NZ758447B2 - Emergency lighting system - Google Patents
Emergency lighting systemInfo
- Publication number
- NZ758447B2 NZ758447B2 NZ758244A NZ75824418A NZ758447B2 NZ 758447 B2 NZ758447 B2 NZ 758447B2 NZ 758244 A NZ758244 A NZ 758244A NZ 75824418 A NZ75824418 A NZ 75824418A NZ 758447 B2 NZ758447 B2 NZ 758447B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- film
- mil
- ball
- ethylene
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 254
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 253
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 213
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 205
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 92
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 82
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 79
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000011528 polyamide (building material) Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 73
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 71
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229920000034 Plastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004708 Very-low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001866 very low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004713 Cyclic olefin copolymer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001862 ultra low molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dioxabicyclo[6.2.2]dodeca-1(10),8,11-triene-2,7-dione Chemical compound O=C1OCCOC(=O)C2=CC=C1C=C2 MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 59
- 238000009428 plumbing Methods 0.000 abstract 8
- 102100014007 MPZL2 Human genes 0.000 description 119
- 101700069183 MPZL2 Proteins 0.000 description 119
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 110
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 104
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 104
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 94
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 46
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 46
- 108060002703 eva-1 Proteins 0.000 description 41
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 26
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 description 16
- JTXMVXSTHSMVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetyloxyethyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCCOC(C)=O JTXMVXSTHSMVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 14
- HPFXACZRFJDURI-KTKRTIGZSA-N N-oleoylglycine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)NCC(O)=O HPFXACZRFJDURI-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000001938 differential scanning calorimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 210000003284 Horns Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000001070 adhesive Effects 0.000 description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 8
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 7
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N (E)-but-2-enedioate;hydron Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000305 Nylon 6,10 Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCN1 JBKVHLHDHHXQEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001634 Copolyester Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000571 Nylon 11 Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000001990 dicarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001935 styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- LCJRHAPPMIUHLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-$l^{1}-azanylhexan-1-one Chemical compound [CH]CCCCC([N])=O LCJRHAPPMIUHLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GVNWZKBFMFUVNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adipamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCC(N)=O GVNWZKBFMFUVNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000181 Ethylene propylene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 102100017978 MNT Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 101700073680 MNT Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene (PE) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- FJXWKBZRTWEWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCCCCC(N)=O FJXWKBZRTWEWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZNAMMSOYKPMPGC-HTOAHKCRSA-N (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(2-phenylethylsulfanyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1SCCC1=CC=CC=C1 ZNAMMSOYKPMPGC-HTOAHKCRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LGXVIGDEPROXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=C LGXVIGDEPROXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Butanediol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GUOSQNAUYHMCRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-Aminoundecanoic acid Chemical compound NCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GUOSQNAUYHMCRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CHTHALBTIRVDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)O1 CHTHALBTIRVDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Azelaic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000004418 Durio kutejensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000001956 EPC Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 101700075046 EVA4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000004716 Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002456 HOTAIR Polymers 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004977 Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 2
- RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LOCYSVHOSYQGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-hexyl-6-$l^{1}-azanyl-6-oxohexanamide Chemical compound [CH]CCCCCNC(=O)CCCCC([N])=O LOCYSVHOSYQGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000503 Na-aluminosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920003189 Nylon 4,6 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000572 Nylon 6/12 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000393 Nylon 6/6T Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003851 corona treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004980 dosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000578 graft polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920005644 polyethylene terephthalate glycol copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002954 polymerization reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002215 polytrimethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000429 sodium aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012217 sodium aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propanediol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYZRGMOLITUAPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-diethylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C(O)=O)=C(CC)C(CC)=CC2=C1 IYZRGMOLITUAPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBBDPYXZGDGBSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(O)=O)=C(C)C(C)=CC2=C1 RBBDPYXZGDGBSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYRZSXJVEILFRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylterephthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(C)C(C(O)=O)=CC=C1C(O)=O RYRZSXJVEILFRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VQENMVNDKOIXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C)=CC=C21 VQENMVNDKOIXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWEATXLWFWACOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C)C=CC2=CC(C)=CC=C21 IWEATXLWFWACOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMJSNMZMCWJZJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-diethylphthalic acid Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1CC DMJSNMZMCWJZJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDAMTPCXBPNEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethylphthalic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1C SDAMTPCXBPNEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HAYIPGIFANTODX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,6-dimethylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O HAYIPGIFANTODX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003855 Adhesive Lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940038553 Attane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NKLQILGKAICSCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C)C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O)CC Chemical compound C(C)C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O)CC NKLQILGKAICSCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate dianion Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N Citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N Crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101700028615 EVA3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000219 Ethylene vinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexamethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Itaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940117841 Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940117969 NEOPENTYL GLYCOL Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001007 Nylon 4 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000002381 Plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920001083 Polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 Polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010020147 Protein Corona Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000000614 Ribs Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 101700079548 SAD2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UEYROBDNFIWNST-UHFFFAOYSA-N Stearoylglycine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCC(O)=O UEYROBDNFIWNST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010042297 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920003182 Surlyn® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YIMQCDZDWXUDCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]methanol Chemical compound OCC1CCC(CO)CC1 YIMQCDZDWXUDCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003522 acrylic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000032 aromatic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004984 aromatic diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005250 beta ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920005565 cyclic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FTZSDHHWPWGCDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(N)=O FTZSDHHWPWGCDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)C=C QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004715 ethylene vinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005043 ethylene-methyl acrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010096 film blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- QMYWABFEOZMOIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCCC(N)=O QMYWABFEOZMOIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory Effects 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001179 medium density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004701 medium-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003145 methacrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HRRDCWDFRIJIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 HRRDCWDFRIJIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFVUAUVSFDFOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CCCCCCC(N)=O NFVUAUVSFDFOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000052 poly(p-xylylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001281 polyalkylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005638 polyethylene monopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000306 polymethylpentene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011116 polymethylpentene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005373 siloxane group Chemical group [SiH2](O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
- H05B47/175—Controlling the light source by remote control
- H05B47/19—Controlling the light source by remote control via wireless transmission
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
- H05B47/20—Responsive to malfunctions or to light source life; for protection
- H05B47/21—Responsive to malfunctions or to light source life; for protection of two or more light sources connected in parallel
- H05B47/22—Responsive to malfunctions or to light source life; for protection of two or more light sources connected in parallel with communication between the lamps and a central unit
Abstract
The present invention relates to the field of fluid control systems that include a flowmeter having a ball valve. Conventional fluid control systems are usually associated with size constraints of the valves and flowmeters, unacceptable flowmeter accuracy, and pressure drops that affect accurate fluid flow metering. Further, conventional flow meters having ball valves are usually large in size making then difficult to install, maintain and replace. The presently claimed invention relates to an ultrasonic flow meter with an integrated ball valve and its use in a fluid flow control system. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic flow meter comprises an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve, comprising: a meter housing having inlet and outlet openings and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; a spindle received in the meter housing and connected to the ball such that rotation of the spindle causes rotation of the ball, and a temperature sensor positioned in the spindle and configured to measure the fluid temperature; an actuator supported by said meter housing and connected to said spindle for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing downstream of said ball; first and second acoustic reflectors positioned within the meter housing; a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers and to the temperature sensor; and wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers and first and second acoustic reflectors are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross·sectional area of the orifice. In another embodiment, the ultrasonic flow meter comprises an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve, comprising: a meter housing comprising a body and an end adapter connected together and configured to form an inlet opening and an outlet opening and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; an actuator supported by said meter housing and operatively connected to said ball for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said housing downstream of said ball; a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers; and wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross-sectional area of the orifice, wherein said body and end adapter each include gauged threads for assembling the end adapter onto the body and wherein said gauged threads are configured such that a specific number of turns ensures alignment, and alignment markers on the body and end adapter that when aligned indicate the first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned. The presently claimed invention also relates to a fluid control system for a premises including a fluid system and a plurality of plumbing fixtures, appliances and gas devices connected into the fluid system. The fluid flow control system comprises a fluid flow control system for a premises, said premises including a fluid system and a plurality of plumbing fixtures, appliances and gas devices connected into the fluid system; an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve connected into the fluid system, said ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve comprising: a meter housing comprising a valve body and end adapter connected together and configured to form an inlet opening and outlet openings and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; an actuator supported by said meter housing and connected to said ball for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing downstream of said ball; and a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers, wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross-sectional area of the orifice, wherein said body and end adapter each include gauged threads for assembling the end adapter onto the body, wherein said gauged threads are configured such that a specific number of turns ensures alignment, and alignment marks on the body and end adapter that when aligned indicate the first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned, said controller comprising a memory having a fluid usage signature configured for each plumbing fixture, appliance and gas device in the premises and configured to measure the consumption of fluid inside the premises, and a graphical user interface connected to said controller for displaying status and inputting data of the fluid system and specific signatures of said plumbing fixtures, appliances, and gas devices. id flow metering. Further, conventional flow meters having ball valves are usually large in size making then difficult to install, maintain and replace. The presently claimed invention relates to an ultrasonic flow meter with an integrated ball valve and its use in a fluid flow control system. In one embodiment, the ultrasonic flow meter comprises an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve, comprising: a meter housing having inlet and outlet openings and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; a spindle received in the meter housing and connected to the ball such that rotation of the spindle causes rotation of the ball, and a temperature sensor positioned in the spindle and configured to measure the fluid temperature; an actuator supported by said meter housing and connected to said spindle for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing downstream of said ball; first and second acoustic reflectors positioned within the meter housing; a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers and to the temperature sensor; and wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers and first and second acoustic reflectors are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross·sectional area of the orifice. In another embodiment, the ultrasonic flow meter comprises an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve, comprising: a meter housing comprising a body and an end adapter connected together and configured to form an inlet opening and an outlet opening and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; an actuator supported by said meter housing and operatively connected to said ball for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said housing downstream of said ball; a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers; and wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross-sectional area of the orifice, wherein said body and end adapter each include gauged threads for assembling the end adapter onto the body and wherein said gauged threads are configured such that a specific number of turns ensures alignment, and alignment markers on the body and end adapter that when aligned indicate the first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned. The presently claimed invention also relates to a fluid control system for a premises including a fluid system and a plurality of plumbing fixtures, appliances and gas devices connected into the fluid system. The fluid flow control system comprises a fluid flow control system for a premises, said premises including a fluid system and a plurality of plumbing fixtures, appliances and gas devices connected into the fluid system; an ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve connected into the fluid system, said ultrasonic flow meter with integrated ball valve comprising: a meter housing comprising a valve body and end adapter connected together and configured to form an inlet opening and outlet openings and a valve chamber; a ball contained within the valve chamber, said ball having an orifice; an actuator supported by said meter housing and connected to said ball for turning the ball within said meter housing between an open position allowing fluid flow through the orifice and a closed position preventing fluid flow; a first ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing upstream of said ball; a second ultrasonic transducer positioned in said meter housing downstream of said ball; and a controller connected to said first and second ultrasonic transducers, wherein said first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned to transmit and reflect ultrasonic signals in at least one direction through the orifice of the ball when the ball is in an open position and said controller is configured to determine the fluid velocity based on measured speed of sound and calculate the volume of fluid passing through the orifice based on at least the measured fluid velocity and cross-sectional area of the orifice, wherein said body and end adapter each include gauged threads for assembling the end adapter onto the body, wherein said gauged threads are configured such that a specific number of turns ensures alignment, and alignment marks on the body and end adapter that when aligned indicate the first and second ultrasonic transducers are aligned, said controller comprising a memory having a fluid usage signature configured for each plumbing fixture, appliance and gas device in the premises and configured to measure the consumption of fluid inside the premises, and a graphical user interface connected to said controller for displaying status and inputting data of the fluid system and specific signatures of said plumbing fixtures, appliances, and gas devices.
Description
High-Shrink, High-Strength Multilayer Film
Background
The present invention pertains to heat-shrinkable films having a high degree of heat
shrinkability and a high strength per unit of thickness.
Heat-shrinkable packaging articles have been used for the packaging of a variety of
products. Food, particularly meat, has been vacuum packaged in such packaging articles. These
heat-shrinkable packaging articles have become tougher and easier to seal, with improved
oxygen and moisture barrier properties, with higher total free shrink at lower temperatures.
[0003] Recently bags made from a heat-shrinkable film having an inside polyolefin-based
heat seal layer in combination with an outside polyester layer, an internal oxygen-barrier layer
comprising polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and one or more internal layers comprising
polyamide. The outside polyester layer provides clarity, high gloss, and high tensile strength.
The internal polyamide layer(s) provide the film with a high level of toughness and strength.
However, polyamide is expensive relative to polyolefin. Moreover, the inclusion of enough
polyamide to provide the film with enhanced strength and abuse resistance has also been found
to cause the film to exhibit dimensional instability due to the hydroscopic nature of polyamides,
i.e., water absorbed by the polyamide plasticizes the polyamide, causing the film to undergo
shrinkage before the film was used for packaging.
Summary
It has been discovered that the combination of high shrink and high film strength per
unit thickness can be obtained in a film having a PVDC layer but little or no polyamide therein.
The combination of high shrink and high strength is achieved by providing the film as a first
portion having a crosslinked polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation,
and a second portion which has been oriented in the solid state but which does not comprise the
crosslinked polymer network.
A first aspect is directed to a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first film
portion laminated to a second film portion. The first film portion comprises a first layer which is
a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer, and the first film portion comprising a cross-
linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation. The second film
portion comprises (i) a second layer which is a second outer layer and which comprises
polyester, and (ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene
chloride. The third layer is between the first layer and the second layer. The third layer has no
crosslinked-polymer network. The second film portion has a polymer network which has been
strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion does not contain a crosslinked
polymer network. The film comprises 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than
wt %, on a total film weight basis. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink
at 85°C of at least 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732. In an embodiment, the
multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has (i) an instrumented impact energy-to-break of at least 0.65
J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, and/or (ii) and an instrumented impact peak
load strength of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, and/or (iii)
a packaging article made by sealing the film to itself exhibits a Truburst strength of at least 8 psi.
[0006] In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt
% based on total film weight, the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up
from 2 to 20 wt % based on total film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer. The ethylene-based polymer making up from 30 to 80 wt %, based on total film
weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 10 to 55 wt %, based on total film
weight.
In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 10 wt
% based on total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes
up from 5 to 15 wt % based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer. The ethylene-based polymer makes up from 40 to 70 wt %, based on total film
weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester makes up from 25 to 45 wt %, based on total film
weight.
In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 4 to 8 wt %
based on total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up
from 5 to 15 wt % based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer. The ethylene-based polymer makes up from 45 to 65 wt %, based on total film
weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester makes up from 30 to 40 wt %, based on total film
weight. The film does not comprise polyamide.
In an embodiment, the first film portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having
a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The ethylene-based
polymer makes up from 60 to 95 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion, and the
ethylene/unsaturated ester makes up from 5 to 40 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
In an embodiment, the first film portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having
a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The ethylene-based
polymer makes up from 70 to 95 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion, and the
ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5 to 30 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
In an embodiment, the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, wherein
the first film portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C
and an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The ethylene-based polymer makes up from 80 to
90 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion. The ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer
makes up from 10 to 20 wt %, based on weight of first film portion. The film does not comprise
polyamide.
In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt
% based on total film weight, the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up
from 2 to 20 wt % based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C. The ethylene-based polymer making up from 30 to
80 wt %, based on total film weight, and from 60 to 95 wt % based on weight of the first film
portion. The film further comprises at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The
ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 10 to 55 wt %, based on total film weight. The
ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5 to 40 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 10 wt
%, based on total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes
up from 5 to 15 wt %, based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C. The ethylene-based polymer makes up from 40 to
70 wt %, based on total film weight, and from 70 to 95 wt % based on weight of the first film
portion. The film further comprises at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the
ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 25 to 45 wt %, based on total film weight. The
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer makes up from 5 to 30 wt %, based on weight of first film
portion.
[0014] In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 4 to 8 wt %,
based on total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up
from 5 to 15 wt % based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based
polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C. The ethylene-based polymer makes up from 45 to
65 wt %, based on total film weight, and from 80 to 90 wt %, based on weight of the first film
portion. The film further comprises an ethylene/unsaturated ester which makes up from 30 to 40
wt %, based on total film weight. The ethylene/unsaturated ester makes up from 10 to 20 wt %,
based on weight of first film portion.
In an embodiment, the polyester in the second outer layer makes up 6 wt %, based on
total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up 10 wt %,
based on total film weight. The film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak
melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The ethylene-based
polymer makes up 50 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer makes up 34 wt %, based on total film weight. The film does not comprise
polyamide.
[0016] In an embodiment, the ethylene-based polymer is present in the first film portion in
an amount of 85 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated
ester copolymer is present in the first film portion in an amount of 15 wt %, based on weight of
first film portion.
In an embodiment, the first film portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having
a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer. The ethylene-based
polymer makes up 85 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion, and the
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer makes up 15 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
The film does not comprise polyamide.
In an embodiment, the heat seal layer comprises a blend of a homogeneous
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer and a heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
In an embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in
the heat seal layer in an amount of from 60 to 95 wt %, based on layer weight, and the
heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 5 to 40 wt %, based on layer weight.
