NZ773323B2 - Compositions comprising a bacterial strain of the genus megasphaera and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising bacterial strains of Megasphaera massiliensis for treating and preventing neurological conditions associated with neuroinflammation or oxidative stress.

Description

COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A BACTERIAL STRAIN OF THE GENUS MEGASPHAERA AND USES THEREOF RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional application of New Zealand patent application no. 760654, which is a New d national phase ation derived from ational Patent ation No. filed on 14 June 2018, which claims the benefit of priority from UK application no. 1709468.1, filed on 14 June 2017, UK application no. 1709534.0, filed on 15 June 2017, UK application no. 1712851.3, filed on 10 August 2017, UK application no. 1803826.5, filed on 9 March 2018, UK application no. 1805989.9, filed on 11 April 2018, UK application no. 1805990.7, filed on 11 April 2018, UK application no. 1805991.5, filed on 11 April 2018, UK ation no. 1806779.3, filed on 25 April 2018, and UK application no. 1806780.1, filed on 25 April 2018, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention is in the field of compositions sing bacterial strains isolated from the mammalian digestive tract and the use of such compositions in the treatment of e.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION The human intestine is thought to be sterile in utero, but it is exposed to a large variety of al and environmental microbes immediately after birth. Thereafter, a dynamic period of microbial colonization and succession occurs, which is influenced by factors such as delivery mode, environment, diet and host genotype, all of which impact upon the composition of the gut microbiota, particularly during early life.

Subsequently, the microbiota stabilizes and becomes adult- like [1]. The human gut microbiota contains more than 500-1000 different phylotypes belonging essentially to two major bacterial ons, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes [2]. The successful symbiotic relationships arising from bacterial colonization of the human gut have yielded a wide variety of metabolic, structural, protective and other beneficial ons. The enhanced metabolic activities of the colonized gut ensure that otherwise indigestible dietary components are degraded with release of by-products providing an important nt source for the host. Similarly, the immunological importance of the gut microbiota is wellrecognized and is exemplified in germfree s which have an impaired immune system that is functionally tituted ing the introduction of commensal Clostridium bacteria [3-5].

Dramatic changes in microbiota composition have been documented in gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel e (IBD). For example, the levels of Clostridium cluster XlVa bacteria are reduced in IBD patients whilst numbers ofE. coli are increased, suggesting a shift in the balance of symbionts and pathobionts within the gut [6-9]. 1A followed by page 2 In recognition of the potential positive effect that certain bacterial strains may have on the animal gut, various s have been proposed for use in the treatment of various diseases (see, for example, [10- 13]). Also, certain strains, ing mostly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium s, have been proposed for use in ng various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are not directly linked to the intestines (see [14] and [15] for reviews). r, the relationship between different diseases and different bacterial strains, and the precise s of particular bacterial strains on the gut and at a systemic level and on any particular types of diseases are poorly characterised, particularly for neurodegenerative disorders.

Recently, there has been increased interest in the art regarding alterations in the gut microbiome that may play a pathophysiological role in human brain diseases [16]. Preclinical and clinical evidence are strongly suggesting a link between brain development and microbiota [17]. A growing body of nical ture has demonstrated bidirectional signalling between the brain and the gut microbiome, involving multiple neurocrine and endocrine signalling systems. Indeed, increased levels of Clostridium species in the microbiome have been linked to brain disorders [18], and an imbalance of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla has also been implicated in brain development ers . Suggestions that altered levels of gut commensals, ing those of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Sutterella, Prevotella and Ruminococcus genera and of the Alcaligenaceae family are involved in -mediated central nervous system (CNS) disorders, are questioned by studies suggesting a lack of alteration in the microbiota between patients and healthy subjects [19]. There have also been suggestions that the administration of probiotics may be beneficial in the treatment of ogical disorders. However, these studies failed to conclude that tic compositions per se can achieve therapeutic benefits with respect to the treatment of neurodegeneration and did not show any useful effects for any ular bacteria [20,21], This indicates that, at present, the practical effect of the link n the microbiome and human brain diseases is poorly characterised. ingly, more direct analytical studies are required to identify the therapeutic impact of altering the microbiome on neurodegenerative disorders.

There is a ement in the art for new methods of treating egenerative disorders. There is also a requirement for the potential effects of gut bacteria to be characterised so that new therapies using gut ia can be developed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors have developed new therapies for treating and preventing neurodegenerative disorders.

The inventors have identified that bacterial strains from the genus Megasphaera may be effective for treating egenerative diseases. As described in the examples, stration of compositions sing Megasphaera massiliensis can protect against reactive oxygen species and prevent inflammation, thus acting as a neuroprotectant. The inventors have also identified that treatment with Megasphaera massiliensis can reduce the activation of lammatory les, such as NFkB and IL-6, by LPS and mutant a-synuclein. The inventors have identified that treatment with Megasphaera iensis can reduce histone deacetylation activity and lipid peroxidation in vitro, which can help to reduce cell death and apoptosis. The inventors have also identified that Megasphaera massiliensis can produce indole that can attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the inventors have demonstrated that treatment with Megasphaera massiliensis can increase kynurenine levels.

The inventors have also identified that Megasphaera massiliensis produces certain c acids including hexanoic acid, valeric acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The inventors have also found that Megasphaera massiliensis can increase the activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8, which can help to promote neuron myelination. The inventors have also identified that treatment with a combination of Megasphaera massiliensis and retinoic acid can increase the secretion of brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can help promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis and/or prevent cell death. The inventors have also identified that treatment with Megasphaera massiliensis, which can produce valeric acid, can reduce histone ylation, which can help to reduce cell death and apoptosis. Furthermore, the inventors have also found that Megasphaera massiliensis can produce hexanoic acid, which can be neuroprotective or neurorestorative, for example by promoting neurite outgrowth. The inventors have found thatMegasphaera massiliensis that can produce ic acid increase the expression of MAP2 (Microtubule –associated protein 2), which is thought to be ial for microtubule formation in neuritogenesis. Therefore, the inventors have found that Megasphaera massiliensis that can produce hexanoic acid can be used to promote neurite wth. Megasphaera massiliensis and other bacteria that produce organic acids like hexanoic acid, valeric acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid may therefore be useful for treating neurodegenerative disorders.

In one aspect, the t disclosure provides a pharmaceutical ition comprising a dried bacteria strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene ce that has at least 96% sequence identity to the polynucleotide ce of SEQ ID NO:2, as determined by a Smith- Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension penalty of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.

In another aspect, the present disclosure es for the use of a ceutical composition comprising a bacteria strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that has at least 95% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension y of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurological condition associated with neuroinflammation or oxidative stress in a subject, wherein the neurological condition is one other than a neurodegenerative disorder and a brain injury.

In a first embodiment, the invention es a composition comprising a ial strain of the genusMegasphaera, for use in therapy, such as for use in a method of treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disorder.

In particular embodiments, the invention es a composition comprising a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera, for use in a method of treating or preventing a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of: Parkinson’s disease, including progressive supranuclear palsy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, ar or arteriosclerotic parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism; Alzheimer’s disease, including Benson's me; le sclerosis; Huntington’s disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lou Gehrig's disease; motor neurone disease; prion disease; spinocerebellar ataxia; spinal ar y; dementia, including Lewy body, vascular and 3A ed by page 4 frontotemporal dementia; primary progressive aphasia; mild cognitive impairment; HIV-related cognitive impairment and corticobasal degeneration.

In preferred embodiments, the invention provides a ition comprising a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera, for use in a method of treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease, such as environmental, familial or Parkinson’s associated with l inflammatory status. The inventors have identified that treatment with Megasphaera strains can reduce the activation of proinflammatory molecules, such as NFκB and IL-6, by LPS and mutant -synuclein in in vitro models of environmental and familial Parkinson’s. In preferred embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising a bacterial strain of the species Megasphaera iensis, for use in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Compositions using Megasphaera massiliensis may be particularly ive for treating Parkinson’s.

In some ments, the compositions of the invention are for use in a method of treating or ting early-onset neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in a method of ting or delaying onset or progression of a neurodegenerative disorder.

In preferred ments of the invention, the bacterial strain in the composition is of Megasphaera massiliensis. Closely related strains may also be used, such as bacterial strains that have a 16S rRNA sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% identical to the 16S rRNA sequence of a bacterial strain ofMegasphaera massiliensis. Preferably, the bacterial strain has a 16S [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM rRNA sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO:l or 2. Preferably, the sequence identity is to SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the ial strain for use in the invention has the 16S rRNA sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention is for oral stration. Oral administration of the strains of the invention can be effective for neurodegenerative disorders. Also, oral stration is convenient for patients and practitioners and allows delivery to and / or partial or total sation of the intestine.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention ses a bacterial strain that has been lyophilised. Lyophilisation is an effective and convenient technique for preparing stable compositions that allow ry of bacteria.

In certain embodiments, the ion provides a food product comprising the composition as described above.

In n embodiments, the ion provides a vaccine composition comprising the composition as described above.

Additionally, the invention provides a method of treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders, sing administering a composition comprising a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera.

In developing the above invention, the inventors have identified and characterised a ial strain that is particularly useful for therapy. The Megasphaera massiliensis strain of the invention is shown to be effective for treating the diseases described herein, such as neurodegenerative diseases.

Therefore, in another aspect, the invention provides a cell of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under accession number NCIMB 42787, or a derivative thereof. The invention also provides compositions comprising such cells, or ically pure cultures of such cells. The invention also provides a cell of the haera massiliensis strain deposited under accession number NCIMB 42787, or a derivative f, for use in therapy, in particular for the diseases described herein.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the composition is for use in treating brain injury. The neuroprotective activity of the compositions of the invention and their ability to reduce levels of histone deacetylase activity (HDAC) may make them useful for treating brain injury. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in ng stroke, such as treating brain injury resulting from a stroke.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure 1: Cell viability of neuroblastoma cells Figure 2: Down-regulation of IL-6 secretion [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Figure 3 Secretion of IL-8 Figure 4: Inhibition of a- synuclein IL-6 and IL-8 secretion Figure 5: Inhibition of a- ein induced NFkB promoter activation Figure 6: Inhibition of LPS d NFkB er activation Figure 7: Change in antioxidant capacity Figure 8: Change in total anti-oxidant capacity (lipid oxidation) Figure 9: Change in histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity Figure 10: Level of Indole production Figure 11: Level of Kyrunenine production Figure 12: Mean Dopamine (DA) levels (Figure 12A), DOPAC levels (Figure 12B) and HVA levels (Figure 12C) in striatum. Data is displayed as Mean + SEM.

Figure 13: Promoting neurite outgrowth: light copy and MAP2 gene expression (Figure 13A), Phalloidin immunofluorescence microscopy (Figure 13B) Figure 14: Change in ROS levels in (a) U373 cells and (b) SHSY-5Y cells Figure 15: Neuroprotection - cell viability. Figure 15 shows the same data as Figure 1.

Figure 16 -induced s in whole cell and cell lysate histone deacetylase ty (Figure 16A), acid-induced changes in histone deacetylase activity (Figure 16B), metabolite production by strains (Figure 16C) Figure 17 HDAC1 inhibition (Figure 17A), HDAC2 inhibition (Figure 17B), HDAC3 inhibition (Figure 17C) Figure 18 Inhibition of Class I HDACs (Figure 18A); inhibition of HDAC 1 (Figure 18B); inhibition of HDAC2 (Figure 18C); inhibition of HDAC3 (Figure 18D) Figure 19: Level of BDNF production Figure 20: Levels of metabolite tion - ransmitters in the brain Figure 21: Levels of metabolite production - organic acids in the supernatant Figure 22: Effect on intestinal barrier function.

Figure 23: Production of neurotransmitters in the brain Figure 24: Changes in Hippocampal Receptor Expression - A) Oxytocin Receptor, B) Vasopressin Receptor, C) Glucocorticoid Receptor and D) Mineralocorticoid Receptor [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Figure 25: Changes in Hippocampal Expression of A) Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), B) BDNF Expression and C) TLR4 Figure 26: A) Changes in Hippocampal Corticotropin Releasing Hormone or 1 (CRFR1) Expression and B) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRFR2) Expression Figure 27: Changes in Hippocampal Expression of A) Tumour Necrosis Factor, B) Interleukin lb and C) IL-6 Figure 28: A) Changes in Hippocampal Integrin Alpha M (CD1 lb) Expression and B) Changes in Hippocampal Serotonin 1A Receptor (5-HT1A receptor) Expression Figure 29: A) Changes in Hippocampal Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2A (Grin2A) and B) Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2B (Grin2B) expression Figure 30: Changes in Hippocampal Expression of A) Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor 2 (GABA A2), B) Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor 1 (GABA BR1) and C) Dopamine Receptor 1 (DRD1) Figure 31: Changes in Amygdala Receptor sion - A) Oxytocin Receptor, B) Vasopressin or, C) Glucocorticoid or and D) Mineralocorticoid Receptor Figure 32: Changes in Amygdala sion of A) Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), B) Toll-like Receptor 4 ), C) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRFR1) and D) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRFR2) Figure 33: Changes in Amygdala Expression of A) Integrin Alpha M (CD1 lb), B) Interleukin-6 (IL- 6), C) Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2A (Grin2A) and D) ate opic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2B (Grin2B) Figure 34: Changes in Amygdala Expression of A) GABA-A Receptor Alpha 2 t 2), B) GABA-A Type B Receptor 1 Subunit (GABBR1) and C) Dopamine or 1 (DRD1) Figure 35: Changes in ntal Cortex sion of A) Oxytocin Receptor, B) Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor , C) Mineralocorticoid Receptor and D) Glucocorticoid Receptor Figure 36: Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Expression of A) Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR-4), B) Corticotropin Releasing e Receptor 1 (CRFR1), C) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRFR2) and D) Integrin Alpha M (CD1 lb) Figure 37: Changes in ntal Cortex Expression of A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6), B) Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2A (Grin2A), C) Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type t 2B (Grin2B) and D) GABA-A Receptor Alpha 2 Subunit (GABRA2) [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Figure 38: Changes in Prefrontal Cortex sion of A) GABA-A or Type B or Subunit 1 (GABBR1) and B) Dopamine Receptor 1 (DRD1) Figure 39: s in Colon Expression of A) Tryptophan Hydroxylase-1 (Tphl) and B) Indoleamine2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO 1) Figure 40: Changes in Ileum Expression of A) Tryptophan Hydroxylase-1 (Tphl) and B) Indoleamine2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO 1) Figure 41: Changes in Circulating Tryptophan lite Levels A) Kynurenine, B) Tryptophan and C) Kynurenine/ Tryptophan Index of metabolism Figure 42: Effect on Interferon-y Production from mouse Splenocytes from mice fed with MRx0029 Figure 43: Effect on Interleukin-ip Production from Splenocytes Figure 44: Effect on Interleukin-6 Production from Splenocytes Figure 45: Effect on Tumour Necrosis Factor Production from Splenocytes Figure 46: Effect on Interleukin-10 Production from Splenocytes Figure 47: Effect on Chemoattractant CXCL1 Production from Splenocytes Figure 48: Changes in Caecal Short Chain Fatty Acid Levels Figure 49: MRx0029 and MRXOOS-induced s in gene expression levels of Actin, Villin, Occludin TJP1, TJP2, MAP2, DRD2, GABRB3, SYP, PINK1, PARK7 andNSE.

