NZ789592A - Synthesis of (s)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-((r)-2-methyloxirane-2-yl)- pentan-1-one and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof - Google Patents
Synthesis of (s)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-((r)-2-methyloxirane-2-yl)- pentan-1-one and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereofInfo
- Publication number
- NZ789592A NZ789592A NZ789592A NZ78959217A NZ789592A NZ 789592 A NZ789592 A NZ 789592A NZ 789592 A NZ789592 A NZ 789592A NZ 78959217 A NZ78959217 A NZ 78959217A NZ 789592 A NZ789592 A NZ 789592A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- boc
- acid
- reaction
- provides
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 27
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 230000002194 synthesizing Effects 0.000 title abstract description 16
- ASROSKVBCYFAHU-IONNQARKSA-N (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]pentan-1-one Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)[C@@]1(C)CO1 ASROSKVBCYFAHU-IONNQARKSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229940113083 morpholine Drugs 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 50
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 abstract description 44
- 238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 40
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 38
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 38
- BLMPQMFVWMYDKT-NZTKNTHTSA-N Carfilzomib Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)[C@]1(C)OC1)NC(=O)CN1CCOCC1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BLMPQMFVWMYDKT-NZTKNTHTSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229960002438 carfilzomib Drugs 0.000 abstract description 14
- 108010021331 carfilzomib Proteins 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 38
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 37
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N MeOtBu Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- -1 AMINOMETHYL((R)METHYLOXIRANEYL)- PENTANONE Chemical compound 0.000 description 35
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 34
- PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbonyldiimidazole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C=CN=C1 PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 30
- 125000005931 tert-butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(OC(*)=O)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 30
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 22
- PHMRPWPDDRGGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromoprop-1-ene Chemical compound CC(Br)=C PHMRPWPDDRGGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 17
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 17
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylene dichloride Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000003213 activating Effects 0.000 description 16
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000006345 epimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- IUYHWZFSGMZEOG-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;propane;chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].C[CH-]C IUYHWZFSGMZEOG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M carbamate Chemical compound NC([O-])=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 13
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 10
- LSNOAQQZECGQNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N morpholine-2-carboxamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1CNCCO1 LSNOAQQZECGQNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 9
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 8
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 125000002827 triflate group Chemical group FC(S(=O)(=O)O*)(F)F 0.000 description 8
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triazabicyclodecene Chemical compound C1CCN2CCCNC2=N1 FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000003696 stearoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M NaHCO3 Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 6
- LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Substances CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N NMP Substances CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940035295 Ting Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N deuterated chloroform Substances [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000004433 nitrogen atoms Chemical group N* 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)C=C1 YYROPELSRYBVMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QOSSAOTZNIDXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbodicyclohexylimide Chemical compound C1CCCCC1N=C=NC1CCCCC1 QOSSAOTZNIDXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JNWBBCNCSMBKNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N HATU Chemical compound F[P-](F)(F)(F)(F)F.C1=CN=C2N(OC(N(C)C)=[N+](C)C)N=NC2=C1 JNWBBCNCSMBKNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010268 HPLC based assay Methods 0.000 description 4
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoryl chloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JKEKMBGUVUKMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [benzotriazol-1-yloxy(dimethylamino)methylidene]-dimethylazanium;tetrafluoroborate Chemical compound F[B-](F)(F)F.C1=CC=C2N(OC(N(C)C)=[N+](C)C)N=NC2=C1 JKEKMBGUVUKMQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N epoxyketone group Chemical group O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-propanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004573 morpholin-4-yl group Chemical group N1(CCOCC1)* 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- PAQZWJGSJMLPMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylphosphonic anhydride Substances CCCP1(=O)OP(=O)(CCC)OP(=O)(CCC)O1 PAQZWJGSJMLPMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- MDXGYYOJGPFFJL-MRVPVSSYSA-N (2R)-4-methyl-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]pentanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C MDXGYYOJGPFFJL-MRVPVSSYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YOETUEMZNOLGDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl carbonochloridate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(Cl)=O YOETUEMZNOLGDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N HCl Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MDXGYYOJGPFFJL-QMMMGPOBSA-N N(α)-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@@H](C(O)=O)NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C MDXGYYOJGPFFJL-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VIAFLMPQBHAMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N PyBOP Chemical compound F[P-](F)(F)(F)(F)F.C1CCCN1[P+](N1CCCC1)(N1CCCC1)ON1C2=CC=CC=C2N=N1 VIAFLMPQBHAMLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFTYALBVGVNGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Br-].CC([Mg+])=C Chemical compound [Br-].CC([Mg+])=C LFTYALBVGVNGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000001718 carbodiimides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012458 free base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atoms Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940011051 isopropyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-M isovalerate Chemical compound CC(C)CC([O-])=O GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N t-BuOH Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tBuOOH Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- FSJSYDFBTIVUFD-XHTSQIMGSA-N (E)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;oxovanadium Chemical compound [V]=O.C\C(O)=C/C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C/C(C)=O FSJSYDFBTIVUFD-XHTSQIMGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FPIRBHDGWMWJEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CN=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1 FPIRBHDGWMWJEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JVSFQJZRHXAUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(Cl)=O JVSFQJZRHXAUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IFHSFBQLZCGHRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)[ClH]P(=O)[ClH]C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)[ClH]P(=O)[ClH]C1=CC=CC=C1 IFHSFBQLZCGHRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RINWPVIHIGLXLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC([Mg])=C Chemical compound CC([Mg])=C RINWPVIHIGLXLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NKLCNNUWBJBICK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dess–Martin periodinane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2I(OC(=O)C)(OC(C)=O)(OC(C)=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 NKLCNNUWBJBICK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DYHSDKLCOJIUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)OC(=O)OC(C)(C)C DYHSDKLCOJIUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DOGIDQKFVLKMLQ-JTHVHQAWSA-N Epoxomicin Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N(C)C(C)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)[C@@]1(C)CO1 DOGIDQKFVLKMLQ-JTHVHQAWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003747 Grignard reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910004373 HOAc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940091250 Magnesium supplements Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012359 Methanesulfonyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonyl chloride Chemical compound CS(Cl)(=O)=O QARBMVPHQWIHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDNKZNFMNDZQMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N'-Diisopropylcarbodiimide Chemical compound CC(C)N=C=NC(C)C BDNKZNFMNDZQMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C(Cl)=O CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulphite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- NQSIKKSFBQCBSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate Chemical compound [O-][Ru](=O)(=O)=O.CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC NQSIKKSFBQCBSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001584 benzyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC1=CC=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000012455 biphasic mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010354 butylated hydroxytoluene Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002894 chemical waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFLYUXVZEPLMCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylchloranuidyl formate Chemical compound CC[Cl-]OC=O FFLYUXVZEPLMCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatoms Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;urea Chemical class NC([NH3+])=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2-methylpropane Chemical compound [Li+].C[C-](C)C UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000116 mitigating Effects 0.000 description 2
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000269 nucleophilic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004043 oxo group Chemical group O=* 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCC)(=O)O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxybenzotriazole Substances O=C1C=CC=C2NNN=C12 NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007976 iminium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M methanethioate Chemical compound [O-]C=S AWIJRPNMLHPLNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 201000009251 multiple myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran THF Chemical compound C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000341 threoninyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihydridoboron Substances B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LJZFDDUGNSHNTA-UHFFFAOYSA-O tris(dimethylamino)phosphanium;hexafluorophosphate Chemical compound F[P-](F)(F)(F)(F)F.CN(C)[PH+](N(C)C)N(C)C LJZFDDUGNSHNTA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The present invention provides new methods for preparing compound (5), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of structure. Compound (5), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is an important intermediate in the synthesis of carfilzomib. The invention further provides methods of making a useful manganese catalyst that may be used in the epoxidation step of the present invention. ing a useful manganese catalyst that may be used in the epoxidation step of the present invention.
Description
SYNTHESIS OF AMINOMETHYL((R)METHYLOXIRANEYL)-
PENTANONE AND PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE SALTS THEREOF
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a divisional application of New Zealand Application No.
750354, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by nce.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent ation 62/371,686
filed on August 05, 2016 and the benefit of U. S. Provisional patent ation 62/536,862 filed
on July 25, 2017, both ications of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in
their entireties.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improved, efficient, scalable process to prepare an
intermediate, (S)aminomethyl((R)methyloxiraneyl)pentanone, useful for the
synthesis of carfilzomib.
