NZ761252B2 - Use of ultrasound in wine-making processes - Google Patents
Use of ultrasound in wine-making processes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ761252B2 NZ761252B2 NZ761168A NZ76116815A NZ761252B2 NZ 761252 B2 NZ761252 B2 NZ 761252B2 NZ 761168 A NZ761168 A NZ 761168A NZ 76116815 A NZ76116815 A NZ 76116815A NZ 761252 B2 NZ761252 B2 NZ 761252B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- spike resistant
- grouping
- spike
- pouch
- textile layers
- Prior art date
Links
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- 238000011514 vinification Methods 0.000 title 1
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- 229920003254 poly(benzobisthiazole) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
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- ZBMISJGHVWNWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(4-aminophenoxy)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1OC1=CC=CC(N)=C1 ZBMISJGHVWNWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/09—Mashed or comminuted products, e.g. pulp, purée, sauce, or products made therefrom, e.g. snacks
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/30—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation
- A23L5/32—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation using phonon wave energy, e.g. sound or ultrasonic waves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2200/00—Function of food ingredients
- A23V2200/04—Colour
- A23V2200/044—Colouring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2300/00—Processes
- A23V2300/48—Ultrasonic treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/10—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0879—Solid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/19—Details relating to the geometry of the reactor
- B01J2219/192—Details relating to the geometry of the reactor polygonal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12G—WINE; PREPARATION THEREOF; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES C12C OR C12H
- C12G1/00—Preparation of wine or sparkling wine
- C12G1/02—Preparation of must from grapes; Must treatment and fermentation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12G—WINE; PREPARATION THEREOF; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES C12C OR C12H
- C12G1/00—Preparation of wine or sparkling wine
- C12G1/02—Preparation of must from grapes; Must treatment and fermentation
- C12G1/0216—Preparation of must from grapes; Must treatment and fermentation with recirculation of the must for pomage extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12G—WINE; PREPARATION THEREOF; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES C12C OR C12H
- C12G3/00—Preparation of other alcoholic beverages
- C12G3/08—Preparation of other alcoholic beverages by methods for altering the composition of fermented solutions or alcoholic beverages not provided for in groups C12G3/02 - C12G3/07
Abstract
method for detecting abnormal usage of a physical consumable in a physical consumable usage environment (107), wherein the method comprises the steps of: monitoring detected usage data associated with the provision of at least one physical consumable in a physical consumable usage environment (107) using at least one physical consumable provisioning device (101, 103, 105) that is arranged to provide the physical consumable; and detecting abnormal usage of the physical consumable based on the monitoring of the detected usage data. ) using at least one physical consumable provisioning device (101, 103, 105) that is arranged to provide the physical consumable; and detecting abnormal usage of the physical consumable based on the monitoring of the detected usage data.
Description
SPIKE RESISTANT PACKAGE AND ARTICLE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present application is directed to spike resistant packages and
articles such as spike resistant vests.
BACKGROUND
Police, correctional officers, security personnel, and even private
individuals have a growing need for protection from spike threats that give good
protection while being light and less expensive. It is a primary object to provide a
flexible light weight structure that resists penetration by spike-like threats.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A spike resistant package containing a pouch, a first grouping of spike
resistant textile layers, and a slip layer. Each of the textile layers within the first
grouping of textile layers contains a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a
tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier. At least a portion of the spike
resistant textile layers comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of
the spike resistant textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having
a diameter of about 20 µm or less on at least one of the surfaces of the spike
resistant textile layer. The slip layer has a stiffness of less than about 0.01 N-m and
a static coefficient of friction (COF) between the slip layer and the second side of
the first grouping of less than about 0.40. The pouch encapsulates the grouping of
textile layers and slip layer. An article containing the package is also described.
[0004] A spike resistant package containing a pouch, a first grouping of spike
resistant textile layers, and a slip layer. Each of the textile layers within the first
grouping of textile layers contains a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a
tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier. The slip layer has a thickness of less
than about 0.1 mm, a stiffness of less than about 0.01 N-m, and a static coefficient
of friction (COF) between the slip layer and the second side of the first grouping of
less than about 0.40. The pouch essentially fully encapsulates the grouping of
spike resistant textile layers and the slip layer and the slip layer and the inner
surface of the pouch are in direct and intimate contact. An article containing the
package is also described.
A spike resistant package containing a pouch, a first grouping of spike
resistant textile layers where the inner surface of the pouch has a static COF
between the inner surface of the pouch and the second side of the first grouping of
less than about 0.40. Each of the textile layers within the first grouping of textile
layers contains a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a tenacity of about 5
or more grams per denier. At least a portion of the spike resistant textile layers
comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the spike resistant
textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of
about 20 µm or less on at least one of the surfaces of the spike resistant textile
layer. The pouch essentially fully encapsulates the grouping of spike resistant
textile layers and the slip layer and the slip layer and the inner surface of the pouch
are in direct and intimate contact. An article containing the package is also
described.
A spike resistant package containing a pouch, a first grouping of spike
resistant textile layers and a second grouping of spike resistant textile layers,
wherein the static COF between the second side of the first grouping and the inner
surface of the pouch is less than about 0.40. Each of the textile layers within the
first and second grouping of textile layers contains a plurality of interwoven yarns or
fibers having a tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier. At least a portion of
the spike resistant textile layers comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total
weight of the spike resistant textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of
particles having a diameter of about 20 µm or less on at least one of the surfaces of
the spike resistant textile layer. The spike resistant woven textile layers of the first
grouping have a weave density of between about 20 and 45 warp and weft yarns
per inch. The spike resistant woven textile layers of the second grouping have a
weave density of between about 15 and 35 warp and weft yarns per inch. The
pouch essentially fully encapsulates the first and second grouping of spike resistant
textile layers. An article containing the package is also described. Preferably, there
should be smaller denier yarns in the first grouping and the higher denier yarns in
the second grouping. By using the higher denier yarns, the fabric is inherently less
expensive, but the lower denier yarns are beneficial to achieve a lower overall
weight package.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Figure 1 is a sectional view of one embodiment of a spike resistant
package.
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the first
grouping of spike resistant textile layers.
Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate schematically cross-section of
different embodiments of the spike resistant textile layers.
Figure 4 is a sectional view of one embodiment of a spike resistant
package.
Figure 5 is an illustration of one embodiment of an article containing a
spike resistant package.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As utilized herein, the term “spike resistant” is generally used to refer
to a material that provides protection against penetration of the material by sharp-
pointed weapons or objects, such as an ice pick or a shank made by a prisoner.
Thus, a “spike resistant” material can either prevent penetration of the material by
such an object or can lessen the degree of penetration of such an object as
compared to similar, non-spike resistant materials. Preferably, a “spike resistant”
material achieves a pass rating when tested against Level 1, Spike class threats in
accordance with National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard 0115.00 (2000), entitled
“Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor.” The term “spike resistant” can also
refer to materials (e.g., a composite according to the invention) achieving a pass
rating when tested against higher level threats (e.g., Level 2 or Level 3).
In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the invention can also be
directed to a spike resistant package that also has knife and/or ballistic resistant
properties.
When a spike strikes the first grouping of spike resistant textile layers
without a pouch, the spike resistant textile layers can move freely and interact fully
with the spike, dissipating energy effectively. When the spike resistant textile layers
are enclosed inside a pouch, the movement of the spike resistant textile layers is
restricted if the COF between the inner surface of the pouch and the second side of
the spike resistant textile layer is high. As a result, the spike resistant textile layers
are not able to interact fully with the spike to effectively dissipate energy. When a
slip layer with low COF and/or when a pouch with a low COF inner surface is used,
the interaction between the spike resistant textile layers and the inner surface of the
pouch is reduced, allowing the spike resistant textile layers to interact with the spike
and dissipate energy more effectively.
Referring now to Figure 1, in one embodiment the spike resistant
package 10 contains a pouch 100 which contains the first grouping 200 of spike
resistant layers 210 and the slip layer 300. The pouch 100 contains an inner
surface 100a and an outer surface 100b. The pouch 100 at least partially surrounds
the first grouping 200 of spike resistant layers 210 and the slip layer 300, more
preferably, fully surrounds and encapsulates the first grouping 200 of spike resistant
layers 210 and the slip layer 300.
[0016] In one embodiment, the pouch 100 comprises a pouch textile. The
pouch textile can be any suitable textile including a woven, knit, or nonwoven textile.
The pouch textile can be made from fibers such as polyester, nylon, or other
common fiber materials. It can be dyed and finished to impart color, moisture
resistance, and/or flame resistance. The textile can be back-coated to impart
enhanced performance in water, air, or flame resistance with polyurethane, acrylic,
or other back-coating materials. In another embodiment, the pouch 100 may be a
polymeric film, with or without fiber reinforcements.
The first grouping of textile layers 200 has a first side 200a and a
second side 200b. The spike resistant textile layers 210 are preferably woven
textiles. Each spike resistant textile layer 210 contains a plurality of interlocking
yarns or fibers 212 having a tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier, more
preferably about 8 or more, more preferably about 10 or more, more preferably
about 14 or more, more preferably 15 or more. In a preferred embodiment, the
plurality of yarns or fibers 212 have a tenacity of about 10 or more grams per denier
and have a size of less than ten denier per filament, more preferably less than 5
denier per filament. In one embodiment, the fibers have an average diameter of
less than about 20 micrometers, more preferably less than about 10 micrometers.
The spike resistant textile layers 210 can have any suitable weight. In certain
possibly preferred embodiments, the spike resistant textile layers 212 can have a
weight of about 2 to about 10 ounces per square yard.
For the fibers or yarns interwoven in the spike resistant textile layers
210 a non-inclusive listing of suitable fibers and yarns include, fibers made from
highly oriented polymers, such as gel-spun ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
fibers, melt-spun polyethylene fibers, melt-spun nylon fibers, melt-spun polyester
fibers, and sintered polyethylene fibers. Suitable fibers also include those made
from rigid-rod polymers, such as lyotropic rigid-rod polymers, heterocyclic rigid-rod
polymers, and thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers. Suitable fibers made from
lyotropic rigid-rod polymers include aramid fibers, such as poly(p-
phenyleneterephthalamide) fibers and fibers made from a 1:1
copolyterephthalamide of 3,4′-diaminodiphenylether and p-phenylenediamine.
Suitable fibers made from heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers, such as p-phenylene
heterocyclics, include poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibers (PBO fibers),
poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) fibers (PBZT fibers), and
poly[2,6-diimidazo[4,5-b:4′,5′-e] pyridinylene-1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene] fibers
(PIPD fibers). Suitable fibers made from thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers
include poly(6-hydroxynapthoic acid-cohydroxybenzoic acid) fibers. Suitable
fibers also include carbon fibers, such as those made from the high temperature
pyrolysis of rayon, polyacrylonitrile, and mesomorphic hydrocarbon tar. In certain
possibly preferred embodiments, the yarns or fibers 113 and 212 comprise fibers
selected from the group consisting of gel-spun ultrahigh molecular weight
polyethylene fibers, melt-spun polyethylene fibers, melt-spun nylon fibers, melt-spun
polyester fibers, sintered polyethylene fibers, aramid fibers, PBO fibers, PBZT
fibers, PIPD fibers, poly(6-hydroxynapthoic acid-cohydroxybenzoic acid)
fibers, carbon fibers, and combinations thereof. In one particularly preferred
embodiment, the spike resistant textile layer 210 comprises aramid fibers 212. In
another particularly preferred embodiment, the strike face layer 110 comprises
aramid fibers 113.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of the spike resistant textile
layers 210 comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the textile
layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20
µm or less on at least one side of the textile layer 210. More preferably, the plurality
of particles having a diameter of about 4 µm or less, more preferably a diameter of
about 2 µm or less. In one embodiment, at least 50 % by number of the textile
layers 210 contain the coating. In another embodiment, at least 75 % by number,
more preferably at least about 90% by number of the textile layers 210 contain the
coating. In another embodiment, each (essentially 100 % by number) of the textile
layers 210 contain the coating. The first group 200 preferably contains at least 2
spike resistant textile layers 210, more preferably at least about 3 layers, more
preferably at least about4 layers. While the spike resistant textile layer 210 is
described as being spike resistant, the textile layer 210 may also have knife and/or
ballistic resistant properties.