Figure 50: SHSY5Y cell differentiation d by MRxOOOS and MRx0029. (A-C) Representative images of immuno labelled cells with Phalloidin and MAP2. (D—F) images of A-C merged with DAPI images. (G—I) P3 n immunolabelled cells. (J-L) merged with DAPI images.

Magnification x630. Western blot analysis of effects of S and MRx0029 treatment on SHSY5Y cells. Western blot membranes were probed with antibodies to MAP2 (M) and b3 tubulin (N). Actin was used as a loading control. Lower panels: representative blots from one of six te experiments; upper : relative densitometric intensity.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Bacterial strains The compositions of the invention comprise a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera. The examples demonstrate that bacteria of this genus are useful for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders. The preferred bacterial strains are of the species Megasphaera massiliensis.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM Examples of Megasphaera species for use in the invention e Megasphaera elsdenii, Megasphaera cerevisiae, Megasphaera massiliensis, Megasphaera indica, Megasphaera paucivorans, Megasphaera sueciensis and Megasphaera micronuciformis. A further example of a Megasphaera species for use in the invention is Megasphaera hexanoica._ The Megasphaera are obligately anaerobic, lactate-fermenting, gastrointestinal microbe of ruminant and non-ruminant mammals, including humans.

The type strain of M massiliensis is NP3 (=CSUR P245=DSM 26228)[22], The k ion number for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of M massiliensis strain NP3 is 72.1 (disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 1).

The Megasphaera massiliensis bacterium tested in the Examples is referred to herein as strain MRx0029. A 16S rRNA sequence for the MRx0029 strain that was tested is provided in SEQ ID NO:2.

Strain MRx0029 was ted with the international depositary authority NCIMB, Ltd. (Ferguson Building, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, Scotland) by 4D Pharma Research Ltd. (Life Sciences Innovation ng, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZS, Scotland) on 13th July 2017 as "Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029" and was ed accession number NCIMB 42787.

Bacterial strains closely related to the strain tested in the examples are also ed to be ive for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders. In certain embodiments, the bacterial strain for use in the invention has a 16S rRNA sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% identical to the 16S rRNA sequence of a bacterial strain of Megasphaera massiliensis. Preferably, the bacterial strain for use in the invention has a 16S rRNA sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NOT or 2. Preferably, the sequence identity is to SEQ ID NO:2. ably, the bacterial strain for use in the invention has the 16S rRNA ce represented by SEQ ID NO:2.

Bacterial strains that are biotypes of strains MRx0029 or NP3 are also expected to be ive for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders. A biotype is a closely related strain that has the same or very similar physiological and biochemical characteristics.

Strains that are biotypes of strains MRx0029 or NP3 and that are suitable for use in the ion may be identified by sequencing other nucleotide sequences for strains MRx0029 or NP3. For example, substantially the whole genome may be sequenced and a biotype strain for use in the invention may have at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% sequence identity across at least 80% of its whole genome (e.g. across at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%, or across its whole genome). Other suitable ces for use in identifying biotype strains may include hsp60 or repetitive sequences such as BOX, ERIC, (GTG)5, or REP or [23], Biotype strains may have sequences with at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% sequence identity to the corresponding sequence of the s MRx0029orNP3.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Alternatively, strains that are biotypes of strains MRx0029 or NP3 and that are le for use in the invention may be identified by using strains MRx0029 or NP3 and restriction nt analysis and/or PCR analysis, for example by using scent amplified nt length polymorphism (FAFLP) and repetitive DNA element PCR fingerprinting, or protein profiling, or partial 16S or 23S rDNA sequencing. In preferred embodiments, such techniques may be used to identify other Megasphaera massiliensis strains.

In certain embodiments, strains that are biotypes of strains MRx0029 or NP3 and that are suitable for use in the ion are strains that provide the same pattern as strains MRx0029 or NP3 when analysed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), for example when using Sau3Al ction enzyme (for exemplary methods and guidance see, for example,[24]). Alternatively, biotype strains are identified as strains that have the same carbohydrate fermentation patterns as strains MRx0029 or NP3.

Other Megasphaera strains that are useful in the compositions and methods of the invention, such as biotypes of strains MRx0029 or NP3, may be identified using any appropriate method or gy, including the assays described in the examples. For instance, strains for use in the invention may be identified by culturing with neuroblastoma cells and then ing cytokine levels and levels of neuroprotection or neuroproliferation. In particular, bacterial strains that have similar growth patterns, lic type and/or surface antigens to strains MRx0029 or NP3 may be useful in the invention. A useful strain will have comparable immune tory activity to strains MRx0029 or NP3. In particular, a e strain will elicit comparable effects on the neurodegenerative disease models and comparable effects on cytokine levels to the effects shown in the Examples, which may be identified by using the culturing and administration protocols described in the Examples.

A ularly preferred strain of the invention is the Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 strain. This is the exemplary strain tested in the examples and shown to be effective for treating disease. Therefore, the invention provides a cell, such as an isolated cell, of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain MRx0029, or a derivative thereof. The invention also provides a composition comprising a cell of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain MRx0029, or a derivative thereof. The invention also provides a biologically pure culture of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain MRx0029. The invention also provides a cell of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain MRx0029, or a derivative thereof, for use in y, in ular for the diseases bed herein.

A particularly preferred strain of the invention is the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under accession number NC1MB 42787. This is the exemplary MRx0029 strain tested in the examples and shown to be ive for treating disease. Therefore, the invention provides a cell, such as an ed cell, of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under accession number NC1MB 42787, or a tive thereof. The invention also provides a composition comprising a cell of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under ion number NC1MB 42787, or a tive thereof. The [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM invention also provides a biologically pure culture of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under ion number NCIMB 42787. The invention also provides a cell of the Megasphaera massiliensis strain deposited under accession number NCIMB 42787, or a derivative thereof, for use in therapy, in particular for the diseases described herein.

A derivative of the strain of the invention may be a er strain (progeny) or a strain cultured (subcloned) from the original. A derivative of a strain of the invention may be modified, for example at the genetic level, without ng the biological activity. In particular, a derivative strain of the invention is therapeutically active. A derivative strain will have comparable therapeutic activity to the MRx0029 strain. In ular, a derivative strain will elicit comparable effects on the neurodegenerative disease models and comparable effects on cytokine levels to the effects shown in the es, which may be fied by using the culturing and administration protocols described in the Examples. A derivative of the MRx0029 strain will generally be a biotype of the MRx0029 strain. nces to cells of the Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 strain encompass any cells that have the same safety and therapeutic efficacy characteristics as the strain MRx0029, and such cells are encompassed by the invention.

In preferred embodiments, the bacterial strains in the compositions of the invention are viable and capable of partially or totally colonising the intestine.

The inventors have found that Megasphaera massiliensis strains reduce the tion of matory cytokines such as IL-6 and se the activation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. IL-8 has been implicated in myelin sheath formation [25], Chronic inflammation d by IL-6 can tely lead to cell death. ore, the bacterial strains of the ion are particularly useful in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. In some embodiments, the bacterial strains are useful in the treatment of conditions terised by the enhanced activation of IL-6. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases characterised by ination. Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by demyelination.

Demyelination s the propagation of action potentials within neurons, impairing effective communication within the nervous system. IL-8 has been shown to contribute positively to myelin sheath formation and repair. Therefore, the compositions of the invention are particularly beneficial in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders characterised by demyelination, such as Multiple Sclerosis.

The inventors have found that the Megasphaera massiliensis strains of the invention alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases in models of the disease. For e, the inventors have found that the Megasphaera massiliensis strains promote neurite outgrowth in vitro, and may therefore be used in promoting neuron restoration for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Thus, bacterial strains of the invention are for use in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

The inventors have also found that the ial strains of invention increase the activation of BDNF.

BDNF is a neurotrophic growth factor that has been shown to enhance neuron differentiation and al. Thus, the compositions of the invention can be used in a method of enhancing nerve cell survival in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

A further bacteria that may be used in the compositions of the invention is the species Parabacteroides distasonis. The examples demonstrate that Parabacteroides distasonis and Megasphaera massiliensis both have neuroprotective activities, but produce ent metabolites and may have different mechanisms of action and specific neuroprotective activities. Therefore, these species may be particularly effective when used in combination. In preferred embodiments, the composition comprises a strain of the species Parabacteroides distasonis and a strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis.

The Parabacteroides distasonis bacterium deposited under accession number NCIMB 42382 was tested in the Examples and is also ed to herein as strain MRxOOOS. 5, MRX005, MRxOOS and MRxOOOS are used herein interchangeably. A 16S rRNA sequence for the MRxOOOS strain that was tested is provided in SEQ ID NO: 17. Strain MRxOOOS was deposited with the ational depositary authority NCIMB, Ltd. (Ferguson Building, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, Scotland) by GT Biologies Ltd. (Life Sciences Innovation ng, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZS, Scotland) on 12th March 2015 as "Parabacteroides sp 755" and was assigned accession number NCIMB 42382. GT Biologies Ltd. Subsequently changed its name to 4D Pharma Research Limited.

In preferred embodiments, the invention provides a ition comprising the strain deposited at NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 42787, or a derivative or biotype thereof, and the strain deposited at NCIMB under accession number NCIMB 42382, or a derivative or biotype thereof, ably for use in therapy, preferably for use in treating a neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease.

Therapeutic uses As demonstrated in the examples, the bacterial compositions of the ion are effective for treating neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, ent with compositions of the invention increase neuro-proliferation and act as a neuroprotectant t agents that destroy dopaminergic neurons. ore, the compositions of the ion may be useful for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders that are the result of neuron death.

Compositions of the invention can se the tion of the NFkB er, which tes cytokine production, for example IL-ip, IL-la, IL-18, TNFa and IL-6. Treating cells with mutant asynuclein is a model for familial Parkinson’s. A point mutation at position 53 from adenine to threonine leads to a-synuclein mis-folding. The incorrectly folded a-synuclein subsequently aggregates into [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM insoluble fibrils which form Lewy bodies. Therefore, the compositions of the invention may be useful for treating or ting neurodegenerative disorders that are the result of neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and/or environmental exposure. Compositions of the invention can be used for treatment of familial Parkinson’s. Activation of the NFkB er is mediated h the TLR4 ligand. TLR4 is known to mediate cell death in the mouse model MPTP, which simulates Parkinson’s disease.

Compositions of the ion can be used to inhibit the ability of TLR4 signalling to activate the NFkB promoter. Of ular relevance for PD, both TLR2 and TLR4 were found to be upregulated in brains of PD patients [26]. er a-syn has been described as a ligand for TLR2 [27] and we have demonstrated that a-syn is also a ligand for TLR4 using HEK-TLR4 cells [28], Compositions of the invention se the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, which can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of cells with LPS simulates Parkinson’s caused by environmental factors. Compositions of the invention can be used to decrease IL-6 secretion.

Compositions of the invention can be used for treatment of environmental Parkinson’s.

Examples of neurodegenerative diseases to be d by compositions of the invention include: son’s disease, including progressive supranuclear palsy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Steele- Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, vascular or arteriosclerotic parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism; Alzheimer’s disease, including Benson's me; le sclerosis; Huntington’s disease; amyotrophic lateral sis; Lou Gehrig's e; motor neurone disease; prion disease; spinocerebellar ataxia; spinal muscular atrophy; dementia, ing Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia; primary progressive aphasia; mild cognitive impairment; HIV-related cognitive impairment, , and corticobasal ration. A further disease to be treated by compositions of the invention is ssive inflammatory neuropathy.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in reducing neuron death, in ular, in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in protecting neurons, in particular in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in reducing or preventing loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in ng or preventing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in reducing or preventing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the consequent loss of their projecting nerve fibers in the striatum. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in reducing or preventing loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in increasing dopamine levels.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in increasing DOPAC (3,4- [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM oxyphenylacetic acid) levels. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in increasing dopamine and DOPAC levels. In certain embodiments, the dopamine and/or DOPAC levels are increased in the striatum. Dopamine and DOPAC levels may be measured using any riate method known in the art, such as a radio enzymatic method, for example in plasma or CSF (for example as described in [29]), or a reverse-phase HPLC method, perhaps with electrochemical detection, for example in plasma or CSF (for example as described in [30]).

The neuroprotective properties of the compositions of the invention, as shown in the es, mean that the compositions may be particularly effective for preventing or delaying onset or progression of neurodegenerative ers. In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in delaying onset or progression of neurodegenerative disorders.

Compositions of the invention can increase the secretion of IL-8. IL-8 has been shown to play a role in neuron myelination. In some embodiments, compositions of the invention can be used to increase IL-8 secretion.

The therapeutic compositions of the invention can increase the activation of BDNF. BDNF acts on certain neurons of the central nervous system to t the survival of existing neurons and help the growth and development of new neurons and synapses. BDNF is active in the hippocampus, cortex and basal forebrain, and is important for long-term memory. The compositions of the invention can therefore be used to increase the secretion of BDNF. The compositions may therefore be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the impairment of long-term memory. The compositions of the invention may be used for improving long-term memory, in particular for improving erm memory that is impaired by a neurodegenerative disease.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention increase the mitochondria metabolic activity in neuronal cells.

Modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis ication between the gut and the brain (the microbiota-gut-brain axis) occurs via a ctional neurohumoral communication system. Recent evidence shows that the microbiota that resides in the gut can modulate brain development and produce behavioural ypes via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Indeed, a number of reviews t a role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in maintaining central nervous system functionality and implicate dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of central nervous system disorders and conditions [16],[19],[31], The bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut (/.e. the-gut-brain axis) includes the central nervous system, ndocrine and mmune systems, including the alamuspituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, hetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM As demonstrated in the examples, the compositions of the present ion can modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and reduce cell death associated with neurodegenerative ers.

Accordingly, the compositions of the invention may be useful for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders, in particular those ers and conditions associated with dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

In particular embodiments, the compositions of the invention may be useful for treating or preventing a disease or condition selected from the group ting of: Parkinson’s disease, including ssive supranuclear palsy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, vascular or arteriosclerotic parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism; Alzheimer’s e, including Benson's syndrome; multiple sclerosis; Huntington’s disease; ophic l sclerosis; Lou Gehrig's disease; motor neurone disease; prion disease; spinocerebellar ataxia; spinal muscular atrophy; dementia; including Lewy body; vascular and frontotemporal dementia; primary progressive aphasia; mild cognitive impairment; HIV-related cognitive impairment and corticobasal degeneration.

The compositions of the invention may be particularly useful for treating or preventing chronic e, treating or preventing disease in patients that have not responded to other therapies (such as treatment with Levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, Glutamate antagonists, and/or anticholinergics), and/or treating or preventing the tissue damage and symptoms associated with ction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the CNS. In some ments, the compositions of the invention modulate the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In some embodiments, the itions of the invention modulate the enteric nervous system (ENS). In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal (HPA) axis. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the neuroendocrine pathway.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion te the neuroimmune pathway. In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion modulate the CNS, the ANS, the ENS, the HPA axis and/or the neuroendocrine and neuroimmune ys. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion module the levels of commensal metabolites and/or the gastrointestinal permeability of a subject.