BACKGROUND OF THE ION
Carfilzomib, also known as Kyprolis®, is a tetrapeptide epoxy ketone some
inhibitor that binds selectively and irreversibly to the constitutive proteosome and
proteosome. More specifically, the electrophilic etone warhead binds to the
catalytic threonine residue of the β5 subunit of the proteasome protein. Carfilzomib is approved
for human use, for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Carfilzomib and various methods of
making carfilzomib are described in US patent publications US20050245435, US20140105921
and in PCT published patent applications 017842, WO2009045497, WO2014169897,
WO2013169282, WO2014011695, WO2006063154, WO2014015016, and WO2010048298,
each specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
One intermediate that may be used in the synthesis of carfilzomib is a compound 5, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof where X- is present, of the formula:
X O
.
nd 5 having a chemical name of (S)aminomethyl((R)-(2-methyloxirane-
2-yl)pentanone (as named by ChemBioDraw Ultra software, version 12.0). Sin and
colleagues at Yale used this intermediate in the synthesis of epoxomicin (N. Sin et al.,
Bioorg. Med Chem. Letters, 9 2283-2288, 1999). They synthesized this intermediate
beginning with Boc-leucine-weinreb amide 9 and proceeded through a step
synthesis generating the corresponding (LB-unsaturated ketone 10, and finally epoxidation
of the double bond using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant to afford a mixture of 11a and
11b in a 1.721 ratio, as shown schematically below (also see Sin, page 2285, scheme 1).
2-bromopropene
t-BuLi,Et20
N\ -78°C
BocHN OMeWBocHN
O O
"12021120
benzonitrile,
i-Pr2EtN
76% yield
+ 0&‘0
BocHN BocHN
O 0
(1.7: 1.0)
11a 11b
The compounds 11a and 11b can be separated by column chromatography, and
the Boc protecting group of compound 11a is removed with acid, such as roacetic
acid (TFA), to provide the desired epoxide intermediate (S)aminomethyl((R)
methyloxiraneyl)pentanone as a TFA salt.
Patent publication 045497 describes the synthesis of Boc or other
protected epoxyketone ediate 11a (Boc protected amine shown above) using
aqueous calcium hypochlorite or aqueous sodium hypochlorite (bleach), as the oxidizing
agent, in the presence of a co-solvent such as pyridine, acetonitrile, DMF, DMSO, N-
pyrrolidinone (NMP), DMA, THF and nitromethane, to convert compound 10
(above) to a 1:1 mixture of product 11a and 11b.
US patent publication US2005 0256324 describes the synthesis of amino acid
epoxyketones, and ularly the synthesis of intermediate 5. This publication teaches
that intermediate 5 may be prepared from the carboxybenzyl (cbz) ted amino-afi-
unsaturated ketone 20 (see scheme below) to the corresponding carboxybenzyl protected
amino epoxyketone 23a, as illustrated:
NaBH4
CeCI3-7H20
M, +
CszN CszN CszN
o OH (9: 1) 5H
- 48 21a - (4S)(3R) 21 b - (4S)(38)
VO(acac)2
t—BuOOH, DCM
76% yield
+ 9&0
CszN CszN
CICOCOCI, DMSO -
EtsN, DCM 22a - (4S)(3S)(2R) 22b - (4S)(3R)(28)
+ 9&0
CszN CszN
0 0
(9 : 1)
23a - (4S)(2R) 23b — (4S)(28)
Compounds 23a and 23b can be ted from the e using column
chromatography (assumes the 9 : 1 e of 21a : 21b was carried through without
separation), and the amine protecting carboxybenzyl group of compound 23a is removed
using known, conventional methods such as hydrogenation with a suitable metal catalyst,
such as palladium on carbon, to provide the desired epoxide ediate (S)amino
methyl-l-((R)methyloxiraneyl)pentan-l-one (23a) as a free base.
US patent publication US20050256324 also discloses a process where
intermediate 23a may alternatively be prepared using metachloroperbenzoic acid
(mCPBA) in dichloromethane (DCM), or Dess-Martin Periodinane in dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO) or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) with 4-methylmorpholine-N-
Oxide (NMO) in DCM, as the oxidizing agents, tively. The mCPBA method was
described to replace the previously taught VO(acac)2 oxidizing agent (shown above) with
these as .
A more recent publication (Wang, B et al, Chemistry European Journal, 3,
6750-6753, 2012) discloses the use of a manganese catalyst to enantioselectively convert
an olefin to an epoxide. It further mentions the application of this technique to preparing
the epoxide intermediates of epoxomicin and of zomib. More specifically, ng
with Boc-L-Leu-OH, this reference teaches that the corresponding epoxyketone
intermediate may be prepared in a 7:1 diastereomeric ratio in favor of the undesired (SS)
epoxide ediate diastereomer using en peroxide as the oxidizing agent (see
Wang scheme 2).
While these procedures to prepare intermediate compound 5 are methods that
afford intermediate 5 (shown , they are not very practical, not very ent from a
time, effort and cost perspective, and not very effective. Thus, these methods are not
optimal for the manufacture of intermediate 5 for the global manufacture and sale of the
commercial drug product carfilzomib. For instance, the process taught in Sin utilizes
highly pyrophoric reagents (t-BuLi) and cryogenic reaction conditions (-78°C) and results
in a less than optimal overall yield of intermediate 11a. The final epoxidation step
provides an overall 76% product yield ning a mixture of diastereomers (1.7 : 1) thus
requiring time consuming, and costly column chromatographic separation to isolate the
d product. On a large manufacturing scale, such column tography will
generate huge solvent waste which is nmentally unfriendly. Thus, the undesired and
unusable 35-40% reaction product with the wrong, undesired stereochmistry from the
method taugh in Sin increases overall costs and contributes chemical waste that adds
disposal expense and potential harm to the environment.
The process taught in US20050256324 consists of more steps than those taught in
Sin and utilizes expensive reagents. This process goes through the additional step of
reducing the ketone using environmentally ndly and costly borane and cerium
catalysts to provide the corresponding alcohol. Despite the 9:1 ratio of the desired
reomer 22a to the undesired diastereomer 22b, one must then m another
reaction to oxidize the hydroxyl group of the diastereomeric mixture up to the
corresponding ketone. This process effectively reduces the ketone then re-oxidizes the
same ketone. Thus, while the diastereoselectivity may be improved relative to Sin, this
process is synthetically inefficient thereby increasing associated costs, time, waste
generation and labor of production.
The process taught in 045497 ed bleach to accomplish the
epoxidation on avoiding the inefficient reduction/oxidation cycle of the adjacent
ketone. However, this epoxidation reaction results in about a 1:1 ratio of (R) and the (S)
stereoisomers at the epoxide carbon. In addition, the oxidation reaction with bleach is an
exothermic reaction to the extent of being a potential safety hazard, particularly when
conducted on a , manufacturing scale. To this end, this process requires costly and
time consuming chromatographic separation and re-crystallizations to isolate the desired
stereoisomeric product, resulting in significant waste.
The process taught in Wang provides diastereoselective epoxidation reaction
favoring the undesired epoxide stereochemistry. The desired epoxide diastereomer only
accounts for 12% of the crude reaction mixture. Therefore, use of this process is overall
low yielding, and would require a laborious column chromatography setp resulting in
increased time and expense, as well as to the potential of having to e of additional
chemical waste. To this end, the ture teaches epoxidation processes that are simply
not very efficient and/or timal for large scale production of the cial drug
product carfilzomib. Therefore, there is a need to identify alternative synthetic methods,
of increased efficiency and effectiveness, to prepare key ediate 5 for the
manufacture of carfilzomib.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a new method for the synthesis of keto-epoxide
intermediate compound 5
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof where X' is present, the method comprising
steps 1-5 according to scheme 1
_ 6 _
A amide rd
step 1 fl?= step 2
PG - OH-H20 _. PG - N —»
\N \N \R2
H H
PG-D-Leu-OH-H2O 1 2
epoxidation E)\ epimerization '
E o O deprotectlon
step 3 _ 0
PG\ /fi‘k step 4 pg\ step 5 X
0 O O
3 4 5
Scheme I
wherein
PG is a protecting group selected from t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) and
ybenzyl (cbz);
R1 is CH3 and R2 is —OCH3 or R1 and R2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached form a morpholine ring;
X' is absent or X' is an addition salt anion selected from TFA; Cl; Br; I and
mesylate;
the amide step 1 comprises use of an acid activating agent and a basic amine
selected from (CH3)NH(OCH3) and morpholine;
the rd step 2 ses use of isopropyl magnesiumchloride; Mg and 2-
bromopropene or isopropenylmagnesium bromide;
the epoxidation step 3 comprises use of an oxidizing agent and a manganese
catalyst;
the epimerization step 4 comprises the use of a base; and
the deprotection step 5 ses use of a catalyst or an acid.
