NZ754902B2 - Genome engineering - Google Patents
Genome engineeringInfo
- Publication number
- NZ754902B2 NZ754902B2 NZ754902A NZ75490214A NZ754902B2 NZ 754902 B2 NZ754902 B2 NZ 754902B2 NZ 754902 A NZ754902 A NZ 754902A NZ 75490214 A NZ75490214 A NZ 75490214A NZ 754902 B2 NZ754902 B2 NZ 754902B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- dna
- target dna
- nucleic acid
- guide rna
- Prior art date
Links
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Abstract
The present invention provides an in vitro or ex-vivo method of altering target DNA in a cell wherein the cell is genetically modified to include a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 enzyme, in the genomic DNA of the cell, that forms a co-localization complex with a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner comprising (a) introducing into the cell a donor nucleic acid sequence, introducing into the cell from media surrounding the cell a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises phosphatase treated guide RNA provided to the cell from surrounding media that is continuously supplemented with the phosphatase treated guide RNA to allow continuous target DNA editing, and wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell, and wherein the cell is not a totipotent or germline human cell. NA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner comprising (a) introducing into the cell a donor nucleic acid sequence, introducing into the cell from media surrounding the cell a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises phosphatase treated guide RNA provided to the cell from surrounding media that is continuously supplemented with the phosphatase treated guide RNA to allow continuous target DNA editing, and wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell, and wherein the cell is not a totipotent or germline human cell.
Description
GENOME ENGINEERING RELATED ATION DATA This application is a divisional of New Zealand patent application 716606, which is the national phase entry in New Zealand of PCT international application (published as 61/858,866 filed on July 26, 2013 and is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT STS This invention was made with government support under P50 HG003170 from the National Human Genome Research Center for Excellence in Genomics Science. The government has certain rights in the invention.
BACKGROUND Genome editing via sequence-specific nucleases is known. See references 1, 2, and 3 hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. A nuclease-mediated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) break in the genome can be repaired by two main mechanisms: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), which frequently results in the introduction of non-specific insertions and deletions (indels), or homology ed repair (HDR), which incorporates a homologous strand as a repair template. See reference 4 hereby incorporated by reference in its ty. When a ce-specific nuclease is delivered along with a homologous donor DNA construct containing the desired mutations, gene targeting efficiencies are increased by 1000-fold compared to just the donor construct alone. See nce 5 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Use of single stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides ("ssODNs") as DNA donors has been reported. See references 21 and 22 hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Despite large advances in gene g tools, many challenges and questions remain regarding the use of custom-engineered nucleases in human induced pluripotent stem cell ("hiPSC") engineering. First, despite their design city, ription Activator-Like Effectors Nucleases (TALENs) target particular DNA sequences with tandem copies of Repeat Variable due (RVD) domains. See reference 6 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirtety. While the modular nature of RVDs fies TALEN design, their repetitive sequences complicate methods for synthesizing their DNA ucts (see references 2, 9, and 15-19 hereby incorporated by nce in their entireties) and also impair their use with lentiviral gene delivery vehicles. See reference 13 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In current practice, NHEJ and HDR are frequently ted using separate assays.
Mismatch-sensitive endonuclease assays (see reference 14 hereby incorporated by nce in its entirety) are often used for assessing NHEJ, but the tative accuracy of this method is variable and the sensitivity is limited to NHEJ frequencies greater than~3%. See reference 15 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. HDR is ntly assessed by cloning and sequencing, a completely different and often some procedure. Sensitivity is still an issue e, while high editing frequencies on the order of 50% are frequently ed for some cell types, such as U2OS and K562 (see references 12 and 14 hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties), frequencies are generally lower in hiPSCs. See nce 10 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Recently, high editing frequencies have been reported in hiPSC and hESC using TALENs (see reference 9 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and even higher frequencies with the CRISPR Cas9-gRNA system (see references 16-19 hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. However, editing rates at different sites appear to vary widely (see reference 17 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and editing is sometimes not detectable at all at some sites (see reference 20 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems rely on short guide RNAs in complex with Cas proteins to direct degradation of complementary sequences present within invading foreign nucleic acid. See Deltcheva, E. et al. CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. Nature 471, 602-607 (2011); Gasiunas, G., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P. & Siksnys, V. Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, E2579-2586 (2012); Jinek, M. et al. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. e 337, 816-821 (2012); Sapranauskas, R. et al.
