingly, one or more of the present compounds or compositions can be administered to a subject deemed to be at risk for developing a microbial infection. Subjects at risk for developing a microbial ion include individuals who have been exposed to a particular microorganism, such as a pathogenic bacterial species; individuals having a compromised immune system, or subjects that are particularly vulnerable to the infections due to compromised natural defenses (e.g., where the skin is compromised due to burns or cuts).

The crobial peptides described herein can be used for the treatment or prevention of infectious disorders caused by a variety of bacterial organisms, ing infections by pathogenic bacterial species. miting examples of bacterial infection include Gram positive and Gram ve aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Staphylococci, e.g., S. aureus; Enterococci, e.g., E. faecalis; ococci, e.g., S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae; Escherichia species, e.g., E. coli, including toxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic and enteroaggregative E. coli strains; Propionibacterium strains, e.g., P. acnes; Haemophilus, e.g., H. influenza; Moraxella, e.g., M. catarrha/is. Other examples include cteria, e.g., M. tuberculosis, M. avian-intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. genavense, M. leprae, M. xenopi, M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum, M. ma/moense, M. celatum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. szulgai, M. gordonae, M. haemophi/um, M. fortuni and M. marinum; Corynebacteria, e.g., C. diphtheriae; Pseudomonas species, e.g., P. aeruginosa; Borrelia species, e.g., B. burgdorferi; Listeria species, e.g., L. monocytogenes; Bacillus species, e.g., B. cereus; Bordetella species, e.g., B. bronchiseptica; Klebsiella species, Clostridium species, e.g., C. perfringens, C. tetani; Chlamydia species, e.g., C. psittaci,; Rickettsia species, e.g., B. rickettsii and B. prowazekii; Salmonella s, e.g., S. typhimurium; Yersinia species, e.g., Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis; Klebsiella s, e.g., K. pneumoniae; and Mycoplasma, e.g., M. nia, Actinobacillus species, H. parasuis; and Truepere/Ia pyogenes.

In certain aspects the bacteria are selected from Staphylococci, e.g, S. ntermedius, S. aureus, 8. sch/eiferi, S. chromogenes, S. simulans, S. xylosus. The bacteria may also be selected from Streptococci, e.g., S. uberis, S. aga/actiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. suis. Further, the bacteria of family Pasteurellaceae are suitable for treatment with the itions bed herein. Suitable Pasteurellaceae bacteria include M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, Escherichia species, e.g., E. coli, and Klebsiella species.

In certain ments, the bacteria are S. pseudintermedius and/or P. aeruginosa.

The compositions described herein may be administered in different frequency regiments. For example, suitable regimens include 4 times daily to once every week, e.g., three times daily, twice daily, once daily, every two days, every three days, twice per week, every five days and so on. Similarly, the inventions described herein may be stered in different duration regimens, e.g., in a single administration, for two days, for three days, for four days, for a week, for two weeks, for a month, for six weeks, and so on. The duration, the frequency and the amount of the antimicrobial peptide per dose, as well as the species and the state of the wound and/or state of the ion, may be considered together in determining the proper dose- requency regimen for stration of the antimicrobial compositions claimed herein.

The following examples are presented as illustrative embodiments, but should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Many changes, variations, cations, and other uses and ations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Antimicrobial activity and safety in Vitro Peptides according to SEQ ID NOs as listed in Table 1 were prepared by a commercial manufacturer (CS Bio, Menlo Park, California) using solid phase synthesis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining the l Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against S. aureus and E. coli. Briefly, Microbroth MICs were performed using CLSI methodology (VET01- S2). For S. aureus and E. coli ATCC strains, TSA with 5% |ysed horse blood agar was used for ght culturing at 37°C ambient air. A 0.5 mM stock for each peptide was made with cell e water, 0.01% acetic acid and serially diluted and spotted (10 uL) in a 96-well plate for in assay dose titration concentration of 50 uM to 0.05 uM. 0.5 McFarland Standard of each strain was diluted 1:250 in Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). 90 uL of culture suspension was then added upon drug in the 96-well plate for overnight incubation for 18-20 hours. The MIC was determined visually at the first well of no visible growth at the corresponding concentration.