The invention r provides various reaction conditions and reagents that may
be used to prepare compound 5; as discussed further herein. The method of the present
invention is efficient from a bond uction perspective. For example; it involves an
amine protected (LB-unsaturated ketone compound 2 and converts the double bond
directly to the corresponding epoxide group with a strong preference for the desired 2R
epoxide isomer; such as that shown in compound 3 (above). The process is
advantageously diastereoselective in its epoxidation step 3. The method results in high
overall yields of compound 5 and enables the process to be scaled up to large,
manufacturing grade . The present invention provides fewer synthetic steps,
requires no column chromatography to separate reomeric es and/or produces
less chemical and environmentally harmful waste materials than the s different
methods taught in the art. To this end, the present invention results in surprising and
unexpected advantages including, without limitation, reduced time, reduced expense, and
reduced waste, when compared to those methods for making the keto-epoxide
intermediate compound 5 described in the art.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides novel methods of preparing a keto-epoxide
ediate compound 5, as either a free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
f, for the synthesis of carfilzomib.
The terms “aspect” and embodiment” are used interchangeably herein.
In aspect I of the invention, the invention provides a method of making
compound 5
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof where X' is present, the method comprising
steps 1-5 according to scheme 1
A amide E)\R1 rd }
g step 1 E I step 2 5
PG\N OH-HZO —» PG\ -
H/Y N\ —>
NH/\lr R2 PG\N
O O O
PG—D—Leu—OH-HZO 1 2
epoxidation } epimerization de '
0 0 protectlon
step 3 E 0
PG = step 4 PG step 5 X_
—’ \N —’ \N —’ H2N
H H
O O O
3 4 5
Scheme I
wherein
PG is a protecting group selected from t-butoxycarbonyl and carboxybenzyl;
R1 is CH3 and R2 is —OCH3 or R1 and R2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached form a line ring;
X' is absent or X' is an addition salt anion selected from TFA; Cl; Br; I and
mesylate;
the amide step 1 comprises use of an acid activating agent and a basic amine
selected from (CH3)NH(OCH3) and morpholine;
the Grignard step 2 comprises use of isopropyl magnesiumchloride; Mg and 2-
ropene or isopropenylmagnesium bromide;
the epoxidation step 3 ses use of an oxidizing agent and a manganese
catalyst;
the epimerization step 4 ses the use of a base; and
the deprotection step 5 ses use of a catalyst or an acid.
In aspect 2 of the invention; the invention provides the method of aspect I
wherein PG is Boc.
In aspect 3 of the invention; the invention provides the method of aspect I
wherein PG is carboxybenzyl.
In aspect 4; the invention provides product compound 1 of the amide step 1
wherein R1 is CH3 and R2 is —OCH3.
In aspect 4a; the invention provides product compound 1 of the amide step 1
wherein R1 and R2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form
a morpholine ring.
In aspect 5 of the invention; the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1; 2; 3; 4 and 4a wherein the amide step 1 comprises the use of an acid activating
agent.
In aspect 5a of the invention; the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1; 2; 3; 4 and 4a n the acid activating agent used in the amide step 1 is an
acid chloride; an anhydride; a carbodiimide; a CD1, a phosphonium salt or a inium
or uranium salt.
In aspect 5b of the invention; the invention provides the method of aspects 5a and
4b wherein acid ting agent is a carbodiimide selected from DCC, DIC and EDC.
In aspect 5c of the invention, the invention provides the method of aspects 5a and
4b wherein acid activating agent is a pohosphonium salt selected from BOP and PyBOP.
In aspect 5d of the invention, the invention provides the method of aspects 5a and
4b wherein acid activating agent is (a) an acid chloride made using an agent selected from
thionyl chloride, oxalyl de and phosphorus oxychloride, or (b) an anhydride using
an agent seleted from ethylchloroformate (ECF), isobutylchloroformate (IBCF), boc
anhydride, EEDQ, acetic anhydride and pivaloyl chloride.
In aspect 5e of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
s 1, 2, 3, 4 and 4a n the acid ting agent used in the amide step 1 is CDI.
In aspect 5f of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
s 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a and 5 wherein the acid activating agent used in the amide step 1 is
CD1 and the amide step 1 reaction is ted at a ature of at or below 20°C.
In aspect 5f—l of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a and 5 wherein the acid activating agent used in the amide step 1 is
I5 CD1 and the amide step 1 reaction is conducted at a temperature of at or below 10°C.
In aspect 5g of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5e and 5f wherein the acid activating agent used in the amide step 1
is CD1 and wherein the CDI is added at a temperature of 5°C or less and the morpholine is
added at a temperature of 10°C or less.
In aspect 6 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5 and 5a-5 g wherein the Grignard step 2 comprises use of isopropyl
magnesiumchloride, Mg and 2-bromopropene.
In aspect 6a of the invention, the invention es the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5 and 5a-5g wherein the Grignard step 2 ses use of
isopropenylmagnesium e.
In aspect 7 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g and 6 wherein the oxidizing agent used in the epoxidation step
3 is hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, t-BuOOH and PhIO.
In aspect 7a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g and 6 wherein the oxidizing agent used in the epoxidation step
3 is hydrogen peroxide.
In aspect 7b of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g and 6 wherein the oxidizing agent used in the epoxidation step
3 is t-BuOOH and PhIO.
In aspect 8 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
s 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5 g, 6, 6a, 7 and 7a-7b wherein manganese catalyst used in the
ation step 3 has a structure of
wherein each R3, independently, is C1-6alkyl.
In aspect 8a, the invention provides a method of aspect 8 wherein each R3,
independently, is methyl or ethyl.
In aspect 8b of the invention, the ion provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7 and 7a-7b n manganese catalyst used in the
epoxidation step 3 has a structure of
3N NN/\7IQ\N 3
\ / N’R
TfO OTf®
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl.
In aspect 8c of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7 and 7a-7b wherein manganese catalyst used in the
I5 epoxidation step 3 has a structure of
leO/ \OTf\\/
WO 27021
In aspect 9 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b and 8 wherein manganese catalyst used in the
epoxidation step 3 has a structure of
In aspect 10 of the ion, the invention es the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c and 9 wherein the base used in the
epimerization step 4 is selected from DBU, triazabicyclodecene (TBD), pyrrolidine,
potassium carbonate and sodium hydroxide.
In aspect 11 of the invention, the ion provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5 g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9 and 10 wherein the base used in the
epimerization step is DBU.
In aspect 11a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9 and 10 wherein the base used in the
epimerization step is TBD.
In aspect 11b of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5 g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9 and 10 wherein the base used in the
epimerization step is TBD in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1 equivalents.
In aspect 12 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10 and 11further comprising a
solvent swap involving a switch to an alcohol solvent or a basic solvent.
In aspect 13 of the invention, the ion es the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10 and her comprising a
solvent swap involving a switch to methanol, isopropanol or N—methylpyrrolidinone.
In aspect 13a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10 and 11further comprising a
solvent swap involving a switch to methanol.
In aspect 14a, the invention provides a method of making compound 4a
the method sing steps 1-4 according to scheme l-a
"m? a)CD| )\ i- rM CI M
R1 p g ' g
b)morpholine 2-br-propene
|
Boc OH-H o 3
2 —» Boc N —>800
\N \N \R2 \
H H
o 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
H O L, Boc\
manganese
catalyst
Scheme l-a
wherein R1 is CH3 and R2 is —OCH3 or R1 and R2 taken together with the nitrogen atom
to which they are attached form a morpholme ring, and manganese catalyst has a structure
N H
R: I \M/N) J”
N \N//\\N/ N
TfO OTf
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl.
In aspect 14a, the invention provides a method of making compound 4a
the method sing steps 1-4 according to scheme l-a
m"? a) CDI )\
b) morpholine
_ ropene
_ (\0 i-pngCl Mg
Boc\N = OH-HZO _, Boc\N = Nu —>
H/Y H/Y B°°\
O 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
%Boc\ DBU Boc\
manganese N
catalyst
3a 4a
Scheme l-a
wherein the manganese catalyst has a structure of
N H‘“ N
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl.
In aspect 14b, the invention provides a method of making compound 4a
4a
the method comprising steps 1-4 according to scheme l-a
M"? a)CD| )\ i-pngCl Mg
b) morpholine
. _ (\0 2-br-propene
Boc\N = ’ Nu H/YOH-H20 —> /Y _,Boc\
O 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
&, Boc\ DBU Boc\
manganese N
3a 4a
Scheme l-a
wherein
CD1 is used in an amount ranging from about 1.0 equivalents to about 2.5
equivalents;
line is used in an amount ranging from about 1.2 equivalents to about 2.0
equivalents;
2-bromopropene is used in an amount ranging from about 1.5 equivalents to
about 3.5 equivalents;
hydrogen peroxide is used in an amount ranging from about 1.5 equivalents to
about 3.0 equivalents;
the manganese catalyst has a structure of
N H§ N
R3\ \Mn/ 1 /R3
N \N//\\N/ N
TfO OTf
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl, and used in an amount
1 5 ranging from about 0.0002 equivalents to about 0.001 equivalents; and
DBU is used in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5 equivalents.