In an embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in
the heat seal layer in an amount of from 70 to 90 wt %, based on layer weight, and the
heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 10 to 30 wt %, based on layer weight.
In an embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in
the heat seal layer in an amount of from 75 to 85 wt %, based on layer weight, and the
heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 15 to 25 wt %, based on layer weight.
[0022] In an embodiment, the homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in
the heat seal layer in an amount of 80 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of 20 wt %, based
on layer weight.
In an embodiment, the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin comprises at least one
member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene and very low
density polyethylene.
In an embodiment, the film further comprises a core layer in the first film portion, the
core layer being between the heat seal layer and the oxygen barrier layer, the core layer
comprising a blend of ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer and at least one member selected
from the group consisting of very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and
homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer having a peak melting point of at least 95°C.
In an embodiment, the heat-shrinkable film further comprises: (i) a first tie layer
between the oxygen barrier layer and the heat seal layer, the first tie layer comprising at least one
member selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an
ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer; (ii) a second tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the
second outer layer comprising polyester, the second tie layer comprising at least one member
selected from the group consisting of anhydride-functional polyolefin, anhydride-functional
ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer
(particularly anhydride-functional ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer and/or anhydride-functional
ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer), cyclic olefin copolymer (particularly ethylene/norbornene
copolymer and/or ethylene/tetracyclododecene copolymer), acrylate-based polymer ( particularly
ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, and/or ethylene/butyl
acrylate copolymer), polyurethane, styrene-based polymer (particularly styrene/maleic anhydride
copolymer, anhydride-functional styrene-butadiene block copolymer, anhydride-functional
styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer, anhydride-functional styrene-butadiene-styrene
copolymer, anhydride functional styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, anhydride-functional
styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, anhydride-functional grafted styrene-(ethylene-
propylene rubber)-styrene, and/or polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene)-polystyrene copolymer).
In an embodiment, the heat-shrinkable film further comprises: (i) a first tie layer
between the oxygen barrier layer and the core layer, with the first tie layer comprising at least
one member selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an
ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, and (ii) a second tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and
the second outer layer comprising polyester, the second tie layer comprising at least one member
selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester
copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
In an embodiment, the heat-shrinkable film further comprises a third tie layer
between the second tie layer and the second outer layer comprising polyester. The third tie layer
comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of anhydride-functional
polyolefin, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer, anhydride-functional
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer (particularly anhydride-functional ethylene/vinyl acetate
copolymer, and/or anhydride-functional ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer), cyclic olefin
copolymer (particularly ethylene/norbornene copolymer and/or ethylene/tetracyclododecene
copolymer), acrylate-based polymer (particularly ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer,
ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, and/or ethylene/butyl acrylate copolymer), polyurethane,
styrene-based polymer (particularly styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, anhydride-functional
styrene-butadiene block copolymer, anhydride-functional styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene
copolymer, anhydride-functional styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, anhydride functional
styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, anhydride-functional styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene
copolymer, and anhydride-functional grafted styrene-(ethylene-propylene rubber)-styrene, and/or
polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene)-polystyrene copolymer.)
In an embodiment, the crosslinked polymer network is present in the heat seal layer
and the core layer, but the crosslinked polymer network is not present in the barrier layer, the
second outer layer, and the first and second tie layers.
In an embodiment, the multilayer film further comprises a plastomer having a peak
melting point ≤ 90°C and a melt index of ≤ 1.1 g/10min.
In an embodiment, the plastomer has a peak melting point ≤ 88°C, or a peak melting
point ≤ 85°C, or a peak melting point ≤ 82°C, or a peak melting point ≤ 80°C, or a peak
melting point of from 45°C to 90°C, or a peak melting point of from 50°C to 85°C, a peak
melting point of from 55°C to 85°C, or a peak melting point of from 45°C to 80°C.
In an embodiment, the plastomer has a density ≤ 0.908 g/cc , or a density ≤ 0.905
3 3 3 3
g/cc , or a density ≤ 0.902 g/cc , or a density ≤ 0.900 g/cc , or a density ≤ 0.895 g/cc , or a
3 3 3
density ≤ 0.890 g/cc , or ≤ 0.886 g/cm , or from 0.880 to 0.899 g/cm , or from 0.881 to 0.895
3 3 3
g/cm , or from 0.882 to 0.89 g/cm , or from 0.883 to 0.887 g/cm .
In an embodiment, the plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 2 wt
%, based on total film weight, or at least 3.5 wt %, or at least 4 wt %, or at least 4.5 wt %, or at
least 5 wt %, or at least 5.5 wt %, or at least 6 wt %, or at least 6.5 wt %, or at least 7 wt % , or at
least 8 wt %, or at least 9 wt %, or at least 10 wt %, based on total film weight.
In an embodiment, the plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 4 wt
%, based on total film weight; or in an amount of from 2 to 20 wt %, based on total film weight;
or in an amount of from 3 to 15 wt %, based on total film weight; or in an amount of from 3 to
10 wt %, based on total film weight; or in an amount of from 4 to 8 wt %, based on total film
weight; or in an amount of from 5 to 7 wt %, based on total film weight.
In an embodiment, the plastomer is present in the seal layer.
In an embodiment, the polyester comprises at least one member selected from the
group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer, polyethylene terephthalate
copolymer (including polyethylene terephthalate glycol, PETG), polycyclohexane dimethylene
terephthalate (PCT, and copolymers thereof, such as PCTG), polycyclohexanedimethanol
terephthalic acid (PCTA, and copolymers thereof, such as PCTAG) , polybutylene terephthalate
homopolymer (PBT, and copolymers thereof, such as PBTG), polynaphthalene terephthalate
homopolymer, polynaphthalene terephthalate copolymer, polyethylene furanoate homopolymer,
and polyethylene furanoate copolymer.
In an embodiment, the polyester has a melting point of from 80°C to 270°C, or from
200°C to 270°C, or from 220°C to 270°C, or from 240°C to 270°C, or from 250°C to 260°C.
In an embodiment, the crosslinked polymer network is present in every layer of the
first film portion, and the crosslinked polymer network is not present in any layer of the second
film portion.
In an embodiment, the film has a thickness of from 0.5 mil to 3 mils, or from 0.7 mil
to 2.5 mils, or from 1 to 2 mils, or from 1.5 to 1.9 mils.
In an embodiment, the multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 95%,
or at least 100%, or at least 105%.
In an embodiment, the film has an instrumented impact energy-to-break ≥ 0.70 J/mil,
or ≥ 0.75 J/mil, or ≥ 0.80 J/mil, or ≥ 0.85 J/mil.
[0041] In an embodiment, the film contains polyamide in an amount less than 30 wt % on a
total film weight basis, or less than 20 wt %, or less than 15 wt %, or less than 10 wt %, or less
than 5 wt %, or 0 wt% in which case the film does not contain polyamide.
In an embodiment, the film loses less than 5% total free shrink at 85°C after exposure
to 100% relative humidity for 24 hours at 32°C; in another embodiment, the film loses less than
2% total free shrink at 85°C after exposure to 100% relative humidity for 24 hours at 32°C.
In an embodiment, the film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 40 wt %,
based on total film weight, or from 1 to 35 wt %, or from 1 to 25 wt %, from 1 to 20 wt %, based
on total film weight, or from 1 to 15 wt %, based on total film weight, or from 1 to 10 wt %,
based on total film weight.
[0044] A second aspect is directed to a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first
film portion laminated to a second film portion. The first film portion comprises a first layer
which is a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer. The first film portion comprises a
cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation. The second
film portion comprises a second layer which is a second outer layer and which comprises
polyester, and a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride.
The third layer is between the first layer and the second layer. The third layer has no
crosslinked-polymer network. The second film portion has a polymer network which has been
strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion does not contain a crosslinked
polymer network. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least
90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact peak load strength
of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. The film comprises 0
wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis.
In an embodiment, the instrumented impact peak load strength of the multilayer film
is at least 78 Newtons/mil, or at least 79 Newtons/mil, or at least 80 Newtons/mil, or at least 81
Newtons/mil.
A third aspect is directed to a packaging article comprising a multilayer, heat-
shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion. The first film
portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer. The first
film portion comprises a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state
orientation. The second film portion comprises a second layer which is a second outer layer
comprising polyester, and a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising
polyvinylidene chloride. The third layer is between the first layer and the second layer. The
third layer has no crosslinked-polymer network. The second film portion has a polymer network
which has been strained by solid state orientation. The second film portion does not contain a
crosslinked polymer network. The multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%
measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy-to-break of at
least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. The film comprises 0 wt %
polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis. The
film is heat sealed to itself.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is an end-seal bag having an open top, a
bottom seal, a folded first side edge, and a folded second side edge.
[0048] In an embodiment, the packaging article is a side-seal bag having an open top, a
folded bottom edge, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is a pouch having a bottom seal, a first side
seal, and a second side seal.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is a form-fill-seal packaging article having a
fin seal running the length of the article, a first end seal at a first end of the article, and a second
end seal at the second end of the article, with the form-fill-seal packaging article enclosing a
product therein.
In an embodiment, the packaging article has a patch adhered thereto, the patch
comprising a patch film.
A fourth aspect is directed to a packaging article comprising a multilayer, heat-
shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion. The first film
portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer. The first
film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state
orientation. The second film portion comprises a second layer which is a second outer layer and
which comprises polyester, and a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising
polyvinylidene chloride. The third layer is between the first layer and the second layer. The
third layer has no crosslinked-polymer network. The second film portion has a polymer network
which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion does not contain a
crosslinked polymer network. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at
85°C of at least 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact
peak load strength of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. The
film comprises 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total
film weight basis. The film is heat sealed to itself.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is an end-seal bag having an open top, a
bottom seal, a folded first side edge, and a folded second side edge.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is a side-seal bag having an open top, a
folded bottom edge, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is a pouch having a bottom seal, a first side
seal, and a second side seal.
In an embodiment, the packaging article is a form-fill-seal packaging article having a
fin seal running the length of the article, a first end seal at a first end of the article, and a second
end seal at the second end of the article, with the form-fill-seal packaging article enclosing a
product therein.
In an embodiment, the packaging article has a patch adhered thereto, the patch
comprising a patch film.
A fifth aspect is directed to a process for making a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film
comprising: (A) extruding a first film portion comprising a first layer which is a first outer layer
which is a heat-seal layer; (B) quenching the first film portion; (C) irradiating the first film
portion so that a crosslinked polymer network is formed in the first film portion; (D) extrusion-
coating a second film portion onto the first film portion after the first film portion has been
irradiated, the extrusion-coating resulting in a laminate of the first and second film portions, the
second film portion comprising (d)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer and which
comprises polyester, the second outer layer being to serve as an outside layer of the packaging
article, and (d)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising at least one member
selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene chloride, saponified ethylene/vinyl acetate
copolymer, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, ethylene homopolymer, polyethylene
naphthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, liquid crystal polymer, and O -scavenger, the third
layer being between the first layer and the second layer; (E) reheating the laminate to a
temperature of from 88°C to 100°C; and (F) biaxially orienting the laminate in the solid state,
resulting in the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film. The film comprises 0 wt % polyamide, or
polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis. The multilayer, heat-
shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%, measured in accordance with
ASTM D2732. In a first embodiment, the multilayer heat-shrinkable film has an instrumented
impact energy-to-break of at least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. In a
second embodiment, the multilayer heat-shrinkable film has an instrumented impact peak load
strength of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. A third
embodiment, is directed to a packaging article (e.g., end seal bag, side seal bag, L-seal bag,
pouch, backseamed bag with fin or lap seal, etc) comprising the film sealed to itself, the film
having an instrumented impact energy-to-break of at least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance
with ASTM D3763. A fourth embodiment is directed to a packaging article (e.g., end seal bag,
side seal bag, L-seal bag, pouch, backseamed bag with fin or lap seal, etc) comprising the film
sealed to itself, the film having an instrumented impact peak load strength of at least 70
Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763.
The process of the fifth aspect can be carried out to make any of the films (and
packaging articles) described in any of the aspects herein, including any embodiment of any of
the first four aspects of the invention. More particularly, the fifth aspect can be carried out to
make any of the films and packaging articles in accordance with the first aspect of the invention,
any of the films and packaging articles in accordance with the second aspect of the invention, or
any of the films and packaging articles in accordance with the third aspect of the invention, or
any of the films and packaging articles in accordance with the fourth aspect of the invention.
[0060] In an embodiment, the first film portion is irradiated to a level of from 30 to 120 kGy.
In an embodiment, the oxygen barrier layer comprises polyvinylidene chloride.
In an embodiment, the first film portion is extruded from an annular extrusion die as a
tubing and the second film portion is extruded over the tubing from an annular extrusion coating
die, and the laminate is a tubular laminate.
[0063] In an embodiment, the biaxial orientation in the solid state is carried out by passing
the tubular laminate over a trapped bubble while drawing the tubular laminate in the machine
direction.
In an embodiment, the first film portion is extruded from a first flat die as a sheet and
the second film portion is extruded from a second flat die as a coating over the sheet and the
laminate is a flat laminate.
In an embodiment, the biaxial orientation in the solid state is carried out by drawing
the flat laminate in a tenter frame.
In an embodiment, the laminate is biaxially oriented to a total orientation of from 10X
to 16X.
Brief Description of the Drawings
is a schematic plan view of an end-seal bag.
is a transverse cross-sectional view of the end-seal bag of taken
through section 2-2 of
is a schematic plan view of a side-seal bag.
[0070] is a transverse cross-sectional view of the side-seal bag of taken
through section 4-4 of
is a schematic plan view of an L-seal bag.
is a transverse cross-sectional view of the L-seal bag of taken through
section 6-6 of
is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the L-seal bag of taken
through section 7-7 of
[0074] is a schematic plan view of a backseamed bag having a fin-type backseam.
is a transverse cross-sectional view of the backseamed bag of
is a schematic plan view of a backseamed bag having a lap-type backseam.
is a transverse cross-sectional view of the backseamed bag of .
is a schematic plan view of a pouch-type bag.
[0079] is a transverse cross-sectional view of the pouch-type bag of , taken
through section 13-13 of .
is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the pouch-type bag of , taken
through section 14-14 of .
is a schematic of a process used to make a heat-shrinkable film such as could
be used to make a heat-shrinkable bag or for use in a flow wrap packaging process.
is a schematic of horizontal flow wrap process for packaging products using
a heat shrinkable film in accordance with the invention.
is a differential scanning calorimetry curve of SSPE1 (single site catalyzed
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer) disclosed in Table 1, below.
[0084] is a differential scanning calorimetry curve of PLAS1 (ethylene/alpha-olefin
plastomer) disclosed in Table 1, below.
is a differential scanning calorimetry curve of VLDPE1 (very low density
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer) disclosed in Table 1, below.
Detailed Description
As used herein, the term “film” is inclusive of plastic web, regardless of whether it is
film or sheet. The film can have a total thickness, before shrinking, of 0.25 mm or less, or a
thickness of from 0.5 to 10 mils, or from 0.7 to 5 mils, or from 0.8 to 4 mils, or from 1 to 3 mils,
or from 1.2 to 2.5 mils, or from 1.4 to 2 mils. Alternatively, the film can have a thickness, before
shrinking, of from 0.7 to 2.5 mils, or from 0.7 to 2.2 mils, or from 0.7 to 1.7 mils.
As used herein, the term “laminated” is used with reference to two film portions
which are affixed to one another by coextrusion, extrusion coating, heat lamination, adhesive
lamination, corona treatment, or any other means for fastening a principal surface of a first film
to a principal surface of a second film.
As used herein, the phrase “film portion” is used with reference to one or more layers
of a multilayer film, but less than all the layers of the multilayer film. For example, in the
extrusion-coated film structure “A/B//C/D/E,” wherein each letter represents a film layer and “/”
represents a boundary between coextruded layers and “//” represents the boundary between the
substrate portion (A/B, in this example) and the coating portion (“C/D/E” in this example), the
substrate portion can be designated as a first film portion and the coating portion can be
designated as a second film portion. The coextrusion of the various layers, as well as the
extrusion coating of the two film portions, results in heat lamination of the layers to one another.
As used herein, the phrase “machine direction” refers to the direction in which the
film emerges from the die, i.e., the direction the extrudate is forwarded during the film
production process. The phrase “machine direction” corresponds with “longitudinal direction”.
Machine direction and longitudinal direction are abbreviated as “MD” and “LD”, respectfully.
However, as used herein, the phrase “machine direction” includes not only the direction along a
film that corresponds with the direction the film travels as it passes over idler rollers in the film
production process, it also includes directions that deviate up to 44 degrees from the direction the
film travels as it passes over idler rollers in the production process.
As used herein, the phrase “transverse direction” refers to a direction perpendicular to
the machine direction. Transverse direction is abbreviated as “TD”. The transverse direction
also includes directions that deviate up to 44 degrees from the direction the film traveled as it
passed over idler rollers in the production process.
As used herein, the phrases "inner layer" and "internal layer" refer to any layer, of a
multilayer film, having both of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film.