The signalling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by neural systems. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate signalling in neural s. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the signalling of the central nervous system.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate signalling in sensory neurons. In other embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate signalling in motor neurons. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention te the signalling in the ANS. In some embodiments, the ANS is the parasympathetic nervous system. In preferred embodiments, the [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM itions of the invention modulate the signalling of the vagus nerve. In other embodiments, the ANS is the sympathetic nervous system. In other embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the signalling in the enteric nervous system. In certain embodiments, the signalling of ANS and ENS neurons responds directly to luminal contents of the gastrointestinal tract. In other embodiments, the signalling of ANS and ENS neurons responds indirectly to neurochemicals produced by luminal bacteria. In other embodiments, the signalling of ANS and ENS neurons responds to neurochemicals ed by luminal bacteria or enteroendocrine cells. In certain preferred ments, the neurons of the ENS activate vagal afferents that influence the functions of the CNS.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention regulate the activity of enterochromaffin cells.

Neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative e athologically characterised by degeneration of heterogeneous populations of neural cells (dopamine-producing cells). The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease requires bradykinesia and at least one of the following core symptoms: resting tremor; muscle rigidity and al reflex impairment. Other signs and symptoms that may be present or develop during the progression of the e are autonomic disturbances (sialorrhoea, seborrhoea, constipation, micturition disturbances, sexual functioning, orthostatic hypotension, hyperhydrosis), sleep bances and disturbances in the sense of smell or sense of temperature.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative e that may develop or persist due to dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, in red embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating or ting Parkinson’s disease in a subject.

In r preferred embodiments, the ion provides a composition comprising a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera, for use in a method of treating or ting Parkinson’s disease.

Compositions comprising a bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera may improve motor and cognitive functions in models of Parkinson’s disease. Treatment with Megasphaera strains may modulate signalling in the central, autonomic and enteric nervous s; may modulate the activity of the HPA axis pathway; may modulate neuroendocrine and/or neuroimmune pathways; and may modulate the levels of commensal metabolites, inflammatory markers and/or gastrointestinal permeability of a subject, all of which are implicated in the neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease. In preferred embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising a bacterial strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis for use in a method of treating or preventing Parkinson’s disease.

Compositions using Megasphaera iensis may be particularly effective for treating Parkinson’s disease.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in a subject. In preferred ments, the compositions of [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM the ion prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more core symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in a t. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion prevent, reduce or alleviate bradykinesia in a subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate resting tremor; muscle rigidity and/or postural reflex impairment in a subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention t, reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease progression selected from autonomic disturbances (sialorrhoea, seborrhoea, constipation, micturition disturbances, sexual functioning, orthostatic hypotension, hyperhydrosis), sleep bances and disturbances in the sense of smell or sense of temperature.

In preferred embodiments, the itions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate depressive symptoms comorbid with Parkinson’s disease. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve verbal memory and/or executive functions. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention e attention, working memory, verbal fluency and/or anxiety.

In other red embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate cognitive dysfunctions comorbid with Parkinson’s disease.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate Parkinson’s e progression. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or ate later motor complications. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or ate late motor fluctuations. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate neuronal loss. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve symptoms of Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). In certain ments, the itions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate impairment of executive function, attention and/or working memory. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve dopaminergic neurotransmission. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention e the ms of Parkinson’s disease ing to a symptomatic or diagnostic scale. In certain embodiments, the tests for assessing symptomatic improvement of motor function in Parkinson’s disease is the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. In ular, UPDRS II considers the activity of daily life and UPDRS III considers motor-examination.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the ms ated with PDD according to a symptomatic or diagnostic test and/or scale. In certain embodiments, the test or scale is selected from the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT-R); the Delis-Kaplan ive Function System (D-KEFS) Color-Word Interference Test; the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D 17; depression); the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A; anxiety) and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS; PD symptom severity).

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) scale for ing psychiatric and ogical disorders. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention display a positive effect on global social and tional impairment of the subject with Parkinson’s disease.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurological ers such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject wherein said use involves reducing or preventing loss of nergic cells in the ntia nigra. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurological ers such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject wherein said use involves reducing or preventing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in treating or ting neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject n said use involves reducing or ting the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars ta and the consequent loss of their projecting nerve fibers in the striatum. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease in a t wherein said use involves reducing or preventing loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject wherein said use involves increasing dopamine levels. In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in ng or preventing ogical disorders such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject wherein said use involves increasing DOPAC levels. In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease in a subject wherein said use involves increasing dopamine and DOPAC levels. In certain embodiments, the dopamine and/or DOPAC levels are increased in the striatum.

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia In DSM-5, the term dementia was replaced with the terms major neurocognitive disorder and mild neurocognitive disorder. Neurocognitive disorder is a heterogeneous class of psychiatric diseases. The most common neurocognitive disorder is Alzheimer’s disease, followed by ar dementias or mixed forms of the two. Other forms of neurodegenerative ers (e.g. Lewy body disease, frontotemporal dementia, son’s dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington’s disease, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) are accompanied by dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are also characterised by neuronal loss, so the neuroprotective and neuroproliferative effects shown in the examples for the compositions of the invention indicate that they may be useful for treating or preventing these conditions.

The symptomatic criteria for dementia under DSM-5 are evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains selected from: learning and memory; [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM language; executive function; complex attention; tual-motor and social cognition. The cognitive deficits must interfere with independence in ay activities. In addition, the cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a delirium and are not better explained by another mental disorder (for e MDD or schizophrenia).

In addition to the primary symptom, ts with neurodegenerative ers display behavioural and psychiatric ms including agitation, sion, depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis and sleep-wake cycle bances.

Neurodegenerative disorders may develop or persist due to dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, in preferred embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders in a subject. In preferred embodiments, the neurodegenerative er is Alzheimer’s e. In other embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is selected from vascular dementias; mixed form Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia; Lewy body disease; frontotemporal dementia; Parkinson’s dementia; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; gton’s disease; and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more of the symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders in a subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention t, reduce or alleviate the occurrence of cognitive decline in a subject. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention improve the level of performance of a subject with neurodegenerative ers in one or more cognitive s selected from: learning and memory; language; executive function; x attention; perceptual-motor and social cognition. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate the ence of one or more behavioural and psychiatric symptoms associated with neurodegenerative ers selected from agitation, aggression, depression, y, apathy, psychosis and sleep-wake cycle disturbances.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate matic disease by intervention in suspected pathogenic mechanisms at a preclinical stage. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve disease modification, with slowing or arrest of symptom progression. In some embodiments, the slowing or arrest of symptom progression correlates with evidence in delaying the underlying neuropathological process. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders comprising enhanced cognitive and functional improvement. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the ability of a subject with neurodegenerative disorder to undertake everyday activities.

In preferred embodiments, the itions of the ion improve both cognition and functioning in a subject with mer’s disease. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention improves the cognitive endpoint in a subject with Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, the [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM compositions of the invention improve the functional endpoint in a subject with Alzheimer’s disease.

In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the cognitive and functional endpoint in a subject with Alzheimer’s disease. In yet further preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the overall clinical response (the global endpoint) in a subject with Alzheimer’s disease.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders according to a matic or diagnostic test. In certain embodiments, the tests for assessing symptomatic improvement of Alzheimer’s disease (and other neurodegenerative disorders) are selected from objective cognitive, activities of daily , global ment of change, health related quality of life tests and tests assessing behavioural and atric symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders.

In certain embodiments, the objective cognitive tests for assessment of symptomatic improvement use the Alzheimer’s e Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and the classic ADAS scale. In certain embodiments, symptomatic improvement of cognition is assessed using the Neurophysiological Test Battery for Use in Alzheimer’s Disease (NTB).

In some embodiments, the global ment of change test uses the Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) scale for assessing psychiatric and neurological disorders. In some embodiments, the global scale is the Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change plus (CIBIC-plus). In some ments, the global scale is the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Unit ian’s Global Impression of Change CGIC).

In certain embodiments, the health-related quality of life measures are the Alzheimer’s Disease- Related QOL (ADRQL) and the zheimer’s e (QOL-AD).

In certain embodiments, the tests assessing behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders are selected from the Behavioural pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD); the Behavioural Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD); the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI).

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are particularly ive at preventing, reducing or alleviating neurodegenerative disorders when used in combination with another therapy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. In certain embodiments, such therapies include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors including zil (Aricept®), galantamine (Razadyne®) and rivastigmine (Exelon ®), and ine.

Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a inating disease in which the myelin sheath surrounding s in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. The exact underlying causes of MS are unknown, but are thought to vary between individuals. Certain forms of MS are hereditary. Environmental factors are [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM also thought to contribute to MS. In some individuals, a combination of both c and environmental factors may trigger the onset of MS.

There are a wide variety of symptoms associated with MS. ts may exhibit almost any neurological symptom associated with the impairment of autonomic, visual, motor or sensory control.

The exact symptoms will vary depending on the site of neuronal damage/demyelination.

IL-8 has been implicated in the formation of myelin sheaths. The compositions of the ion may therefore be for use in the remyelination of neurons in ts with MS. The compositions of the invention may also be used to protect neurons from demyelination. In other words, the compositions of the invention may be for use in a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis by restoring or ting loss of neuron myelin sheaths.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms of MS in a subject. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate fatigue in a subject. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention t, reduce or alleviate resting tremor, muscle weakness, muscle spasms, muscle stiffness, thesia and/or ataxia in a subject. In certain ments, the compositions of the ion prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with MS ssion selected from the list consisting of autonomic disturbances: constipation, micturition disturbances, sexual functioning, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope, vertigo and/or ess; sleep disturbances; and disturbances in the sense of smell or sense of temperature. In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion prevent, reduce or alleviate one or more ocular symptoms ated with MS. In some embodiments, the ocular symptom is selected from the list consisting of loss of vision, eye pain, colour blindness, double vision and/or ntary eye movements in a subject.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate dizziness, vertigo, neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, ive dysfunction, bowel incontinence, dysphagia, hria, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent, reduce or alleviate depressive symptoms or anxiety comorbid with MS.

In some embodiments, the improvement of symptoms are determined using the 2017 McDonald criteria for diagnosing MS.

In certain embodiments, treatment with the compositions of the invention results in a reduction in MS incidence or MS severity. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in reducing relapse incidence or relapse severity. In certain embodiments, treatment with the compositions of the invention prevents a decline in motor on or results in improved motor on associated with MS. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in preventing a decline in motor function or for use in improving motor function in the treatment of MS.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In certain embodiments, treatment with the compositions of the invention prevents the pment of sis in MS. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in preventing paralysis in the treatment of MS.

In certain embodiments the compositions of the invention are for use in preventing multiple sis in a patient that has been fied as at risk of multiple sclerosis, or that has been diagnosed with early-stage multiple sclerosis or "relapsing-remitting" multiple sclerosis. The compositions of the invention may be useful for preventing the development of MS. The compositions of the invention may be useful for preventing the progression of MS. In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in a patient identified as having a genetic predisposition to MS, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II phenotype, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 or HLADR4.

The compositions of the invention may be useful for managing or alleviating multiple sclerosis. The compositions of the invention may be particularly useful for reducing symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Treatment or tion of multiple sclerosis may refer to, for example, an alleviation of the severity of symptoms or a ion in the frequency of exacerbations or the range of triggers that are a problem for the patient. In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention slow or stop progression of the disease.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating relapsing-remitting MS. In alternative ments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating progressive MS, such as secondary progressive MS (SPMS), which develops over time following diagnosis of RRMS, primary progressive MS (PPMS) which exhibits gradual continuous neurologic deterioration and progressive relapsing MS (PRMS), which is similar to PPMS but with pping es.

In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating one or more of symptoms of MS selected from the group consisting of: fatigue, vision problems, numbness, tingling, muscle spasms, muscle stiffness, muscle ss, mobility problems, pain, problems with thinking, learning and planning, depression and anxiety, sexual ms, bladder problems, bowel ms, speech and swallowing difficulties.

Neurochemical factors, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and the microbiota-gut-brain axis As outlined above, the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by a number of different physiological systems. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by a number of signalling les. Alterations in the levels of these signalling molecules results in neurodegenerative diseases. The ments performed by the inventors indicate that administration of Megasphaera species, and in particular Megasphaera massiliensis, can modulate levels of indole and kynurenine. Dysregulation of these metabolites can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the levels of brain monoamines and metabolites thereof. In preferred embodiments the metabolite is kynurenine. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention te kynurenine, which is the main route of phan metabolism, which serves as a route to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) production. Kynurenine can be metabolized to neuroactive compounds such as kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-l-KYN), and in further steps to inic acid (QUIN).

Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway can lead to activation of the immune system and the accumulation of potentially neurotoxic compounds. Alterations in the kynurenine metabolism may be involved in the development of Parkinson’s diseases. Kynurenine levels have been demonstrated to be sed in the l cortex, putamen and substantia nigra pars compacta of patients with PD [32], Therefore, in certain ments the compositions of the invention are for use in increasing the levels of kynurenine in the ent of Parkinson’s disease.

In certain embodiments of the invention the compositions of the invention can increase the levels kynurenin. Increased levels of kynurenine have been shown to attenuated MPP+-induced neuronal cell death in vitro in a human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line [33], In certain embodiments kynurenine and kynurenic acid, can activate GI aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and GPR35 receptors.

Activation of Ahr or induces IL-22 production, which can inhibit local inflammation. Activation of GPR35 inducing the production of inositol triphosphate and Ca2+ mobilization.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the levels of indole. In preferred ments the metabolite is kynurenine. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention modulate kynurenine, which is the main route of tryptophan metabolism.

The ling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by levels of neurochemical s, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the itions of the invention tes levels of neurochemical factors, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters.

Accordingly, in certain preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention directly alter CNS biochemistry.

The signalling of the iota-gut-brain axis is modulated by levels of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Accordingly, in preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the levels of GABA. GABA is an tory neurotransmitter that reduces neuronal excitability. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention increase the levels of GABA. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention decrease the levels of GABA. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention alter GABAergic neurotransmission. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention modulate the level of GABA transcription in different regions of the central nervous system. In certain embodiments, the commensal derived GABA crosses the blood- brain r and affects neurotransmission directly. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention lead to a reduction of GABA in the hippocampus, amygdala and/or locus coeruleus. In [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention lead to an increase of GABA in cortical regions.

Immune response The signalling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by alterations in the immune response and inflammatory factors and markers. Accordingly, in certain ments, the compositions of the invention may modulate the immune response. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention te the ic levels of circulating neuroimmune signalling molecules. In certain preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate flammatory cytokine production and mation. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the matory state. In n embodiments, the compositions of the ion decrease IL-6 production and secretion. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention decrease the activation of the NFkB promoter. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are able to modulate the activation of IL-6 production by the potent pro-inflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are able to modulate the activation of the NFkB promoter by LPS and a-synuclein mutant proteins such as A53T.

Increased circulating levels of cytokines are closely associated with various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s, dementia and Alzheimer’s. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in ng IL-6 levels and/or NFkB levels in the treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention increase the secretion of IL-8. IL-8 has been shown to induce myelin sheath formation and restore or preserve effective al communication.

Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in inducing myelin sheath formation in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in restoring neuronal communication. In some embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in preserving neuronal communication.

The signalling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by levels of commensal metabolites.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the systemic levels of microbiota metabolites. In certain preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the level of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In certain embodiments the level of SCFAs is increased or decreased. In some ments, the SCFA is butyric acid (BA) (or butyrate). In some embodiments, the SCFA is propionic acid (PPA). In some ments, the SCFA is acetic acid. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the ability of SCFAs to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Histone acetylation and ylation are ant epigenetic regulators of gene expression. An imbalance in histone acetylation and deacetylation can result in apoptosis. Dysregulation of such histone acetyltransferases has been implicated in the pathogenesis associated with age-associated ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM egenerative es, such as Parkinson’s e, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cognitive decline [34], Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention can modulate histone deacetylase activity. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention can reduce histone deacetylase activity. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention can reduce histone acetylase activity.

Patients with neurodegenerative es, including Parkinson’s disease, gton's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, exhibit high levels of lipid peroxidation. Lipid are able to oxidation by reactive oxygen species, and the brain is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Accordingly, in certain ments, the compositions of the invention can modulate lipid peroxidation. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion can reduce lipid peroxidation.

Reducing the oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species can be used to target early the stages neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in ng early stage neurodegeneration. Also accordingly, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in preventing the pment of a neurodegenerative disorder. In such embodiments, the compositions of the invention may be for use in a patient that has been identified as at risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder.

The signalling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by levels of gastrointestinal bility.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the compositions of the invention alter the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the barrier function and integrity of the gastrointestinal tract. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention te gastrointestinal tract ty. In n embodiments, the compositions of the ion modulate the translocation of commensal metabolites and inflammatory signalling molecules into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract lumen.

The signalling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is modulated by microbiome composition in the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention tes the microbiome composition of the gastrointestinal tract. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevents iome dysbiosis and associated increases in toxic metabolites (e.g. LPS). In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the levels of Clostridium in the gastrointestinal tract. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce the level of Clostridium in the gastrointestinal tract. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce the levels of Campylobacter jejuni. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention modulate the proliferation of harmful anaerobic bacteria and the tion of neurotoxins produced by these bacteria. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention te the microbiome levels of Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention modulate the microbiome levels of Sutterella, Prevotella, Ruminococcus genera and/or the Alcaligenaceae family. In certain embodiments, the [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM compositions of the ion increase the level of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or Saccharomyces Brain injury The examples trate that the compositions of the invention are neuroprotective and have HDAC inhibitory activity. HDAC2 is a crucial target for functional ry from stroke [35] and HDAC inhibition can prevent white matter injury [36], so the compositions of the invention may be useful in the treatment of brain injury.

In certain embodiments, the itions of the ion are for use in treating brain injury. In some embodiments, the brain injury is a traumatic brain injury. In some embodiments, the brain injury is an acquired brain injury. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from trauma. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from a tumour. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from a stroke. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from a brain haemorrhage.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from encephalitis. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from cerebral hypoxia. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury resulting from cerebral .

In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating stroke. The effects shown in the examples are particularly relevant to the ent of stroke. Stroke occurs when blood flow to at least a part of the brain is interrupted. Without an adequate supply of blood to provide oxygen and nutrients to the brain tissue and to remove waste products from the brain tissue, brain cells rapidly begin to die. The symptoms of stroke are dependent on the region of the brain which is affected by the inadequate blood flow. Symptoms include paralysis, numbness or weakness of the muscles, loss of balance, dizziness, sudden severe headaches, speech impairment, loss of memory, loss of reasoning ability, sudden confusion, vision impairment, coma or even death. A stroke is also referred to as a brain attack or a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The symptoms of stroke may be brief if adequate blood flow is restored within a short period of time. However, if inadequate blood flow continues for a significant period of time, the symptoms can be permanent.

In some embodiments, the stroke is cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia results when there is insufficient blood flow to the s of the brain to meet lic demand. In some embodiments, the cerebral ia is focal cerebral ischemia, i.e. confined to a specific region of the brain. In some embodiments the al ischemia is global cerebral ia, i.e. encompassing a wide area of the brain tissue. Focal cerebral ischemia ly occurs when a cerebral vessel has become blocked, either partially or completely, reducing the flow of blood to a specific region of the brain. In some embodiments the focal cerebral ischemia is ischemic stroke. In some embodiments, the ischemic ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM stroke is thrombotic, i.e. caused by a thrombus or blood clot, which develops in a cerebral vessel and restricts or blocks blood flow. In some embodiments the ischemic stroke is a thrombotic stroke. In some embodiments, the ischemic stroke is c, i.e. caused by an embolus, or an unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and restricts or blocks blood flow at a site distant from its point of origin. In some embodiments the ic stroke is an embolic stroke. Global al ischemia commonly occurs when blood flow to the brain as a whole is blocked or reduced, In some embodiments the global al ischemia is caused by hypoperfusion, i.e. due to shock. In some embodiments the global cerebral ischemia is a result of a cardiac arrest.

In some embodiments the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered cerebral ischemia. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered focal cerebral ischemia. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered an ischemic stroke. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered a thrombotic stroke. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered an embolic stroke. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered global cerebral ischemia. In some ments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered hypoperfusion. In some embodiments, the subject sed with brain injury has suffered a cardiac arrest.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating al ischemia. In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in treating focal cerebral ischemia.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use treating ischemic . In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in ng thrombotic stroke. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating embolic stroke. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating global cerebral ischemia. In some embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating rfusion.

In some embodiments, the stroke is hemorrhagic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding into or around the brain resulting in swelling, pressure and damage to the cells and tissues of the brain. hagic stroke is commonly a result of a weakened blood vessel that ruptures and bleeds into the nding brain. In some embodiments, the hemorrhagic stroke is an intracerebral hemorrhage, i.e. caused by bleeding within the brain tissue itself. In some embodiments the intracerebral hemorrhage is caused by an intraparenchymal hemorrhage. In some embodiments the intracerebral hemorrhage is caused by an intraventricular hemorrhage. In some embodiments the hemorrhagic stroke is a subarachnoid hemorrhage i.e. bleeding that occurs outside of the brain tissue but still within the skull.

In some embodiments, the hemorrhagic stroke is a result of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In some ments, the hemorrhagic stroke is a result of a brain aneurysm. In some embodiments, the hemorrhagic stroke is a result of cerebral ovenous malformation (AVM).

In some embodiments the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered hemorrhagic stroke. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered an intracerebral hemorrhage.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered an intraparenchymal hemorrhage. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered an intraventricular hemorrhage. In some ments, the subject sed with brain injury has suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage. In some ments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered a brain aneurysm. In some embodiments, the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered cerebral AVM.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating hemorrhagic stroke. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating an intracerebral hemorrhage. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating an intraparenchymal hemorrhage. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating an intraventricular hemorrhage. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating a subarachnoid hemorrhage. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating a cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in treating a brain aneurysm. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating cerebral AVM.

Restoration of adequate blood flow to the brain after a period of interruption, though effective in alleviating the symptoms ated with stroke, can xically result in further damage to the brain tissue. During the period of interruption, the affected tissue suffers from a lack of oxygen and nutrients, and the sudden restoration of blood flow can result in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative . This is known as reperfusion injury, and is well nted not only following stroke, but also following a heart attack or other tissue damage when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. In some embodiments the subject diagnosed with brain injury has suffered from reperfusion injury as a result of stroke. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating reperfusion injury as a result of stroke.

A ent ischemic attack (TIA), often referred to as a mini-stroke, is a ised g sign for a more serious stroke. Subjects who have suffered one or more TIAs are therefore at r risk of stroke. In some embodiments the t diagnosed with brain injury has suffered a TIA. In some embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in treating a TIA. In some ments, the compositions of the invention are for use in treating brain injury in a subject who has suffered a High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, a familial history of stroke, heart e, diabetes, brain aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, sickle cell disease, vasculitis, bleeding disorders, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), smoking tobacco, ng large amounts of l, illegal drug use, obesity, lack of physical ty and an unhealthy diet are all considered to be risk factors for stroke. In particular, lowering blood pressure has been conclusively shown to prevent both [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes [37, 38], In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion are for use in treating brain injury in a subject who has at least one risk factor for stroke. In some embodiments the t has two risk s for stroke. In some embodiments the subject has three risk factors for stroke. In some embodiments the subject has four risk factors for stroke. In some embodiments the subject has more than four risk factors for stroke. In some embodiments the subject has high blood pressure. In some embodiments the subject has high blood terol. In some embodiments the subject has a familial history of stroke. In some embodiments the subject has heart disease. In some ments the t has diabetes. In some embodiments the t has a brain aneurysm. In some embodiments the subject has arteriovenous malformations. In some embodiments the subject has vasculitis. In some embodiments the subject has sickle cell disease. In some embodiments the t has a bleeding disorder. In some embodiments the subject has a history of use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In some embodiments the t smokes tobacco. In some embodiments the subject drinks large amounts of alcohol. In some embodiments the subject uses illegal drugs. In some embodiments the t is obese. In some embodiments the subject is overweight. In some embodiments the t has a lack of physical activity. In some embodiments the subject has an unhealthy diet.

The examples indicate that the compositions of the invention may be useful for treating brain injury and aiding recovery when administered before the injury event occurs. Therefore, the compositions of the invention may be particularly useful for treating brain injury when administered to ts at risk of brain injury, such as stroke.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in reducing the damage caused by a potential brain injury, preferably a stroke. The compositions may reduce the damage caused when they are administered before the potential brain injury occurs, in ular when stered to a patient identified as at risk of a brain .

The examples indicate that the compositions of the invention may be useful for treating brain injury and aiding recovery when administered after the injury event occurs. Therefore, the compositions of the invention may be particularly useful for treating brain injury when administered to subjects following a brain injury, such as stroke.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the ion treat brain injury by reducing motoric damage. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention treat brain injury by improving motor function. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention treat brain injury by improving muscle strength. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention treat brain injury by improving memory. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention treat brain injury by improving social recognition. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention treat brain injury by improving neurological function.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Treatment of brain injury may refer to, for example, an alleviation of the severity of ms.

Treatment of brain injury may also refer to reducing the neurological impairments following stroke.

Compositions of the invention for use in treating stroke maybe provided to the t in advance of the onset of stroke, for example in a patient fied as being at risk of stroke. Compositions of the invention for use in treating stroke may be provided after a stroke has occurred, for example, during recovery. itions of the invention for use in treating stroke may be provided during the acute phase of recovery (i.e. up to one week after ). Compositions of the invention for use in treating stroke may be provided during the subacute phase of recovery (i.e. from one week up to three months after stroke). itions of the ion for use in treating stroke may be provided during the chronic phase of recovery (from three months after stroke).

In certain embodiments, the itions of the invention are for use in combination with a secondary active agent. In n embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in combination with aspirin or tissue plasminogen tor (tPA). Other secondary agents include other antiplatelets (such as clopidogrel), anticoagulants (such as heparins, warfarin, apixaban, tran, edoxaban or rivaroxaban), antihypertensives (such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium l blockers, betablockers or alpha-blockers) or statins. The compositions of the invention may improve the patient’s response to the secondary active agent.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce the effect of ia on tissues. In certain ments, the compositions of the invention reduce the amount of damage to tissues caused by ischemia. In certain embodiments, the tissues damaged by ischemia are the cerebral tissues. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce necrosis or the number of necrotic cells.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce apoptosis or the number of apoptotic cells. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention reduce the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion prevent cell death by necrosis and/or apoptosis. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention prevent cell death by necrosis and/or apoptosis caused by ischemia. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the ion improve the recovery of the tissue damaged by ischemia. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the speed of clearance of necrotic cells and/or apoptotic cells.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the efficacy of the nce of necrotic cells and/or apoptotic cells. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention e the replacement and/or regeneration of cells within tissues. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the replacement and/or regeneration of cells within tissues damaged by ischemia. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention improve the l histology of the tissue (for example upon a biopsy).

Modes of administration Preferably, the compositions of the invention are to be administered to the gastrointestinal tract in order to enable delivery to and / or partial or total colonisation of the intestine with the bacterial strain of the [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM ed set by KJM invention. Generally, the compositions of the invention are administered orally, but they may be administered rectally, intranasally, or via buccal or sublingual .

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention may be administered as a foam, as a spray or a gel.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention may be administered as a itory, such as a rectal suppository, for example in the form of a theobroma oil (cocoa butter), synthetic hard fat (e.g. suppocire, witepsol), glycero-gelatin, polyethylene glycol, or soap glycerin composition.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention is administered to the gastrointestinal tract via a tube, such as a nasogastric tube, orogastric tube, gastric tube, stomy tube (J tube), percutaneous opic gastrostomy (PEG), or a port, such as a chest wall port that provides access to the stomach, jejunum and other suitable access ports.

The compositions of the invention may be stered once, or they may be administered sequentially as part of a treatment regimen. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are to be administered daily.

In certain embodiments of the invention, treatment according to the invention is accompanied by assessment of the patient’s gut microbiota. Treatment may be repeated if delivery of and / or partial or total colonisation with the strain of the invention is not achieved such that efficacy is not observed, or treatment may be ceased if delivery and / or partial or total colonisation is successful and efficacy is observed.

In certain embodiments, the ition of the invention may be administered to a pregnant animal, for e a mammal such as a human in order to prevent an inflammatory or autoimmune disease developing in her child in utero and / or after it is born.

The compositions of the invention may be administered to a patient that has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative e, or that has been identified as being at risk of a egenerative disease.

The compositions may also be administered as a prophylactic measure to prevent the development of neurodegenerative disease in a healthy patient.

The compositions of the ion may be administered to a patient that has been identified as having an abnormal gut microbiota. For e, the patient may have reduced or absent colonisation by Megasphaera, and in particular Megasphaera massiliensis.

The compositions of the invention may be administered as a food product, such as a nutritional ment.

Generally, the compositions of the invention are for the treatment of humans, although they maybe used to treat animals including monogastric s such as poultry, pigs, cats, dogs, horses or [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM rabbits. The compositions of the invention may be useful for ing the growth and mance of s. If stered to animals, oral gavage may be used.

Compositions Generally, the composition of the invention comprises bacteria. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the composition is formulated in freeze-dried form. For example, the composition of the invention may comprise granules or gelatin capsules, for example hard gelatin capsules, comprising a bacterial strain of the invention.

Preferably, the composition of the invention comprises lyophilised ia. Lyophilisation of bacteria is a well-established procedure and relevant guidance is available in, for example, references [39], [], id="p-41"

[41]].

Alternatively, the composition of the invention may comprise a live, active bacterial culture.

In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention has not been inactivated, for example, has not been heat-inactivated. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention has not been killed, for example, has not been heat-killed. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention has not been attenuated, for example, has not been heat-attenuated. For example, in some embodiments, the ial strain in the composition of the invention has not been killed, inactivated and/or attenuated. For example, in some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the ition of the invention is live. For example, in some ments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention is viable. For example, in some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention is capable of partially or totally colonising the ine. For example, in some embodiments, the bacterial strain in the composition of the invention is viable and capable of partially or totally sing the ine.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a mixture of live bacterial strains and bacterial strains that have been killed.