1n aspect 14c; the ion provides a method of making compound 4a
the method comprising steps 1-4 according to scheme 1 a
a) CDI )\ i-pngCl Mg
b) morpholine
_ (\0 2—br—propene
Boc\N OH'Hzo _. BOC\N : Nu
HW H/Y ' Boc\
O O
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
H202 Boc\
manganese N
Scheme l-a
wherein
CDI is used in an amount of about 2.0 equivalents
morpholine is used in an amount of about 1.5 equivalents
-bromopropene is used in an amount of about 3.0 lents
l 0 hydrogen peroxide is used in an amount of about 2.0 equivalents
the manganese catalyst has a structure of
[*0\‘
.4.1/1“
TfO/ \OTf
wherein each R3, independently, is ethyl, and used in an amount of about 0 001
equivalents; and
TBD is used in an amount of about 0.1 equivalents
WO 27021
In aspect 15 of the ion, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 14 and 14a wherein manganese catalyst has a structure of
In aspect 15a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
s 14, 14a and 15 n manganese st used in the epoxidation step 3 has a
structure of
In aspect 16 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1— 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14a, 15 and 15a
wherein the ese catalyst is used in a amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about
0.002 molar equivalents to the moles of the starting material compound 2a.
In aspect 16a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14a, 15 and 15a
wherein the manganese catalyst is used in a amount ranging from about 0.0002 to about
0.0006 molar equivalents to the moles of the starting material compound 2a.
In aspect 17 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 —4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14a, 15, 15a, 16
and 16a wherein the manganese catalyst is used in an amount of about 0.0004 molar
equivalents to the moles of the starting material 2 or 2a.
In aspect 17a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 —4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14a, 15, 15a, 16
and 16a wherein the manganese catalyst is used in an amount of about 0.001 molar
equivalents to the moles of the starting material 2 or 2a.
In aspect 18 of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 12-13 and 17 wherein the solvent swap comprises a switch from ACN to
isopropanol between the Grignard step and the epoxidation step.
In aspect 19 of the ion, the invention provides the method of any one of
aspects 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 14, 14a-14c, 15, 15a and
16-18 further sing a solvent swap involving a switch to methanol, isopropanol or
N—methylpyrrolidinone.
In aspect 19a of the invention, the invention provides the method of any one of
s 1 — 4, 4a, 5, 5a-5g, 6, 6a, 7, 7a-7b, 8, 8a-8c, 9, 10, 11, 14, 14a-14c, 15, 15a and
16-18 r comprising a solvent swap involving a switch to methanol.
In aspect 20, the invention provides a compound of structure 5
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof where X' is present, prepared by the process
according to scheme 1
grignard
. § I step 2
\NWOH-HZO —> PG\ ' PG N _.
H HN/\”/ \N/W‘JKH
o o o
PG-D-Leu-OH-HZO 2
epoxidation g 0 epimerization
O deprotection
Step 3 _ 0
PG\ = step 4 PG\ Step 5 X
0 0 o
3 4 5
Scheme I
wherein
PG is a ting group selected from t-butoxycarbonyl and carboxybenzyl,
R1 is CH3 and R2 is —OCH3 or R1 and R2 taken er with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached form a morpholine ring;
X' is absent or X' is an addition salt anion selected from TFA, Cl, Br, I and
mesylate;
the amide step 1 ses use of an acid activating agent selected from CDI,
DCC, TBTU, HATU, PyBOP, TCTU, EDCI, pivaloyl chloride, isobutylchloroformate,
propylphosphonic anhydride and N,N—diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and a basic amine
selected from (CH3)NH(OCH3) and morpholine;
the Grignard step 2 ses use of isopropyl magnesiumchloride, Mg and 2-
ropene or isopropenylmagnesium e,
the epoxidation step 3 comprises use of an oxidizing agent and a manganese
catalyst wherein the manganese catalyst has a structure of
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl,
the epimerization step 4 comprises the use of a base; and
the deprotection step 5 comprises use of a catalyst or an acid.
In aspect 20a of the invention, the invention provides the method of aspect 20
wherein manganese st has a structure of
In aspect 21, the invention provides a compound 4a
prepared by the s according to scheme l-a
m"? a) CDI )\
b) morpholine
_ 2—br-propene
_ (\0 i-pngCl Mg
Boc\N : OH-HZO _, Boc\N : Nu
H/Y H/Y
O 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
%> i» BM
catalyst
Scheme l-a
wherein the manganese catalyst has a structure of
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl.
In aspect 21a of the invention, the invention provides the method of aspect 21
wherein manganese catalyst has a structure of
In aspect 21b, the invention provides compound 4a
prepared by the the process ing to scheme l-a
M"? a) CDI )\ i-pngCl Mg
b) morpholine
. _ (\0 2-br—propene
Boc\N = OH'Hzo _. BOC\N : Nu
HW H/Y
_.Boc\
O 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
H O %Boc\
manganese
catalyst
Scheme l-a
wherein
CD1 is used in an amount ranging from about 1.0 lents to about 2.5
equivalents;
morpholine is used in an amount ranging from about 1.2 equivalents to about 2.0
l 0 equivalents;
2-bromopropene is used in an amount ranging from about 1.5 equivalents to
about 3.5 equivalents;
hydrogen peroxide is used in an amount ranging from about 1.5 equivalents to
about 3.0 equivalents;
the manganese st has a structure of
_ 21 _
wherein each R3, independently, is methyl or ethyl, and used in an amount
ranging from about 00002 equivalents to about 0.001 equivalents; and
TBD is used in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1 equivalents.
In aspect 21c, the invention provides compound 4a
prepared by the the process according to scheme l-a
V a) CDI )\
b) line (\O i-pngCl, Mg _ 2—br-propene
Boc\N : OH-HZO ‘
H/Y —>
, Boc\N Nu
H/Y BOC\
O 0
Boc—D-Leu-OH-HZO
%Boc\ DBU
manganese N
catalyst
3a 4a
Scheme l-a
wherein
CDI is used in an amount of about 2.0 equivalents;
morpholine is used in an amount of about 1.5 equivalents;
2-bromopropene is used in an amount of about 3.0 equivalents;
hydrogen de is used in an amount of about 2.0 equivalents;
the manganese catalyst has a structure of
wherein each R3, independently, is ethyl, and used in an amount of about
0.001molar equivalents; and
TBD is used in an amount of about 0.1 equivalents.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the
same meaning as commonly understood by one of ry skill in the art to which this
disclosure belongs. s and materials are bed herein for use in the present
disclosure, other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The
materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All
ations, patent ations, patents, sequences, database entries, and other
references mentioned in the brief description of the invention and later sections herein are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present
specification, including definitions, will l. Other es and advantages of the
disclosure will be apparent from the ing additional description, examples and from
the claims set forth hereinbelow.
DEFINITIONS
The following definitions should further assist in understanding the terms as used
herein and the scope of the invention described herein.
The term “Cx.yalkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon
groups, including straight-chain alkyl and branched-chain alkyl groups that contain from
x to y carbons in the chain. The term “haloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups in which at least
one hydrogen atom is replace by a halo (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), e. g., CH2F,
CHF2, romethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.
The term ising" is meant to be open ended, including the indicated
component(s) but not excluding other elements.
The term “equivalents’ is intended to mean molar equivalents, as ly
understodd by persons of ordinary skill in the art.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to the vely non-toxic,
inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the compound 5 of the invention. The nature
of the salt is not critical, provided that it is pharmaceutically-acceptable. These salts can
be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compound(s), or by
separately reacting a purified compound in its free base form with a le organic or
inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Suitable pharmaceutically -acceptable
acid addition salts of the compound may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an
c acid. Examples of such nic acids include, without tion, hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Examples of
organic acids include, without limitation, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic,
cyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, es of which are
formic, acetic, adipic, butyric, propionic, ic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic,
tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic,
anthranilic, mesylic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic),
methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, ethanedisulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, 2-
hydroxyethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, exylaminosulfonic, camphoric,
camphorsulfonic, digluconic, cyclopentanepropionic, dodecylsulfonic, glucoheptanoic,
glycerophosphonic, oic, hexanoic, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic, nicotinic, 2-
naphthalenesulfonic, oxalic, palmoic, pectinic, persulfuric, 2-phenylpropionic, picric,
pivalic propionic, succinic, tartaric, thiocyanic, mesylic, undecanoic, stearic, algenic, B-
hydroxybutyric, salicylic, galactaric and galacturonic acid (See, for example, Berge et al.
(1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1-19.).