[0092] As used herein, the phrase "outer layer" refers to any layer of film having less than
two of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film. The phrase is inclusive
of monolayer and multilayer films. In multilayer films, there are two outer layers, each of which
has a principal surface adhered to only one other layer of the multilayer film. In a monolayer
film, there is only one layer, which, of course, is an outer layer in that neither of its two principal
surfaces is adhered to another layer of the film.
As used herein, the phrase "inside layer," also referred to as the “inside heat
seal/product contact layer,” refers to the outer layer, of a multilayer film packaging a product,
which is closest to the product, relative to the other layers of the multilayer film. The package
may be formed by sealing the multilayer film to itself or another component of the package.
“Inside layer" also is used with reference to the innermost layer of a plurality of concentrically
arranged layers simultaneously coextruded through an annular die.
As used herein, the phrase "outside layer" refers to the outer layer, of a multilayer
film packaging a product, which is furthest from the product relative to the other layers of the
multilayer film. The phrase "outside layer" also is used with reference to the outermost layer of a
plurality of concentrically arranged layers coextruded through an annular die.
As used herein, the term "adhered" is inclusive of films which are directly adhered to
one another using a heat-seal, heat lamination, or other means, as well as film layers adhered to
one another using an adhesive between the two films. As used herein, the phrase "directly
adhered", as applied to film layers, is defined as adhesion of the subject layer to the object layer,
without a tie layer, adhesive, or other layer therebetween. In contrast, as used herein, the word
"between", as applied to a film layer being between two other specified film layers, includes both
direct adherence of the subject layer to the two other specified layers it is between, as well as
including layers “indirectly adhered” to one another, i.e., with one or more additional layers
between the subject layer and one or both of the other specified layers.
As used herein, the phrases "seal layer", "sealing layer", "heat seal layer", and
"sealant layer", refer to an outer layer, or layers, involved in the sealing of the film to itself,
another layer of the same or another film, and/or another article which is not a film.
As used herein, the term "heat-seal," and the phrase "heat-sealing," refer to any seal
of a first region of a film surface to a second region of a film surface, wherein the seal is formed
by heating the regions to at least their respective seal initiation temperatures. Heat-sealing is the
process of joining two or more thermoplastic films or sheets by heating areas in contact with
each other to the temperature at which fusion occurs, usually aided by pressure. The heating can
be performed by any one or more of a wide variety of manners, such as using a heated bar, hot
wire, hot air, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, electron beam, ultrasonic, and melt-bead. A
heat seal is usually a relatively narrow seal (e.g., 0.02 inch to 1 inch wide) across a film. One
particular heat sealing means is a heat seal made using an impulse sealer, which uses a
combination of heat and pressure to form the seal, with the heating means providing a brief pulse
of heat while pressure is being applied to the film by a seal bar or seal wire, followed by rapid
cooling of the bar or wire.
Sealant layers employed in the packaging arts have included the genus of
thermoplastic polymer, which includes thermoplastic polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl
chloride, and ionomer resin. Preferred polymers for the sealant layer include homogeneous
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, ethylene
homopolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and ionomer resin.
In some embodiments, the seal layer can comprise a polyolefin, particularly an
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer and/or an ionomer resin. For example, the seal layer can contain
a polyolefin having a density of from 0.88 g/cc to 0.917 g/cc, or from 0.90 g/cc to 0.917 g/cc.
More particularly, the seal layer can comprise at least one member selected from the group
consisting of very low density polyethylene and homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
Very low density polyethylene is a species of heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
The heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin (e.g., very low density polyethylene) can have a density
of from 0.900 to 0.917 g/cm . The homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer in the seal
3 3 3 3
layer can have a density of from 0.880 g/cm to 0.910 g/cm , or from 0.880 g/cm to 0.917 g/cm .
Homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers useful in the seal layer include metallocene-
catalyzed ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers having a density of from 0.917 g/cm or less, as well
as a very low density polyethylene having a density of 0.912 g/cm , these polymers providing
excellent optics. Plastomer-type metallocene sealants with densities less than 0.910 g/cm also
provided excellent optics.
The multilayer heat-shrinkable film may optionally comprise a barrier layer. As used
herein, the term "barrier," and the phrase "barrier layer," as applied to films and/or layers, is used
with reference to the ability of a film or layer to serve as a barrier to one or more gases. The
barrier layer may control at least 95% of the oxygen transmission rate, i.e., no other layer of the
film affects the oxygen transmission rate more than 5% relative to the layer which serves as the
oxygen barrier layer. Oxygen Transmission Rate is evaluated at 23°C and 0% relative humidity,
in accordance with ASTM D3985, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference
thereto. The phrase “oxygen transmission rate” (“OTR”) is the amount of oxygen in cubic
centimeters (cm ) which will pass through a 100 square inches of film in 24 hours at 0% relative
humidity and at 23° C. The thickness (gauge) of the film has a direct relationship on the oxygen
transmission rate.
When referred to as an “oxygen barrier layer,” the film containing such layer may
allow gaseous oxygen to transmit therethrough at a rate of less than 500 cm /m /day (also
3 2 3 2 3 2
referred to as 500 cm /m day atm, or 500 cm /m day atm 23°C, or 500 cm /m day atm 23°C
3 2 3 2
@100% relative humidity), or less than 100 cm /m /day, or less than 50 cm /m /day, or less than
3 2 3 2 3 2
cm /m /day, or from 0 to 20 cm /m day, or from 0 to 15 cm /m day, or from 0 to 12
3 2 3 2
cm /m day, or from 0 to 10 cm /m day atm.
[00102] In the packaging art, oxygen (i.e., gaseous O ) barrier layers can comprise, for
example, at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrolyzed ethylene/vinyl
acetate copolymer (designated by the abbreviations “EVOH” and “HEVA”, and also referred
to as “saponified ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer” and “ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer”),
polyvinylidene chloride, amorphous polyamide, polyamide MXD6 (particularly MXD6/MXDI
copolymer), polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkylene carbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, etc,
as known to those of skill in the art. In an embodiment, the thermoplastic oxygen barrier may
be a blend of polyamides, such as a blend of about 85 wt % of a polyamide selected from the
group consisting of nylon 4,6 (polytetramethylene adipamide), nylon 6 (polycaprolactam),
nylon 6,6 (polyhexamethylene adipamide), nylon 6,9 (polyhexamethylene nonanediamide),
nylon 6,10 (polyhexamethylene sebacamide), nylon 6,12 (polyhexamethylene
dodecanediamide), nylon 6/12 copolymer (polycaprolactam/dodecanediamide), nylon 6,6/6
copolymer (polyhexamethylene adipamide/caprolactam), nylon 11 (polyundecanolactam),
nylon 12 (polyauryllactam) or blends thereof, and about 15 wt % of an amorphous polyamide.
[00103] As used herein, the phrase "tie layer" refers to any internal layer having the primary
purpose of adhering two layers to one another. Tie layers can comprise any polymer having a
polar group grafted thereon. Such polymers adhere to both nonpolar polymers including
polyolefin, as well as polar polymers including polyamide and ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer.
Tie layers may comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of
polyolefin, anhydride-modified polyolefin, ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, anhydride-
modified ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer, and
polyurethane. More specifically, tie layers may comprise at least one member selected from the
group consisting of homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate
copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/acrylic acid
copolymer, and ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer, anhydride-modified linear low density
polyethylene, anhydride-modified low density polyethylene, anhydride-modified polypropylene,
anhydride- modified ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer, and anhydride-modified ethylene/butyl
acrylate copolymer.
As used herein, the phrase "modified polymer", as well as more specific phrases
such as "modified ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer", and "modified polyolefin" refer to such
polymers having an anhydride functionality, as defined immediately above, grafted thereon
and/or copolymerized therewith and/or blended therewith. As used herein, the term
“modified” refers to a chemical derivative, e.g. one having any form of anhydride
functionality, such as anhydride of maleic acid, crotonic acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid,
fumaric acid, etc., regardless of whether grafted onto a polymer, copolymerized with a
polymer, or blended with one or more polymers, and is also inclusive of derivatives of such
functionalities, such as acids, esters, and metal salts derived therefrom. As used herein, the
phrase "anhydride-containing polymer" and "anhydride-modified polymer," refer to one or
more of the following: (1) polymers obtained by copolymerizing an anhydride-containing
monomer with a second, different monomer, and (2) anhydride grafted copolymers, and (3) a
mixture of a polymer and an anhydride-containing compound.
As used herein, the term “adhesive” refers to a polymeric material serving a
primary purpose or function of adhering two surfaces to one another. The adhesive can be
used to laminate two films together to make a laminate of the two films, or to laminate a film
surface to a surface of a non-film component of a package (e.g., foam tray) , or in place of a
heat seal to bond a portion of a film surface to (i) itself (e.g., to make an end-seal bag, side-seal
bag, etc) or (ii) a portion of a surface of another film (e.g., to make a pouch from two separate
pieces of film), or (iii) a portion of a surface of a non-film component of a package (e.g., as a
lidstock adhered to the flange portion of a tray, etc). The adhesive may be a polyurethane
based adhesive, acrylic-based adhesive, or other known adhesive, including any one or more of
the various polymers disclosed herein for use as a tie layer.
As used herein, the term "core", and the phrase "core layer", as applied to
multilayer films, refer to any internal layer having a function other than serving as an adhesive
or compatibilizer for adhering two layers to one another. Usually, the core layer or layers
provide the multilayer film with a desired level of strength, i.e., modulus, and/or optics, and/or
added abuse resistance, and/or specific impermeability.
In an embodiment, the core layer comprises the blend of the ethylene-based
polymer, the ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer, and the plastomer. The core layer may be
in the first film portion which comprises a crosslinked polymer network, or may be present in
a second film portion which does not comprise a crosslinked polymer network. A first core
layer may be present in the first film portion comprising the crosslinked polymer network
with a second core layer being in the second film portion which does not comprise crosslinked
polymer network. In an extrusion coating process, as utilized in the examples below and as
described herein an illustrated in , the core layer may be in the substrate which is
irradiated to produce the crosslinked polymer network, or may be present in the coating which
is not irradiated and does not contain a crosslinked polymer network, or there may be two core
layers with one in the substrate and another in the coating.
[00109] As used herein, the phrase “packaging article” is inclusive end-seal bags, side-seal
bags, L-seal bags, U-seal bags (also referred to as “pouches”), gusseted bags, backseamed
tubings, and seamless casings. Packaging articles containing a film have the film sealed to itself
or another element of the packaging article. The packaging article can be closed (e.g., by
sealing) after the product is inserted therein. With bags, pouches, and casings, upon sealing the
article closed the product is surrounded by the film from which the packaging article is made,
with the combination of the product surrounded by the closed packaging article being herein
termed as a “packaged product.”
As used herein, packaging articles have two “sides”. Generally, a “side” of a
packaging article corresponds with half of the article. For example, an end-seal bag is a lay-flat
bag and has two sides (in this case two lay-flat sides), with each side corresponding with a lay-
flat side of the seamless tubing from which the end-seal bag is made. Each lay-flat side of a
seamless tubing is bounded by the creases formed as the tubing is collapsed into its lay-flat
configuration between nip rollers. Each side of an end-seal bag is bounded by the bag top edge,
the bag bottom edge, and the two tubing creases running the length of the bag. Likewise, a side-
seal bag also has two sides, with each side also being a lay-flat side, with each side of the side-
seal bag being bounded by bag side edges, a bag top edge, and a bag bottom corresponding with
a tubing crease. A casing, whether seamless or backseamed, also has two sides, with each side
being bounded by the ends of the casing and by creases formed as the casing is configured into
its lay-flat configuration. While gusseted bags and other packaging articles may not be fully lay-
flat in their structure because they have more than two flat sides, they nevertheless have “sides”
bounded by creases and edges.
As used herein, the term “package” refers to packaging materials configured around a
product being packaged. As such, the term “package” includes all of the packaging around the
product, but not the product itself.
As used herein, the phrase “packaged product” refers to the combination of a product
and the package that surrounds or substantially surrounds the product. The packaged product can
be made by placing the product into a packaging article made from the heat-shrinkable
multilayer film, with the article then being sealed closed so that the multilayer film surrounds or
substantially surrounds the product. The film can then be shrunk around the product.
As used herein, the term “bag” refers to a packaging article having an open top, side
edges, and a bottom edge. The term “bag” encompasses lay-flat bags, pouches, casings
(seamless casings and backseamed casings, including lap-sealed casings, fin-sealed casings, and
butt-sealed backseamed casings having backseaming tape thereon). Various casing
configurations are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,729 B2, to Ramesh et al, entitled
“Backseamed Casing and Packaged Product Incorporating Same, which is hereby incorporated in
its entirety, by reference thereto. Various bag configurations, including L-seal bags, backseamed
bags, and U-seal bags (also referred to as pouches), are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,468, to
Mize et al, entitled “Patch Bag and Process of Making Same”, which is hereby incorporated, in
its entirety, by reference thereto. While the bag configurations illustrated in the '468 patent have
a patch thereon, for purposes of the present invention, the patch is optional.
As used herein, the phrase “lay-flat bag” refers generically to non-gusseted bags used
for the packaging of a variety of products, particularly food products. More specifically, the
phrase “lay-flat bag” includes side seal bag, end-seal bag, L-seal bag, U-seal bag (also referred to
as a pouch), and backseamed bag (also referred to as T-seal bag). The backseam can be a fin
seal, a lap seal, or a butt-seal with a backseaming tape. Before the bag is shrunk, it can have a
length-to-width ratio of from 1:1 to 20:1; or from 1.5:1 to 8:1; or from 1.8:1 to 6:1; or from 2:1
to 4:1.
End-seal bags, side-seal bags, L-seal bags, T-seal bags (also referred to as
backseamed bags), and U-seal bags all have an open top, closed sides, a closed bottom, and at
least one heat seal. Each of these heat seals is referred to as a “factory seal” because these seals
are made in a bag-making factory, rather than in a packaging factory where the bag is used to
package a product. Each of the heat seals illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2-14 is a factory seal. Each
of the factory seals is generally made a short distance inward of the edge of the article, so that a
relatively small amount of film remains outward of the heat seal, i.e., on the other side of the seal
from the film that envelopes the product. A gusseted bag can also be made with a bottom seal
that has a skirt, and a casing (backseamed or seamless), and can have a transverse heat seal with
a skirt. As used herein, the term “skirt” refers to the film that is outward of any one or more of
the factory seals.
The term "polymer" refers to the product of a polymerization reaction, and is
inclusive of homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, etc. The term “copolymer” includes
copolymer, terpolymer, etc.
As used herein, the term "monomer" refers to a relatively simple compound, usually
containing carbon and of low molecular weight, which can react to form a polymer by combining
with itself or with other similar molecules or compounds.
As used herein, the term "comonomer" refers to a monomer which is copolymerized
with at least one different monomer in a copolymerization reaction, the result of which is a
copolymer.
[00119] As used herein, the term "homopolymer" is used with reference to a polymer resulting
from the polymerization of a single monomer, i.e., a polymer consisting essentially of a single
type of “mer,” i.e., repeating unit.
As used herein, the term "copolymer" refers to polymers formed by the
polymerization reaction of at least two different monomers. For example, the term "copolymer"
includes the copolymerization reaction product of ethylene and an alpha-olefin, such as 1-
hexene. However, the term "copolymer" is also inclusive of, for example, the copolymerization
of a mixture of ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. The term copolymer is also
inclusive of polymers produced by reaction, such as graft copolymer, block copolymer, and
random copolymer.
[00121] As used herein, the term "polymerization" is inclusive of homopolymerizations,
copolymerizations, terpolymerizations, etc., and includes all types of copolymerizations such as
random, graft, block, etc. Polymers in the films used in accordance with the present invention,
can be prepared in accordance with any suitable polymerization process, including slurry
polymerization, gas phase polymerization, and high pressure polymerization processes.
As used herein, the term "copolymerization" refers to the simultaneous
polymerization of two or more monomers to result in a copolymer. As used herein, a copolymer
identified in terms of a plurality of monomers, e.g., "propylene/ethylene copolymer", refers to a
copolymer in which either monomer may copolymerize in a higher weight or molar percent than
the other monomer or monomers. However, the first listed monomer preferably polymerizes in a
higher weight percent than the second listed monomer, and, for copolymers which are
terpolymers, quadripolymers, etc., preferably the first monomer copolymerizes in a higher
weight percent than the second monomer, and the second monomer copolymerizes in a higher
weight percent than the third monomer, etc.
Copolymers can be identified, i.e., named, in terms of the monomers from which the
copolymers are produced. For example, the phrase "propylene/ethylene copolymer" refers to a
copolymer produced by the copolymerization of both propylene and ethylene, with or without
additional comonomer(s). A copolymer comprises recurring "mer" units derived from the
monomers from which the copolymer is produced, e.g., a propylene/ethylene copolymer
comprises propylene mer units and ethylene mer units.
As used herein, terminology employing a "/" with respect to the chemical identity of a
copolymer (e.g., "an ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer"), identifies the comonomers which are
copolymerized to produce the copolymer. As used herein, "ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer" is
the equivalent of "ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer."
As used herein, terms such as “polyamide”, “polyolefin”, “polyester”, etc are
inclusive of homopolymers of the genus, copolymers of the genus, terpolymers of the genus, etc,
as well as graft polymers of the genus and substituted polymers of the genus, e.g., polymers of
the genus having substituent groups thereon.