In preferred embodiments, the composition of the invention is encapsulated to enable delivery of the bacterial strain to the intestine. Encapsulation protects the composition from ation until delivery at the target location through, for e, rupturing with chemical or physical stimuli such as pressure, tic activity, or physical disintegration, which may be triggered by changes in pH. Any appropriate encapsulation method may be used. Exemplary encapsulation techniques include entrapment within a porous matrix, attachment or adsorption on solid carrier surfaces, self-aggregation by flocculation or with cross-linking agents, and mechanical nment behind a microporous membrane or a microcapsule. Guidance on encapsulation that may be useful for preparing itions of the invention is available in, for example, references [42] and [43], The composition may be administered orally and may be in the form of a tablet, capsule or powder.

Encapsulated ts are preferred e Megasphaera are anaerobes. Other ingredients (such as [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM vitamin C, for example), may be included as oxygen scavengers and prebiotic substrates to improve the delivery and / or partial or total colonisation and survival in vivo. Alternatively, the probiotic composition of the invention may be administered orally as a food or nutritional product, such as milk or whey based fermented dairy product, or as a pharmaceutical product.

The composition may be formulated as a probiotic.

A composition of the invention includes a therapeutically effective amount of a bacterial strain of the invention. A eutically effective amount of a bacterial strain is sufficient to exert a beneficial effect upon a patient. A therapeutically effective amount of a bacterial strain may be sufficient to result in ry to and / or l or total colonisation of the t’s intestine.

A suitable daily dose of the bacteria, for example for an adult human, may be from about 1 x 103 to about 1 x 1011 colony forming units (CFU); for e, from about 1 x 107 to about 1 x 1010 CFU; in another example from about 1 x 106 to about 1 x 1010 CFU.

In certain embodiments, the composition contains the bacterial strain in an amount of from about 1 x 106to about 1 x 1011 CFU/g, respect to the weight of the composition; for example, from about 1 x 108 to about 1 x 1010 CFU/g. The dose may be, for e, 1 g, 3g, 5g, and lOg.

Typically, a probiotic, such as the composition of the invention, is ally combined with at least one suitable prebiotic compound. A prebiotic compound is usually a non-digestible ydrate such as an oligo- or polysaccharide, or a sugar alcohol, which is not degraded or ed in the upper digestive tract. Known prebiotics include commercial products such as inulin and alacto- oligosaccharides.

In certain embodiments, the tic composition of the present invention includes a prebiotic compound in an amount of from about 1 to about 30% by weight, respect to the total weight composition, (e.g. from 5 to 20% by ). Carbohydrates may be ed from the group consisting of: fructo- oligosaccharides (or FOS), short-chain -oligosaccharides, , isomalt- oligosaccharides, pectins, xylo-oligosaccharides (or XOS), chitosan-oligosaccharides (or COS), betaglucans , arable gum modified and resistant starches, polydextrose, D-tagatose, acacia fibers, carob, oats, and citrus fibers. In one aspect, the prebiotics are the short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (for simplicity shown herein below as FOSs-c.c); said FOSs-c.c. are not digestible carbohydrates, generally obtained by the sion of the beet sugar and including a saccharose molecule to which three glucose molecules are bonded.

In certain ments, the compositions of the invention are used in combination with another therapeutic compound for treating or preventing the neurodegenerative disorder. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are administered with nutritional supplements that modulate neuroprotection or neuroproliferation. In preferred embodiments, the nutritional supplements comprise or consist of nutritional vitamins. In certain embodiments, the vitamins are vitamin B6, [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM magnesium, dimethylglycine (vitamin B16) and n C. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are administered in ation with another probiotic.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in enhancing the effect of a second agent on a neurodegenerative disease. The immune modulatory effects of the compositions of the invention may make the brain more susceptible to conventional therapies such as Levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B tors, COMT inhibitors, Glutamate antagonists, or anticholinergics, which are exemplary secondary agents to be administered in combination (sequentially or contemporaneously) with the compositions of the ion.

The compositions of the invention may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

Examples of such suitable excipients may be found in the reference [44], Acceptable carriers or ts for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art and are described, for example, in reference [45], Examples of suitable carriers include lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like. Examples of suitable ts include ethanol, glycerol and water. The choice of pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent can be selected with regard to the ed route of administration and rd pharmaceutical practice. The pharmaceutical compositions may se as, or in addition to, the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s). Examples of suitable binders e , n, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous e, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, com sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as , tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Examples of suitable lubricants include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. vatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavouring agents may be provided in the ceutical composition. Examples of preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used.

The compositions of the invention may be formulated as a food product. For example, a food product may provide nutritional benefit in addition to the therapeutic effect of the ion, such as in a nutritional supplement. Similarly, a food product may be formulated to enhance the taste of the composition of the invention or to make the composition more attractive to consume by being more similar to a common food item, rather than to a pharmaceutical ition. In certain embodiments, the composition of the invention is formulated as a milk-based product. The term "milk-based product" means any liquid or semi-solid milk- or whey- based product having a varying fat t. The milkbased product can be, e.g., cow's milk, goafs milk, sheep's milk, skimmed milk, whole milk, milk recombined from powdered milk and whey without any processing, or a sed product, such as yoghurt, curdled milk, curd, sour milk, sour whole milk, butter milk and other sour milk ts.

Another important group includes milk beverages, such as whey beverages, fermented milks, condensed milks, infant or baby milks; flavoured milks, ice cream; milk-containing food such as sweets.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise one or more bacterial strains of the genus Megasphaera and do not contain bacteria from any other genera, or which comprise only c/e minimis or biologically vant amounts of bacteria from another genera. Thus, in some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising one or more bacterial strains of the genus Megasphaera, which does not contain bacteria from any other genera or which comprises only de minimis or biologically irrelevant amounts of bacteria from another genera, for use in y.

In some ments, the compositions of the invention comprise one or more bacterial strains of the species Megasphaera massiliensis and do not contain bacteria from any other species, or which comprise only de minimis or biologically vant amounts of bacteria from another species. Thus, in some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising one or more bacterial s of the s Megasphaera massiliensis, which does not contain bacteria from any other species or which comprises only de s or biologically irrelevant amounts of bacteria from another species, for use in therapy.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention se one or more bacterial strains of the species Megasphaera massiliensis and do not contain bacteria from any other haera species, or which comprise only de minimis or biologically irrelevant amounts of bacteria from r Megasphaera species. Thus, in some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising one or more ial strains of the species Megasphaera massiliensis, which does not contain bacteria from any other Megasphaera species or which comprises only de s or biologically irrelevant amounts of ia from another Megasphaera species, for use in therapy.

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain a single bacterial strain or species and do not contain any other ial strains or species. Such compositions may comprise only de minimis or biologically vant amounts of other bacterial strains or species. Such compositions may be a culture that is ntially free from other species of organism.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising a single bacterial strain of the genus Megasphaera, which does not contain bacteria from any other strains or which comprises only de minimis or biologically irrelevant amounts of bacteria from another strain for use in therapy.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising a single bacterial strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis, which does not contain bacteria from any other s or which comprises only de minimis or biologically vant amounts of bacteria from r strain for use in therapy.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention se more than one bacterial strain. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise more than one strain from within the same species (e.g. more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45 strains), and, optionally, do not contain bacteria from any other species, In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise less than 50 s from within the same species (e.g. less than [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 or 3 strains), and, optionally, do not contain bacteria from any other species. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention comprise 1-40, 1-30, 1- 20, 1-19, 1-18, 1-15, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-50, 2-40, 2-30, 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2- 5, 6-30, 6-15, 16-25, or 31-50 strains from within the same species and, ally, do not contain bacteria from any other s. The invention comprises any combination of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a microbial consortium. For example, in some embodiments, the composition comprises the Megasphaera ial strain as part of a microbial consortium. For example, in some embodiments, the Megasphaera bacterial strain is present in combination with one or more (e.g. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 or 20) other bacterial strains from other genera with which it can live symbiotically in vivo in the ine. For e, in some embodiments, the ition comprises a bacterial strain of Megasphaera in combination with a bacterial strain from a different genus. In some embodiments, the microbial consortium comprises two or more bacterial strains obtained from a faeces sample of a single organism, e.g. a human. In some embodiments, the microbial consortium is not found together in nature. For example, in some ments, the microbial consortium comprises bacterial strains obtained from faeces samples of at least two ent sms. In some embodiments, the two different organisms are from the same species, e.g. two different humans. In some ments, the two different organisms are an infant human and an adult human. In some embodiments, the two ent organisms are a human and a non-human mammal.

In some embodiments, the composition of the invention additionally comprises a bacterial strain that has the same safety and therapeutic efficacy characteristics as strain MRx0029, but which is not MRx0029, or which is not a Megasphaera iensis.

In some embodiments in which the composition of the invention comprises more than one bacterial strain, species or genus, the individual bacterial strains, species or genera may be for te, simultaneous or sequential administration. For example, the composition may comprise all of the more than one bacterial strain, species or genera, or the bacterial strains, species or genera may be stored separately and be administered separately, aneously or sequentially. In some ments, the more than one bacterial strains, species or genera are stored separately but are mixed together prior to In some embodiments, the bacterial strain for use in the invention is obtained from human adult faeces.

In some embodiments in which the composition of the invention comprises more than one bacterial strain, all of the bacterial strains are obtained from human adult faeces or if other bacterial strains are present they are present only in tie s amounts. The bacteria may have been cultured subsequent to being obtained from the human adult faeces and being used in a ition of the invention.

As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the one or more Megasphaera bacterial strains is/are the only therapeutically active agent(s) in a composition of the invention. In some embodiments, the ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM bacterial strain(s) in the composition is/are the only therapeutically active agent(s) in a composition of the invention.

The compositions for use in accordance with the invention may or may not require marketing approval.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above ceutical composition, wherein said bacterial strain is lyophilised. In certain embodiments, the invention es the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein said bacterial strain is spray dried. In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical ition, n the bacterial strain is lyophilised or spray dried and wherein it is live. In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein the bacterial strain is lyophilised or spray dried and wherein it is viable. In n embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein the bacterial strain is lised or spray dried and wherein it is capable of partially or totally colonising the intestine. In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein the bacterial strain is lyophilised or spray dried and wherein it is viable and capable of partially or totally colonising the intestine.

In some cases, the lyophilised bacterial strain is reconstituted prior to administration. In some cases, the reconstitution is by use of a diluent described herein.

The compositions of the invention can comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers.

In n embodiments, the invention es a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a bacterial strain of the invention; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent; wherein the bacterial strain is in an amount sufficient to treat a egenerative disorder when administered to a subject in need thereof.

In n embodiments, the invention provides pharmaceutical composition comprising: a bacterial strain of the invention; and a ceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent; wherein the bacterial strain is in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent a neurodegenerative disorder.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein the amount of the bacterial strain is from about 1 x 103 to about 1 x 1011 colony forming units per gram with respect to a weight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, n the composition is administered at a dose of 1 g, 3 g, 5 g or 10 g.

In n embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ition is stered by a method selected from the group consisting of oral, rectal, subcutaneous, nasal, buccal, and sublingual.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, comprising a carrier selected from the group consisting of lactose, , e, methyl ose, magnesium stearate, mannitol and sorbitol.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above ceutical composition, comprising a diluent selected from the group consisting of ethanol, glycerol and water.

In n embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, comprising an excipient selected from the group consisting of starch, gelatin, glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn ner, acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene , sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate and sodium chloride.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above ceutical composition, further comprising at least one of a preservative, an antioxidant and a izer.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above ceutical composition, comprising a preservative ed from the group consisting of sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p- hydroxybenzoic acid.

In certain embodiments, the invention es the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein said ial strain is lyophilised.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides the above pharmaceutical composition, wherein when the composition is stored in a sealed container at about 4°C or about 25°C and the container is placed in an atmosphere having 50% relative humidity, at least 80% of the bacterial strain as measured in colony forming units, remains after a period of at least about: 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, 2.5 years or 3 years.

In some embodiments, the composition of the invention is provided in a sealed container comprising a composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the sealed container is a sachet or bottle. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention is provided in a syringe comprising a composition as described herein.

The composition of the present invention may, in some embodiments, be provided as a pharmaceutical formulation. For example, the composition may be provided as a tablet or capsule. In some embodiments, the capsule is a gelatine capsule ("gel-cap").

In some embodiments, the itions of the invention are administered orally. Oral administration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinal tract, and/or buccal, lingual, or sublingual administration by which the nd enters the blood stream directly from the mouth.

Pharmaceutical formulations le for oral administration include solid plugs, solid microparticulates, semi-solid and liquid (including multiple phases or dispersed systems) such as ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM ionNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM tablets; soft or hard capsules containing multi- or nano-particulates, liquids (e.g. aqueous ons), emulsions or powders; lozenges (including liquid-filled); chews; gels; fast dispersing dosage forms; films; ovules; sprays; and buccal/mucoadhesive patches.

In some embodiments the pharmaceutical formulation is an enteric formulation, i.e. a gastro-resistant formulation (for example, resistant to gastric pH) that is suitable for delivery of the composition of the invention to the intestine by oral administration. Enteric formulations may be particularly useful when the bacteria or another component of the ition is acid-sensitive, e.g. prone to degradation under gastric conditions.

In some embodiments, the enteric formulation comprises an enteric g. In some embodiments, the formulation is an enteric-coated dosage form. For example, the formulation may be an entericcoated tablet or an enteric-coated capsule, or the like. The enteric coating may be a conventional enteric coating, for example, a conventional coating for a tablet, capsule, or the like for oral delivery. The formulation may comprise a film coating, for example, a thin film layer of an enteric r, e.g. an acid-insoluble polymer.

In some embodiments, the c formulation is sically enteric, for example, gastro-resistant without the need for an c coating. Thus, in some embodiments, the formulation is an enteric formulation that does not comprise an enteric coating. In some embodiments, the formulation is a capsule made from a thermogelling material. In some embodiments, the thermogelling material is a cellulosic material, such as cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). In some ments, the capsule comprises a shell that does not contain any film forming polymer. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises a shell and the shell comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and does not comprise any film forming polymer (e.g. see [46 ]). In some embodiments, the ation is an intrinsically enteric capsule (for example, Vcaps® from Capsugel).

In some embodiments, the formulation is a soft capsule. Soft capsules are capsules which may, owing to ons of softeners, such as, for example, glycerol, sorbitol, maltitol and polyethylene glycols, present in the capsule shell, have a certain city and softness. Soft capsules can be produced, for example, on the basis of gelatine or starch. Gelatine-based soft capsules are commercially available from various suppliers. Depending on the method of administration, such as, for example, orally or ly, soft capsules can have various shapes, they can be, for example, round, oval, oblong or torpedo-shaped. Soft capsules can be produced by conventional processes, such as, for e, by the Scherer process, the Accogel process or the droplet or blowing process.