The results of these experiments are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 SEQ S.aureus ATCC 25922 ATCC 29213 SEQ ID NO: 23 KFCVYVCYRGICYRRCK 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 24 CYRGVCYRRCR 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 1 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 13 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR 3.1 GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN 3.1 RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR 3.1 RRWCFRVCYRGFCYRKCR 3.1 KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR 3.1 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN 3.1 CRRRFCYRRCR 3.1 CYRGICYRRCN-NH2 3.1 GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN-NH2 3.1 GFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN 6.2 PGFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN 6.2 PFCWYVCRRRFCYRRCN 52 GFCWYVCRRRFCHRRCN 6.2 GVCVYVCRRRFCYRRCN 6.2 GVCVYVCRRRFCYRRCN 6.2 SEQ ID No: 38 6.2 SEQ ID No: 39 6.2 SEQ ID No: 40 6.2 SEQ ID No: 41 6.2 SEQ ID No: 42 6.2 WO 13181 SEQ ID NO: 45 *GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN-NHZ __6_._g ______________________________ }__Q_.__8_ _____________________________ GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN £ng____________________________ __Q_._4_ _____________________________ GFCWYVCYRGFCYRRCN _§._g5_04_____________________________ SEQ ID N0147__1__2;5_08 _____________________________ SEQ ID _1__2;5_04 ______________________________ SEQ ID No: 49 __I_2_.S_ 02 ______________________________ SEQ ID No:50__1__2;5_04 ______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 51 25 6.2 SEQ ID No: 52 2508 ______________________________ SEQ ID No:532550 _______________________________ SEQ ID No:542504 ________________________ SEQ ID No:552508 ______________________________ SEQ ID No:562508 ______________________________ SEQ ID No:572504 _____________________________ SEQ ID No: 58 _88________________________________ _Q_-__2_ _____________________________ SEQ ID No: 58 _88________________________________ _Q_-__8_ _______________________ SEQ ID No:602504 _____________________________ SEQ ID No: SI 2562 _____________________________ SEQ ID NO: 62 ____________________________ i__S_0__ ________________________ SEQ ID NO: 63 5050_______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 64 503I SEQ ID NO 65 50825 ____________________________ SEQ ID NO: 66 503I _______________________________ SEQ ID NO 67 50I6 ______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 68 50I8 ______________________________ SEQ ID NO 69 5050 _______________________________ SEQ ID NO 70 5025 ______________________________ SEQ ID NO:71503I ______________________________ SEQ ID NO 72 _59________________________________ __8_._I______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 73 _59________________________________ __8_._I______________________________ SEQ ID NO 74 __59 I_2__._S _________________________ ___________________________ SEQ ID NO: 75 _59_______________________________ ?__S_o__ ______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 76 _59_______________________________ }__S_0__ ______________________________ SEQ ID NO 77 _59_______________________________ _8_._I______________________________ SEQ ID NO: 78 _59_______________________________ }__8_._I______________________________ SEQ ID NO 79 _59_______________________________ :__8_.__2_ _____________________________ SEQ ID NO: 80 __59 _______________________________ j___1__-__6_ _____________________________ SEQ ID NO81—89 _______________________________ :__S_0__ ______________________________ SEQ ID NO 82 _59_______________________________ :__8_.__2_ _____________________________ SEQ ID N0183—_S_o_ _______________________________ ;__I_.__8_ _____________________________ SEQ ID NO 84 503I _______________________________ _I. 01 SEQ ID NO: 85 KKVCVNVCKQGICHKRCK SEQ ID NO 86 SEQ ID NO 87 SEQ ID NO: 88 SEQ ID NO 89 SEQ ID NO: 90 GHCHHVCRRRHCHRRCN * refers to N-acetylation ** refers to itic acid modification SEQ ID NO: 1 was selected for further research. Toxicity of SEQ ID NO: 1 to eukaryotic blood cells was compared to that of tachyplesin (SEQ ID NO: 13). A standard, well referenced red blood cell hemolysis assay was employed t multiple s to test the lysis potential of the peptides. Red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared and isolated by l centrifuge and wash steps to remove the plasma fraction. A dose titration (50 [M to 0.05 uM) of test peptides and control peptide in were spotted from 50 mM stocks in a 384 well plate. Prepared RBCs were ted with peptide for one hour at 37°C. Percent hemolysis was measured by optical density at 405nm and utilizing 1% TritonX100 as hundred percent effect (HPE) and phosphate buffer alone as zero percent effect (ZPE).