As used herein, the term "polyolefin" refers to any polymerized olefin, which can be
linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic, substituted, or unsubstituted. More specifically,
included in the term polyolefin are homopolymers of olefin, copolymers of olefin, copolymers of
an olefin and a non-olefinic comonomer copolymerizable with the olefin, such as vinyl
monomers, modified polymers thereof, and the like. Specific examples include ethylene
homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, polybutene (also referred to as polybutylene),
ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/propylene copolymer, propylene/ethylene copolymer,
propylene/α -olefin copolymer, butene/α -olefin copolymer, low density polyethylene, linear low
density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, medium
density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene
copolymer, ethylene/octene copolymer, polyisoprene, polymethyl butene (including poly
methylbutene-1), polymethylpentene (including polymethylpentene-1), ethylene/unsaturated
ester copolymer, ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer (including ethylene/ acrylate copolymer,
such as ethylene/butyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/acrylic
acid copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer), and ionomer resin,
“Modified polyolefin” is inclusive of modified polymer prepared by copolymerizing
the homopolymer of the olefin or copolymer thereof with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, e.g.,
maleic acid, fumaric acid or the like, or a derivative thereof such as the anhydride, ester or metal
salt or the like. Modified polyolefin could also be obtained by incorporating an unsaturated
carboxylic acid, e.g., maleic acid, fumaric acid or the like, or a derivative thereof such as the
anhydride, ester or metal salt or the like, into the olefin homopolymer or copolymer.
As used herein, the phrase “propylene/ethylene copolymer” refers to a copolymer of
propylene and ethylene wherein the propylene mer content is greater than the ethylene mer
content. Propylene/ethylene copolymer is not a species of “ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer”.
As used herein, the phrase “ethylene-based polymer” refers to ethylene
homopolymer, modified ethylene homopolymer, ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, modified
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, propylene/ethylene copolymer, modified propylene/ethylene
copolymer, ionomer resin, and blends thereof. The ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer may be
homogeneous or heterogeneous. “Ethylene-based polymer” does not include polyvinylidene
chloride or other oxygen barrier polymer, does not include polyamide, does not include
polyester, does not include ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, and does not include
ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer.
The phrase “ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer” refers to heterogeneous copolymers
such as linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE, having a density of 0.919 to 0.925 g/cm ), very
low density polyethylene (VLDPE, having a density of 0.900 to 0.915 g/cm ), and ultra low
density polyethylene (ULDPE, having a density of from 0.86 to 0.899 g/cm ), as well as
homogeneous polymers such as metallocene catalyzed polymers such as EXACT® resins
obtainable from the Exxon Chemical Company, AFFINITY® and ENGAGE® resins available
from The Dow Chemical Company, and TAFMER® resins obtainable from the Mitsui
Petrochemical Corporation. These copolymers include copolymers of ethylene with one or more
comonomers selected from C to C alpha-olefin such as butene-1 (i.e., 1-butene), hexene-1,
4 10
octene-1, etc. in which the molecules of the copolymers comprise long chains with relatively few
side chain branches or cross-linked structures. Ethylene/α-olefin copolymer may result from the
copolymerization of 80 to 99 wt % ethylene with 1 to 20 wt % α-olefin, or the copolymerization
of 85 to 95 wt % ethylene with 5 to 15 wt % α-olefin.
As used herein, the phrase "heterogeneous polymer" refers to polymerization
reaction products of relatively wide variation in molecular weight and relatively wide variation
in composition distribution, i.e., typical polymers prepared, for example, using conventional
Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Heterogeneous polymers typically contain a relatively wide variety of
chain lengths and comonomer percentages. Heterogeneous copolymers have a molecular
weight distribution (Mw/Mn) greater than 3.0.
[00132] As used herein, the phrase "homogeneous polymer" refers to polymerization
reaction products of relatively narrow molecular weight distribution and relatively narrow
composition distribution. Homogeneous polymers are structurally different from
heterogeneous polymers, in that homogeneous polymers exhibit a relatively even sequencing
of comonomers within a chain, a mirroring of sequence distribution in all chains, and a
similarity of length of all chains, i.e., a narrower molecular weight distribution. Furthermore,
homogeneous polymers are typically prepared using metallocene, or other single-site type
catalysis, rather than using Ziegler Natta catalysts. Homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymer has a Mw/Mn of ≤3.0.
Homogeneous ethylene/α-olefin copolymers may be characterized by one or more
methods known to those of skill in the art, such as molecular weight distribution (M /M ),
composition distribution breadth index (CDBI), and narrow melting point range and single melt
point behavior. The molecular weight distribution (M /M ), also known as polydispersity, may
be determined by gel permeation chromatography. The homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymers may have an M /M ≤ 3, or ≤ 2.7, or from 1.9 to 2.5, or from 1.9 to 2.3. The
Composition Distribution Breadth Index (CDBI) of such homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymers will generally be greater than about 70 percent. CDBI is defined as the weight
percent of the copolymer molecules having a comonomer content within 50 percent (i.e., plus or
minus 50%) of the median total molar comonomer content. The CDBI of linear polyethylene,
which does not contain a comonomer, is defined to be 100%. CDBI is determined via the
technique of Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF). CDBI determination
distinguishes the homogeneous copolymers used in the present invention (narrow composition
distribution as assessed by CDBI values generally above 70%) from VLDPE available
commercially which generally have a broad composition distribution as assessed by CDBI values
generally less than 55%. The CDBI can be calculated from data obtained from TREF, for
example as disclosed by Wild et. al., J. Poly. Sci. Poly. Phys. Ed., Vol. 20, p.441 (1982).
Preferably, the homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer has a CDBI of from about 70% to
about 99%. Homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers exhibit a relatively narrow melting
point range, in comparison with heterogeneous copolymers, e.g., homogeneous ethylene/alpha-
olefin copolymers may exhibit an essentially singular melting point of from about 60°C to about
105°C, or from 80°C to about 100°C. As used herein, the phrase "essentially single melting
point" means that at least about 80 wt % of the material corresponds to a single Tm peak at a
temperature within the range of from about 60°C to about 105°C, and essentially no substantial
fraction of the material has a peak melting point in excess of about 115°C.
Homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer can be prepared by the
copolymerization of ethylene and any one or more alpha-olefin. Preferably, the alpha-olefin is a
C α-monoolefin, more preferably, a C α-monoolefin, still more preferably, a C α-
3-20 4-12 4-8
monoolefin. The alpha-olefin may comprise at least one member selected from the group
consisting of butene-1, hexene-1, and octene-1, i.e., 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene; or just
octene-1; or a blend of hexene-1 and butene-1.
Processes for preparing and using homogeneous polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,206,075, U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,031, and PCT International Application WO 93/03093, each
of which is hereby incorporated by reference thereto, in its entirety. Further details regarding the
production and use of homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are disclosed in PCT
International Publication Number WO 90/03414, and PCT International Publication Number
WO 93/03093, both of which designate Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc. as the Applicant, and both
of which are hereby incorporated by reference thereto, in their respective entireties.
Still another genus of homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers is disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,236, to LAI, et. al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,272, to LAI, et. al., both of
which are hereby incorporated by reference thereto, in their respective entireties.
As used herein, the phrase “plastomer” refers to a polymer which combines the
qualities of elastomers and plastics, such as rubber-like properties with the processing ability of
plastics. Suitable plastomers for use in the multilayer film include homogeneous ethylene/alpha-
olefin copolymers.
[00138] Plastomers for use in the multilayer film may have a peak melting point ≤ 90°C, or ≤
88°C, or ≤ 85°C, or ≤ 82°C, or ≤ 80°C; or a peak melting point of from 45°C to 90°C, or from
50°C to 85°C, or from 55°C to 85°C, or from 55°C to 80°C. The plastomer may be an
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, particularly a homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
The plastomer may have a melt index ≤1.1 gram/10 min, or ≤1.0 gram/10 min, or
≤0.95 gram/10 min, or ≤0.90 gram/10 min, or from 0.7 to 1.1 gram/10 min, or from 0.75 to 1.0
gram/10 min, or from 0.8 to 0.95 gram/10 min, or from 0.85 to 0.90 gram/10 min, or from 0.86
to 0.89 gram/10 min.
In an embodiment the outside film layer, and/or in the barrier layer, and/or one or
more tie layers, may comprise polyester. As used herein, the term “polyester” refers to a
homopolymer and/or copolymer having an ester linkage between monomer units. The ester
linkage may be formed, for example, by a condensation polymerization reaction between a
dicarboxylic acid and a glycol. The dicarboxylic acid may be aliphatic, i.e., oxalic acid, malonic
acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic
acid, and the like; or may be substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, e.g., various isomers of
phthalic acid (i.e., ortho-phthalic acid), such as isophthalic acid (i.e., meta-phthalic acid), and
terephthalic acid (i.e., para-phthalic acid), as well as naphthalic acid. Specific examples of alkyl
substituted aromatic acids include the various isomers of dimethylphthalic acid, such as
dimethylisophthalic acid, dimethylorthophthalic acid, dimethylterephthalic acid, the various
isomers of diethylphthalic acid, such as diethylisophthalic acid, diethylorthophthalic acid, the
various isomers of dimethylnaphthalic acid, such as 2,6-dimethylnaphthalic acid and 2,5-
dimethylnaphthalic acid, and the various isomers of diethylnaphthalic acid. The dicarboxylic
acid can alternatively be 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The glycols may be straight-
chained or branched. Specific examples include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene
glycol, 1,4-butane diol, neopentyl glycol and the like. The glycols include modified glycols such
as cyclohexane dimethanol. The polyester in the outer layer of the film can comprise any of the
above polyesters.
The polyester may comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting
of polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer, polyethylene terephthalate copolymer (including
polyethylene terephthalate glycol, PETG), polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate (PCT, and
copolymers thereof, such as PCTG), polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalic acid (PCTA, and
copolymers thereof, such as PCTAG) , polybutylene terephthalate homopolymer (PBT, and
copolymers thereof, such as PBTG), polynaphthalene terephthalate homopolymer,
polynaphthalene terephthalate copolymer, polyethylene furanoate homopolymer, and
polyethylene furanoate copolymer.
AVANTIUM bio-based polyester is a polyethylene furanoate which per unit
thickness exhibits only one tenth the oxygen transmission rate of polyethylene terephthalate
(PET), one fourth the carbon dioxide transmission rate of PET, and one half the water vapor
transmission rate of PET. Polyethylene furanoate is more heat-resistant than PET, with a glass
transition temperature (T ) 12°C higher than PET, with a melt point of 165°C, which is higher
than PET. Furthermore, polyethylene furanoate is recyclable alone or in a blend with PET.
Polyethylene furanoate can be extruded to form films. Polyethylene furanoate is made by
polymerizing ethylene glycol and 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Polyethylene furanoate
is renewable, as it is bio-based.
As used herein, the term “polyamide” refers to homopolymers, copolymers, or
terpolymers having an amide linkage between monomer units which may be formed by any
method known to those of skill in the art. The polyamides approved for use in producing articles
intended for use in processing, handling, and packaging food, including homopolymers,
copolymers and mixtures of polyamides, are described in 21 C.F.R. 177.1500 et seq., which is
hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. Useful polyamide homopolymers
include nylon 6 (polycaprolactam), nylon 11 (polyundecanolactam), nylon 12 (polylauryllactam),
and the like. Other useful polyamide homopolymers also include nylon 4,2 (polytetramethylene
ethylenediamide), nylon 4,6 (polytetramethylene adipamide), nylon 6,6 (polyhexamethylene
adipamide), nylon 6,9 (polyhexamethylene azelamide), nylon 6,10 (polyhexamethylene
sebacamide), nylon 6,12 (polyhexamethylene dodecanediamide), nylon 6/12 (poly(caprolactam-
co-laurallactam)), nylon 66/610 (e.g., manufactured by the condensation of mixtures of nylon 66
salts and nylon 610 salts), nylon 6/69 resins (e.g., manufactured by the condensation of epsilon-
caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine and azelaic acid), nylon 7,7 (polyheptamethylene
pimelamide), nylon 8,8 (polyoctamethylene suberamide), nylon 9,9 (polynonamethylene
azelamide), nylon 10,9 (polydecamethylene azelamide), nylon 12,12 (polydodecamethylene
dodecanediamide), and the like. Polyamide copolymers include nylon 6,6/6 copolymer
(polyhexamethylene adipamide/caprolactam copolymer), polyamide 6/6,6 copolymer
(polycaprolactam/hexamethylene adipamide copolymer), polyamide 6,2/6,2 copolymer
(polyhexamethylene ethylenediamide/hexamethylene ethylenediamide copolymer), nylon
6,6/6,9/6 copolymer (polyhexamethylene adipamide/hexamethylene azelaiamide/caprolactam
copolymer), as well as other polyamides. Additional polyamides include polyamide 4,I,
polyamide 6,I, polyamide 6,6/6I copolymer, polyamide 6,6/6T copolymer, polyamide MXD6
(poly-m-xylylene adipamide), polyamide 6I/6T copolymer, polyamide 6/MXDT/I copolymer,
polyamide MXDI, poly-p-xylylene adipamide, polyhexamethylene terephthalamide,
polydodecamethylene terephthalamide, and the like.
As used herein, the phrase “amorphous polyamide” refers to a polyamide with an
absence of a regular three-dimensional arrangement of molecules or subunits of molecules
extending over distances which are large relative to atomic dimensions. However, regularity of
structure exists on a local scale. See “Amorphous Polymers,” in Encyclopedia of Polymer
Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed., pp. 789–842 (J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985), having Library of
Congress Catalogue Card Number 84-19713. Amorphous polyamide is recognized by one
skilled in the art of DSC (using ASTM 3417-83) as having no measurable melting point (i.e., less
than 0.5 cal/g) or no heat of fusion. Amorphous polyamide is prepared from a condensation
polymerization reaction of a diamine with a dicarboxylic acid. For example, an aliphatic
diamine is combined with an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, or an aromatic diamine is combined
with an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, to result in amorphous polyamide.
Unless otherwise indicated, the phrase “semi-crystalline polyamide” includes all
polyamides that are not considered to be amorphous polyamides. All semi-crystalline polyamides
have a determinable melting point. The semi-crystalline polyamide may have a melting point of
fro 125°C to270°C, or from 250°C to 270°C.
As used herein, the phrase “cyclic polymer” includes cyclic olefin copolymer,
whether aliphatic or phenolic, i.e., including ethylene/norbornene copolymer,
polycyclododecene, polyester, and cyclic olefin polymer.
Each polymer melt index value disclosed herein was determined in accordance with
ASTM D1238, with the test being carried out (unless specified otherwise) at 190°C and 2.16 kg.
ASTM D1238 is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto.
Each polymer density value disclosed herein was determined in accordance with
ASTM D792, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto.
As used herein, the phrase “peak melting point” refers to the peak at the highest
temperature in a Differential Scanning Calorimeter curve (DSC curve) plotting Energy Input on
the Y axis and Temperature on the X axis. Peak melt point corresponds with the highest
temperature at which energy input is needed to phase change the highest melting portion of the
polymer from solid to liquid.
In an embodiment, the plastomer may have a density of less than 0.905 g/cm , or less
3 3 3
than 0.902 g/cm , or less than 0.900, or less than 0.895 g/cm , or less than 0.890 g/cm , or less
3 3 3 3
than 0.886 g/cm ; or have a density of from 0.857 g/cm to 0.908 g/cm , or from 0.86 g/cm to
3 3 3 3 3
0.905 g/cm , or from 0.87 g/cm to 0.903 g/cm , or from 0.875 g/cm to 0.902 g/cm , or from 0.88
3 3 3 3 3
g/cm to 0.900 g/cm , or from 0.88 g/cm to 0.895 g/cm , or from 0.88 g/cm to 0.89 g/cm.
In an embodiment, the plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 3.5 wt
%, or at least 4 wt %, or at least 4.5 wt %, or at least 5 wt %, or at least 5.5 wt %, or at least 6 wt
%, based on total film weight. In an embodiment, the plastomer is present in the film in an
amount of from 3 to 20 wt %, or from 3.5 to 15 wt %, or from 4 to 12 wt %, or from 4.5 to 10 wt
%, or from 5 to 8 wt %, or from 5.5 to 7 wt &, or from 5.5 to 6.5 wt %, based on total film
weight.
As used herein, the phrase “acrylate-based polymer” refers to homopolymer,
copolymer, including e.g. bipolymer, terpolymer, etc., having an acrylate moiety in at least one
of the repeating units forming the backbone of the polymer. In general, acrylate-based polymers
are also known as polyalkyl acrylates. Acrylate-based polymers may be prepared by any method
known to those of skill in the art. Acrylate-based polymers include ethylene/vinyl acrylate
copolymer, ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, ethylene/butyl acrylate copolymer, and the like.
As used herein, the phrase “styrene-based polymer” refers to at least one polymer
selected from the group consisting of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer, styrene-
butadiene-styrene copolymer, styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer, styrene-ethylene-butadiene-
styrene copolymer, and styrene-(ethylene-propylene rubber)-styrene copolymer. As used herein
the use of a “dash” (i.e., the “-”) in a styrene-based polymer formula, is inclusive of both block
copolymers and random copolymers. More particularly, the phrase “styrene-based polymer”
includes both copolymers in which (i) all named monomers are present as a block, or (ii) any
subset of the named monomers are present as a block with the remaining monomers being
randomly arranged, or (iii) all named monomers are randomly arranged.
Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, the phrase “the ethylene-based polymer
having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C…making up from X to Y wt %, based on total film weight”
refers to the sum of all the ethylene-based polymers having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C,
anywhere in the film.
Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, the phrase “the ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer …making up from M to N wt %, based on total film weight” refers to the sum of all
the ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymers in the film, regardless of whether unmodified,
modified, etc.
Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, the phrase “the ethylene-based polymer
having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C…making up from A to B wt %, based on weight of the first
film portion” refers to the sum of all the ethylene-based polymers having a peak melting point ≥
95°C, anywhere in the first film portion.
[00157] Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, the phrase “the ethylene/unsaturated ester
copolymer …making up from C to D wt %, based on total film weight” refers to the sum of all
the ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymers in the first film portion, regardless of whether
unmodified, modified, etc.
As used herein, the term "oriented" refers to a polymer-containing material which has
been drawn and/or stretched at an elevated temperature (elevated to its softening point, but not to
its melt point, so that the material remains in the solid state during orientation), followed by
being "set" in the stretched configuration by cooling the material while substantially retaining the
stretched dimensions. Upon subsequently heating the unrestrained, unannealed, oriented
polymer-containing material to its orientation temperature, heat shrinkage is produced almost to
the original unstretched, i.e., pre-oriented dimensions. More particularly, the term "oriented", as
used herein, refers to oriented films, wherein the orientation can be produced in one or more of a
variety of manners.
As used herein, the phrase "orientation ratio" refers to the multiplication product of
the extent to which the plastic film material is expanded in several directions, usually two
directions perpendicular to one another. Expansion in the machine direction is herein referred to
as "drawing", whereas expansion in the transverse direction is herein referred to as "stretching".
For films extruded through an annular die, stretching is usually obtained by "blowing" the film to
produce a bubble. For such films, drawing is usually obtained by passing the film through two
sets of powered nip rolls, with the downstream set having a higher surface speed than the
upstream set, with the resulting draw ratio being the surface speed of the downstream set of nip
rolls divided by the surface speed of the upstream set of nip rolls. The degree of orientation is
also referred to as the orientation ratio, or sometimes as the "racking ratio".
The film is a heat-shrinkable film. The film can be produced by carrying out only
monoaxial orientation or biaxial orientation. As used herein, the phrases "heat-shrinkable,"
"heat-shrink," and the like, refer to the tendency of a film, generally an oriented film, to undergo
free shrink upon the application of heat, i.e., to contract upon being heated, such that the size
(i.e., surface area) of the film decreases while the film is in an unrestrained state. Likewise, the
tension of a heat-shrinkable film increases upon the application of heat if the film is restrained
from shrinking.
Heat shrinkability can be achieved by carrying out orientation in the solid state (i.e.,
at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the polymer). In biaxial orientation,
the total orientation factor employed (i.e., stretching in the transverse direction multiplied by
drawing in the machine direction) can be any desired factor, such as 2X in the machine direction
and 2X in the transverse direction (i.e., a “2 X 2 orientation,” producing a total orientation factor
4X), or a 3 X 3 orientation (9X total orientation), or a 3.2 X 3.5 orientation (11.2X total
orientation), etc. The total orientation can be at least 3X, at least 4X, at least 5X, at least 6X, at
least 7X, at least 8X, at least 9X, at least 10X, at least 16X, or from 8X to 18X, from 10X to
16X, from 11X to 15X, or from 12X to 14X.
[00162] As used herein, the phrase "free shrink" refers to the percent dimensional change in a
cm. by 10 cm. specimen of film, when subjected to selected heat (i.e., at a certain
temperature), with the quantitative determination being carried out according to ASTM D 2732,
as set forth in the 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 08.02, pages 368-371, which is
hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto. The free shrink test is carried out by
immersing the film specimen for 5 seconds in a water bath heated to 85°C. As used herein, the
phrase “@STP” refers to the test being carried out under standardized test conditions, i.e., one
atmosphere of pressure, 23°C, and 0% relative humidity. "Total free shrink" is determined by
summing the percent free shrink in the machine direction with the percentage of free shrink in
the transverse direction. For example, a film which exhibits 55% free shrink in the transverse
direction at 85°C, and 45% free shrink in the machine direction at 85°C, has a "total free shrink"
at 85°C of 100%.
As used herein, the phrase "heat-shrinkable" is used with reference to all films which
exhibit a total free shrink (i.e., L+T) of at least 10 % at 85°C, according to ASTM D2732 by
immersion of the film specimen for 5 seconds in a water bath heated to 85°C. All films
exhibiting a total free shrink of less than 10% at 85°C are herein designated as non-heat-
shrinkable. The heat-shrinkable film multilayer film can have a total free shrink at 85°C of at
least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 100%, or at least 105%, or at least 110%; or from 90% to
150%, or from 95% to 130%, or from 95% to 120%, as measured by ASTM D 2732.
[00164] As used herein, the term "extrusion" is used with reference to the process of forming
continuous shapes by forcing a molten plastic material through a die, followed by cooling or
chemical hardening. Immediately prior to extrusion through the die, the relatively high-viscosity
polymeric material is fed into a rotating screw of variable pitch, i.e., an extruder, which forces
the polymeric material through the die.
[00165] As used herein, the term "coextrusion" refers to the process of extruding two or more
materials through a single die with two or more orifices arranged so that the extrudates merge
and weld together into a laminar structure before chilling, i.e., quenching. Coextrusion can be
employed in film blowing, free film extrusion, and extrusion-coating processes.
The film comprises a crosslinked polymer network. In an embodiment, the film is
irradiated to induce crosslinking, i.e., to form the crosslinked polymer network. The film can also
be subjected to corona treatment to roughen any surfaces of the film which are to be adhered to one
another. Irradiation induces polymer crosslinking, particularly of polyolefin in the film. The film
can be subjected to irradiation using an energetic radiation treatment, such as corona discharge,
plasma, flame, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray, beta ray, and high energy electron treatment,
which induce cross-linking between molecules of the irradiated material. The irradiation of
polymeric films is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,296, to BORNSTEIN, et. al., which is hereby
incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. BORNSTEIN, et. al. discloses the use of
ionizing radiation for crosslinking polymer present in the film.
To produce crosslinking, a suitable radiation dosage of high energy electrons is
employed, preferably using an electron accelerator, with a dosage level being determined by
standard dosimetry methods. Other accelerators such as a Van de Graaf or resonating transformer
may be used. The radiation is not limited to electrons from an accelerator since any ionizing
radiation may be used. The ionizing radiation can be used to crosslink the polymers in the film.
Radiation dosages are referred to herein in terms of the radiation unit “RAD”, with
one million RADS, also known as a megarad, being designated as “MR”, or, in terms of the
radiation unit kiloGray (kGy), with 10 kiloGray representing 1 MR. The crosslinked polymer
network may be formed by irradiating the first film portion at a level of from 16 to 166 kGy, or
from 30 to 120 kGy, or from 30 to 90 kGy, or from 50 to 80 kGy, or from 55 to 75 kGy.
Irradiation can be carried out by an electron accelerator with the dosage level determined by
standard dosimetry processes. Other accelerators such as a van der Graaf or resonating
transformer may be used. The radiation is not limited to electrons from an accelerator since any
ionizing radiation may be used.
[00169] The heat-shrinkable, multilayer film can be prepared using an extrusion-coating
process. This allows annular extrudate 214 (see ), herein referred to as a first film
portion and as the “substrate,” to be crosslinked by irradiation before one or more additional
layers (i.e., the “coating”) are extrusion-coated over the substrate. Irradiation produces a
stronger polymer network by crosslinking the polymer chains. Extrusion-coating allows the
substrate portion of the resulting multilayer laminate to possess a crosslinked polymer network,
while at the same time avoiding irradiation of, for example, a layer of polyvinylidene chloride
applied to the substrate during the extrusion-coating. Irradiation of PVDC can result in the
degradation of the PVDC. Extrusion-coating and irradiation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,278,738, to Brax et al, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto.
[00170] is a schematic of end-seal bag 10, in a lay-flat configuration. is a
cross-sectional view of bag 10 taken through section 2−2 of Viewing FIGS. 1 and 2
together, bag 10 comprises bag film 11, top edge 12 defining an open top, first bag side edge 13,
second bag side edge 14, bottom edge 15, and end seal 16.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate side-seal bag 18, in lay-flat configuration. illustrates a
schematic of side seal bag 18, in a lay-flat configuration. illustrates a cross-sectional
view taken through section 4−4 of With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 together, side seal
bag 18 is comprised of bag film 19, top edge 20 defining an open top, folded bottom edge 21,
first side seal 22, and second side seal 23.
is a lay-flat view of L-seal bag 26, in a lay-flat position. is a transverse
cross-sectional view of L-seal bag 26, taken through section 6−6 of is a
longitudinal cross-sectional view of L-seal bag 26 taken through section 7−7 of Viewing
FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 together, L-seal bag 26 has side-seal 28, bottom seal 30, open top 32, seamless
folded bag side edge 34, and seamed bag side edges 36.
The fin-seal backseamed bag 38 of FIGS. 8 and 9 has open top 40, bottom seal 42,
first folded side edge 44, second folded side edge 46, bottom edge 48, backseam seal 50 (inside
film layer heat sealed to itself), and backseam fins 52.
Lap-seal backseamed bag 54 of FIGS. 10 and 11 has open top 55, bottom seal 56,
first folded side edge 58, second folded side edge 60, bottom edge 62, and backseam seal 64
(inside film layer heat sealed to outside film layer).
FIGs. 12, 13, and 14 illustrate a pouch-type bag 66 made from sealing two separate
pieces of flat film together. In FIGs. 12, 13, and 14, pouch 66 has open top 68, bottom heat seal
70 and bottom edge 72, first side seal 74 and first side edge 76, second side seal 78 and second
side edge 80. Together, first and second side seals 74 and 76 connect with bottom seal 70 to
form a “U-shaped” seal connecting the two pieces of flat film together to form the pouch-type
bag 66.
illustrates a schematic of a preferred process for producing the multilayer
heat-shrinkable film from which the packaging article can be made. In the process illustrated
in solid polymer beads (not illustrated) are fed to a plurality of extruders 210 (for
simplicity, only one extruder is illustrated). Inside extruders 210, the polymer beads are
forwarded, melted, and degassed, following which the resulting bubble-free melt is forwarded
into die head 212, and extruded through an annular die, resulting in substrate tubing 214.
After cooling or quenching by water spray from cooling ring 216, tubing 214 is
collapsed by pinch rolls 218, and is thereafter fed through irradiation vault 220 surrounded by
shielding 222, where tubing 214 is irradiated with high energy electrons (i.e., ionizing radiation)
from iron core transformer accelerator 224. Tubing 214 is guided through irradiation
vault 220 on rolls 226. Preferably, tubing 214 is irradiated to a level of about 6.4 megarads (i.e.,
64 kilograys, kGy).
After irradiation, irradiated tubing 228 is directed through nip rolls 230, following
which tubing 228 is slightly inflated, resulting in trapped bubble 232. However, at trapped
bubble 232, the tubing is not significantly drawn longitudinally, as the surface speed of nip
rolls 234 are about the same speed as nip rolls 230. Furthermore, irradiated tubing 228 is inflated
only enough to provide a substantially circular tubing without significant transverse orientation,
i.e., without stretching.
Slightly inflated, irradiated tubing 232 is passed through vacuum chamber 236, and
thereafter forwarded through coating die 238. Second tubular film 240 is melt extruded from
coating die 238 and coated onto slightly inflated, irradiated tube 232, to form two-ply tubular
film 242. Second tubular film 240 preferably comprises an O -barrier layer, which does not pass
through the ionizing radiation.
The combined substrate and coating may have a thickness, before orientation, of from
10 to 30 mils, or from 15 to 25 mils. The substrate may have a thickness, before orientation, of
from 6 to 18 mils, or from 9 to 15 mils. The coating may have a thickness, before orientation, of
from 4 to 12 mils, or from 6 to 10 mils.
Further details of the above-described coating step are generally as set forth in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,278,738, to BRAX et. al., which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference
thereto.
After irradiation and coating, two-ply tubing film 252 may optionally be wound up
onto windup roll 244, and thereafter installed as unwind roll 246, on a second stage in the
process of making the tubing film as ultimately desired. Two-ply tubular film 242, from unwind
roll 246, is unwound and passed over guide roll 248, after which two-ply tubular film 242 passes
into hot water bath tank 250 containing hot water 252. [Alternatively, though not illustrated, the
process can be uninterrupted by forwarding two-ply tubing film into hot water bath tank 250.]
The now collapsed, irradiated, coated tubular film 242 is submersed in hot water 252 (having a
temperature of about 210° F) for a retention time of at least about 5 seconds, i.e., for a time
period in order to bring irradiated tubular film 242 up to a desired softening temperature for
biaxial orientation while irradiated tubular film 242 is in the solid state. Thereafter, irradiated
tubular film 242 is directed through nip rolls 254, and bubble 256 is blown, thereby transversely
stretching tubular film 242. Furthermore, while being blown, i.e., transversely stretched, nip
rolls 258 draw tubular film 242 in the longitudinal direction, as nip rolls 258 have a surface
speed higher than the surface speed of nip rolls 254.
As a result of the transverse stretching and longitudinal drawing, irradiated, coated
biaxially-oriented blown tubing film 260 is produced, this blown tubing preferably having been
both stretched in a ratio of from about 1:1.5-1:6, and drawn in a ratio of from about 1:1.5-1:6.
More preferably, the stretching and drawing are each performed a ratio of from about 1:2-1:4.
The result is a biaxial orientation of from about 1:2.25-1:36, more preferably, 1:4-1:16. While
bubble 256 is maintained between pinch rolls 254 and 258, stretched tubing film 260 is collapsed
by rolls 262, and thereafter conveyed through nip rolls 258 and across guide roll 264, and then
rolled onto wind-up roll 266. Idler roll 268 assures a good wind-up. The resulting heat-
shrinkable film tubing 260 can be used to make the packaging articles described herein.
illustrates the use of a heat-shrinkable film, such as the films of Table 2,
below. The process illustrated in is a type of horizontal form fill and seal process known
in the packaging art as a “flow wrap” process. The process of utilizes a continuous roll
(not illustrated) of flat film to package a product in a packaging article as illustrated in Figures 8
and 9, or as in Figures 10 and 11, rather than in end-seal or side-seal bags, or pouches, as
illustrated in Figures 1-7 and 12-14.
Although the process of is at least theoretically capable of being run
continuously, in actual use the process is intermittent, with different packagers having different
frequency and duration of process interruption. The process of does not produce a fully
closed package. Rather, the product of the packaging operation illustrated in results in a
product inside the open packaging article illustrated in Figures 8-9 (described above), with the
product inside the open packaging article being forwarded downstream to further machinery
(described below) for completion of the packaging process.
In , products 302 are fed to packaging machine 303 via conveyor 304.
Although product 302 can be any product to be packaged, a preferred product is a meat product,
such as a roast, steak, chops, ribs, etc. Each product 302 can be an individual piece of meat or a
plurality of pieces of meat.
[00187] Conveyor 304 terminates as the input end of forming horn 306. Product 302 is
pushed into forming horn 306 by a pusher (not illustrated). Product 302 is pushed onto the upper
surface of continuous strand of film 308 as product 302 is pushed into and through forming horn
306. Continuous strand of film 308 (supplied from a roll of film, not illustrated) is forwarded
into, through, and past forming horn 306 as a continuous stream of products 302 are individually
pushed into forming horn 306. Once on film 308, products 302 are forwarded through forming
horn 306 by the forwarding of the strand of film 308, i.e., at the same speed that film 308 passes
into, through, and beyond forming horn 306. Once on film 308, the forwarding of film 308
forwards products 302 therewith.
Film 308 is folded as it passes through forming horn 306, so that as product 302
emerges from forming horn 306, film 308 is folded around product 302, with product 302 now
being inside a tube 312 of film 308. Above forming shoe 306, the edges of film 308 are folded
upward and a sealing apparatus (not illustrated) forms a continuous fin-type heat seal 310 along
the upwardly folded longitudinal edges of film 308. The heat seal can be formed using, for
example, three sets of seal heads, i.e., three sets of heat sealing nip rollers. The first set
(upstream) of heat sealing nip rollers can have a temperature of 65°C. The second set (middle)
of heat sealing nip rollers can have a temperature of 90°C. The third set (downstream) of heat
sealing nip rollers can have a temperature of 150°C. The head pressure of the seal heads was 2
bar. The web speed was 17.2 meters per minute. During the formation of backseam heat seal
310, film 308 surrounding products 302 is forwarded by a second conveyor (not illustrated) on
which film 308 and products 302 rest.