The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacing a
hydrogen on one or more non-hydrogen atoms of the molecule. It will be understood that
“substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit o that such substitution is
in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that
the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo
transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the
term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic
compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents e acyclic and cyclic,
branched and ched, yclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic
substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and
the same or different for appropriate organic nds. For purposes of this disclosure,
the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible
substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the
heteroatoms. Substituents can include, for example, a n, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl
(such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a
ter, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an l, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a
phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro,
an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a e, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a
sulfonyl, a cyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be
understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon
chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate and if d by valence.
General Synthesis and Representative Examples of the Invention
The following abbreviations used hout the description, including the
l schemes and the examples, mean the ing:
ACN acetonitrile
Boc t-butoxycarbonyl
cbz carboxybenzyl
CD1 carbonyldiimidazole (acid ting agent)
DBU azabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene
DCM dichloromethane, methylene dichloride
DMF dimethylformamide
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
l5 eq, equiv equivalent (molar)
EtOAc ethyl acetate
g. gm gram
HOAc acetic acid
IPAc ispropyl acetate
MeOH methanol
mL, ml milliliter
Mg magnesium
Mn manganese
mpk, mg/kg milligram per kilogram
RT, rt room temperature
NaCl sodium chloride
NaOH sodium hydroxide
tBuOH t-butanol; t-butyl alcohol
THF tetrahydrofuran
Representative Examples of the invention
The following carfilzomib prodrug compounds are representative es of the
invention and are not intended to be construed as limiting the scope of the present
invention.
Example 1: Scheme 2
i. PivCI (1.0 equiv)
N-methylmorpholine (1.0 equiv)
IPAc (8 V) (\o
OH-H 02
BocHN ii. morpholine (1.1 equiv) BocHN Nu
—5 to 20 °C
0 iii. wash with 1M H2804, O
1.0 equrv-
1M NaOH and water - -
. morpholine amide
IV. solvent swap to THF/heptane
Boc—L-Leu-OH-HZO in ptane
(3:1 WV, 8 V)
i. Mg turnings (2.2 equiv)
ii. iPngCI (2.0 M in THF,
1.0 equiv), 0 °C
iii. 2-bromopropene (1.8 equiv) BocHN
portionwise at 35 °C
iv. quench with aq. citric acid 0
and heptane
Intermediate 1
v. wash with water
75% yield (two steps)
vi. silica pad
vii. concentrate to an oil
S s of -tert-bu l 2 6-dimeth loxohe ten l carbamate ediate 1
Ste 1: -tert-bu l 4-meth lmor holino-l-oxo entan l carbamate
The starting material (S)(tert-butoxycarbony)amino)methylpentanoic acid
monohydrate (Boc-Leu-OH.H20; 1.0 equivalent) was charged to a reaction vessel.
Isopropyl acetate (8 ml per gm of Boc-Leu-OH.H20) was added to the vessel and the
mixture was stirred at 15°C to 25°C to dissolve u-OH.H20. The solution was then
cooled to -10°C to -5°C. Pivalic acid (1.0 eq) was added to the solution over 5-30 minutes
while maintaining the solution temperature n -10°C and 0°C. The mixture was
stirred for 20-40 minutes. The mixture was cooled to -10°C to -5°C and morpholine (1.1
eqs) was added over 10-30 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature between
-10°C and 0°C. The mixture was stirred at -5°C to 0°C for 30-60 minutes then warmed to
-25°C. A 1 molar solution of H2SO4 (0.8ml per gm boc-Leu-OH, H20; 02 eq) was then
added over 5-30 minutes while maintaining the temperature between 15-30°C. The
e was stirred for 15-30 minutes, then the aqueous layer is removed. A 1 molar
on ofNaOH (4.4ml per gm u-OH.H20; 1.1 eq) was added over 5-30 minutes
while maintaining the temperature between 15-3 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 15-30
minutes, then the aqueous layer is removed. Water (5ml per gm u-OH.H20) was
added over 5-30 minutes while maintaining the temperature between 15-30°C. The
mixture was stirred for 15-30 minutes, then the aqueous layer is removed. The
isopropylacetate solution was concentrated under vacuum to 3 to 4 volumes, then heptane
(4 mL per gm) was added over 5-15 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under
vacuum to 3 to 4 volumes, then heptane (4 mL per gm) was added over 5-15 minutes. The
mixture was again concentrated under vacuum to 3 to 4 volumes, then heptane (4 mL per
gm) was added over 5-15 minutes.This azeotropic step was repeated until <1% isopropyl
acetate remains (by GC analysis). The contents were then distilled to about 1 volume of
heptane, then charged with THF (3mL per gm) and stored at 15-25°C or used in step 2.
Yield: 90% (based on HPLC assay)
Ste 2: bu l 2 6-dimeth loxohe ten l carbamate ediate 1
(S)-tert-butyl (4-methylmorpholino-oxopentanyl)carbamate (1.0 eq)
dissolved in THF (3 mL per gm) and heptane (1 mL per gm) was charged to a reaction
vessel that was flushed with nitrogen gas. THF (3 mL per gm) and es (1 mL per
gm) were added to bring the solution to a total of 8 mL per gm morpholino starting
material. Magnesium powder (2.2 eqs, Sigma Aldrich or Alfa Aesar) was added and the
solution was cooled -10°C to -5°C. i-PngCl (2.0M solution in THF, 1.0 eq) was added to
the reaction while maintaining the temperature between -10°C and 0°C. The solution was
then warmed to 35°C and 2-bromopropene (0.15 eq) was added. The ature was
red to observe initiation of the Grignard reaction which results in about a 5-10°c
exotherm. Once the termperature dropped to <40°C, the ing 2-bromopropene (1.56
eq, 1.8 eq in total) was added at a rate to maintain the temperature below 42°C. After
te addition of bromide, the solution was stirred at 30-35°C for 3 hours, or until
>99% conversion was observed by HPLC. The solution was cooled to ambient
temperature, then added to a reaction vessel containing citric acid (8 mL per gm of
morpholino starting material, 30% w/w in H20) and heptane (2 mL per gm) cooled to
-10°C to -5°C, while maintaining the temperature between -10°C to -5°C. During the
quench it was important to keep the unquenched reaction solution stirring, as the stagnant
solution could solidify and cause clogging of the pump. The quenched solution was
warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 15-30 minutes and the aqueous layer was
removed. Water (5 mL per gm) was added over 5-30 minutes while ining the
ature at 15-30°C. The e was stirred for 15-30 minutes and the aqueous layer
was removed. Si02 (2 gm/gm, 60um 70-230 mesh) was added to the solution and the
slurry was stirred for 15-30 minutes. The slurry was then filtered through a wet pad of
Si02 (2 gm $102/g111 of morpholino starting material), washed with 2% IPAc in heptanes
(10 mL per gm). The solution was concentrated to afford ediate 1, which was either
stored for later use or immediately used in the next step. Yield: 83% (based on HPLC
assay). This method of generating the morpholino intermediate above is efficient as it
reduced the volume of us methods from 50 V to 25 V and tedious and time
consuming column tography for purification was replaced with a silica gel plug
filtration. The product of example 1 was isolated from Boc-L-Leu-monohydrate with an
assay yield of 75% over two steps.
Exam le 2: Scheme 3
Step1 x0ifl/YY tep2 BocHN/\n/OH-H20_> in?
o fix
Boc—D—Leu—OH-HZO
Step3 *0iN/WKEm—p
Step4 >k0iN 0
3a 4a
S nthesis of tert-bu l meth l R meth loxiran loxo entan
l carbamate also referred to as Com ound A herein
Ste 1: S nthesis of R -tert-bu l 4-meth r holinooxo entan lcarbamate
A solution of (R)((tert—butoxycarbonyl)amino)methylpentanoic acid
monohydrate (1.0 equiv) in THF (2.5 mL/gm) was concentrated under vacuum to remove
residual water. Methyl tert—butyl ether (5 mL/gm) was added and the solution was cooled
to 0 °C. A slurry of 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole (1.2 equiv) in methyl tert—butyl ether (3
mL/gm) was added to the reaction at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature :5 °C
and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. To the cooled reaction mixture was
added morpholine (1.5 equiv) at a rate to maintain reaction temperature :10 °C and the
on mixture was d for 1 h at 0 °C. A 1 M aqueous solution of hydrogen
chloride (3.5 mL/gm) was added and the biphasic mixture was warmed to 20 °C and
stirred for 15 min. The layers were allowed to separate and the bottom aqueous layer was
removed. The organic layer was washed sequentially with a 1 M aqueous solution of
hydrogen chloride (1.5 , an 8 wt% aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (1
mL/gm), and a saturated aqueous solution of sodium de (3 mL/gm). The organic
solution containing rt—butyl (4-methylmorpholinooxopentanyl)carbamate
was concentrated under vacuum to remove al water, reconstituted with methyl tert-
butyl ether (5 mL/gm), to provide compound 1a and used in the following step without
additional purificationYield: 99% (based on HPLC assay)
1H NMR (400 MHz : 5.26 (d, J: 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 3.45—3.72 (m, 8H),
1.71 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 11 H), 0.96 (d, J: 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d,J= 6.5 Hz, 3H)
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m / z calcd for C15H29N204 (M + H)+ 301.2127, found 301.2126.