The inventors have surprisingly discovered that SEQ ID NO: 1 had not only improved anti-microbial activity but also decreased toxicity to red blood cells. The results of the experiments using human, beagle, and rat red blood cells are rated in Fig. 1. Briefly, SEQ ID NO: 1 was 2-4 times less toxic to human, beagle or rat red blood cells than SEQ ID NO: 13.

In mouse or bovine red blood cells, the differences were negligible.

Additional derivatives of SEQ ID NO: 1 have been synthesized by solid-phase synthesis as described above. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining MICs against S. aureus and E. coli, as described above. The results of these experiments are provided in Table Table 2 Sequence S.aureus SEQ ID E138I<IDZ5922 ATCC 29213 M “M GWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD KFCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD KWCFYVCYRGICYRRCRD 0790.07 N—LN _L_Lm RWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD COO‘) ||KWCFRVCRRGICYRRCRD CYGRICYRRCRD KWCFRVCYRGVCYRRCRD _L_L 0707; KWCFRVCYRGACYRRCRD .9793 N—L KWCFRVCYRGFCYRRCRD 97m N—L (AD—L LL07 SEQ ID NO: 10 KWCFRVCYRGICYHRCRD SEQ ID NO: 11 CYRGICYRRCND 07.07 MN O_|. bob) SEQ ID NO: 1 KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCRD to —L .0 oo Antimicrobial activity of the peptides listed in Table 2 against different strains of MSSP (Mathiciilin~Susceptible Staphyiomccus pseudmtermed’ius) and MRSP (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudim‘ermedius) was further assessed. The results are in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

Table 3. MIC against selected strains of MSSP L0098 HHHWH 1.6 HOE 1.6 Table 4. MIC against selected strains of MRSP %’ 3 § § 0 go go to A 01 m ---—“In “—--- Im—n- mama: onal peptides were synthesized as described above. Antimicrobial properties of these peptides have been determined and are summarized below.

Table 5. Effect of selected antimicrobial sequences on strains of MSSP _|. O \l _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _L_L 00 L003 (:0 _L (:0 _L (:0 ' _L (:0 _|. (:0 _|. (:0 ' _|. 00 _L 9° _L 00 _L _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _L _L 07 _L 07 _L _L o _|. 07 (A) —'- (A) '_. _|. 07 _|. 07 (A) '_. 407 _|. _|. N _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _L_L_L_L_Lm_|. 0707'—L07 O CO _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. _|. (:0 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _L_Lm 0707 _L_Lm 0707—'- _L_Lm 0707—'- _L _L .1; _|. 07 (A) —'- (A) '_. _|. 07 (A) —'- (A) '_. m-L-Lm-Lm-L —'-0707—'-07—'-07 (:0 _|. (:0 _|. 115 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 O (3007CO _LOO_L_L_L_L_L 07COCOO707070707 _LOO_L_L_L_L_L 0700000707070707 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|._|. . 0707 _|. _|. 07 _|. 07 _LO_L_L_L_L_L 07(200707070707 _L_L_L_L 07070707 _|. . 07 O_|. _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. .07 _|. _|. \l _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. 07 _|. _|. m _|. 07 _|. .07 _|. 07 9° _|.