During process interruption in which the flow of products is temporarily halted, the
seal heads are pulled away from the film so that the film is not burned by a long period of contact
with the hot seal heads. Upon resumption of the process, seal heads are reapplied to the film and
the backseaming is continued. Of course, it is desirable that the package be provided with a
strong backseam seal even if a portion of the backseam seal was made before process
interruption and a portion of the backseam seal was made after process resumption. It is
desirable that such a package exhibit a burst strength at least 95 percent as high as the burst
strength of a package made from the same film but in which the backseam seal was continuously
produced, i.e., without interruption. Alternatively, the package having a backseam with portions
made before and after process interruption can have a burst strength of at least 90 percent, or at
least 85 percent, or at least 80 percent, or at least 75 percent as high as the burst strength of a
corresponding package in which the backseam was continuously produced, i.e., without
interruption.
[00190] The stream of products 302 inside now sealed film tubing 312 is forwarded to a
transverse sealer and cutter including upper sealer/cutter member 314 and lower sealer/cutter
member 316, which work together to make transverse seals between products 302, and to cut
film tubing 312 apart to produce individual packaged products 318. The temperatures for each
of the two transverse seal bars in members 314 and 316 may be, for example, 105°C and 105°C,
with the seal bar dwell time being, for example, 350 milliseconds. Upper and lower sealer/cutter
bars 314, 316 oscillate upward and downward as film tubing 312 is forwarded. Upon being
sealed on the downstream end and cut free of the backseamed film tubing, the result is partially
packaged product 318 having a backseam down its length, a closed bottom seal, and an open top
end, as illustrated in Figs 8 and 9, described above.
[00191] Upon exiting packaging machine 303, partially packaged products 318 are forwarded
to a vacuum chamber machine in which atmosphere is evacuated from inside the package and the
open end of the package is heat sealed closed, so that the product is completely surrounded by
the heat shrinkable packaging article. The resulting evacuated, closed packaged product is
thereafter forwarded to a shrink machine in which the film is shrunk against the product by
passing the evacuated, closed packaged product through a hot air tunnel or by immersing the
evacuated, closed packaged product in a bath of hot water.
In an embodiment, the heat-shrinkable film exhibits an instrumented impact energy-
to-break of at least 0.70 Joules/mil using ASTM D3763, or from 0.70 to 1.5 J/mil, or from 0.72
to 1.0 J/mil, or from 0.75 to 0.90 J/mil, or from 77 to 88 J/mil, or from 80 to 85 J/mil.
Instrumented Impact was carried out using ASTM D3763 (more particularly, ASTM
D3763-15), which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto. Instrumented
Impact analysis was carried out with 3.66 m/sec velocity and with a 12.7 mm diameter spherical
probe. ASTM D3763-15 is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto.
[00194] The heat-shrinkable film can have a Peak Load Impact Strength, determined using
ASTM 3763-95A, of at least 77 Newtons per mil, or from 77 to 150 Newtons per mil (N/mil), or
from 78 to 120 N/mil or from 80 to 100 N/mil, or from 80 to 90 N/mil, or from 80 to 85 N/mil.
ASTM 3763-95A is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto.
is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve 380 of SSPE1, disclosed
in Table 1, below. The curve represents the uptake of heat (Y axis) as a function of polymer
temperature (X axis). This DSC curve was generated by: (i) holding the polymer sample at a
temperature of 30°C for one minute, then (ii) heating the polymer sample from 30°C to 147°C at
°C/min, then (iii) holding the sample 147°C for 1 min, then (iv) cooling the sample from
147°C to -43°C at 10°C/min, then (iv) holding the sample at -43°C for one minute, then (v)
heating the sample from -40°C to 147°C at 10°C/min.at the polymer is heated (single site
catalyzed ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer) disclosed in Table 1, below. Thus, the DSC curve in
is the plot of the “second heating” of the sample. The peak melting point of SSPE1 is
located at peak 382, which corresponds with 98.32°C.
is a DSC curve 384 of PLAS1, also disclosed in Table 1, below. This DSC
curve was generated using the same procedure set forth for SSPE1 illustrated in ,
described above. The peak melting point of PLAS1 is located at peak 386, which corresponds
with 80.42°C.
is a DSC curve 388 of VLDPE1, also disclosed in Table 1, below. This DSC
curve was generated using the same procedure set forth for SSPE1 illustrated in ,
described above. The peak melting point of VLDPE1 is located at peak 390, which corresponds
with 121.74°C.
Examples
Table 1: Resins and Other Compositions used in the Examples
Resin code Trade name Generic Resin Name {additional Density Melt Index Supplier
information} (g/cc) (dg/min)
SSPE 1 homogeneous ethylene/octene 0.900 g/cc 6.0 Dow
AFFINITY PL 1281G1
copolymer mp: 99°C
SSPE2 homogeneous ethylene/octene 0.902 g/cc 1.1 Dow
AFFINITY PL 1880G
copolymer
SSPE3 homogeneous ethylene/butene 0.900 g/cc 1.3 Exxon Mobil
EXACT 3128
copolymer
SSPE4 homogeneous ethylene/octene 0.902 g/cc 3.0 Dow
AFFINITY PL 1850G
copolymer
SSPE5 EXCEED 1012HJ homogeneous ethylene/hexene 0.912 g/cc 1.0 Exxon Mobil
copolymer
ssPE6 EXCEED XP 8318XX homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin 0.918 g/cc 1.0 Exxon Mobil
copolymer
ssPE7 EXCEED XP 8358XX homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin 0.918 g/cc 0.5 Exxon Mobil
copolymer
PLAS1 ENGAGE 8003 homogeneous ethylene/octene 0.885 g/cc 1 Dow
plastomer mp: 77°C
PLAS2 homogeneous ethylene/octene 0.868 0.50 Dow
ENGAGE 8157
copolymer mp: 55°C
VLDPE1 XUS 61520.15L heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin 0.903 0.5 Dow
copolymer
VLDPE2 ATTANE 4203 heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin 0.905 8.6 Dow
copolymer
LLDPE 1 Heterogeneous linear low density 0.920 1.1 Dow
DOWLEX 2045.03
polyethylene
heterogeneous ethylene/hexene Exxon Mobil
LLDPE 2 LL 3003.32 copolymer 0.9175 3.2
LLDPE 3 XUS 61520.21 Heterogeneous linear low density 0.903 0.5 Dow
polyethylene
EPC VISTAMAXX 3588FL homogeneous propylene/ethylene 0.889 8 Exxon Mobil
copolymer (8% ethylene)
EPDM VISTALON 7800 ethylene/propylene/diene monomer n/a n/a Exxon Mobil
ION ionomer resin 0.950 14.00 DuPont
SURLYN 1702-1
(16% methacrylic acid)
EVA 1 EB524AA ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 0.934 3.5 Westlake
(14.5% vinyl acetate) Chemical
EVA 2 ESCORENE LD 716.36 ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 0.951 5.75 Exxon Mobil
(26.7% vinyl acetate)
EVA3 EF528AA ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 0.940 2.5 Westlake
(18.5% vinyl acetate) Chemical
EVA4 EB592AA ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 0.931 2.0 Westlake
(9% vinyl acetate) Chemical
EVA5 ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 0.940 1.55 Exxon Mobil
ESCORENE LD 720.92
(18.5% vinyl acetate)
mEVA acid/acrylate modified ethylene/vinyl 0.943 3.2 DuPont
BYNEL 3101
acetate copolymer tie adhesive (18.4%
vinyl acetate)
PVDC1 IXAN PV910 vinylidene chloride / methyl acrylate 1.71 - - - Solvin
copolymer
PVDC2 vinylidene chloride / methyl acrylate 1.70 - - - Dow
SARAN 806
copolymer
PA1 Polyamide 6/66 1.135 181°C mp BASF
ULTRAMID RX2267
PA2 ULTRAMID C40 01 Polyamide 6/66 1.12 190°C mp BASF
coPET1 EASTAPAK® polyethylene terephthalate 1.40 255°C melt Eastman Chemical
COPOLYESTER 9921 point
coPET2 EASTMAN polyester 1.40 Intrinsic Eastman Chemical
COPOLYESTER EN058 viscosity
0.6 mPa sec
PET3 POLYCLEAR PET 5704 Polyester 52 lb/ft Intrinsic Indorama
viscosity
0.72 mPa sec
PETG4 polyethylene terephthalate/glycol 1.25 g/cc n/a Eastman Chemical
ASPIRA
COPOLYESTER EB062
PETG5 polyethylene terephthalate/glycol 1.30 g/cc Inherent Eastman Chemical
EMBRACE LV
copolyester viscosity
0.70 mPa sec
PETG6 GN001 polyethylene terephthalate/glycol 1.27 g/cc Intrinsic Eastman Chemical
viscosity
0.75 dl/g
EMA-1 ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer 0.940 2 DuPont
ELVALOY AC 1218
(18% vinyl acetate)
EMA-2 ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer 0.941 2.5 Westlake
EMAC SP2402
(18.5% vinyl acetate) Chemical
MB1 89% LLDPE Blended masterbatch - - - - Prepared
3.5% erucamide; in-house
3.5% N,N’-ethylene-bis-
stearamide;
4% sodium aluminosilicate
antiblock
MB2 ATMER 7540 Slip masterbatch - - - - Croda
MB3 89% LLDPE Polyethylene homopolymer antiblock - - - - Prepared
3.5% erucamide; and slip agent in-house
3.5% N,N’-ethylene-bis-
stearamide;
4% sodium aluminosilicate
antiblock
MB4 SILOXANE Polyester with siloxane additive n/a n/a Dow Corning
MB50-10
Each of the films below was produced (unless indicated as prophetic) using the
extrusion coating process illustrated in Fig. 15, described above. The resins used in each layer
are as identified in the table above. The orientation was carried out by passing the tape through a
198°F to 202°F water bath for a period of about 20 seconds. The coated tape was orientedin the
solid state to the maximum which could be obtained without causing an impractical level of
bubble breaks, with the total orientation (MD x TD) of from about 10X to about 13X, e.g., about
3.4X in each direction.
Unless otherwise indicated, in the various film tables below the films designated with
the suffix “I” had substrate sections which were irradiated at 64 kGy. Films designated with the
suffix “N” had substrate sections which were not subjected to irradiation. None of the coating
sections were subjected to irradiation. The narrow empty column in each table separates the
substrate section from the coating section. The substrate includes all layers to the left of the
empty column; the coating includes all layers to the right of the empty column.
Film 1I (working)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
64kGy 0 kGy
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 1N (comparative)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
0kGy 0 kGy
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 2I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
64kGy 0 kGy
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 2N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
0kGy 0 kGy
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 3I & Film 3N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EMA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 4I & Film 4N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EMA-1 PVDC1 EMA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 5I & Film 5N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EMA-1 PVDC1 EMA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EMA-1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 6I & Film 6N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
ION 60 VLDPE1 EMA-1 PVDC1 EMA-1 mEVA coPET1
40 EMA-1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 7I & Film 7N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EMA-1 PVDC1 EMA-1 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 40 EMA-1 coPET1
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 8I & Film 8N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EMA-2 PVDC1 EMA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 40 EMA-2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 9I & Film 9N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EMA-2 PVDC1 EMA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 10I & Film 10N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
55 VLDPE1 EMA-2 PVDC1 EMA-2 mEVA coPET1
ION 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 11N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA 2 EVA-2 55 mEVA coPET1
SSPE1 VLDPE1 VLDPE1
15 15
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 0.09 0.09 0.25 0.11 0.11
mil mil mil mil
Film 12N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA 2 EVA-2 55 mEVA 50
SSPE1 VLDPE1 VLDPE1 coPET1
15 15 50
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1 coPET2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 0.09 0.09 0.25 0.11 0.11
mil mil mil mil
Film 13N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 70 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 70 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
30
LLDPE2 EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 14N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA 99
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 coPET1
15
1
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1
EMA-1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 15N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 40 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 40 mEVA 50
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 coPET1
30
50
PLAS1 PLAS1
LLDPE2
coPET2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 16N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 17N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE3 VLDPE1 VLDPE1
15 15
SSPE1 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 20N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE2
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
SSPE1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 21N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA PA1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
15
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 22N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 EVA 2
55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA PA2
SSPE1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
15
LLDPE2
PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 23N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE3
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
EVA4
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 24I & Film 24N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1 coPET1
EVA1 50
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 25I & 25N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 VLDPE1 coPET1
49
PLAS1 coPET2
1
EVA1 MB2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 26I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 VLDPE1 coPET1
48
PLAS1 coPET2
2
EVA1 MB2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 27I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE2 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1 coPET1
EVA1 50
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 28I & Film 28N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE2 70 EVA2 PVDC1 70 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 30 30 PLAS1 coPET1
PLAS1 50
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 29I & Film 29N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 coPET1
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 30I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE2 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA PET3
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 31I (prophetic)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE2 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA PETG4
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 32I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE2 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA PETG5
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 33I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE2 EVA1 PVDC1 EVA1 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1 coPET1
EVA1 50
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 34N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET2
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.74 mil 0.10 mil 0.19 mil 0.10 mil 0.13 mil 0.11 mil
Film 35I & Film 35N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE2 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 50
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 coPET1
coPET2
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 36I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
MB3 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 37I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PET3
MB3 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 38I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 10 EPDM
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 39I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 99
MB3 15 PLAS1 coPET1
EVA1 1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 40I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA2 PVDC1 EVA2 mEVA 80
MB3 15 PLAS1 SSPE4
EVA1 20
LLDPE1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 41I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA1 PVDC1 EVA1 mEVA 99
MB3 15 EPDM coPET1
EVA1 1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 42I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA 99
LLDPE2 10 EPDM coPET1
EVA-1 1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 43N
L a y e r 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Layer 1
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
55 55
80 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 2
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 44N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
55 55
80 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA EVA-2 mEVA 99
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 2 coPET1
15
1
PLAS1 PLAS1
MB3 MB2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 45N
Layer Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 1 PVDC1 EVA EVA-1 55 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 1
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
LLDPE2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 46N
Layer Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 1 PVDC1 EVA EVA-1 55 mEVA coPET1
SSPE1 SSPE2 1 SSPE2
15 15
LLDPE2
PLAS1
PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 47N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 70 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA EVA-2 70 mEVA coPET1
SSPE1 VLDP 2 VLDPE
E1 1
MB3 30 30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 48N
Layer Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA EVA-2 55 mEVA PETG4
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 2
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
LLDPE2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 49N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA PETG5
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
LLDPE2
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 50N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA-2 55 mEVA 99
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1 coPET1
15
1
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.5 mil 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
Film 51N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 mEVA 55 mEVA coPET1
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
15
LLDPE2 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 52N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA mEVA 55 mEVA PET3
SSPE1 VLDP 2 VLDPE
E1 1
LLDP 15 15
E2 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 53N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 2
80 55 EVA 2 PVDC1 mEVA 55 mEVA PET3
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
15
PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 54N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 1
80 55 EVA 1 PVDC1 mEVA 55 mEVA PET3
SSPE1 SSPE2 SSPE2
15 15
MB3 PLAS1 PLAS1
30
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 55N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 1
80 60 EVA 1 PVDC1 mEVA 60 mEVA PET3
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
40 40
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 56N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 1
80 60 EVA 1 PVDC1 mEVA PETG5 mEVA PET3
VLDPE1
SSPE1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 57N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Layer 9
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Core Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Coating
EVA 1
80 60 EVA 1 PVDC1 mEVA 60 mEVA PET3
VLDPE1 VLDPE1
SSPE1
40 40
EVA1 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.47 0.11 0.18 mil 0.09 0.09 mil 0.25 0.11 mil 0.11 mil
mil mil
Film 58I & Film 58N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE5 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 59I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE5 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 60I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA 80
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 SSPE4
LLDPE1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 61I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE6 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA 80
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 SSPE4
LLDPE1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 62I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE7 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA 80
LLDPE2 30 EVA1 SSPE4
LLDPE1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 63I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
ION 70 SSPE5 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 64I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE6 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 65I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 SSPE7 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 66I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PETG5
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 67I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 68I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
ION 70 SSPE5 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 69I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PET3
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 70I (@200 kV) and Film 70I (@500 kV)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 71I (prophetic)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA 99
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1 PETG5
EVA1 1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 72I (prophetic)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70SSPE5 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PETG5
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 73I (@200kV) and 73I (@500kV)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PETG5
LLDPE2 10 EPDM
EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 74I (prophetic)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 75I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 85 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 15 EVA5
0.31 mil 0.72 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.24 mil 0.11 mil
Film 76I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 78 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 22 EVA5
0.31 mil 0.72 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.24 mil 0.11 mil
Film 77
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 60 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 10 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil 0.00 mil
Film 78I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 65 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA coPET1
LLDPE2 5 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil 0.00 mil
Film 79N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 65 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA PETG6
LLDPE2 5 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil 0.00 mil
Film 80N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA PETG6
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.27 mil 1.03 mil 0.09 mil 0.16 mil 0.08 mil 0.20 mil 0.09 mil
Film 81N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 SSPE7 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PET3
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil 0.00 mil
Film 82N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA PET3
LLDPE2 15 PLAS1
EVA-1
0.30 mil 0.73 mil 0.11 mil 0.18 mil 0.09 mil 0.14 mil 0.11 mil
Film 83
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 55 VLDPE1 EVA-1 PVDC1 EVA-1 mEVA PETG5
LLDPE2 15 PLAS2
EVA-1
0.27 mil 1.03 mil 0.09 mil 0.16 mil 0.08 mil 0.20 mil 0.09 mil
Film 84I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
ION 70 VLDPE2 EVA-2 PVDC1 EVA-2 mEVA coPET1
EVA-1
0.31 mil 0.73 mil 0.09 mil 0.19 mil 0.09 mil 0.11 mil 0.12 mil
Film 85N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 outer
Substrate Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC2 EVA-2 mEVA
LLDPE2 30 EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil
Film 86I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 outer
Substrate Section
ION 70 VLDPE1 EVA-2 PVDC2 EVA-2 mEVA
EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil
Film 87N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 outer
Substrate Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE2 EVA-2 PVDC2 EVA-2 mEVA
LLDPE2 30 EVA-1
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil
Film 88N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 outer
Substrate Section
60 SSPE1 70 VLDPE2 EVA-2 PVDC2 EVA-2 mEVA
LLDPE2 30 EVA-1
MB3
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil
Film 89N
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 outer
Substrate Section
60 SSPE1 70 VLDPE2 EVA-2 PVDC2 EVA-2 mEVA
LLDPE2 30 EVA-1
MB3
0.32 mil 1.03 mil 0.17 mil 0.08 mil 0.21 mil 0.12 mil
Film 90I
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7
Sealant Core Tie #1 Barrier Tie #2 Tie #3 Abuse
Substrate Section Coating Section
80 SSPE1 70 VLDPE1 EVA 2 PVDC1 EVA 2 EVA 3 EPC
LLDPE2 30 EVA1
0.3 mil 0.83 mil 0.11 mil 0.21 mil 0.11 mil 0.13 mil 0.14 mil
Results of various tests on the films and packages were made, with the results set
forth in Table 2, below. These tests included free shrink, instrumented impact energy-to-break,
instrumented impact peak load, Truburst, post-shrink haze, and drop testing. The tests were
carried out in accordance with the ASTM tests described above. In addition, Drop & Simulated
Distribution Testing was conducted as described below.