Culturing methods The bacterial strains for use in the present invention can be cultured using rd microbiology techniques as detailed in, for example, references [47], [] and [49], [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM The solid or liquid medium used for culture may be YCFA agar or YCFA medium. YCFA medium may include (per 100ml, approximate values): Casitone (1.0 g), yeast extract (0.25 g), NaHCCT (0.4 g), cysteine (0.1 g), K2HP04 (0.045 g), KH2P04 (0.045 g), NaCl (0.09 g), (NH4)2S04 (0.09 g), MgS04 • 7H20 (0.009 g), CaCl2 (0.009 g), resazurin (0.1 mg), hemin (1 mg), biotin (1 pg), min (1 pg), /;-aminobcnzoic acid (3 pg), folic acid (5 pg), and xamine (15 pg).

Bacterial strains for use in vaccine compositions The inventors have identified that the bacterial strains of the invention are useful for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders. This is likely to be a result of the effect that the bacterial strains of the invention have on the host immune system. ore, the compositions of the invention may also be useful for preventing neurodegenerative disorders, when administered as vaccine compositions. In n such embodiments, the bacterial strains of the invention may be killed, inactivated or attenuated. In certain such embodiments, the compositions may se a e adjuvant. In certain ments, the compositions are for administration via injection, such as via subcutaneous injection.

General The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional s of chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and pharmacology, within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., references [50] and [51,57], etc.

The term "comprising" encompasses "including" as well as "consisting" e.g. a composition "comprising" X may t exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X + Y.

The term "about" in relation to a numerical value x is optional and means, for example, x+10%.

The word "substantially" does not exclude "completely" e.g. a composition which is "substantially free" from Y may be completely free from Y. Where necessary, the word "substantially" may be omitted from the definition of the invention.

References to a percentage sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of nucleotides are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be ined using software programs known in the art, for example those bed in section 7.7.18 of ref. [58], A preferred ent is determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Waterman gy search algorithm is disclosed in ref. [59], Unless specifically stated, a process or method comprising numerous steps may comprise additional steps at the beginning or end of the , or may comprise additional intervening steps. Also, steps may be combined, d or performed in an alternative order, if appropriate. ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Various embodiments of the invention are described herein. It will be appreciated that the features specified in each embodiment may be combined with other specified features, to provide further embodiments. In particular, embodiments highlighted herein as being le, typical or preferred may be ed with each other (except when they are mutually exclusive).

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Example 1 - Efficacy of ial a to act as a neuroprotectant Summary Neuroblastoma cells were treated with compositions comprising bacterial strains ing to the invention. The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells used are dopamine ing and well-established as an in vitro model for studying neurodegenerative diseases. The ability of the bacterial strains to increase neuroproliferation was observed. The neuroblastoma cells were also treated with nergic neurotoxin 1-methylphenylpyridinium (MPP), which induces permanent symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in neuroblastoma cells. The ability of the bacterial strains to act as a neuroprotectant against MPP was investigated.

Material and Methods Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029; Parabacteroides distasonis MRX0005 Cell line SH-SY5Y lastoma cells were sed from ECCACC (Cat. no: 94030304) and were grown in MEM (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. M2279) supplemented with Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. N4888).

Method Once grown the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were plated on 96-well plate at 11,000 cells/well and incubated for 2 days. The cells were then transferred to differentiation medium (which contains FBS at 1%) and 10 uM retinoic acid (Sigma Aldrich, cat. n. R2625-100MG). Differentiation medium was replaced every other day and cells were harvested at 7 day of differentiation. Cells were eated with or without MPP (Sigma Aldrich, cat. n. G) for 8 hours. Subsequently, cells were treated with 10% bacterial supernatant and incubated overnight. Cell viability was ed by using CCK-8 reagent (Sigma Aldrich, Cell ng Kit - 8, cat. n. 96992-3000TESTS-F) and read at 450nm wavelength.

Results The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 1. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with MRx0029 or MRX0005 led to an increase in the proliferation of neurons. Neuroblastoma cells that were treated with MPP together with the bacterial strain had increased cell viability compared to the [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM cells treated with MPP alone (which had decreased viability).These data show that the bacterial strain can act as a neuroprotectant. The protective effect was greater for MRX0029-treated cells, which rescued viability more than the positive l cells treated with Quercetin. These data show that the bacterial strains can act as a neuroprotectant Example 2 - Efficacy of ial inocula to reduce IL-6 secretion.

Summary Activation of proinflammatory cytokines has been associated with neuron damage in neurodegenerative disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a known stimulator of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Human glioblastoma ytoma cells were treated with compositions comprising bacterial strains according to the invention in combination with LPS to observe their ability to modulate the levels of IL-6.

Material and s Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 Cell line MG U373 is a human glioblastoma astrocytoma derived from a malignant tumour and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat n. 08061901-1VL). MG U373 human glioblastoma astrocytoma cells were grown in MEM (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. M-2279) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% Pen Strep, 4mM L-Glut, IX MEM Non essential Amino Acid solution and IX Sodium Piruvate.

Method Once grown the MG U373 cells were plated on 24-well plate at 0 cells/well. The cells were treated with LPS (lug/mL) alone or with 10% of ia supernatant from MRx0029 for 24h. A control was also performed where the cells were incubated in untreated media. Afterwards the cell free supernatants were ted, centrifuged at 10,000g for 3min at 4°C. IL-6 was measured using the Human IL-6 ELISA Kit from Peprotech (cat n.#900-K16) according to manufacturer instructions.

Results The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 2. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with LPS and the bacteria strain led to a decrease in the level of IL-6 secreted.

Example 2b - Efficacy of bacterial inocula to modulate IL-8 secretion.

Summary As neuro-inflammation plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases and IL-8 has been shown to have neuro-positive effects, the effect of compositions comprising bacterial s of the invention and LPS on the activation of IL-8 were ed. Human glioblastoma astrocytoma cells were treated [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM with compositions sing bacterial strains according to the invention in combination with LPS to observe their ability to te the levels of IL-8.

Material and s Bacterial s haera massiliensis 9; Parabacteroides distasonis MRX0005 Cell line MG U373 is a human glioblastoma astrocytoma derived from a malignant tumour and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat n. 08061901-1VL). MG U373 human glioblastoma ytoma cells were grown in MEM (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. M-2279) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% Pen Strep, 4mM L-Glut, IX MEM Non essential Amino Acid solution and IX Sodium Piruvate.

Method Once grown the MG U373 cells were plated on 24-well plate at 100,000 cells/well. The cells were treated with LPS (lug/mL) alone or with 10% of bacteria supernatant from MRX0029 for 24h.

Afterwards the cell free supernatants were collected, centrifuged at 10,000g for 3min at 4°C. IL-8 was measured using Human IL-8 ELISA Kit from ech (cat n.#900-K18) according to manufacturer instruction.

Results The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 3. Treatment of lastoma cells with the bacteria strains lead to an increase in IL-8 secretion independently of the presence of LPS.

Example 2C - Efficacy of bacterial inocula to reduce a-synuclein-induced inflammation.

Summary Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in Parkinson’s disease and a-synuclein has been shown to induce neuroinflammation in vivo. Therefore, the ability of the bacteria strains of the invention to inhibit a-synuclein-induced neuroinflammation was assessed. A co-culture of human glioblastoma astrocytoma cells and neuroblastoma cells were exposed to wild-type a-synuclein and the mutant isoforms E46K and A53T and treated with itions comprising bacterial strains according to the invention. The ability of the ia strains to inhibit a-synuclein-induced secretion of IL-6 was then tested. al and Methods Bacterial strains Megasphaera massiliensis MRX0029; Parabacteroides distasonis MRX0005 [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Cell line MG U373 is a human astoma astrocytoma derived from a malignant tumour and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat n. 08061901-1VL). MG U373 human glioblastoma astrocytoma cells were grown in MEM (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. M-2279) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% Pen Strep, 4mM L-Glut, IX MEM Non-essential Amino Acid solution and IX Sodium Piruvate.

SH-SY5Y is a human neurobastoma cell line derived from a malignant lastoma and can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat n. 04-1VL). The cells were grown in 50 % MEM and 50% Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham media supplemented with 2mM amine, 10% heat inactivated FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin. Cells on growth medium were plated on 96-well plate at 11,000 cells/well and placed in the incubator. After 2 days, media were replaced with differentiation medium (growth medium containing 1% FBS) and 10 uM retinoic acid. Differentiation medium was replaced every other day and cells were used after 7 days of differentiation.

Method SHSY5Y cells were plated on 12 well plates at a density of 50,000 cells/well. The cells were grown in 50 % MEM and 50% Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham media supplemented with 2mM L-Glutamine, 10% heat inactivated FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin. Cells on growth medium were plated on 96-well plate at 11,000 cells/well and placed in the incubator. After 2 days, media were replaced with differentiation medium (growth medium containing 1% FBS) and 10 uM retinoic acid.

Differentiation medium was replaced every other day and cells were used after 7 days of differentiation. U373 were plated on 12 transwell plates (O.dpm polyester membrane, Costar) at a y of 50,000cells/well for 72 hrs. Cells were co-cultured together for 24hrs before treatment in differentiation medium h medium containing 1% FBS without retinoic acid).

Thereafter cells were treated with ml a-synuclein (Wt, A53T, E46K) in the presence or absence of 10% bacteria supernatant for 48 hrs. Cell free Supernatants were collected, spun-dwon at lOOOOg for 3 min at 4°C, aliquoted and stored at -80 0C. Human IL-6 and IL-8 were measured as described above.

Results The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 4. Treatment of cells with wild-type a-synuclein and the mutant isoforms E46K and A53T induced moderate ion of IL-6 e 4A). The a-syn- induced secretion of IL-6 was inhibited in cells treated with the bacteria strains (Figure 4A). The ion in IL-6 secretion was greatest on administration of MRX0029.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM ation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM Example 3 - Efficacy of bacterial inocula to reduce NFtcB activation Summary Activation of the NFkB promoter leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL- ip, IL-la, IL-18, TNFa and IL-6. The NFkB promoter can be activated by a-synuclein and LPS by stimulating the TLR4 ligand. Mutations in a-synuclein, such as a-synuclein A53T, are implicated in familial Parkinson’s. Treatment of neuronal cells with LPS simulates Parkinson’s caused by environmental factors. The ability of compositions comprising bacterial strains according to the invention to inhibit the activation of the NFkB promoter was investigated.

Material and Methods Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 Cell line Human Hek blue TLR4 were purchased from InvivoGen (cat n. lr4). Human Hek blue TLR4 were grown in DMEM high e (Sigma Aldrich, cat n. D-6171) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% Pen Strep, 4mM L-Glut, Normocin and IX HEK Blue selection solution.

Method Once grown the Human Hek blue cells were plated in 96 well plates at 25,000 cells/well in 4 replicates.

One set of cells were treated with a-synuclein A53T (lug/mL) alone or with 10% of bacteria atant from MRx0029 for 22h. The second set of cells were treated with LPS (10 ng/mL, from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Sigma Aldrich, cat n. L6143) alone or with 10% of bacteria supernatant from MR029 for 22h. The cells were subsequently spun down and 20ul of the supernatant was mixed with 200ul of Quanti Blue reagent (InvivoGen, cat n. rep-qb2), incubated for 2 h and absorbance read at 655nm.

The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows that the activation of the NFkB promoter by a-synuclein is ted by 9. Figure 6 shows that the tion of the NFkB promoter by LPS is inhibited by MRx0029.

Example 4 - Efficacy of bacterial a to alter antioxidant capacity Summary The ability of itions comprising bacterial strains according to the invention to alter the antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the bacterial strain was established using the wellknown ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolinesulphonic acid)) assay.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 Method Bacterial cells (106 or greater) were collected and centrifuged. They were resuspended in assay buffer (using three times the pellet volume). The suspension was sonicated on ice for 5 minutes and then spun down at 12,000 x g for 10 s. The supernatant was removed and measured using the ABTS assay kit produced by Sigma Aldrich (code CS0790), in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

Results The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 shows that MRx0029 has an antioxidant capacity of approximately 2mM compared to Trolox.

Example 5 - Efficacy of bacterial inocula to alter lipid peroxidation levels Summary The ability of compositions sing ial strains according to the invention to alter lipid peroxidation levels was investigated. The thiobarbituric ve substances assay ) was used to measure the by-products of lipid peroxidation.

Material and s Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis 9 Method Bacterial cells (106 or greater) were collected and centrifuged, a wash step was med with isotonic saline before the pellet was re-suspensed in potassium chloride assay buffer. The suspension was sonicated on ice for 10 minutes and then spun down at 10,000 x g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the level of lipid peroxidation evaluated using the thiobarbituric reactive substances assay.

Results The s of the experiments are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 shows that MRx029 is able to t lipid peroxidation by approximately 20 %, which is a higher antioxidant capacity than the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (1% w/v).

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Example 6 - cy of bacterial inocula on histone deacetylase ty Summary The ability of compositions comprising bacterial strains according to the invention to alter histone deacetylase activity was investigated. Dysregulation of histone deacetylase has been implicated in the pathogenesis associated with age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Material and Methods Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 Cell line The cell line HT-29 was used because histone deacetylase is present.

Method Cell free supernatants of stationary phase bacterial cultures were ed by centrifugation and filtering in a 0.22 uM filter. HT-29 cells were used 3 days’ post ence and stepped down in 1 mL DTS 24 hours prior to commencement of the experiment. The HT-29 cells were challenged with 10 % cell free supernatant diluted in DTS and was is left to incubate for 48 hours. Nuclease proteins were then extracted using the Sigma Aldrich Nuclease extraction kit and samples were snap frozen prior to HDAC activity measurement. HDAC activity was assessed fluorometrically using the Sigma Aldrich (UK) kit.

Results The results of the experiments are shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 shows that MRx0029 is able reduce the levels of histone deacetylase activity.

Example 7 - Level of indole production in bacteria Summary The ability of the bacteria of the invention to e indole was investigated. Indole has been implicated in attenuating mation and oxidative stress.

Material and Methods ial strain Megasphaera iensis MRx0029 ATCC 11775 is a bacterial reference strain that is known to produce indole.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Method Intact bacterial cells in stationary phase were incubated with 6mM Tryptophan for 48 hours. Bacterial species which possess the enzyme tryptophanase will utilise tryptophan as a substrate to produce indole. Following the 48 hour incubation period, the supernatant was removed and added to Kovac's reagent for quantification of indole. Standards, stock solutions and reagents were prepared using standardised methods ted in-house.

Results The results of the experiments are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that 9 has the capacity to produce indole from tryptophan, at concentrations of approximately 0.2mM.

Example 8 - Level ofkynurenineproduction in bacteria Summary The ability of the bacteria of the invention to produce kynurenine was investigated. Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway can lead to tion of the immune system and the accumulation of potentially neurotoxic compounds. Alterations in the kynurenine metabolism may be involved in the development of Parkinson’s diseases.

Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 DSM 17136 is a strain of Bacteroides copricola that is known to produce kynurenine.

Method Cell free supernatants of stationary phase bacterial cultures were isolated by centrifugation and filtering in a 0.22 uM filter and frozen until use. Kynurenine standards, stock solutions and reagents were prepared using standardised methods validated se. Sample were treated with oroacetic acid and centrifuged at xg for 10 s at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and dispensed into a 96 well plate. Ehrlich’s reagent was used for kynurenine detection and added at a ratio of 1:1.