Ste 2: S nthesis of R -tert-bu l 2 6-dimeth ohe ten l carbamate 2a
To a reactor flushed with nitrogen gas was charged Mg turnings (2.1 equiv), the
solution from step 1 containing (R)-tert—butyl (4-methylmorpholinooxopentan
yl)carbamate, and THF (3 mL/gm). The slurry was cooled to 0 °C and isopropenyl
magnesium chloride (1.9 M solution in THF, 0.9 eq) was added at a rate to maintain the
on ature :10 °C. The reaction mixture was then warmed to 40 °C and 2-
bromopropene (0.2 eq) was added to initiate the Grignard formation. Once the initial
exotherm (~5—10 °C) had subsided, 2-bromopropene (1.8 equiv) was added portionwise
(0.3 eq portions) to maintain the reaction temperature :50 °C. The reaction mixture was
stirred for >2 h at 40 °C, cooled to 20 °C, and then added to a separate pre-cooled (0 °C)
vessel containing a 25 wt% aqueous solution of citric acid (9 mL/gm) and methyl tert-
butyl ether (5 mL/gm) at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature :5 °C. The biphasic
mixture was warmed to 20 °C, the layers allowed to separate, and the lower aqueous layer
removed. The c layer was washed sequentially with water (5 mL/gm), an 8 wt%
s solution of sodium bicarbonate (5 mL/gm), and a saturated aqueous solution of
sodium de (5 mL/gm). The organic solution containing rt—butyl (2,6-
dimethyloxoheptenyl)carbamate was concentrated under vacuum, reconstituted
with acetonitrile (10 mL/gm) to provide compound 2a, which was used in the next step
t additional cation. Yield: 85% (based on HPLC assay)
1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3): 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 6.09 (s, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.10
(m, 2H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.49 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.34 (m, 1H), 1.01 (d,J=
6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J: 6.6 Hz, 3H)
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m / z calcd for C14H25NNaO3 (M + Na)+ 278.1732, found 278.1731.
Ste 3: S nthesis of tert-bu l R meth l R meth loxiran l oxo entan
yl)carbamate 13a)
To a reactor containing the on of (R)-tert—butyl (2,6-dimethyl-3 pt
enyl)carbamate (1.0 eq) in ACN (10 mL/gm) from Step 2 was added the mangenese
catalyst (0.0004 eq) and HOAc (5.0 eq). The reaction mixture was cooled to —20 °C and
a 50 wt% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (2.0 eq) was added at a rate to maintain
reaction temperature 5—10 °C. The on mixture was d at —20 °C for 2 h,
warmed to 5 °C, and quenched with a 25 wt% aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite (3.7
. The ic mixture was warmed to 20 °C, the layers allowed to separate, and
the lower aqueous layer removed. The organic solution was concentrated under vacuum
and reconstituted with panol (4 mL/gm). Water (6 mL/gm) was added over 2 h and
the resultant white slurry was cooled to 5 °C and filtered to provide utyl ((R)
methyl((R)methyloxiranyl)oxopentanyl)carbamate (compound 3a) as a
white crystalline solid (77% yield).
1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3): 4.88 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 3.04 (d,J= 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (d,
J: 5.1Hz, 1H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 0.98 (d, J: 6.4
Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J: 6.6 Hz, 3H)
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m / z calcd for C14H25NNaO4 (M + Na)+ 294.1681, found 294.1680.
Ste 4: S nthesis of tert-bu l S meth l R meth loxiran l oxo entan
yl)carbamate 14a)
To a 20 oC solution of tert-butyl ((R)methyl((R)methyloxiranyl)
oxopentanyl)carbamate (1.0 eq) in methyl tert—butyl ether (10 mL/gm) was charged
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (0.20 eq). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at
°C for 12 h and then washed with a 5 wt% aqueous solution of sodium bisulfate (0.50
eq). The layers were allowed to separate and the bottom aqueous layer removed. The
organic layer was washed with water (5 , concentrated under vacuum, and
reconstituted with N-methylpyrrolidinone (5 mL/gm). Simultaneous addition of the
organic solution and water (5 mL/gm) to a pre-cooled (5 °C) slurry of tert—butyl ((S)
methyl((R)methyloxiranyl)oxopentanyl)carbamate (0.05 equiv) in N-
methylpyrrolidinone/water (1:1 v/v, 5 mL/gm) generated a slurry, which was filtered to
provide compound 4a, tert—butyl ((S)methyl((R)methyloxiranyl)
oxopentanyl)carbamate, as a white crystalline solid (84% yield).
1H NMR (400 MHz CDCl3): 4.86 (d, J: 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 3.29 (d, J: 4.9 Hz,
1H), 2.88 (d,J= 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.17
(m, 1H), 0.96 (d, J: 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J: 6.6 Hz, 3H)
HRMS OF) m / z calcd for C14H25NNaO4 (M + Na)+ 294.1681, found 294.1681.
The morpholine amide step 1 may be accomplished using a variety of acid
coupling reagents, each of which is referred to herein an “acid activating agent.” The term
“acid activating agent” is ed to refer to an agent that is capable of converting the
hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid functional group to a labile moiety susceptible to
displacement upon nucleophilic attack. For instance, an acid activating group that can
convert the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid moiety of Boc-D-leucine-OH to a
group that is easily displaced by the nucleophilic morpholine nitrogen, thereby affording
the step 1 morpholine amide product. Similarly, the “activated” carboxylic acid functional
group can be displaced by CH3NHOCH3 to form the corresponding b amide (See
compound 9 herein). es of classes and types of acid activating reagents include,
without tion, (a) formation of an acid chloride by use of thionyl chloride, oxalyl
chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, or a vilsmeier reagent; (b) formation of an anhydride
by use of carboxylix/carbonic acid anhydrides, a sulfonate mixed anhydrides such as
methane sulfonyl chloride (MsCl) or p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (TsCl); a orus
based mixed anhydride such as n-propanephosphonic acid ide (T3P) or
ethyhnethylphosphonic anhydride; (c) formation of an activated ester moiety by use of a
carbodiimide such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide
(DIC) or 1-ethyl—3 -(3’-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (ECD), or HOBt (1-
hydroxybenzotriazole), HOAt (1-hydroxy-7—azabenzotriazole); (d) formation of a
inium or uronium salts such as with N,N,N’,N ’-tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol
yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), N-[(dimethylamino)-1H-1,2,3 olo[4,5-
b]pyridineyl-methylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), N-
[(1H-benzotriazol-1 -y l)(dimethylamino)methylene] -N-methylmethanaminium
tetrafluoroborate-N—oxide (TBTU), 2-(2-oxo-1(2H)-pyridyl-1 1,3 ,3-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate (TPTU) and ano(ehtoxycarbony)-methyleneamino]-N,N,N ’,N ’-
tetramethyluronium terafluoroborate (TOTU); (e) formation of an ide using 1,1’-
carbonyldiimidazole (CD1); or (f) formation of a phosphonium salt using an agent such as
riazol-l-yloxy)tris-(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (Castro’s
reagent or BOP) or triazolyloxy)tris(pyrrolidine)-phosphonium
hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP). These and other acid activating agents are described in
more detail in Org Process Res. Dev., Q, 140-177, 2016.
The method of Example 2 is novel as it begins with protected-D-leucine as
the starting material. Example 2 also presents the advantage of reducing the volume of the
Grignard step from 50 V to 25 V. This significantly improves scalability and throughput,
and protects the environment by reducing generated solvent waste. Example 2 also
completely eliminates tedious and time consuming column chromatography operation in
both steps 2 and 3. The ties that would have been removed via chromatography can
now be d via crystallization of the step 3 and step 4 products. Finally, example 2
utilizes mild reaction conditions thereby mitigating risks of epimerization.
Note that excess water may be removed from the Boc-D-Leu-OHomonohydrate
by azeotropic distillation in THF (2 x 2.5 vol). However, where the CDI molar
equivalents is higher, azeotropic distillation of the water may not be needed. The final
water level of <1000 ppm was ed for the acid activation step. Various acid
activating agents for Boc-D-Leu-OH were used (Piv-Cl, CDI, T3P, yma, cyanuric
chloride and diphenylphosphonic chloride). Use of T3P resulted in an emulsion in the
s work-up contributing to onal time for seperation. Use of diphenyl
phosphonic chloride resulted in a high yielding reaction, but containing a lt to
remove by-product. Use of DIC resulted in a 88% yield for step 1 after column
chromatography, by also was found to contain a by-product which needed to be separated.