Drop & Simulated Distribution Test
Fresh halves of beef bottom rounds (total of 21 samples) were packaged in a test
material or control bag. Bags were sealed and vacuumized on a rotary vacuum chamber machine
as disclosed in USPN 6,499,274 to McDonald et al, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety,
by reference thereto.
A single seal wire was used, with the seal being made by running a current of from
68-72 amps for a time of 0.53 seconds with a sealing pressure of 15.
Packages were shrunk using a shrink tunnel at a water temperature of approximately
85°C. The packages were in the shrink tunnel for about 1-3 seconds.
Packages were inspected for complete seals and ensure they were hermetic before
being placed in a cardboard box. Each box contained one product from each formulation plus
the control. Each box was individually dropped one time from a height of 36 inches using a
LANSMONT drop tester machine (Model “Field to Lab” # S/N M-15764). Approximately 15
minutes after being dropped, packages were checked for failures. Leaking packages were
marked for later failure mode identification.
Using fresh packages and boxes, for films 1I, 59I, 66I, and 70I, additional or
alternative drop testing was carried out in the same manner except that the drop was conducted
from a height of 30 inches using the same LANSMONT drop testing machine, with the packages
being checked for failure using the same procedure described above for the 36” drop.
Boxes of dropped products were resealed (without removing the packages broken
during the Drop Testing) and secured on a shaker table for a Distribution Simulation Test, using
a LANSMONT Vibration System. The Simulated Distribution Test was conducted in accordance
with ASTM D4169, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto. The
Simulated Distribution Test was conducted at Truck level II for one hour. At the conclusion of
the Simulated Distribution Testing, the boxes were re-opened and the packages reevaluated for
failures. The modes of failure were recorded following the end of the Simulated Distribution
Test. After testing was competed and failure modes identified, the products were repackaged in
a new package made from a different film, the packaging occurring under the same and
conditions as described previously. The repackaged products were placed in a freezer at -20°F
for 45 minutes prior to the next round of testing.
In conducting the drop testing using films having a total free shrink of ≥90% @85C,
it was found that sealing the bag closed with the usual product-to-seal distance of about 4
centimeters resulted in seals that were extremely close and tight to the product once the film was
shrunk. When these tight packages were dropped at a height of 36”, it was found that the
hydraulic pressure created seal and bag failures at the applied seal area. The predominate failure
modes seen after drop testing were bag ripping at applied seal and applied seal failures, majority
of failures were seen after drop testing. Edge tearing became apparent when materials were
sealed at ≥73 amps at 530 msec.
The results for the combined Drop Test & Simulated Distribution Test Drop for
packages made from Films 1I, 1N, 2I, 2N, 52N, 58I, 58N, 59I, 66I, 69I, 70I, 84I, and 86I are
provided in Table 2 below. Lowering the seal pressure did not lower the percentage of failures
in the drop testing.
Table 2
3-comp Plastome IRR Total Free Inst. Inst. Tru- Post Drop Test +
Film No
blend r (wt %, (kGy) Shrink Impact Impact burst shrink distrib Test
(wt%, total (L+T) @ energy to peal (psi/ haze (% fail @
total film blend 85°C break load mil) (%) 36”/
basis) weight (J/mil) (N/mil) 30”
basis)
24/8
1I 44 15 64 97 0.87 82.5 10.2
19/--
1N 44 15 0 97 0.62 63.9 7.8
33/--
2I 0 0 64 82 0.68 76.2 10.1
33/--
2N 0 0 0 82 0.42 56.6 7.0
3I 0 0 64 94
3N 0 0 0 99
4I 0 0 64 98
4N 0 0 0 92
5I 0 0 64 98
5N 0 0 0
6I 0 0 64
6N 0 0
7I 0 0 64
7N 0 0 0
8I 0 0 64 99
8N 0 0 0
9I 44 15 64 98 82.5 10.2
9N 44 15 0 100 63.9 7.8
10I 44 15 64
10N 44 15 0
11N 43.1 15 0
12N 43.1 15 0 99 6.3
13N 0 0 0
14N 43.1 15 0
15N 43.1 30 0
16N 43.1 15 0
17N 43.1 15 0 81.5 7.2
20N 43.1 15 0
21N 43.1 15 0 94.5 7.9
22N 43.1 15 0
23N 43.1 15 0
92.5 75.4 9.2
24I 44 15 64
24IH 44 15 64 94.5 78.9 9.9
24NT 44 15 0 93.5 61.3 7.3
24NH 44 15 0 97 69.6 7.4
25IT 44 15 64 99 76.1 10.2
25IH 44 15 64 98 93.7 10.2
25NT 44 15 0 92 58.1 7.6
25NH 44 15 0 90 59.4 7.5
44 15 64 94
27I 44 15 64 84.5 60.5 7.5
28I 0 3.6 64 92 93.4 9.9
28N 0 3.6 0
29 0
29IT 0 0 64 10.7
29IH 0 0 64 95 97.9 11.4
29NT 0 0 0 96 58.1 8.7
29NH 0 0 0 88 78.9 8.7
30I 44 15 64 96 10.6
31I 44 15 N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P
32I 44 15 64
33I 44 15 64 96 78.9 9.9
34N 45 15 0 93
0 0
35IT 0 0 64 88.5% 95.4 10.6
351H 0 0 64 92% 100.3 11.0
35NT 0 0 0 86% 70.2 8.6
35NH 0 0 0 89% 76.0 8.8
36I 44 15 64
91% 9.6
37I 44 15 64
86 9.0
38I 44 10 64
81 8.3
39I 44 15 64
40I 44 15 64
85 8.9
41I 44 15 64
42I 44 10 64
43N 43.1 15 0
44N 43.1 15 0
45N 43.1 15 0
46N 43.1 15 0
47N 0 0 0
48N 43.1 15 0
49N 43.1 15 0
50N 43.1 15 0
51N 42.7 15 0
94 6.9 52/--
52N 42.7 15 0
53N 42.7 15 0
54N 42.7 15 0
92 7.2
55N 0 0 0
109 8.8
56N 0 0 0
57N 0 0 0
80 9.4 24/--
58I 0 0 64
79 8.1 19/--
58N 0 0 0
93 - - - - - - 7.3 14/4
59I 44 15 64
60I 0 0 64
63 9.9
61I 0 0 64
62I 0 0 64
63I 0 0 64
64I 0 0 64
65I 0 0 64
98 0.65 74.1 8.9 58 25/4
66I 44 15 64
67I 44 15 64
68I 0 0 64
103 0.70 81.9 10.3 56 46/--
69I 44 15 64
--/4
70I 44 15 200k
N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P
71I 44 15 64
N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P
72I 0 0 64
73I 0 0 200k
N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P N/P
74I 0 0 64
89 - - - 10.6
75I 0 0 64
89 - - - 8.6
75N 0 0 0
0.66 76.1 9.3
76I 0 0 64 84
77N 53.4 10 0
78N 53.4 5 0
79N 53.4 5 0
80N 53.6 15 0
53.6 15 0 78 8.5
82N 15 0
83N 15 0
84I 0 0 64 103 - - - 9.2 29/--
85N 0 0 0 94 - - - 8.0
- - - 8.0 25/--
86N 0 0 0 101
- - - 6.7
87N 0 0 0 96
88N 0 0 0 89
89N 0 0 0
90I 0 0 64
Results of Testing
Of the seven films tested for both total free shrink and instrumented impact energy-
to-break, only Films 1I, 66I, and 69I exhibited both a total free shrink @85°C of at least 90%
and instrumented impact energy-to-break of at least 0.65 Joules/mil. Of the twenty seven films
tested for both total free shrink and instrumented impact peak load, only twelve films (i.e., Films
1I, 9I, 24I, 24IH, 25IT, 25IH, 28I, 29IH, 33I, 35IH, 66I, and 69I) exhibited both a total free
shrink @85°C of at least 90% and instrumented impact peak load of at least 70 Newtons/mil.
Notably, each of the twelve films which met both the shrink criteria and the instrumented impact
criteria had a substrate film portion which was irradiated at 64 kGy, producing a crosslinked
polymer network in that portion of the film.
While all of the films of the examples were prepared by extrusion coating, only some
had the substrate portion (the first film portion) irradiated at 64 kGy to make a crosslinked
polymer network. All of the irradiated films had only the substrate portion irradiated, with the
coating portion (the second film portion) not being irradiated. However, for both the irradiated
films and the non-irradiated films, the substrate, and the coating thereover, were both reheated to
their softening point (in hot water) and oriented in the solid state, with the solid state orientation
producing stressed polymer networks in both the coating and the substrate. In Films 1I, 66I, 69I,
and 76I, the result was a film of high total free shrink at relatively low temperature, and high
instrumented impact energy-to-break per mil of film thickness.
In the twelve films (Films 1I, 9I, 24I, 24IH, 25IT, 25IH, 28I, 29IH, 33I, 35IH, 66I,
and 69I) that exhibited both high free shrink at low temperature and high instrumented impact
peak load, it was surprising that this combination of shrink and impact be obtained in films
made almost exclusively of polyolefin-based polymers, with the exception of an outer polyester
layer making up less than 7% of the total film thickness. None of the films contained polyamide.
As all twelve films had a crosslinked polymer network in a portion of the film, the data supports
the conclusion that the crosslinked polymer network contributed to the surprising combination of
shrink and impact. Also, as nine of the twelve films contained plastomer, the data supports the
conclusion that plastomer assists in achieving the combination of shrink and impact, but is not
required in a polyolefin-based film having the combination of high shrink and high impact.
The four films tested for free shrink and energy to break that did not exhibit both a
total free shrink @85°C of at least 90% and instrumented impact energy-to-break of at least 0.65
Joules/mil were: (i) Film 1N (total free shrink 97%; instrumented impact energy to break 0.62
J/mil); (ii) Film 2I (total free shrink 82%; instrumented impact energy to break 0.68 J/mil); and
(iii) Film 2N (total free shrink 64%; instrumented impact energy to break 0.42 J/mil); and (iv)
Film 76I (total free shrink 84%; instrumented impact energy to break 0.66 J/mil). The fifteen
films tested for free shrink and peak load that did not exhibit a total free shrink @85°C of at least
90% and instrumented impact peak load of at least 70 Newtons/mil were: (#1) Film 1N (total
free shrink 97%; instrumented impact peak load 63.9N/mil); (#2) Film 2I (total free shrink 82%;
instrumented impact peak load 76.2 N/mil); (#3) Film 2N (total free shrink 82%; instrumented
impact peak load 56.6 N/mil); (#4) Film 9N (total free shrink 100%; instrumented impact peak
load 63.9 N/mil); (#5) Film 24NT (total free shrink 93.5%; instrumented impact peak load
63.1N/mil); (#6) Film 24NH (total free shrink 97%; instrumented impact peak load 69.6N/mil);
(#7) Film 25NT (total free shrink of 92%; instrumented impact peak load 58.1N/mil); (#8) Film
25NH (total free shrink of 90%; instrumented impact peak load 59.41N/mil); (#9) Film 27I (total
free shrink of 84.5%; instrumented impact peak load 60.5N/mil); (#10) Film 29NT (total free
shrink of 96%; instrumented impact peak load 58.1N/mil); (#11) Film 29NH (total free shrink of
88%; instrumented impact peak load 78.9N/mil); (#12) Film 35IT (total free shrink of 88.5%;
instrumented impact peak load 95.4N/mil); (#13) Film 35NT (total free shrink of 86%;
instrumented impact peak load 70.2N/mil); (#14) Film 35NH (total free shrink of 89%;
instrumented impact peak load 76.0N/mil); and (#15) Film 76I (total free shrink 84%;
instrumented impact peak load 76.1N/mil) .
[00213] Of the fifteen tested films which did not exhibit the combination of desired shrink and
instrumented impact (either energy to break or peak load), eleven contained no crosslinked
polymer network. Of the three films (Films 1I, 66I, and 69I) which had the combination of high
total free shrink and high instrumented impact energy to break, all three were irradiated and all
three contained about 6.6 wt % plastomer having a melt index of less than 1.1 g/10 min.
Moreover, of the twelve films which exhibited the combination of high total free shrink and high
instrumented impact peak load, nine contained about 6.6 wt % plastomer (total film wt basis)
with melt index below 1.1 g/10 min, one contained 3.6 wt % plastomer, and two did not contain
plastomer.
Thus, it can be concluded from the data that the presence of the crosslinked polymer
network was required to obtain the combination of high shrink and high impact strength, and that
the plastomer assisted, but was not required, in order to achieve the combination of high shrink
and high impact.
Various and additional embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are described and
recited in the following sentences A through AAAAA.
A. A multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprises a first film portion laminated
to a second film portion, wherein: A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first
outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked
polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation; B) the second film portion
comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer and which comprises polyester, and
(b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the
third layer being between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer having no
crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a polymer network which has been
strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion does not contain a crosslinked
polymer network; wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of
at least 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy-to-
break of at least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film
comprising 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film
weight basis.
B. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt % based on total film weight, and the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt % based on total
film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting
point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer
making up from 30 to 80 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester
making up from 10 to 55 wt %, based on total film weight.
C. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 10 wt % based on total film weight, and the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 5 to 15 wt % based on total
film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting
point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer
making up from 40 to 70 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester
making up from 25 to 45 wt %, based on total film weight.
D. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 4 to 8 wt % based on total film weight, and the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 5 to 15 wt % based on total
film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting
point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer
making up from 45 to 65 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester
making up from 30 to 40 wt %, based on total film weight, and the film does not comprise
polyamide.
[00220] E. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the first film
portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 60 to 95 wt
%, based on weight of the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5
to 40 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
F. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the first film
portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 70 to 95 wt
%, based on weight of the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5
to 30 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
G. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the first film
portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 80 to 90 wt
%, based on weight of the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from
to 20 wt %, based on weight of first film portion, and the film does not comprise polyamide.
H. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt %, based on total film weight; the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt %, based on total
film weight; the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥
95°C, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 30 to 80 wt %, based on total film weight,
and from 60 to 95 wt % based on weight of the first film portion; and the film further comprising
at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from
to 55 wt %, based on total film weight the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5 to 40
wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
I. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 10 wt %, based on total film weight; the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 5 to 15 wt %, based on total
film weight; the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥
95°C, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 40 to 70 wt %, based on total film weight,
and from 70 to 95 wt % based on weight of the first film portion; and the film further comprising
at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from
to 45 wt %, based on total film weight the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 5 to 30
wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
J. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein: the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up from 4 to 8 wt %, based on total film weight; the
polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 5 to 15 wt % based on total
film weight; the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥
95°C, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 45 to 65 wt %, based on total film weight,
and from 80 to 90 wt %, based on weight of the first film portion, and the film further
comprising an ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 30 to 40 wt %, based on total film
weight, the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 10 to 20 wt %, based on weight of first
film portion.
K. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the polyester
in the second outer layer makes up 6 wt %, based on total film weight; the polyvinylidene
chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up 10 wt %, based on total film weight; and the film
further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least
one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up 50 wt %,
based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up 34 wt %, based on total
film weight, and the film does not comprise polyamide.
L. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence K, wherein the ethylene-
based polymer is present in the first film portion in an amount of 85 wt %, based on weight of
the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester is present in the first film portion in an
amount of 15 wt %, based on weight of first film portion.
M. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence A, wherein the first film
portion comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and an
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up 85 wt %, based on
weight of the first film portion, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up 15 wt %, based on
weight of first film portion, and the film does not comprise polyamide.