The results of the ments are shown in Figure 11. Figure 11 shows that MRx0029 has the capacity to produce kynurenine at a concentration of approximately 40 uM.

Example 9 - Levels of Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA in striatum in bacteria-treated MPTP mice son's e is a common egenerative disorder whose cardinal clinical features include tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, and postural instability. These symptoms are primarily attributable to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the uent loss of their projecting nerve fibers in the um [60], Mice treated with MPTP (I- methylphenyl-f,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) selectively lose significant numbers of nigrostriatal [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM dopaminergic neurons [61]. MPTP induced loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra mimics the clinical condition in Parkinson’s disease and is therefore a useful model to test anti-parkinsonian drugs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects 029 anaerobic bacteria using MPTP lesioned mice. 48 male mice were allocated to 4 different treatment groups (groups A, B, E and I, with n=12 animals in each group). The treatment groups are shown in Table 1 below and the project time course is outlined below.

Table 1: Treatment groups Treatment Lesion Group n Safety level Substance Dose Route le nce Dose Route Schedule A 12 Vehicle (PBS) p.o. 18 days: day(- Vehicle (0.9% i-P- dayO 14) - dav3 saline) B 12 Vehicle (PBS) p.o. 18 days: day(- MPTP 4x20 i-P- dayO 141 - dav3 mq/kq MRx0029 E 12 Megasphaera S1/S2 2x10A8 p.o. 18 days: day(- MPTP 4x20 i-P- dayO sp. bacteria 14) - day3 mg/kg tolvl Vehicle (PBS) p.o. 18 days: day(- I 12 14) - dayS MPTP 4x20 i-P- dayO mg/kg 7-nitroindazole 50 mg/kg i-P- dayO (2x i.p.) Groups A, B, E and I were treated daily for 18 days via oral gavage with either bacteria (MRx0029 - group E), or vehicle (PBS). Oral treatment started 14 days before MPTP lesion. Group I s ed a daily vehicle (PBS) p.o. (per oral) treatment and were ed i.p. (intraperitoneal) with the reference drug 30 min before and 90 min after first MPTP on day 0. The application volume for p.o. and vehicle treatment was 200 pi per mouse. Bacteria strain of group E was from glycerol stocks (gly).

For oral treatment, gavages for applications were stored in vial containing 70% Ethanol and were flushed before and after each use with distilled water. Every treatment group had its own gavage and ethanol vial and distilled water vial. The tubes and gavages were not changed between the groups.

Directly before treatment each e was flushed with N2.

On day 0 MPTP (20 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.) 4 times, 2h inter-treatment interval) was injected i.p. in s of groups B, E and I. One group of animals (A) was sham lesioned by i.p. administration of the MPTP vehicle (0.9% saline). The application volume was 10 pi per g body weight. Weighing of the animals was performed before the MPTP treatment to dose the animals according to their actual body weight. Afterwards animals ed the daily p.o. treatment.

Formulation of preparations for dosing and preparation of glycerol stocks for dosing [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM MRx0029 Megasphaera sp.

Name of the Bacteria strain: Storage condition/stability: -80 °C Vehicle: 1 x PBS Treatment dosages: 2 x 10A8 bacteria Administration: 200nl Lot Number: n/a For treatment group E (MRx0029) 1.) 1 glycerol stock was taken from the -80 °C freezer and placed under anaerobic conditions obic jar with ) at 37 °C in order to thaw (this took 30-40 mins). 2.) The completely thawed glycerol stock was centrifuged at 6000 x g for 10 min at room temperature. 3.) The supernatant was discarded without disturbing the pellet (e.g. using a pipette). 4.) 4.22 mL of sterile pre-warmed (37 °C) 1 x PBS was added and gently mixed using a pipette.

.) The mice were dosed with 200 jaL of the bacterial solution. The animals were dosed within 15 mins after resuspension of the pellet with PBS.

Reference drug group formulation Name of the Reference item: oindazole Storage condition/stability: -20°C e: Peanut oil Treatment dosages: 50 mg/kg Administration: i.p. (30 min before and 90 min after 1stMPTP treatment) Batch Number: MKBS6671V The appropriate amount of oindazole was ved in peanut oil to reach the final concentration of 50 mg/kg.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM ation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Materials and Methods Animals Mouse line: C57BL/6J (JAX™ Mice Strain) I A VTM ^ ^ i Provider: Charles River Laboratories Age at start: ~ 10 weeks Sex: Male Number of animals: 48 Specific handling of s and ization Gloves were changed between each treatment group and sprayed with 70% ethanol solution n each cage of the same group to ze the risk of contamination whenever animals were handled (e.g.: treatment, behavioural testing, cleaning and tissue ng).

The treatment was at random and alternated daily so as to prevent the same groups being treated at the same time each day. Animals were randomized per cage at the tissue sampling.

Tissue sampling and processing On day 4 animals of all groups were sacrificed and brains were collected. Therefore, mice were deeply anesthetized by arbital injection (600mg/kg).

Blood (approximately 500 pi) was collected by heart puncture. Mice were then transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline and brains were removed and hemisected. The left hemisphere was subdivided into striatal tissue (for HPLC), substantia nigra tissue as well as residual brain, weighed and immediately frozen and stored at -80°C. Instruments and surfaces which were in t with the animals had to be d with 70% ethanol before the next animal was ted.

Biochemical Analysis of Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA levels with HPLC in striatum The striatal samples (n=6 from each treatment group; total 24 samples) were mixed at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) with 0.2 M perchloric acid including 100 pM EDTA-2Na and homogenized at 0 °C in a glass- pestlemicro-homogenizer. Following standing for 30 min on ice, the homogenates were centrifuged at ,000 RPM for 10 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge Biofuge Fresco us Instruments, Germany). The supernatants were carefully aspirated and mixed with 0.4 M Na-acetate buffer, pH 3 at a ratio 1:2 (v/v) and filtered through a 0.22 pm centrifugal filter (Merck Millipore, Germany) for 4 min at 14 000 g at 4 °C. The filtrates were stored at -80 °C before HPLC analysis.

HPLC is Concentrations of DA, DOPAC and HVA in the striatal samples were determined by column liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection [62;63], The HPLC system (HTEC-500, Eicom Corp., [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Kyoto, Japan) including a pulse-free microflow pump, a degasser and an amperometric detector ed with a glassy-carbon electrode operating at +0.45 V vs. an Ag/AgCl ref. electrode was used.

Samples were injected by use of a CMA/200 Refrigerated Microsampler (CMA/Microdialysis, Stockholm, Sweden). The chromatograms were recorded and integrated by use of a computerized data acquisition system (DataApex, Prague, Czech Republic). DA, DOPAC and HVA were separated on a 150 x 2.1 i.d. mm column (CA5-ODS, Eicom Corp., Kyoto, Japan). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0, 0.13 mM EDTA, 2.3 mM sodiumoctanesulfonate and 20 % (v/v) methanol. The detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio 3) for DA was estimated to 0.5 fimol in 15 pi (0.03 nM) injected onto the column.

Results Administration of bacteria strains was well ted by the animals. On the MPTP lesion day and if necessary on the day afterwards a red light was used to warm the s. If animals were in bad conditions (felt cold, dehydrated, al behaviour), they were supplied with wet food and subcutaneous saline treatment if ary.

For analysis of Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA levels, striatal tissue of 6 s per treatment group were used. Data were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis test ed by Dunn’s multiple comparison post hoc test or One-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (A vs. all(*), B vs. all, I vs. all (#)). */# = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01;. *** — l.

The healthy animals in group A had high levels of Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA whereas MPTP treatment in group B reduced this and the positive control (group I) recovered the production to some degree (Figure 12). Animals of group I tended to have higher ne levels than the bacteria treated group and group B. DOPAC (a Dopamine metabolite) levels in l were significantly lower in animals of group B compared to DOPAC levels of unlesioned s of group A (Figure 12B).

Significantly, treatment with 9 (group E) was found to recover production of Dopamine and DOPAC (Figures 12A and 12B, respectively). Treatment with MRx0029 may therefore be useful for treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders.

Example 10 - Efficacy of bacteria to alter neurite outgrowth Summary e outgrowth is an important s for the development of connections between neurons. The ability of bacterial s and organic acids to induce neurite outgrowth was therefore tested by measuring transcriptional levels of microtubule associated protein MAP2, a specific neuronal differentiation marker.

Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRX0029.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Method SHSY5Y were plated in 10cm petri dishes a density of 2xl06 cells. After 24h cells were treated in differentiation medium (growth medium containing 1% FBS without RA) with 10% bacteria supernatants or YCFA+, lOuM RA, 200uM hexanoic acid or 200uM valproic acid, for 17 hrs. There after representative images were taken using phase contrast EVOS XL core cope at 40X/0.65 magnification. Cells were collected, and total RNA was isolated according to RNeasy mini kit protocol (Qiagen). cDNAs were made using the high capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems). Gene expression was measured using qPCR. GAPDH was used as internal control. Fold change was calculated ing to the 2( AAct) method.

Immunofluorescence and Confocal microscopy Cells were seeded onto 8 well chamber slides (Marienfeld Laboratory Glassware) at 5xl04 cells/well overnight and were treated with 10% bacterial supernatant for 24 hrs. For differentiation, cells were treated with lOnM Retinoic acid for 5 days before treating with ial supernatant. Cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 minutes at room temperature (RT). Fixed cells were washed with PBS, and bilized with 1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 s. After washing with PBS, the slides were incubated with blocking buffer (4% S) for Ihr at RT before adding anti-MAP2 antibody (sc-74421, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc) diluted in 1% BSA/PBS for 12hr at 4°C. They were then washed twice with PBS, followed by incubation with Alexa Flour 488 conjugated anti-mouse (Molecular Probes Inc) and Alexa Flour 594 ated Phalloidin (abl76757, Abeam) for Ihr at RT. After washing 3X with PBS, the slides were d with Vcctorshicld containing DAPI (Sigma, Aldrich). Slides were viewed using a Zeiss Axioscope microscope equipped with a 63x/l .2 W Korr objective and filter sets suitable for detection of the fluorochromes used. Manual exposure times for the digital acquisition of images immuno-labelled with MAP-2 were kept constant allowing comparison between different wells and treatments. Phalloidin in) and DAPI re times varied to suit the field of view. Randomised fields of view were acquired using a Qlmaging camera lled by Image Pro Plus software. Images were saved as TIFs and opened in Adobe Photoshop CC 2015.1.2 and overlays of the MAP-2, DAPI and Phalloidion images overlaid and merged. entative images were selected to illustrate the differences in abundance and on of the proteins examined Results The results are shown in Figure 13. Figure 13A shows entative microscopy images of undifferentiated SHSY-5Y cells incubated with each of the acids and bacteria supernatants. Treatment of cells with MRX0029 induced a neuron-like phenotype, showing similar features to cells treated with ic acid (which is used for terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells), where cell bodies are bigger and pyramidal-shaped, with neurites and processed branching out to network with neighbour cells. Figure 13B shows that MRx0029 icantly upregulates MAP2 in undifferentiated [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM neuroblastoma cells. idin (an actin cytoskeleton-binding agent) staining further proved a different arrangement of cytoskeletal structure in cells treated with MRx0029, further ting the neuronal differentiation hypothesis for MRx0029 (Fig. 13B). e 11 - cy of bacterial inocula to reduce oxidative levels in cells Background The generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.

The ability of bacterial strains to protect differentiated SHSY-5Y and U373 cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by treatment with Tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide (TBHP) was investigated.

Material and Methods Bacterial strain Megasphaera massiliensis MRX0029 Method SHSY-5Y cells were plated in black flat bottom 96 well plate at density of 5000 well and placed in the C02 incubator. After 24 h, media were replaced with differentiation medium (growth medium containing 1% FBS) and 10 uM ic acid. entiation medium was replaced every other day.

On Day 10 the differentiation medium was removed and cells were washed with pre-warmed PBS and stained with lOuM DCFDA molecular probe for 20 mins in growth medium containing 1% FBS. Then cells were washed with pre-warmed PBS again and treated with lOOuM TBHP in the presence or absence of 10% bacteria supernatant for 2h. Fluorescence intensity was ed using TECAN plate reader at Ex/Em 0 nm.

Results The results of the experiments are shown in Figure 14. Figure 14b shows that MRX0029 is able to inhibit ROS production in entiated SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells. MRX0029 did not have an effect on the generation of ROS in U373 lioblastoma cells (Figure 14a). This shows that this aspect of the antioxidant effect is neuron-specific.

Example 12 - neuroprotection RA-differentiated SHSY-5Y cells were treated with MPP+, the active lite of MPTP, a chemical widely used to mimic in vitro and in vivo some of the features of PD pathology. Cell viability was measured as the rate of mitochondria respiration (Figure 15). Both S and MRx0029 showed significant effects and promote per se an increase of the mitochondria metabolic activity in SHSY-5Y cells. MRX0029 showed complete protection from MPP+, restoring cell viability nearly to the same level of ted cells and higher than quercetin positive control. MRxOOOS protection was about 20% compared to YCFA-MPP+ treated sample, about the same observed for the quercetin positive control (Fig. 15).

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM ation] KJM ed set by KJM Example 13 - Further analysis of the mechanism of histone deacetylation inhibition Introduction The gut microbiota, with its e diversity and metabolic capacity, represents a huge metabolic reservoir for tion of a vast variety of molecules with potential to influence HDAC activity. Few studies have assessed the HDAC inhibitory activity of microbially-derived metabolites other than butyrate, which has been shown to inhibit HDAC and is associated with ement of motor function in Huntington’s disease [64], The inventors ore sought to determine which metabolites are responsible for HDAC inhibition and further elucidate the mechanisms by which inhibition is achieved.

Material and s Bacterial culture and cell-free supernatant collection Pure cultures of bacteria were grown anaerobically in YCFA broth until they reached their stationary growth phase. Cultures were centrifuged at 5,000 x g for 5 minutes and the cell-free supernatant (CFS) was filtered using a 0.2 uM filter (Millipore, UK). 1 mL aliquots of the CFS were stored at -80 °C until use. Sodium butyrate, hexanoic and valeric acid were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (UK) and sions were prepared in YCFA broth.

SCFA and MCFA quantification of bacterial supernatants Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) from bacterial supernatants were analysed and quantified by MS Omics APS as follows. Samples were acidified using hloride acid, and deuterium labelled internal standards where added. All samples were analyzed in a randomized order. Analysis was performed using a high polarity column (Zebron™ ZB-FFAP, GC Cap. Column 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 jam) installed in a GC (7890B, Agilent) coupled with a pole detector (59977B, Agilent). The system was controlled by ation nt). Raw data was converted to netCDF format using Chemstation (Agilent), before the data was imported and processed in Matlab R2014b (Mathworks, Inc.) using the PARADlSe software described in [65], Specific HDAC activity analysis Specific HDAC inhibition ty was analysed for HDAC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 using fluorogenic assay kits for each type of HDAC (BPS Bioscience, CA). Assays were conducted according to cturer’s instructions and each sample were performed in replicates. Cell free supernatants were diluted 1 in 10 and exposed to specific HDAC ns provided in the kit to maintain consistency between s.