It has been found that the particle treated spike resistant textile layers
210 had significantly higher spike penetration resistance as compared to the same
construction of textile layers without the particles. The key mechanism of improved
spike penetration resistance of the treated fabric is believed to be inter-layer
interactions.
The spike resistant textile layers 210 can have any suitable
construction. The spike resistant textile layers 210 can comprise a plurality of yarns
provided in a knit or woven construction. The construction of the textile layers 210
resists slippage of the fibers or yarns past one another. Alternatively, the spike
resistant textile layers 210 can comprise a plurality of fibers provided in a suitable
nonwoven construction (e.g., a needle-punched nonwoven, etc.).
For the embodiment where the spike resistant textile layers are in a
woven construction, the woven layer preferably includes a multiplicity of warp and
weft elements interwoven together such that a given weft element extends in a
predefined crossing pattern above and below the warp element. One preferred
weave is the plain weave where each weft element passes over a warp element and
thereafter passes under the adjacent warp element in a repeating manner across
the full width of the textile layer. Thus, the terms “woven” and “interwoven” are
meant to include any construction incorporating interengaging formation fibers or
yarns.
As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, each textile
layer within the grouping (or from one grouping to the next) can be independently
provided in each of the aforementioned suitable constructions. For example, the
first grouping 200 may have five (5) spike resistant textile layers 210 in a knit
construction and five (5) spike resistant textile layers 210 in a woven construction.
The different constructions may be grouped together, arranged in a repeating
pattern or arranged randomly. In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the spike
resistant textile layers 210 comprise a plurality of yarns 212 provided in a woven
construction. In one embodiment, the textile layers 210 of the first group grouping
200 have a weave density of between about 20 and 45 warps and wefts per inch,
more preferably between about 25 and 45 warps and wefts per inch.
In one embodiment, the spike resistance textile layers 210 have a
tightness factor of greater than about 0.75 as defined in US Patents 6,133,169
(Chiou) and 6,103,646 (Chiou), which are incorporated herein by reference. "Fabric
tightness factor" and "Cover factor" are names given to the density of the weave of
a fabric. Cover factor is a calculated value relating to the geometry of the weave and
indicating the percentage of the gross surface area of a fabric that is covered by
yarns of the fabric. The equation used to calculate cover factor is as follows (from
Weaving: Conversion of Yarns to Fabric, Lord and Mohamed, published by Merrow
(1982), pages 141-143):
dw =width of warp yarn in the fabric
d =width of fill yarn in the fabric
p =pitch of warp yarns (ends per unit length)
pf =pitch of fill yarns
C = C =
total _area_obsured
Fabric _Cover_Factor =Cfab =
area_enclosed
(p −d )d +d p
w w f w f
C =(C +C −C C )
fab f w f w
Depending on the kind of weave of a fabric, the maximum cover factor
may be quite low even though the yarns of the fabric are situated close together.
For that reason, a more useful indicator of weave tightness is called the "fabric
tightness factor". The fabric tightness factor is a measure of the tightness of a fabric
weave compared with the maximum weave tightness as a function of the cover
factor.
actual _cover_ factor
Fabric _tightness_ factor =
maximum_cover_ factor
For example, the maximum cover factor that is possible for a plain
weave fabric is 0.75; and a plain weave fabric with an actual cover factor of 0.68
will, therefore, have a fabric tightness factor of 0.91. The preferred weave for
practice of this invention is plain weave.
[0027] The yarns or fibers 212 of the spike resistant textile layers 210 can
comprise any suitable fibers. Yarns or fibers 212 suitable for use in the spike
resistant textile layer 210 generally include, but are not limited to, high tenacity and
high modulus yarns or fibers, which refers to yarns that exhibit a relatively high ratio
of stress to strain when placed under tension. In order to provide adequate
protection against ballistic projectiles, the yarns or fibers of the spike resistant textile
layers 210 typically have a tenacity of about 8 or more grams per denier. In certain
possibly preferred embodiments, the yarns or fibers of the spike resistant textile
layers 210 can have a tenacity of about 10 or more grams per denier, more
preferably 15 or more grams per denier.
Referring to Figure 3, which is an enlarged view of the first grouping, it
can be seen that the spike resistant textile layers 210 comprises a coating 215 on at
least a surface thereof in a weight of about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total
weight of the textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a
diameter of about 20 µm or less. In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the
coating can penetrate into the interior portion of the textile layer 210 to at least
partially coat the yarns or fibers 212 of the spike resistant textile layer 210. Figure
5A shows a spike resistant textile layer 210 with the coating 215 on both sides and
in the interior of the fibers 212. Figure 5B shows a spike resistant textile layer 210
with the coating 215 applied to one surface of the spike resistant textile layer 210.
Figure 5C shows a spike resistant textile layer 210 with the coating 215 on both
sides of the fibers 212.
The coating 215 applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210
comprises particulate matter (e.g., a plurality of particles). The particles included in
the coating 215 can be any suitable particles, but preferably are particles having a
diameter of about 20 µm or less, or about 10 µm or less, or about 1 µm or less (e.g.,
about 500 nm or less or about 300 nm or less). Particles suitable for use in the
coating include, but are not limited to, silica particles, (e.g., fumed silica particles,
precipitated silica particles, alumina-modified colloidal silica particles, etc.), alumina
particles (e.g. fumed alumina particles), and combinations thereof. In certain
possibly preferred embodiments, the particles are comprised of at least one material
selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, precipitated silica, fumed
alumina, alumina modified silica, zirconia, titania, silicon carbide, titanium carbide,
tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, and the like, and combinations
thereof. Such particles can also be surface modified, for instance by grafting, to
change surface properties such as charge and hydrophobicity. Suitable
commercially available particles include, but are not limited to, the following: CAB-
O-SPERSE® PG003 fumed alumina, which is a 40% by weight solids aqueous
dispersion of fumed alumina available commercially from Cabot Corporation of
Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of 4.2 and a median average aggregate
particle size of about 150 nm); SPECTRAL 51 fumed alumina, which is a fumed
alumina powder available commercially from Cabot Corporation of Boyertown, Pa.