Use of Piv-chloride, run at about 0°C also resulted in high yields (about 95%) and
contained a piv-amide impurity necessitating additional purification. CDI was elected as
I5 the ting agent of choice as it provided a clean reaction profile with a high yield in
the shortest reaction time. It was found that the temperature of the reaction when using
CDI was important and meaningfully affected the product yield. For ce, it was
discovered that the best results were obtained when the reaction was ted at a
temperature of at or below 20°C. In one aspect of the invention, the invention es the
morpholine amide step 1 to be conducted at a temperature of at or below 20°C. In another
aspect of the invention, the invention provides the morpholine amide step 1 to be
conducted at a temperature of at or below 10°C. In another aspect, the invention provides
the methods described herein wherein the morpholine amide step 1 comprises formation
of the activated acid with CD1 at a ature of at or below 5°C, and the morpholine
amide formation portion of the reaction to be conducted at or below 10°C. The reaction
step 1 to form the morpholine-amide was performed in a y of solvents including
THF, Me-THF, toluene and MTBE. In one aspect of the invention, the solvent MTBE (10
V) was ed for this step. IN another aspect of the invention, the solvent MeTHF was
used. Among the solvents that were evaluated using dynochem modelling re for a
straightfoward solvent swap, methyl tert—butyl ether (MTBE) was identified as a choice
solvent for exchange to ACN due to the minimal distillation operations required.
Therefore, optimization of the two-step sequence was carried out using MTBE or a
combination of MTBE and THF to improve solubility. Additionally, while solvents other
than ACN may be used in the epoxidation step 3, ACN was found to be the solvent of
choice for the given conditions and providing an optimal yield.
Though the CD1 may be used in an amount ranging from about 1.0 equivalent to
about 2.5 eq, the l amount of CD1 used for activation in step 1 was found to be
about 2.0 lents. If one were to use less CD1 equivalents, such as only about 1.2
equivalents of CD1, then one would likely need to azeotropically remove water from the
reaction. The optimal activation time was found to be about 3.0 hours. The time may vary
depending upon the apparatus set-up used. n apparatus set-ups, such as continuous
manufacturing set-up may take less time, such as little as 2 minutes. These conditions
resulted in a product yield of about 98% (Table 2, entry 1). With a slight excess of CD1,
1.5 equivalents of morpholine was found to be optimal for the coupling reaction. The
line-amide adduct was isolated as a crystalline solid and may be used as an MTBE
solution as both the yield and purity after work-up were superior (99.0% assay yield,
>995 LCAP) without any racemization ed under standard conditions. Therefore,
the product was telescoped as an MTBE solution and subjected to opic distillation
to remove residual water (target <5 00 ppm).
The Grignard on step 2 was found to be optimal when conducted using the
morpholine-amide solution in MTBE (5 V). An important nge in this step from
both a product-quality and safety perspective was confirmation of the activation process
to form the rd reagent in situ and control of this exothermic process. A potential
safety issue was the accumulation of 2-bromopropene and delay in initiation/activation of
Mg(0) turnings. The latent exotherm generated due to delayed activation could have lead
to uncontrolled excursion of temperature that may have been difficult to handle in a large-
scale manufacturing environment.
THF (3 V) was found to be a suitable co-solvent in this step as it was found to
alleviate the generation of solids during the reaction, which solids would have resulted in
poor agitation of the reaction mixture. Isopropylmagnesium chloride on (2M in
THF, 0.9 equiv) was used as a sacrificial base to deprotonate the amide and for activation
of the Mg tumings (2.1 equiv) prior to addition of 2-bromopropene. The stoichiometry of
isopropylmagnesium chloride was important to reduce or eliminate the potential impurity
from pylmagnesium chloride addition to the morpholine amide. Again, depending
upon the tus used, one may not need to use isopropylmagnesium chloride at all.
This was the case where a continuous manufacturing set-up was used. Both the formation
of Grignard (isopropenylmagnesium bromide) and its reaction with morpholine-amide
were found to be rapid and efficient by UPLC and react-IR. The bromide was consumed
in about 20—30 minutes after each charge of 2-bromopropene and the corresponding
product formation was observed by UPLC. IR results demonstrated that there was
no accumulation of 2-bromopropene and the reaction remained safe throughout the dose-
controlled addition process. Based on the data collected during the use-test and scale-up
runs, the process achieved conversion ranging from >97% to about 99.7% or practically
complete conversion with only about 1.2 — 2.0 equivalents of 2-bromopropene. About
1.4 — 1.5 equivalents of 2-bromopropene was discovered to be optimal, resulting in about
a 99% conversion for step 2. The impurity profile of the step 2 Grignard was ent in
part ojn the quality of the 2-bromopropene. These impurities were important to monitor
to ensure column chromatography could be avoided. The potential impurity in 2-
bromopropene is estimated to be polymeric in nature and ed in stalling of the
downstream epoxidation process. Using re-distilled 2-bromopropene (93.3 wt% by
qNMR), the ant Grignard prouct of step 2 was found to perform well in the
following epoxidation step 3.
Appropriate quenching of the Grignard process is important to ensure product
quality and to eliminate racemization. A rd adduct impurity resulting from double-
addition of the Grignard reagent was detected by LCMS at ~2 LCAP during inverse
on of the reaction mixture to a mixture of MTBE (5 V) and 25% citric acid aqueous
solution (10 V). An increase in the level of the double-addition duct (up to 11
LCAP) was observed when quenching the reaction mixture into citric acid solution (in the
absence of MTBE) with an ated decrease in product yield by 235%. The excess
Grignard could react with product of step 2 that was hydrolyzed after work-up leading to
the formation of the ty. Of note, the impurities of double-addition, morpholine-
adduct and dimers could not be detected by HPLC due to their relatively low response
factors, but could be ed by LCMS and TLC /heptane 1:4, Nihydrin). Thus, it
is important to carefully control the amount of rd reagents used and to carefully
quench the reaction upon completion. Racemization of step 2 product was not observed
during the course of optimization of the rd process or during the inverse quenching
step. The concentrated product with BHT was stable at ambient temperature for one
month; BHT in this sample originated from the solvent (250 ppm in stabilized THF) used
in the Grignard process. The solution ning the product of step 2 in 2—10 V of ACN
or MTBE was stable at room ature or 5 °C for at least 4 days or 18 hours at 35 °C,
which was required to optimize the solvent switch to ACN for the step 3 epoxidation.
The improved s of steps 1 and 2 described herein was demonstrated starting
from about 1.93 kg boc-D-leucine hydrate and found to be successfully scalable and
robust with good solution assay yield (83%) and acceptable product quality (96.7%
LCAP and 100% chiral purity) for the subsequent epoxidation step. The Grignard reaction
of step 2 can be controlled by addition rate of 2-bromopropene and the total reaction
volumes maintained below 25 V, while eliminating the need for column chromatography
purification and mitigating racemization risk of the resulting products.
Exam le 3: S nthesis of meth l R meth loxiran loxo entan
m 2 2 2-trifluoroacetate
FstLOe o
To a cooled (0 °C) solution of tert—butyl ((S)methyl((R)methyloxiran
oxopentanyl)carbamate (1.0 equiv) in DCM (3 ml/g) was added TFA (5.0 equiv).
The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 20 °C and aged for 4 h. To the solution was
added methyl tert—butyl ether (6.6 ml/g) and then n-heptane (13.3 ml/g). The ant
slurry was cooled to 0 °C and then filtered to afford (S)methyl((R)methyloxiran-
2-yl)oxopentanaminium trifluoroacetate as a white crystalline solid (88%
yield)
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.20 (bs, 3H), 4.05 (dd, J: 9.7, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (d, J: 4.4
Hz, 1H), 2.95 (4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.57 (m, 4H), 1.00 (dd,J= 6.5,
2.4 Hz, 6H)
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m / z calcd for C9H13N02 (M + H)+ 172.1338, found 172.1333.
The present invention provides s of making an important intermediate,
compound 5, useful for the manufacture of carfilzomib. For example, the invention
provides a cost of goods (COG) for synthesis of compound 5 as a TFA salt, by s
of the invention, of about USD /kg of the TFA salt of compound 5 with an overall
yield of about 50% and an E-factor of 304. In contrast, the method taught in PCT
publication W02009045497 s in a COG of about USD$53, 124 per kg of the TFA
slat of compound 5 with an overall yield of about 14% and an E-factor of 2639. Further,
the process of W02009045497 requires laborious and costly column chromatography,
thereby resulting in the poor throughput efficiency and high COG exhibited.