(DCDNN AOLOGJ _|. 07 _|. 07 Am 07—'- _|. 07 _L 07 .09 COCO _|. 07 —|-O 07CO _|. 07 _I. 07 _L 07 _L_L_L_L_L_L 070707070707 _L_L_L_L_L_L 070707070707 Table 6 Effect of crobial peptides on different bacteria. MR = MRSP, SA = S. aureus, EC = E. coli SP = S. pseudintermedius (I) (I) g 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 \l \I oo oo oo 00 N 4> 6 07 w c: —k 07 \l Q (I) N 0 O 07 g 8 B 8 E1 8 B 8 3 9 a 16 .6 1.6 a 1.6 .6 3.1 . 16 .8 1.6 102 3.1 . 1.6 .6 1.6 103 3.1 . 62 3.1 104 3.1 6 31 1.6 105 1.6 6 31 1.6 106 1.6 6 31 1.6 31 3.1 1.6 31 1.6 31 6.2 3.1 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.1 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 6. 1.6 1.6 3. 1.6 1.6 3. 1.6 1.6 3. 1.6 Safety of the peptides listed in table 2 was determining by measuring cell viability.

Canine-derived epithelial keratinocyte (CPEK) cells were propagated to determine cell viability in the presence of peptides. Cells were grown from a frozen stock in CnT5 (with ments) pre-warmed media in a T75 flask and incubated overnight at 37°C, 5% C02. Cells were washed with phosphate buffer and replenished with rmed -9 media and repeated for several days until cells reached a density of 6.6 x 104 cells/mL. Cells were then transferred to a 384 well plate, allowed to settle and dosed with peptides and melittin control peptide (50 uM to 0.05 uM) and incubated overnight at 37°C, 5% C02. 0.1% TritonX100 as (HPE) and phosphate buffer alone as (ZPE) were added to the plates to calculate percent effect once the assay was terminated with 10 uL CELLTITER-GLO® assay reagents for a luminescent readout. The results are provided in Table 7.

Safety of the peptides listed in table 6 was determining by measuring cell ity as described above. The results are provided in Table 8.

Table 8 @OHM) These data demonstrate that the antimicrobial peptides of the t invention are not only effective against the tested strains of bacteria but also safe, particularly for non-systemic, e.g., topical, administration.

All publications cited in the specification, both patent publications and tent publications, are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All these publications are herein fully incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication were specifically and dually indicated as being incorporated by reference.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference to ular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous cations may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised t departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims (1)

1. An amino acid sequence of 17-22 amino acids long and comprising, at its N-terminus, SEQ ID No.12 (XOX1XZC X3X4X5CX6X7X8XQCYX10X11CX12X13) Wherein X0 is absent or proline X1 is lysine, arginine, glycine, or proline; X2 is phenylalanine, tryptophan, or arginine; X3 is alanine, valine or tryptophan; X4 is arginine, tyrosine or phenylalanine; X5 is valine or alanine; X6 is tyrosine, arginine, lysine or tryptophan; X7 is arginine, phenylalanine, or glycine; X8 is arginine or glycine; X9 is isoleucine, alanine, alanine, tyrosine or valine; X10 is arginine or histidine; X11 is arginine or lysine X12 is arginine, lysine, alanine, or asparagine; X13 is a 0-4 amino-acid-Iong polypeptide; with provisos that if X0 is proline, then X1 is not e; if said amino acid sequence ses SEQ ID NO: 13 (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR), or SEQ ID NO: 28 VCYRGICYRKCR) then X13 is 1-4 amino acids long; if X13 is 1 amino acid long or longer, then the N-terminal amino acid in X13 is asparagine, ne, aspartic acid or glutamic acid; it the amino acid at position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, then said glycine is not acyl- or palmitic acid — modified; it amino acid is X11 lysine then X6X7X8X9 (SEQ ID NO: 14) is not RRRF (SEQ ID NO: 15); and if the amino acid is GFCWYVCYRGICYRRCN (SEQ ID NO: 16) then the C- terminal gine is ed. The amino acid sequence according to claim 1, wherein X0 is proline. The amino acid sequence according to claim 1 or 2, wherein X6 is arginine or tyrosine. The amino acid sequence according any one of claims 1-3, wherein X7 is arginine or glycine. The amino acid sequence according to claim 4, wherein X7 is arginine. The amino acid sequence according any one of claims 1-5 wherein X9 is isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine, or . The amino acid sequence of claim 1, wherein X9 is isoleucine. WO 13181