(the powder has a BET surface area of 55 m /g and a median average aggregate
particle size of about 150 nm); CAB-O-SPERSE® PG008 fumed alumina, which is a
40% by weight solids aqueous dispersion of fumed alumina available commercially
from Cabot Corporation of Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of 4.2 and a
median average aggregate particle size of about 130 nm); SPECTRAL 81 fumed
alumina, which is a fumed alumina powder available commercially from Cabot
Corporation of Boyertown, Pa. (the powder has a BET surface area of 80 m /g and
a median average aggregate particle size of about 130 nm); AEROXIDE ALU C
fumed alumina, which is a fumed alumina powder available commercially from
Degussa, Germany (the powder has a BET surface area of 100 m /g and a median
average primary particle size of about 13 nm); LUDOX CL-P colloidal alumina
coated silica, which is a 40% by weight solids aqueous sol available from Grace
Davison (the sol has a pH of 4 and an average particle size of 22 nm in diameter);
NALCO 1056 aluminized silica, which is a 30% by weight solids aqueous colloidal
suspension of aluminized silica particles (26% silica and 4% alumina) available
commercially from Nalco; LUDOX TMA colloidal silica, which is a 34% by weight
solids aqueous colloidal silica sol available from Grace Davison. (the sol has a pH
of 4.7 and an average particle size of 22 nm in diameter); NALCO 88SN-126
colloidal titanium dioxide, which is a 10% by weight solids aqueous dispersion of
titanium dioxide available commercially from Nalco; CAB-O-SPERSE S3295 fumed
silica, which is a 15% by weight solids aqueous dispersion of fumed silica available
commercially from Cabot Corporation of Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of
9.5 and an average agglomerated primary particle size of about 100 nm in
diameter); CAB-O-SPERSE 2012A fumed silica, which is a 12% by weight solids
aqueous dispersion of fumed silica available commercially from Cabot Corporation
of Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of 5); CAB-O-SPERSE PG001 fumed
silica, which is a 30% by weight solids aqueous dispersion of fumed silica available
commercially from Cabot Corporation of Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of
.2 and a median aggregate particle size of about 180 nm in diameter); CAB-O-
SPERSE PG002 fumed silica, which is a 20% by weight solids aqueous dispersion
of fumed silica available commercially from Cabot Corporation of Boyertown, Pa.
(the dispersion has a pH of 9.2 and a median aggregate particle size of about 150
nm in diameter); CAB-O-SPERSE PG022 fumed silica, which is a 20% by weight
solids aqueous dispersion of fumed silica available commercially from Cabot
Corporation of Boyertown, Pa. (the dispersion has a pH of 3.8 and a median
aggregate particle size of about 150 nm in diameter); SIPERNAT 22LS precipitated
silica, which is a precipitated silica powder available from Degussa of Germany (the
powder has a BET surface area of 175 m /g and a median average primary particle
size of about 3 µm); SIPERNAT 500LS precipitated silica, which is a precipitated
silica powder available from Degussa of Germany (the powder has a BET surface
area of 450 m /g and a median average primary particle size of about 4.5 µm); and
VP Zirconium Oxide fumed zirconia, which is a fumed zirconia powder available
from Degussa of Germany (the powder has a BET surface area of 60 m /g).
In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the particles can have a
positive surface charge when suspended in an aqueous medium, such as an
aqueous medium having a pH of about 4 to 8. Particles suitable for use in this
embodiment include, but are not limited to, alumina-modified colloidal silica
particles, alumina particles (e.g. fumed alumina particles), and combinations
thereof. In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the particles can have a Mohs’
hardness of about 5 or more, or about 6 or more, or about 7 or more. Particles
suitable for use in this embodiment include, but are not limited to, fumed alumina
particles. In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the particles can have a three-
dimensional branched or chain-like structure comprising or consisting of aggregates
of primary particles. Particles suitable for use in this embodiment include, but are
not limited to, fumed alumina particles, fumed silica particles, and combinations
thereof.
The particles included in the coating can be modified to impart or
increase the hydrophobicity of the particles. For example, in those embodiments
comprising fumed silica particles, the fumed silica particles can be treated, for
example, with an organosilane in order to render the fumed silica particles
hydrophobic. Suitable commercially-available hydrophobic particles include, but are
not limited to, the R-series of AEROSIL fumed silicas available from Degussa,
® ® ® ®
such as AEROSIL R812, AEROSIL R816, AEROSIL R972, and AEROSIL
R7200. While not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that
using hydrophobic particles in the coating will minimize the amount of water that the
layers and panel will absorb when exposed to a wet environment. When
hydrophobic particles are utilized in the coating on the textile layers 210, the
hydrophobic particles can be applied using a solvent-containing coating composition
in order to assist their application. Such particles and coatings are believed to be
more fully described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0105471(Wang et al.),
incorporated herein by reference.
The spike resistant textile layers 210 can comprise any suitable
amount of the coating 215. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the
art, the amount of coating applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210 generally
should not be so high that the weight of the flexible panel 10 is dramatically
increased, which could potentially impair certain end uses for the panel 10.
Typically, the amount of coating 215 applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210
will comprise about 10 wt.% or less of the total weight of the textile layer 210. In
certain possibly preferred embodiments, the amount of coating applied to the spike
resistant textile layers 210 will comprise about 5 wt.% or less or about 3 wt.% or
less (e.g., about 2 wt.% or less) of the total weight of the textile layer 210. Typically,
the amount of coating applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210 will comprise
about 0.1 wt.% or more (e.g., about 0.5 wt.% or more) of the total weight of the
textile layer 210. In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the coating comprises
about 2 to about 4 wt.% of the total weight of the textile layer 210.
[0033] In certain possibly preferred embodiments of the spike resistant
package 10, the coating 215 applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210 can
further comprise a binder. The binder included in the coating 215 can be any
suitable binder. Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, isocyanate binders
(e.g., blocked isocyanate binders), acrylic binders (e.g, nonionic acrylic binders),
polyurethane binders (e.g., aliphatic polyurethane binders and polyether based
polyurethane binders), epoxy binders, and combinations thereof. In certain possibly
preferred embodiments, the binder is a cross-linking binder, such as a blocked
isocyanate binder.