Results Histone deacetylase-inhibiting gut commensal microbial metabolites are butyrate and valeric acid [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM MRx0029, whose supernatant showed strong HDAC inhibition in both HT29 whole cells and HT29 cell lysates, ed valeric acid and hexanoic acid at mean concentrations of 5.08 mM and 1.60 mM, respectively (Figure 16A and C).

To investigate which metabolites were responsible for the strain-induced HDAC inhibition, different concentrations of hexanoic acid, valeric acid and sodium butyrate were measured for their HDAC inhibition on whole HT-29 cells and on HT-29 cell lysate. The s in Fig. 16B show significant (P<0.05) inhibition of HDAC activity by sodium butyrate on whole cells as well as on the cell lysate, while hexanoic acid did not show significant inhibitory ty. Valeric acid inhibited total HDAC activity (* (p<0.05), ** (p<0.005), *** (P<0.001), **** (pO.OOOl)).

Potent total HDAC inhibitors investigated target class IHDACs.

The ic HDAC inhibition profile of the test bacteria strain was investigated. Specific HDAC inhibition assays (BPS Bioscience, CA) were carried out for Class 1 and Class 11 HDACs. The ability of the bacterial strain to inhibit HDAC enzymes was compared to butyrate, hexanoic and valeric acid.

Our results demonstrate that MRX0029, is a very potent inhibitor of Class 1 HDAC enzymes (HDAC1, 2 and 3). tion of class 11 HDACs was not as significant (data not shown).

Discussion The strain with HDAC inhibitory ty produced significant amounts of valeric acid and hexanoic acid as well as significant amounts of sodium butyrate (Figure 16C). When tested as pure substances, valeric acid and sodium te resulted in significant HDAC inhibition (p<0.0001).

Interestingly, the results for specific HDAC ty show that the tested strain is a potent inhibitor of Class 1 HDACs, and particularly HDAC2 (Figure 17 and 18). Class 1 HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8) reside in the nucleus and are ubiquitously expressed in several human cell types. HDACs 1-3 share more than 50% homology, but have ct structures and ar functions [66], They are ily involved in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, and thus their inhibition may be useful is wide array of diseases [67]; [68]; [69]; [70]; [71]. e 14 - Level of BDNF secretion in Y cells Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a ubiquitous molecule in the brain associated with neural development, neuro-protection and neuro-regeneration. BDNF not only protects against neurodegeneration but also mental disorders like depression and anxiety, which are quite common amongst patients diagnosed with PD or AD.

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Methods SH-SY5-SY were plated in 24 wells plate at density of 60,000 cells/well and placed in the incubator.

After 24 h, media were replaced with differentiation medium (growth medium containing 1% FBS) and 10 uM retinoic acid. Differentiation medium was replaced every other day and cells were used on day 10 of differentiation. F or the treatment differentiation medium was removed and replaced with 450ul of full growth media and 50 jal of bacteria SN was added to the treated wells or YCFA+ was added as negative Control.

Results The results are shown in Figure 19, which shows that administration of MRX0029 in combination with retinoic acid increases the secretion of BDNF from differentiated neuroblasoma cells. Compositions comprising commensal bacteria and organic acids may therefore be useful in therapy.

Example 15 - Metabolite production - metabolites in the brain Background Metabolites present in bacteria supernatants can directly nce the host response to oxidative , cell-to-cell communication and neuroprotection. Metabolites that play a key role in neurological processes were measured during the ex vivo screening in brain tissue of mice fed with MRx0005 and MRx0029.

Methods Animals BALBc o, UK) adult male mice were group housed under a 12 h light-dark cycle; standard rodent chow and water were ble ad libitum. All experiments were performed in accordance with an guidelines following approval by University College Cork Animal Ethics Experimentation tee. Animals were 8 weeks old at the start of the experiment.

Study Design Animals were allowed to habituate to their holding room for one week after arrival into the animal unit. They receive oral gavage (200jaL dose) of live biotherapeutics at a dose of 1 X 109 CFU for 6 consecutive days between 15:00 and 17:00. On day 7, the animals are decapitated, and tissues are harvested for experimentation.

Tissue Collection Animals were sacrificed in a random n regarding treatment and g condition; sampling ed between 9.00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Trunk blood was collected in potassium EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid) tubes and spun for 15 min at 4000 g. Plasma was isolated and stored at -80 °C for further analysis. The brain was y excised, dissected and each brain region was snap- [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM frozen on dry ice and stored at -80 °C for further analysis. Spleen was removed and sed immediately after culls for ex-vivo immune stimulation. Intestinal tissue (2 cm segments of ileum and colon t to the caecum were excised, and the furthest 1cm of tissue from the caecum were used) were d into the Using chambers for intestinal permeability assay. The caecum was removed, weighted and stored at -80 °C for SCFAs analysis.

Monoamine Analysis Neurotransmitter concentration was analysed by HPLC on samples from the brainstem. y, brainstem tissue was sonicated in 500 pi of chilled mobile phase spiked with 4 ng/40 pi of N-Methyl -HT (Sigma Chemical Co., UK) as internal standard. The mobile phase contained 0.1 M citric acid, 5.6 mM octanesulphonic acid (Sigma), 0.1 M sodium ogen phosphate, 0.01 mM EDTA (Alkem/Reagecon, Cork) and 9% (v/v) methanol (Alkem/Reagecon) and was adjusted to pH 2.8 using 4 N sodium ide (Alkem/Reagecon). Homogenates were then centrifuged for 15 min at 22,000 x g at 4 °C and 40 pi of the supernatant injected onto the HPLC system which consisted of a SCL 10- Avp system controller, LECD 6A electrochemical detector (Shimadzu), a LC-10AS pump, a CTO- 10A oven, a SIL-10A autoinjector (with sample cooler maintained at 40 C) and an online r Degasser (ISS, UK). A reverse-phase column (Kinetex 2.6 u Cl8 100 4.6 mm, Phenomenex) maintained at 30 °C was employed in the separation (Flow rate 0.9 ml/min). The glassy carbon working electrode combined with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode (Shimdazu) operated a +0.8 V and the chromatograms generated were analyzed using Class-VP 5 software (Shimadzu). The ransmitters were identified by their teristic retention times as determined by standard injections, which run at regular als during the sample analysis. The ratios of peak heights of analyte versus internal standard were measured and compared with standard injection. Results were sed as ng of neurotransmitter per g fresh weight of tissue.

Metabolite analysis For GC-metabolite analysis, samples of bacterial supernatants were derivatized with methyl chloroformate using a ly modified version of the protocol bed in [72], All samples were analyzed in a randomized order. Analysis was performed using GC (7890B, Agilent) coupled with a quadropole detector (59977B, Agilent). The system was controlled by ChemStation (Agilent). Raw data was converted to netCDF format using Chemstation (Agilent), before the data was imported and processed in Matlab R2014b (Mathworks, Inc.) using the PARADISe software described in [65], For fatty acid analysis samples were acidified using hydrochloride acid, and deuterium labelled internal standards where added. All samples were analyzed in a randomized order. Analysis was performed using a high polarity column (Zebron™ ZB-FFAP, GC Cap. Column 30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 pm) installed in a GC (7890B, Agilent) coupled with a quadropole or (59977B, Agilent). The system was controlled by ChemStation (Agilent). Raw data was converted to netCDF format using [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ed set by KJM Chemstation (Agilent), before the data was imported and sed in Matlab R2014b (Mathworks, Inc.) using the PARADISe software described in [65], Results - neurotransmitter production The results are shown in Figure 20, which shows that in brains of mice fed with MRx0029, noradrenaline levels are increased (p=0.0507), accompanied with a slight increase of serotonin and 5- HIAA. These data support the metabolite analysis set out below, suggesting that MRx00029 is a major producer of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a known idant [73], More importantly, 4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a synthetic intermediate of dopamine and nephrine and an important bio-active molecule [74], In fact, in PD, degenerative changes extend beyond the dopaminergic system, ing equally the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, which in turn leads to decreased levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in both striatal and extra-striatal structures [75], L-DOPA targets mainly the dopamine-related features of PD, however it does not address the ses in both 5-HT and noradrenaline. Adding to this is that the longer is the duration of L-DOPA ent, the more visible are a range of motor and nonmotor complications (e.g. dyskinesia, psychiatric symptoms) [76], Therefore, these data demonstrate that bacteria that produce organic acids, such as 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, may be useful in therapy, in particular in the treatment of egenerative diseases. s - metabolite production Metabolites present in bacteria supernatants can ly influence the host response to oxidative stress, cell-to-cell communication and neuroprotection in the specific. Metabolites in the supernatant of cultures of MRX0029 and MRX0005 were analysed and the results are shown in Figure 21.

A few lites showed a striking difference between the two strains analysed. The concentration of succinic acid was particularly elevated in MRxOOOS. Interestingly, the ratio sample/media for 4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid was icantly higher in MRx0029 (Fig. 21 A).

Fatty acid analysis in the atants revealed an interesting dichotomy in the two strains: MRxOOOS produced mainly acetic and propanoic acid, while MRx0029 produced butanoic, oic and hexanoic acid, both in the linear and branched forms (Fig. 2IB). The two strains looked very ent and in particular, the production of succinic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by MRxOOOS and MRx0029 respectively was notable (Figure 21 A). Furthermore, MRxOOOS seems to produce more C2 and C3 short chain fatty acids, while MRx00029 produced more C4 (butyrate) and both linear and ed medium chain fatty acids, including hexanoic acid.

Succinic acid is a Krebs cycle metabolite involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation complex is a key step for synaptic trafficking of proteins and vesicles to al and distal regions [77], Its dysfunction has been reported in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 [78], These findings are [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM ionNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM particularly interesting as succinic acid can augment mitochondrial ty and t vulnerable s in egenerative disease related to misfolded proteins including PD [79], BDNF and succinic acid have both a similar tive ty not only in neuro-degeneration but also in mental disorders like depression and anxiety, which are quite common amongst patients diagnosed with PD or AD.

Figure 2IB also demonstrates that MRX0029 is a butyrate oic acid) producer. This may be significant because butyrate has a known role is reducing impermeability of the blood brain barrier, which has a neuroprotective effect [80], This property of MRx0029 (and other neuroprotective bacteria) may contribute to its efficacy.

Example 16 - Modulation of the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins by MRx0029 Since recent evidence suggests that intestinal dysfunction and mation is a non-motor symptom associated with PD, the ability of the bacterial strains of the invention to cause any intestinal barrier dysfunction was investigated. HT29-mtx epithelial, mucin-producing cell monolayers [81] were used as an in vitro model to evaluate gut barrier disruption and immune stimulation following treatment with MRxOOOS and MRx0029. Differentiated HT29-mtx cells exposed to phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA) secreted a significant amount of IL-8; in contrast ent for 24h with MRxOOS and 9 bacterial supernatants, induced an even lower secretion of IL-8 compared than both untreated and YCFA-treated cells (Fig. 22A).

The ability of MRxOOOS and MRx0029 to regulate epithelial bility by modifying intracellular signal transduction involved in the expression and localization of proteins involved in the gut barrier formation was then investigated.

RNA was isolated and Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) is was performed to characterize the changes in gene expression of tight junction proteins during incubation with MRxOOOS and 9.

The administration of MRx0029 enhanced Occludin, Vlillin, Tight Junction Protein 1 and 2 (respectively TJP1 and TJP2) mRNA expression after 2h incubation (Fig. 22B). In contrast, exposure to MRxOOOS did not alter the gene expression of tight junction proteins indicating that the two strains act differentially on the intestinal barrier.

The in vitro results were compared with data from the ex vivo parallel analysis on the gut of mice fed with MRxOOOS and MRx0029. Gene expression of TJP2 and occludin was quantified in the colon and ileum. The ex vivo data perfectly mirror the in vitro data as MRx0029 was able to significantly upregulate TJP1 and Occludin 73) in the colon region of the murine ine (Fig. 22C+22D).

MRx0029 was also able to decrease the permeability function in the colon of the same mice (Fig. 22E+22F).

[Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM [Annotation] KJM None set by KJM [Annotation] KJM MigrationNone set by KJM [Annotation] KJM Unmarked set by KJM Materials and methods - RNA tion and qPCR analysis Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Manchester, JUK) ing to the manufacturer's instructions, and the RNA tration determined by absorbance at 260/280nm using a ophotometer (nano-Drop ND-1000; Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE). For mRNA expression analysis, cDNA was ed from total RNA using the apacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, UK) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The reverse transcription reactions were performed in a Thermo cycler (Biometra, Germany) at 25°C for 1 Omin, 37°C for 120min, and 85°C for 5 min, hold on at 4°C. Resulting cDNA was amplified in duplicates by the SYBR-Green PCR assay, and products were ed on QuantStudio 6 flex real-time PCR machine (Applied Biosystems, UK) using a standardised profile (initial ration of 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 15 seconds of denaturation at 95°C and 60 s of annealing/extension at 60/65°C, ing on the primers. A dissociation stage was added after the 40 cycles to generate a melting curve. Analysis was performed using the Applied Biosystems QuantStudio Real-Time PCR Software vl.2. The primer sequences for Actin, Villin, in TJP1 and TJP2 are provided in the sequence listing.

Example 16- Stability g A composition described herein containing at least one bacterial strain described herein is stored in a sealed container at 25°C or 4°C and the container is placed in an atmosphere having 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90% or 95% relative humidity. After 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, 2.5 years or 3 years, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the bacterial strain shall remain as measured in colony forming units determined by standard protocols.

Example 17 Methods Animals The animals and study design used were the same as for Example 15.

Bacterial strains • 755: Parabacteroides distasonis (MRX005) • Megasphaera massiliensis (MRX0029) Tissue Collection s were sacrificed in a random fashion regarding treatment and testing condition; sampling occurred between 9.00 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. Trunk blood was collected in potassium EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid) tubes and spun for 15 min at 4000 g. Plasma was isolated and stored at

Claims (16)

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a dried bacteria strain of the species

2. Megasphaera massiliensis, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that has at least 96% 5 sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, as determined by a SmithWaterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension penalty of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier. 10 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the bacteria strain is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount that comprises from 1 x 103 to 1 x 1011 colony forming units (CFU)/g of the bacteria strain with respect to the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutical 15 composition is formulated for oral, rectal, nasal, buccal, sublingual, or subcutaneous administration.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for delivery to an intestine of a subject.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the pharmaceutical 20 composition is encapsulated.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an enteric coating.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-6, further comprising an additional therapeutic agent. 25

8. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that has at least 99% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension 71 penalty of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that is the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the bacteria strain is 5 the bacteria strain deposited under accession number NCIMB 42787.

11. Use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a bacteria strain of the species Megasphaera massiliensis, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that has at least 95% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a 10 gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension penalty of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurological condition associated with neuroinflammation or oxidative stress in a subject, wherein the neurological condition is one other than a neurodegenerative disorder and a brain injury.

12. The use of claim 11, wherein the bacteria strain is the bacteria strain deposited under 15 accession number NCIMB 42787.

13. The use of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the medicament is formulated for oral, rectal, nasal, buccal, sublingual, or subcutaneous administration.

14. The use of claim 11 or claim 13, wherein the bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that has at least 99% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID 20 NO:2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12, a gap extension penalty of 2, and a Blocks Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM) of 62.

15. The use of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is encapsulated. 25

16. The use of any one of claims 11-15, wherein the bacteria strain is dried.