Exam le 4: S nthesis of Man anese Catal st used in the Invention
Scheme 4
fV—(j @1340(MW) M '
l n(OTf) (1. 0 2 equw)
_> I \Mn/\1N«
H3 H20H TBAB(10moI%) /‘N \N N N’\ MeCN (10V) 0°C ”N N/\ N
Na2C03 (8.0 equiv) TfO OTf
-tartrate MeCN (20 V), 60 °C
Step 2
Step 1 (R,R)-CZ
White crystalline solid
Ste 1: S nthesis of 2R 2'R -1 1'-bis 1-eth l-1H-benzo d imidazol lmeth l -2 2'-
bi rrolidine catal st 1i and
To a solution (20 °C) of R)-2,2'-bipyrrolidine L-tartrate trihydrate (1.0
equiv, commercially ble) in ACN (15 ml/g) was added 2-(chloromethyl)ethyl-
1H-benzo[d]imidazole (2.0 equiv), utylammonium bromide (0.10 equiv) and
sodium carbonate (8.0 equiv) and then the reaction mixture was heated to 55 °C. After
aging for 20 h at 55 °C, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20 °C, filtered through a pad
of celite and concentrated under vacuum. The ing oil was reconstituted with DCM
(20 ml/g) and washed with a 1 M aqueous solution ofNaOH (20 ml/g). The aqueous
layer was extracted with DCM (2 x 10 ml/g) and the combined organic layers were
washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (10 ml/g), and a
saturated aqueous solution of NaCl (10 mL/g). The organic layer was dried over sodium
sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to provide (2R,2'R)-1,1'-bis((1-ethyl-1H-
benzo[d]imidazolyl)methyl)-2,2'-bipyrrolidme as an oil with >95% mass recovery.
The crude oil was used in the following step without additional purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, (CD3)2SO)) 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.18 (m, 4H), 4.32 (m, 6H), 3.53 (m, 2H),
2.86 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 1.86—1.45 (m, 8H), 1.33 (t, J: 7.1 Hz, 6H)
HRMS (ESI-TOF) m / z calcd for C23H37N6 (M + H)+ 457.3080, found 457.3086.
Step_ 2: sis of C2 Manganese catalyst
To a solution (20 °C) of R)-1,1'-bis((1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol
yl)methyl)-2,2'-bipyrrolidine (1.0 equiv) in ACN (5 ml/g) was added a pre-made solution
of ese bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (1.0 equiv) in ACN (5 ml/g). The resultant
slurry was allowed to age for 20 h at 20 °C, cooled to 0 °C, and then filtered. The filter
cake was washed with ACN (2 x 2 ml/g) to generate the Mn-complex as a white
crystalline solid (35% yield).
HRMS OF) m / z calcd for C29H36F3MnN603S (M - OTf)+ 660.1902, found
660. 19 13.
Multi-gram quantities of the ligand were prepared in-house, complexation with
Mn(OTf)2 provided a crystalline, air-stable Mn-catalyst complex that could be isolated
from ACN. The process to prepare this catalyst works on a manufacture grade scale and
successfully provided 44 g of the Mn-catalyst, which was an amount sufficient to e
about 20 kg of compound 4a using the methods of the present invention.
Discoveg of Mn-Catalyst for the Asymmetric Epoxidation (Step 3 of Example 2)
The published literature epoxidation methods to prepare nd 2a of
Example 2 used protocols that lacked compatibility with the enone substitution pattern of
compound 2a. First, the electron-deficient nature of the olefin in 2a requires a
philic ation method. This precludes the more commonly chosen asymmetric
epoxidation methods such as, Jacobsen, Sharpless and Shi epoxidation. In addition, the
steric bulk surrounding the ketone of compound 2a presents a challenge to iminium ion
catalysis, which has proven to be a promising approach for the asymmetric epoxidation of
enals (See for example , B.P et al, Org Lett. 2010, g, 5434-5437). Lewis-acid
catalysis (See Hinch, M. et al. .1. M01. Catal. 2006, £1, 8; Nemoto, T. et al. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2001, L3, 732) and thiourea-based activation methods also proved
challenging for this reason. Phase-transfer catalysis protocols (See, for example: Lifchits,
O. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, L5, 6677—6693) suffered from poor sions or
epimerization of the labile amino-acid side chain.
A manganese-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation was described in the literature
(See Wang, B.; et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 1_8._ 6750—6753). The method in Wang utilizes a
mmercial Mn-catalyst (C1) in the ce of H202 and AcOH. When the Wang
method was applied to intermediate compound 1 (See Example 1, also shown below in
Scheme 5 , to prepare compound 4a (Example 2), it resulted in providing the
epoxide in good yield with good diastereoselectivity favoring the undesired product.
ADAM0 C1 (0.2 mol %) o o
A OH (.5 O equnv)_ E >LOA
H c H
O O
H 2. - O
Intermediate 1 intermediate 4a intermediate 4b
Me283 (_2%ec(13w;)h
Din]: C1: 99% assay yield, 1 : 7.3 dr (4a/4b)
AN/{N\Mn\N /\Compound 2a + C1: 85% assay yield, 1 : 2.5 dr (4a/4b)
O OTf ©A
Use of the Wang manganese catalyst (Cl) on the D-enantiomer (compound 2a of
Example 2) resulted in a diminished yield and decreased selectivity still ng the
undesired epoxide diasteromer 4b. This data indicated that the Wang manganese catalyst
Cl and the enone derived from Boc-L-Leucine could not be used to form the desired
epoxide t 4a in high yields. Instead, an improved manganese catalyst and the enone
derived from the unnatural Boc-D-Leucine was required for a scalable s. To this
end, the Applicants’ invention r provides herein a managanese catalyst capable of
supporting the efficient, improved epoxidation yields of compound 2a and amenable to
larger, manufacture level scale.
ive optimization of the ligand, metal, acid, additive, oxidant, temperature,
and solvent were not succesful in identifying reaction conditions suitable for reversing the
reoselectivity of the epoxidation reaction. l experiments trated the
unpredictable nature of each reagent in the reaction system, i.e., each reagent was
important for the desired conversion and stereoselectivity. Of the various manganese
catalysts discovered and tested, C2 (see scheme 4) was found to be the most efficient
catalyst for the transformation of compound 2a to nd 3a (in scheme 3) in terms of
catalyst loading (0.04 mol %), reaction conversion (>99.5%), and diastereoselectivity
(affording about a 10:1 stereoisomeric ratio favoring the d product 3a). More
ically, the Mn catalyst of the present invention is capable of converting compound
2a to nd 3a in a diastereoselectivity of about 90-95% favoring the desired product
(3a). The manganese catalyst structure, and in particular, the precise ligand structure was
found to have a significant impact on the diastereoselectivity of the epoxidation step.
Despite the preference for this Mn-catalyzed epoxidation process to produce the
undesired epoxide diastereomer, efforts on epimerization of the amino-acid side chain
surprisingly revealed a thermodynamic preference for the desired stereochemistry of
nd 4a (Example 2). Thus, it was unexpectedly found that the selective
synthesis of compound 3a from the D-enantiomer of compound 2a with the Mn-catalyzed
epoxidation, followed by a thermodynamically-favored epimerization step, provided an
expedient route to the desired product 4a. To this end, the present ion addresses
some of the major challenges associated with the commercial manufacture of compound
4a including without limitation, safety, throughput efficiency, overall yield, and cost of
goods.
antly, the intermediate synthesis of compound 3a allowed for the
development of a crystallization process capable of purging upstream impurities and
eliminating the requirement for column chromatography at step 1 or 2. The
crystallization of compound 4a as a method of purifying compound 4a presented
challenges due to its low-melting point (41 °C) and high solubility in most all organic
solvents. For example, it was found that the solubility of compound 4a in n-hexane at —20
°C is about 34 mg/mL. Conversely, compound 3a melts at 78 °C and has demonstrated an
improved solubility profile allowing for greater flexibility in developing isolation
conditions. Heptane and IPA/water were found to be two potential t systems for
the isolation of nd 3a. Alterntively, a ternary system of three (3) ts, such as
acetonitrile/water/acetic acid will also work to e compound 3a. Further, the
epoxidation step 3 in scheme 3 using the Mn-y76t catalyst of the present invention
followed by crystallization with IPA/water worked well to not only to purge the
diasteromer impurity but also to purge upstream process impurities. Finally, the
epoxidation chemistry of step 3 in scheme 3 unexpectedly demonstrated excellent
consistency across a wide range of compound 2a of varied quality and purity thus
demonstrating a robust s.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the invention and is not intended to limit
the invention to the sed uses. Variations and changes, which are routine to one
d in the art, are intended to be within the scope and nature of the invention, which
are d in the ed claims. All mentioned references, s, applications and
publications, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, as if here written.
Claims (1)
1. A method of making compound A 5 O or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising steps 1-5 according to scheme 1 x morpholine )
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US62/371,686 | 2016-08-05 | ||
US62/536,862 | 2017-07-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ789592A true NZ789592A (en) | 2022-07-01 |
Family
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