When present, the binder can comprise any suitable amount of the
coating applied to the spike resistant textile layers 210. The ratio of the amount
(e.g., weight) of particles present in the coating to the amount (e.g., weight) of
binder solids present in the coating 215 typically is greater than about 1:1 (weight
particles: weight binder solids). In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the ratio
of the amount (e.g., weight) of particles present in the coating 215 to the amount
(e.g., weight) of binder solids present in the coating typically is greater than about
2:1, or greater than about 3:1, or greater than about 4:1, or greater than about 5:1
(e.g., greater than about 6:1, greater than about 7:1, or greater than about 8:1). It
is noted that when the coating 215 is applied to the spike resistant layer, the spike
layer can have a much lower fabric tightness fabric to achieve the same level of
spike resistance.
[0035] In certain possibly preferred embodiments, the coating 215 applied to
the spike resistant textile layers 210 can comprise a water-repellant in order to
impart greater water repellency to the flexible panel 10. The water-repellant
included in the coating can be any suitable water-repellant including, but not limited
to, fluorochemicals or fluoropolymers.
[0036] In one embodiment, the package 10 contains a second grouping of
spike resistant fibers. The first and second groupings may have the same or
different yarns/fibers, construction, weave density, particle coating. In one
embodiment, the second grouping is on the first side 200a of the first grouping 200
and contains woven spike resistant layer having a tighter weave than the textile
layers 210 of the first grouping 200. In one embodiment, the second grouping has a
weave density of between about 30 and 80 warp yarns per inch and between about
and 80 weft yarns per inch. In another embodiment, the second grouping is on
the first side 200a of the first grouping 200 and contains woven spike resistant layer
having a looser weave than the textile layers 210 of the first grouping 200. In one
embodiment, the second grouping has a weave density of between about 15 and 35
warp yarns per inch and between about 15 and 35 weft yarns per inch. The second
grouping may have less, the same, or more textile layers than the first grouping 200.
In one embodiment, only one grouping contains the particle coatings (and the other
groupings would not contain particle coatings).
Referring back to Figure 1, there is shown a slip layer 300 in the
package 10 within the pouch 100. The slip layer can be any suitable layer and is
placed on the second side 200b of the grouping of spike resistant layer 200. When
the package 10 is placed into an article, preferably the package 10 is oriented such
that the slip layer 300 is between each side of the grouping 200 and the pouch 100.
More preferably the slip layer is closer to the wearer of the article than the grouping
200. The slip layer 300 may be loose within the pouch or may be adhered or
otherwise attached to the inner surface 100a of the pouch 100 or the grouping 200.
The slip layer 300 is preferably in intimate contact with the inner surface 100a of the
pouch 100, meaning that the slip layer 300 is in direct contact with the inner surface
100a with essentially nothing between them. The slip layer may also be positioned
between layers of the grouping 200.
Preferably, the slip layer is a polymeric film, preferably an oriented
thermoplastic polymeric film. In one embodiment, the slip layer has a thickness of
less than about 0.2 mm, more preferably less than about 0.1 mm. The slip layer
preferably has a low static coefficient of friction (COF) in contact with the textile
layers which enables the textile layers and their yarns to slide relative to the inner
surface of the pouch. Static COF is measured following ASTM D1894 - Standard
Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
Sheeting. The dynamic or kinetic COF is the steady state resistance to movement
between the two materials tested with a constant load of 200 gf and a constant
velocity of 150 mm/min. The static COF is the initial resistance to the movement.
Preferably, the static COF between the second side 200b of the first grouping of
spike resistant textile layers 200 and the slip layer 300 is less than about 0.50. In
one embodiment, the static between the slip layer 300 and the inner surface 100a of
the pouch 100 is less than about 0.45 and more preferably less than 0.40. In the
embodiments where the slip layer is incorporated into the pouch or is absent, then
preferably static COF between the second side 200b of the first grouping of spike
resistant textile layers 200 and the inner surface 100a of the pouch 100 is less than
about 0.40.
The slip layer allows the spike resistant textile layers to move readily
relative to the pouch inner surface allowing the spike to be more effectively stopped
from penetrating the pack. When the layers are rigidly held by high resistance to
slipping, they are less able to absorb the energy of the spike threat. Slippage
between the body side layers and the inner pouch appears to be the most helpful in
resisting penetration but one could envision that slippage between other layers in
the pack could prove beneficial, too.
[0040] In one embodiment, the package 10 contains additional slip layers.
These additional slip layers can be of the same materials and properties as the first
slip layer 300 or may use different materials and have different properties. The
additional slip layers may be in any suitable location within the pouch 100, for
example, an additional slip layer on the inner surface of the pouch 100 on the
second side 200b of the grouping 200, on the inner surface of the pouch 100 on the
first side 200a of the grouping 200, within the grouping 200 between the spike
resistant textile layers 210, and between the first grouping and second grouping of
spike resistant textile layers.
In one embodiment shown in Figure 4, there is shown an alternative
embodiment where the slip layer 300 is incorporated into the pouch 100. In one
embodiment, the slip layer 300 and the pouch 100 are co-extruded together. In
another embodiment, the slip layer is coated, adhered, laminated, or otherwise
attached to an already formed pouch 100. In one preferred embodiment, the pouch
is formed from a woven fabric and the slip layer is coated onto the fabric. Thus, in
this embodiment, the slip layer 300 forms inner surface 100a of the pouch 300. In
another embodiment, the package does not contain a slip layer 300 between the
second side of the first grouping and the inner surface of the pouch. The low friction
inner surface of the pouch may be achieved through the selection of yarns, coatings
or treatments to yarns, agents that bloom to the surface during manufacture of
yarns or films, or coatings or treatments to the inner surface of the pouch.
[0042] In one embodiment, the spike resistant package 10 is flexible, where
flexible is defined to be able to be bent to a radius of one foot or less without
effecting performance. The spike resistant package 10 of the invention is
particularly well suited for use in personal protection devices, such as personal body
armor. For example, as depicted in Figure 5, the spike resistant package 10 can be
incorporated into an article 12 (in this figure a vest) in order to provide the wearer
protection against spike threats.