[00229] N. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to M,
wherein the heat seal layer comprises a blend of a homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer
and a heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
O. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence N, wherein the
homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 60 to 95 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of from 5 to 40 wt %, based on layer
weight.
[00231] P. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence N, wherein the
homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 70 to 90 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of from 10 to 30 wt %, based on layer
weight.
Q. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence N, wherein the
homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
from 75 to 85 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin
copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of from 15 to 25 wt %, based on layer
weight.
R. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence N, wherein the
homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of
80 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is
present in the heat seal layer in an amount of 20 wt %, based on layer weight.
S. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to any of Claims N to R,
wherein the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin comprises at least one member selected from
the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene and very low density polyethylene.
T. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to S,
wherein the film further comprises a core layer in the first film portion, the core layer being
between the heat seal layer and the oxygen barrier layer, the core layer comprising a blend of
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer and at least one member selected from the group consisting
of very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and homogeneous
ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer having a peak melting point of at least 95°C.
U. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to T, further
comprising:
a first tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the heat seal layer, with the first tie
layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of an
ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified
ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer; and
a second tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the second outer layer comprising
polyester, the second tie layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting
of anhydride-functional polyolefin, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer,
anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, cyclic olefin copolymer, acrylate-
based polymer, polyurethane, styrene-based polymer.
V. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to T, further
comprising:
a first tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the core layer, with the first tie layer
comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/carboxylic
acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/ester copolymer, and
anhydride-modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer; and
a second tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the second outer layer comprising
polyester, the second tie layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting
of an ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified
ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
[00238] W. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence V, further comprising a third tie layer
between the second tie layer and the second outer layer comprising polyester, the third tie layer
comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of anhydride-functional
polyolefin, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer, anhydride-functional
ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, cyclic olefin copolymer, acrylate-based polymer,
polyurethane, styrene-based polymer.
X. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences T to W, wherein the
crosslinked polymer network is present in the heat seal layer and the core layer, but the
crosslinked polymer network is not present in the barrier layer, the second outer layer, and the
first and second tie layers.
Y. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to X,
wherein the multilayer film further comprises a plastomer having a peak melting point ≤ 90°C
and a melt index of ≤ 1.1 g/10min.
Z. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer
has a peak melting point ≤ 88°C.
AA. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point ≤ 85°C.
AB. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point ≤ 82°C.
[00244] AC. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point ≤ 80°C.
AD. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point of from 45°C to 90°C.
AE. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point of from 50°C to 85°C.
AF. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point of from 55°C to 85°C.
AG. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a peak
melting point of from 45°C to 80°C.
[00249] AH. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.908 g/cc .
AI. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.905 g/cc .
AJ. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.902 g/cc .
AK. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.900 g/cc .
AL. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.895 g/cc .
[00254] AM. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence Y, wherein the plastomer has a
density ≤ 0.890 g/cc .
AN. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 2 wt %, based on total film weight.
AO. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 4 wt %, based on total film weight.
AP. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of from 2 to 20 wt %, based on total film weight.
AQ. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of from 3 to 15 wt %, based on total film weight.
[00259] AR. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of from 3 to 10 wt %, based on total film weight.
AS. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of from 4 to 8 wt %, based on total film weight.
AT. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM, wherein the
plastomer is present in the film in an amount of from 5 to 7 wt %, based on total film weight.
AU. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences Y to AM,
wherein the plastomer is present in the seal layer.
AV. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AU,
wherein the polyester comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of
polyethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate,
polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalic acid, polybutylene terephthalate, polynaphthalene
terephthalate, and polyethylene furanoate.
AW. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence AV, wherein the
polyester has a melting point of from 80°C to 270°C.
AX. The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film of sentence AV, wherein the
polyester has a melting point of from 240°C to 270°C.
AY. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AX, wherein the
crosslinked polymer network is present in every layer of the first film portion, and the
crosslinked polymer network is not present in any layer of the second film portion.
AZ. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AY, wherein the
film has a thickness of from 0.5 mil to 3 mils.
BA. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AY, wherein the
film has a thickness of from 0.7 mil to 2.5 mils.
BB. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AY, wherein the
film has a thickness of from 1 to 2 mils.
BC. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to AY, wherein the
film has a thickness of from 1.5 to 1.9 mils.
BD. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BC, wherein the
multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 95%.
BE. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BC, wherein the
multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 100%.
BF. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BC, wherein the
multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 105%.
BG. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BF, wherein the
film has an instrumented impact energy-to-break ≥ 0.70 J/mil.
[00275] BH. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BF, wherein the
film has an instrumented impact energy-to-break ≥ 0.75 J/mil.
BI. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BF, wherein the
film has an instrumented impact energy-to-break ≥ 0.80 J/mil.
BJ. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BI, wherein the film
contains polyamide in an amount less than 10 wt %.
BK. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BI, wherein the film
contains polyamide in an amount less than 5 wt %.
BL. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BI, wherein the film
does not contain polyamide.
BM. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BL, wherein the
film loses less than 5% total free shrink at 85°C after exposure to 100% relative humidity for 24
hours at 32°C.
[00281] BN. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BL, wherein the
film loses less than 2% total free shrink at 85°C after exposure to 100% relative humidity for 24
hours at 32°C.
BO. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 40 wt %, based on total film weight.
BP. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 35 wt %, based on total film weight.
[00284] BQ. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 25 wt %, based on total film weight.
BR. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 20 wt %, based on total film weight.
BS. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 15 wt %, based on total film weight.
BT. The heat-shrinkable film of any one of sentences A to BN, wherein the
film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 10 wt %, based on total film weight.
BU. A multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprises a first film portion laminated
to a second film portion, wherein:
A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a
heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been
strained by solid-state orientation;
B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer
and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer
comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being between the first layer and the second
layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a
polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion
not containing a crosslinked polymer network;
wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%
measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact peak load strength of at
least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0
wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis.
BV. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence BU, wherein the instrumented impact
peak load strength of the multilayer film is at least 78 Newtons/mil.
[00290] BW. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence BU, wherein the instrumented impact
peak load strength of the multilayer film is at least 79 Newtons/mil.
BX. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence BU, wherein the instrumented impact
peak load strength of the multilayer film is at least 80 Newtons/mil.
BY. The heat-shrinkable film of sentence BU, wherein the instrumented impact
peak load strength of the multilayer film is at least 81 Newtons/mil.
BZ. A packaging article comprises a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film
comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion, wherein:
A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a
heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been
strained by solid-state orientation;
B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer
and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer
comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being between the first layer and the second
layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a
polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion
not containing a crosslinked polymer network; and
wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%
measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy-to-break of at
least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0 wt %
polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis, and the
film is heat sealed to itself.
[00294] CA. The packaging article of sentence BZ, wherein the packaging article is an
end-seal bag having an open top, a bottom seal, a folded first side edge, and a folded second side
edge.
CB. The packaging article of sentence BZ, wherein the packaging article is a
side-seal bag having an open top, a folded bottom edge, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
CC. The packaging article of sentence BZ, wherein the packaging article is a
pouch having a bottom seal, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
CD. The packaging article of sentence BZ, wherein the packaging article is a
form-fill-seal packaging article having a fin seal running the length of the article, a first end seal
at a first end of the article, and a second end seal at the second end of the article, with the form-
fill-seal packaging article enclosing a product therein.
CE. The packaging article of sentence BZ to CD, wherein the
packaging article has a patch adhered thereto, the patch comprising a patch film.
CF. A packaging article comprises a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film
comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion, wherein:
A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a
heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been
strained by solid-state orientation;
B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer
and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer
comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being between the first layer and the second
layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a
polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion
not containing a crosslinked polymer network; and
wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%
measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact peak load strength of at
least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0
wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis,
and the film is heat sealed to itself.
CG. The packaging article of sentence CF, wherein the packaging article is an
end-seal bag having an open top, a bottom seal, a folded first side edge, and a folded second side
edge.
CH. The packaging article of sentence CF, wherein the packaging article is a
side-seal bag having an open top, a folded bottom edge, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
[00302] CI. The packaging article of sentence CF, wherein the packaging article is a
pouch having a bottom seal, a first side seal, and a second side seal.
CJ. The packaging article of sentence CF, wherein the packaging article is a
form-fill-seal packaging article having a fin seal running the length of the article, a first end seal
at a first end of the article, and a second end seal at the second end of the article, with the form-
fill-seal packaging article enclosing a product therein.
CK. The packaging article of any one of sentences CF to CJ, wherein the
packaging article has a patch adhered thereto, the patch comprising a patch film.
CL. A process for making a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprises:
A) extruding a first film portion comprising a first layer which is a first outer layer which
is a heat-seal layer;
B) quenching the first film portion;
C) irradiating the first film portion so that a crosslinked polymer network is formed in the
first film portion;
D) extrusion-coating a second film portion onto the first film portion after the first film
portion has been irradiated, the extrusion-coating resulting in a laminate of the first and second
film portions, the second film portion comprising (d)(i) a second layer which is a second outer
layer and which comprises polyester, the second outer layer being to serve as an outside layer of
the packaging article, and (d)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising at least
one member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene chloride, saponified
ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, ethylene homopolymer,
polyethylene naphthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, liquid crystal polymer, and O -
scavenger, the third layer being between the first layer and the second layer;
E) reheating the laminate to a temperature of from 88°C to 100°C;
F) biaxially orienting the laminate in the solid state, resulting in the multilayer, heat-
shrinkable film; and
wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90%
measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy-to-break of at
least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0 wt %
polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis.
CM. The process of sentence CL, wherein the first film portion is irradiated to a
level of from 30 to 120 kGy.
CN. The process of any one of sentences CL to CM, wherein the oxygen
barrier layer comprises polyvinylidene chloride.
CO. The process of any one of sentences CL to CN, wherein the first film
portion is extruded from an annular extrusion die as a tubing and the second film portion is
extruded over the tubing from an annular extrusion coating die, and the laminate is a tubular
laminate.
CP. The process of sentence CO, wherein the biaxial orientation in the solid
state is carried out by passing the tubular laminate over a trapped bubble while drawing the
tubular laminate in the machine direction.
CQ. The process of any one of sentences CL to CN, wherein the first film
portion is extruded from a first flat die as a sheet and the second film portion is extruded from a
second flat die as a coating over the sheet and the laminate is a flat laminate.
CR. The process of sentence CQ, wherein the biaxial orientation in the solid
state is carried out by drawing the flat laminate in a tenter frame.
CS. The process of any one of sentences CL to CR, wherein the laminate is
biaxially oriented to a total orientation of from 10X to 16X.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it
should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not by way of
limitation. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form
and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Thus, the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary
embodiments.
Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word
"comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the
inclusion of a stated element or integer or method step or group of elements or integers or
method steps but not the exclusion of any element or integer or method step or group of elements
or integers or method steps.
[00315] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived
from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an
acknowledgement or admission or any form of suggestion that the prior publication (or
information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in
the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.
Claims (22)
- Claim 1: A multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion, wherein: A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and 5 which is a heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation; B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being 10 between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion does not contain a crosslinked polymer network; wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 15 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy- to-break of at least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on a total film weight basis. 20
- Claim 2: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, wherein the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt % based on total film weight, and the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 2 to 20 wt % based on total film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based 25 polymer making up from 30 to 80 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 10 to 55 wt %, based on total film weight.
- Claim 3: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, wherein the polyester in the second outer layer makes up from 2 to 10 wt % based on total film weight, and 30 the polyvinylidene chloride in the oxygen barrier layer makes up from 5 to 15 wt % based on total film weight, and the film further comprises an ethylene-based polymer having a peak melting point ≥ 95°C and at least one ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, the ethylene-based polymer making up from 40 to 70 wt %, based on total film weight, and the ethylene/unsaturated ester making up from 25 to 45 wt %, based on total film weight. 5
- Claim 4: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, wherein the heat seal layer comprises a blend of a homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer and a heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer.
- Claim 5: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 4, wherein the 10 homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of from 60 to 95 wt %, based on layer weight, and the heterogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer is present in the heat seal layer in an amount of from 5 to 40 wt %, based on layer weight. 15
- Claim 6: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, wherein the film further comprises a core layer in the first film portion, the core layer being between the heat seal layer and the oxygen barrier layer, the core layer comprising a blend of ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer and at least one member selected from the group consisting of very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer 20 having a peak melting point of at least 95°C.
- Claim 7: The heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 1, further comprising: a first tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the core layer, with the first tie layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of an 25 ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer; and a second tie layer between the oxygen barrier layer and the second outer layer comprising polyester, the second tie layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of an ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer, an ethylene/ester copolymer, anhydride-modified 30 ethylene/ester copolymer, and anhydride-modified ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer; and a third tie layer between the second tie layer and the second outer layer comprising polyester, the third tie layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of anhydride-functional polyolefin, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated acid copolymer, anhydride-functional ethylene/unsaturated ester copolymer, cyclic olefin copolymer, acrylate- 5 based polymer, polyurethane, styrene-based polymer.
- Claim 8: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the multilayer film further comprises a plastomer having a peak melting point ≤ 90°C and a melt index of ≤ 1.1 g/10min.
- Claim 9: The heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 8, wherein the plastomer has a peak melting point ≤ 82°C.
- Claim 10: The heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 8, wherein the plastomer has a density ≤ 0.908 g/cc . 15
- Claim 11: The heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 8, wherein the plastomer is present in the film in an amount of at least 2 wt %, based on total film weight.
- Claim 12: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 8, wherein the plastomer is present in the seal layer.
- Claim 13: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the 20 polyester comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalic acid, polybutylene terephthalate, polynaphthalene terephthalate, and polyethylene furanoate, and the polyester has a melting point of from 80°C to 270°C.
- Claim 14: The multilayer, heat-shrinkable film according to Claim 13, wherein the 25 polyester has a melting point of from 240°C to 270°C.
- Claim 15: The heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the film has a thickness of from 0.7 mil to 2.5 mils.
- Claim 16: The heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the multilayer film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 95%.
- Claim 17: The heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the film has an instrumented impact energy-to-break ≥ 0.70 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763. 5
- Claim 18: The heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the film does not contain polyamide.
- Claim 19: The heat-shrinkable film according to claim 1, wherein the film contains polyester in an amount of from 1 to 40 wt %, based on total film weight.
- Claim 20: A multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a 10 second film portion, wherein: A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation; B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer 15 layer and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film 20 portion not containing a crosslinked polymer network; wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact peak load strength of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 25 wt %, on a total film weight basis.
- Claim 21: A packaging article comprising a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion, wherein: A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and which is a heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation; B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer 5 layer and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film 10 portion not containing a crosslinked polymer network; wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact energy- to-break of at least 0.65 J/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763, with the film comprising 0 wt % polyamide or polyamide in an amount of less than 10 wt %, on 15 a total film weight basis, and the film is heat sealed to itself.
- Claim 22: A packaging article comprising a multilayer, heat-shrinkable film comprising a first film portion laminated to a second film portion, wherein: A) the first film portion comprises a first layer which is a first outer layer and 20 which is a heat-seal layer, the first film portion comprising a cross-linked polymer network which has been strained by solid-state orientation; B) the second film portion comprises (b)(i) a second layer which is a second outer layer and which comprises polyester, and (b)(ii) a third layer which is an oxygen barrier layer comprising polyvinylidene chloride, the third layer being 25 between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer having no crosslinked-polymer network, the second film portion having a polymer network which has been strained by solid state orientation, but the second film portion not containing a crosslinked polymer network; wherein the multilayer, heat-shrinkable film has a total free shrink at 85°C of at least 30 90% measured in accordance with ASTM D2732, and an instrumented impact peak load strength of at least 70 Newtons/mil, measured in accordance with ASTM D3763,
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2017901449 | 2017-04-20 | ||
AU2017901449A AU2017901449A0 (en) | 2017-04-20 | Emergency Lighting System | |
PCT/AU2018/050363 WO2018191791A1 (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2018-04-20 | Emergency lighting system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ758244A NZ758244A (en) | 2021-05-28 |
NZ758447B2 true NZ758447B2 (en) | 2021-08-31 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11020944B2 (en) | Delamination-resistant heat-shrinkable multilayer oxygen barrier film containing polyester | |
AU2015206003B2 (en) | Multilayer PVDC barrier heat shrinkable films | |
AU2006227620B2 (en) | Abuse-resistant retortable packaging film having oxygen barrier layer containing blend of amorphous polyamide and semicrystalline polyamide | |
AU2015265861B2 (en) | Multilayer heat shrinkable films | |
AU2005239711B2 (en) | Patch bag and barrier bag | |
EP2720861B1 (en) | Sterilizable film for aseptic packaging | |
EP3609698B1 (en) | High-shrink, high-strength packaging article exhibiting directional tear | |
WO2006113074A2 (en) | Film for chub packaging | |
US11305520B2 (en) | High-shrink, high-strength multilayer film | |
EP3609957B1 (en) | High-shrink, high-strength multilayer film containing three-component blend | |
NZ758447B2 (en) | Emergency lighting system | |
NZ758447A (en) | Integrated ball valve and ultrasonic flowmeter | |
NZ719181B2 (en) | Delamination-resistant heat-shrinkable multilayer oxygen barrier film containing polyester |