In one embodiment, the package 10 is incorporated into an article to
protect the user from spike threats. Some articles include shirts, jackets, pants,
vests, shoes, helmets, and hats. In one embodiment, the article contains a slot or
pocket that the package 10 can be placed in and out of. Preferably, the package 10
is easily removable from the article for laundering.
In another embodiment, the package 10 may also contain layers
directed towards knife and/or ballistics resistance. The makeup of these additional
layers would be chosen by the desired package properties as well as the location of
these layers within the package 10. The additional layers may add additional spike,
knife, and/or ballistic resistance or other desired properties. Examples of suitable
known puncture resistant materials or components include, but are not limited to,
mail (e.g., chain mail), metal plating, ceramic plating, layers of textile materials
made from high tenacity yarns which layers have been impregnated or laminated
with an adhesive or resin, or textile materials made from low denier high tenacity
yarns in a tight woven form such as DuPont KEVLAR CORRECTIONAL available
from DuPont.
Commercially-available, flexible ballistic resistant panels such as
those described above include, but are not limited to, the SPECTRA SHIELD® high-
performance ballistic materials sold by Honeywell International Inc. Such ballistic
resistant laminates are believed to be more fully described in U.S. Patent Nos.
4,916,000 (Li et al.); 5,437,905 (Park); 5,443,882 (Park); 5,443,883 (Park); and
,547,536 (Park), each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Other
commercially available high performance flexible ballistic resistant materials include
DYNEEMA UD available from DSM Dymeema, and GOLDFLEX available from
Honeywell International Inc. These high performance flexible ballistic materials may
be used together with the spike resistant package 10 to enhance overall ballistic
performance.
The process to form the spike resistant textile layers 210 where the
spike resistant textile layers 210 comprising a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers
having a tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier, wherein at least one of the
surfaces of the spike resistant textile layer comprises about 10 wt. % or less, based
on the total weight of the textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles
having a diameter of about 20 µm or less comprises the steps of
(a) providing a first textile layer,
(b) contacting at least one of the lower surface of the first textile layer with a
coating composition comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20
µm or less, and
(c) drying the textile layer treated in step (b) to produce a coating on the
lower surface of the first textile layer or the upper surface of the second textile layer.
[0047] The surface(s) of the textile layers can be contacted with the coating
composition in any suitable manner. The textile layers can be contacted with the
coating composition using conventional padding, spraying (wet or dry), foaming,
printing, coating, and exhaustion techniques. For example, the textile layers can be
contacted with the coating composition using a padding technique in which the
textile layer is immersed in the coating composition and then passed through a pair
of nip rollers to remove any excess liquid. In such an embodiment, the nip rollers
can be set at any suitable pressure, for example, at a pressure of about 280 kPa (40
psi). Alternatively, the surface of the textile layer to be coated can be first coated
with a suitable adhesive, and then the particles can be applied to the adhesive.
The coated textile layers can be dried using any suitable technique at
any suitable temperature. For example, the textile layers can be dried on a
conventional tenter frame or range at a temperature of about 160 °C (320 °F) for
approximately five minutes. The formed spike resistant textile layer comprises
about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the textile layer, of a coating
comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20 µm or less may be
found in US Patent Publication 2007/0105471 (Wang et al.), incorporated herein by
reference.
The layers 210 can be disposed adjacent to each other and held in
place relative to each other by a suitable enclosure, such as a pocket or can be
attached to each other by any known fastening means. In certain possibly preferred
embodiments the layers 110 and 210 can also be sewn together in a desired
pattern, for example, around the corners or along the perimeter of the stacked
textile layers in order to secure the layers in the proper or desired arrangement.
Additionally, the layers 210 and 110 may be adhered together using a patterned
adhesive or other fastening means such as rivets, bolts, wires, tape, or clamps. In
one embodiment, the layers are loose (not attached to each other using any
adhesive or mechanical means are placed together within the pouch.
EXAMPLES
Various embodiments of the invention are shown by way of the
Examples below, but the scope of the invention is not limited by the specific
Examples provided herein.
TEST METHODS
Spike Resistance Test Method
Spike stab resistance was tested according to NIJ Standard 0115.00
(2000), entitled “Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor”. The stab energy of the
drop mass was set at 65 J (Protection Level 3 at “E2” strike energy). “Passing” is
defined to be a penetration of less than 20mm. The NIJ engineered spikes were
used as the threat weapon purchased from Precision Machine Works.
POUCH MATERIAL
[0052] The nylon pouch of the package was a back-coated, water resistant
nylon bag sealed on three sides. With the different fabric compositions, areal
densities, thicknesses, and backing coating compositions listed in Table 1.
Areal
Yarn Thickness
Pouch Weave Back Coating Density
Denier (mm)
(g/m2)
Nylon Pouch I 70d ripstop polyurethane 130 0.15
Nylon Pouch II 200d plain polyurethane 200 0.23
Nylon Pouch III 70d ripstop acrylic 75 0.11
Nylon Pouch IV 500d plain acrylic 241 0.37
Table 1 – Pouch composition
TEXTILE LAYER MATERIALS
“A” Layer
[0053] A KEVLAR fabric JPS STYLE 767 available from JPS Composite
Materials located in Anderson, South Carolina, was obtained. The Kevlar fabric was
comprised of KEVLAR KM2+ 600 denier warp and fill yarns woven together in a
plain weave construction with 28 ends/inch and 28 picks/inch. The fabric layer
weighed 150 gsm after scouring to remove any yarn finishes present. A spike
resistant layer was prepared by coating the KEVLAR fabric in an aqueous bath
comprising:
a) approximately 20% CAB-O-SPERSE PG003 , a fumed alumina dispersion
(40% solids) with 150 nm particle size available from Cabot Corporation, and
b) 2% MILLITEX RESIN MRX , a blocked isocyanate based cross-linking agent
(35-45% by wt. solids) available from Milliken Chemical.
[0054] The solution was applied using a padding process (dip and squeeze at
a roll pressure of 40 psi). The fabric was then dried at 320°F. The dry weight add-
on of the chemical on the fabric was approximately 2%. The coated fabric layer will
be designated as the “A” layer in the following examples.
“B” Layer
A KEVLAR fabric JPS STYLE 312 available from JPS Composite
Materials located in Anderson, South Carolina, was obtained. The Kevlar fabric was
comprised of KEVLAR KM2+ 400 denier warp and fill yarns woven together in a
plain weave construction with 36 ends/inch and 36 picks/inch. The fabric layer
weighed 120 gsm after scouring to remove any yarn finishes present. A spike
resistant layer was prepared by coating the KEVLAR fabric in an aqueous bath
comprising:
a) approximately 20% CAB-O-SPERSE PG003 , a fumed alumina dispersion
(40% solids) with 150 nm particle size available from Cabot Corporation, and
b) 2% MILLITEX RESIN MRX , a blocked isocyanate based cross-linking agent
(35-45% by wt. solids) available from Milliken Chemical.
The solution was applied using a padding process (dip and squeeze at
a roll pressure of 40 psi). The fabric was then dried at 320°F. The dry weight add-
on of the chemical on the fabric was approximately 3%. The coated fabric layer will
be designated as the “B” layer in the following examples.
“C” Layer
A KEVLAR fabric JPS STYLE 312 available from JPS Composite
Materials located in Anderson, South Carolina, was obtained. The Kevlar fabric was
comprised of KEVLAR KM2+ 400 denier warp and fill yarns woven together in a
plain weave construction with 36 ends/inch and 36 picks/inch. The fabric layer
weighed 120 gsm after scouring to remove any yarn finishes present. The fabric
layer will be designated as the “C” layer in the following examples.
SLIP LAYER MATERIALS
Polyethylene Film
[0058] A blown film of black low density polyethylene (“PE”) film was obtained
at 25 micrometer thickness with an areal density of 24 grams per square meter
(gsm).
Polypropylene Film
[0059] A polypropylene film (“PP”) was made at 50 micrometer thickness as a
blown film from PROFAX SR257m resin available from Lyondell Basell based in
Houston, Texas. The film had an areal density of 47 gsm
EXAMPLES
For each of the examples, the summary for the orientation of the
Examples are shown in Table 1. The pouch compositions for the Examples are
shown in Table 2. The assembly was tested for spike stab resistance. The results
of the spike testing are shown in Table 3.
Example 1
Example 1 was formed from arranging the following layers in order: 6
“B” layers and 9 “A” layers with the grouping of “B” layers oriented as the strike face
surface. The layers were encased in the nylon pouch I to form the package. The
example had an areal density of 2.12 kg/m excluding the pouch weight.
Example 2
Example 2 was formed from arranging the following layers in order: 6
“B” layers and 9 “A” layers with the grouping of “B” layers oriented as the strike face
surface. The layers were tested without the use of a nylon pouch. The example
had an areal density of 2.12 kg/m .
Example 3
Example 3 was formed from arranging the following layers in order: 6
“B” layers and 9 “A” layers with the grouping of “B” layers oriented as the strike face
surface. The layers were encased in the nylon pouch with the PE film (slip layer)
placed between the “A” layers and the nylon pouch I. The example had an areal
density of 2.12 kg/m excluding the pouch weight.
Example 4
Example 4 was formed from 12 “A” layers. The layers were encased
in the nylon pouch I. The example had an areal density of 1.82 kg/m excluding the
pouch weight.
Example 5
Example 5 was formed from 12 “A” layers. The layers were encased
in nylon pouch II for testing. The example had an areal density of 1.82 kg/m
excluding the pouch weight.
Example 6
Example 6 was formed from 12 “A” layers. The layers were encased
in nylon pouch III for testing. The example had an areal density of 1.82 kg/m
excluding the pouch weight.
Example 7
Example 7 was formed from 12 “A” layers. The layers were encased
in nylon pouch I for testing with the PP film placed opposite the strikeface between
the “A” layers and the pouch. The example had an areal density of 1.87 kg/m
excluding the pouch weight.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Table 2 shows the static COF between various layers and materials
within the package. Table 3 shows the testing results of the examples.
Static Dynamic
Sled Ramp
COF COF
A layer Pouch I 0.64 0.62
A layer Pouch IV 0.64 0.50
B layer B layer 0.44 0.32
A layer A layer 0.42 0.32
A layer B layer 0.41 0.30
A layer PE Film 0.38 0.32
A layer Pouch III 0.37 0.30
C layer C layer 0.35 0.25
A layer PP Film 0.31 0.28
A layer Pouch II 0.27 0.25
Table 2: Coefficient of Friction Results – ASTM D1894
Example Pouch Slip Layer # drops
passing
1 I none 0 2
2 none none 100 3
3 I PE 100 5
4 I none 50 6
II none 100 3
6 III none 100 3
7 I PP 100 4
Table 3: Results from NIJ 0115.00 Spike level 3, energy level 2 for Examples
Examples 3 and 7 embody the invention wherein the panel contains
at least one slip layer. Examples 1 and 4 - 6 represent common practice in stab
vests wherein the stab resistant layers are encased directly in a water resistant
pouch.
As one can see from comparing Examples 1 and 3, having the lower
COF by incorporating the slip plane greatly improves the passing results against NIJ
0115.00 spike Level 3 E2. The same results can be seen by comparing Examples 4
and 7 using a different slip layer. Additionally, Example 2 shows that by removing
the pouch altogether, spike resistance is improved. As described earlier, the pouch
serves to protect the spike layers but when it restricts the movement of the layers in
response to a stab threat, the pouch can reduce the ability of the spike layers to
resist penetration. The slip layer allows the spike layers move in response to the
threat even when the layers are encased in a pouch.
Examples 5 and 6 show that replacing a high COF pouch with a much
lower COF pouch creates a similar effect by reducing slip resistance and improving
spike resistance.
All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents,
cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each
reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by
reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the
context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims)
are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise
indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,”
“having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms
(i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of
ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of
referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless
otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the
specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein
can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or
otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or
exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better
illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention
unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as
indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
[0074] Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein,
including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention.
Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of
ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect
skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend
for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject
matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law.
Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible
variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated
herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
Claims (19)
1. A spike resistant package comprising: 5 a pouch, wherein the pouch having an inner surface and an outer surface; a first grouping of spike resistant textile layers, wherein the grouping has a first side, a second side, and comprises plurality of spike resistant textile layers, wherein each spike resistant textile layer comprises a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a tenacity of about 14 or more grams per denier; and, 10 a slip layer, wherein the slip layer has a thickness of less than about 0.1 mm, a stiffness of less than about 0.01 N-m, and a static coefficient of friction (COF) between the slip layer and the second side of the first grouping of less than about 0.40, wherein the slip layer is located on the second side of the grouping of spike resistant textile layers, wherein the pouch essentially fully encapsulates the 15 grouping of spike resistant textile layers and the slip layer, and wherein the slip layer and the inner surface of the pouch are in direct and intimate contact.
2. The spike resistant package of claim 1, wherein the static COF between the slip layer and the inner surface of the pouch is less than about 0.40.
3. The spike resistant package of claim 1, wherein the grouping of spike resistant textile layers comprises at least 4 spike resistant textile layers.
4. The spike resistant package of claim 1, wherein the spike resistant textile layers 25 are woven textile layers comprising a plurality of warp yarns and weft yarns, wherein spike resistant textile layers of the first grouping having a weave density of between about 20 and 45 warp yarns per inch and between about 20 and 45 weft yarns per inch. 30
5. The spike resistant package of claim 1, further comprising additional slip layers.
6. An article of clothing for protection from spikes comprising an article of clothing and the package of claim 1, wherein the package is oriented such that the second side of the first grouping of spike resistant textile layers faces the wearer of the article of clothing.
7. A spike resistant package comprising: 5 a pouch, wherein the pouch having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the inner surface of the pouch has a static coefficient of friction (COF) between the inner surface of the pouch and the second side of the first grouping of less than about 0.40; a first grouping of spike resistant woven textile layers, wherein the grouping 10 has a first side, a second side, and comprises at least four of spike resistant woven textile layers, wherein each spike resistant woven textile layer comprises a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier, wherein at least a portion of the spike resistant woven textile layers comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the spike resistant woven textile layer, 15 of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20 µm or less on at least one of the surfaces of the spike resistant woven textile layer, wherein spike resistant woven textile layers of the first grouping having a weave density of between about 20 and 45 warp yarns per inch and between about 20 and 45 weft yarns per inch.
8. The spike resistant package of claim 7, wherein the pouch comprises a pouch textile.
9. The spike resistant package of claim 7, wherein the particles are selected from 25 the group consisting of silica, alumina, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, and combinations thereof.
10. The spike resistant package of claim 7, wherein the particles have a diameter of about 300 nm or less.
11. The spike resistant package of claim 7, wherein the yarns or fibers of the spike resistant woven textile layers comprise fibers selected from the group consisting of gel-spun ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers, melt-spun polyethylene fibers, melt-spun nylon fibers, melt-spun polyester fibers, sintered polyethylene fibers, aramid fibers, PBO fibers, PBZT fibers, PIPD fibers, poly(6-hydroxynapthoic acid-cohydroxybenzoic acid) fibers, carbon fibers, and 5 combinations thereof.
12. An article of clothing for protection from spikes comprising an article of clothing and the package of claim 7, wherein the package is oriented such that the second side of the first grouping of spike resistant woven textile layers faces the wearer of 10 the article of clothing.
13. A spike resistant package according to claim 7, wherein the four spike resistant woven textile layers are four first spike resistant woven textile layers and wherein the spike resistant 15 package comprises: a second grouping of spike resistant woven textile layers, wherein the grouping has a first side, a second side, and comprises at least four second spike resistant woven textile layers, wherein each second spike resistant woven textile layer comprises a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a tenacity of about 5 20 or more grams per denier, wherein at least a portion of the second spike resistant woven textile layers comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the second spike resistant woven textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20 µm or less on at least one of the surfaces of the second spike resistant woven textile layer, wherein spike resistant woven textile 25 layers of the second grouping having a weave density of between about 15 and 35 warp yarns per inch and between about 15 and 35 weft yarns per inch.
14. A spike resistant package comprising: a pouch having an inner surface and an outer surface; 30 a first grouping of spike resistant textile layers, wherein the grouping has a first side, a second side, and comprises plurality of spike resistant textile layers, wherein each of the spike resistant textile layers comprise a plurality of interwoven yarns or fibers having a tenacity of about 5 or more grams per denier, wherein at least a portion of the spike resistant textile layers comprise about 10 wt. % or less, based on the total weight of the spike resistant textile layer, of a coating comprising a plurality of particles having a diameter of about 20 µm or less on at least one of 5 the surfaces of the spike resistant textile layer; and, a slip layer, wherein the slip layer has a thickness of less than about 0.1 mm, a stiffness of less than about 0.01 N-m, and a static coefficient of friction (COF) between the slip layer and the second side of the first grouping of less than about 0.40, wherein the slip layer is located on the second side of the grouping of spike 10 resistant textile layers, wherein the pouch essentially fully encapsulates the grouping of spike resistant textile layers and the slip layer, and wherein the slip layer and the inner surface of the pouch are in direct and intimate contact.
15. The spike resistant package of claim 14, wherein the pouch comprises a pouch 15 textile.
16. The spike resistant package of claim 15, wherein the package further comprises a second grouping of spike resistant textile layers within the pouch, wherein the second grouping is located on the first side of the first grouping, and 20 wherein the spike resistant textile layers of the second grouping are woven textile layers.
17. The spike resistant package of claim 16, wherein the woven textile layers of the second grouping have a tighter weave than the woven textile layers of the first 25 grouping.
18. The spike resistant package of claim 14, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride, and combinations thereof.
19. An article of clothing for protection from spikes comprising an article of clothing and the package of claim 14, wherein the package is oriented such that the second side of the first grouping of spike resistant textile layers faces the wearer of the article of clothing.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ESP201430342 | 2014-03-13 | ||
ES201430342A ES2478190B2 (en) | 2014-03-13 | 2014-03-13 | Application of ultrasound in winemaking processes |
NZ724287A NZ724287A (en) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-02-25 | Application of ultrasound in vinification processes |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ761168A NZ761168A (en) | 2021-10-29 |
NZ761252B2 true NZ761252B2 (en) | 2022-02-01 |
Family
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