The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli.
Nucleic acids research 39, 9275-9282 (2011); and Bhaya, D., n, M. & Barrangou, R.
CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation. Annual review of genetics 45, 273-297 (2011). A recent in vitro titution of the S. es type II CRISPR system trated that crRNA ("CRISPR RNA") fused to a normally trans-encoded NA s-activating CRISPR RNA") is sufficient to direct Cas9 protein to sequence-specifically cleave target DNA sequences matching the crRNA. Expressing a gRNA homologous to a target site results in Cas9 recruitment and degradation of the target DNA. See H.
Deveau et al., Phage response to CRISPR-encoded resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus.
Journal of Bacteriology 190, 1390 (Feb, 2008). It is an object of the t invention to go some way towards ming these problems and/or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.
SUMMARY In a first aspect the present invention provides an in vitro or ex-vivo method of altering target DNA in a cell wherein the cell is genetically modified to include a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 enzyme, in the genomic DNA of the cell, that forms a co-localization complex with a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and that s the target DNA in a site specific manner comprising (a) introducing into the cell a donor nucleic acid sequence, introducing into the cell from media surrounding the cell a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises phosphatase treated guide RNA provided to the cell from surrounding media that is uously supplemented with the phosphatase treated guide RNA to allow continuous target DNA editing, and wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the Cas9 enzyme s the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell, and wherein the cell is not a totipotent or ne human cell.
Additional embodiments are directed to the use of modified Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) for genetically modifying a cell, such as a somatic cell or a stem cell. TALENs are known to include repeat sequences. Embodiments of the t disclosure are directed to a method of altering target DNA in a cell including introducing into a cell a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the cell oes nonhomologous end joining to produce altered DNA in the cell. According to n embodiments, repeat sequences of desired length have been d from a TALEN. According to certain embodiments, the TALEN is devoid of repeat sequences of certain desired length.
According to certain embodiments, a TALEN is ed with repeat sequences of desired length removed. According to n embodiments, a TALEN is modified to remove repeat sequences of desired length. According to certain embodiments, a TALEN is engineered to remove repeat sequences of desired length.
Embodiments of the present disclosure e methods of altering target DNA in a cell including combining within a cell a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer and a donor nucleic acid sequence wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid sequence is ed into the DNA in the cell. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a virus including a c acid sequence encoding a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a cell including a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. According to certain ments described herein, the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 100 bp or longer, 90 bp or longer, 80 bp or longer, 70 bp or longer, 60 bp or longer, 50 bp or longer, 40 bp or longer, 30 bp or , 20 bp or longer, 19 bp or longer, 18 bp or longer, 17 bp or longer, 16 bp or longer, 15 bp or longer, 14 bp or longer, 13 bp or longer, 12 bp or longer, 11 bp or longer, or 10 bp or longer.
Embodiments of the present sure are directed to making a TALE including combining an endonuclease, a DNA polymerase, a DNA ligase, an exonuclease, a plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks encoding repeat le diresidue domains and a TALE-N/TF backbone vector ing an endonuclease cutting site, activating the endonuclease to cut the TALE-N/TF backbone vector at the endonuclease cutting site to produce a first end and a second end, activating the exonuclease to create a 3’ and a 5’ overhang on the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks and to anneal the TALE-N/TF ne vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks in a desired order, activating the DNA polymerase and the DNA ligase to connect the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks. One of skill in the art will readily based on the present disclosure be able to identify suitable endonucleases, DNA polymerases, DNA ligases, exonucleases, nucleic acid dimer blocks encoding repeat variable diresidue domains and TALE-N/TF backbone vectors.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of altering target DNA in a stem cell expressing an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that s the target DNA in a site ic manner including (a) introducing into the stem cell a first foreign c acid encoding an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, introducing into the stem cell a second foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor nucleic acid sequence, wherein the RNA and the donor nucleic acid sequences are expressed, wherein the RNA and the enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the enzyme s the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the stem cell.
Embodiments of the t disclosure are directed to a stem cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner. ments of the t disclosure are ed to a cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a co-localization x with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner and including an inducible promoter for promoting expression of the enzyme. In this manner, expression can be regulated, for example, it can be d and it can be stopped.
Embodiments of the t disclosure are directed to a cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner, wherein the first foreign nucleic acid is removable from genomic DNA of the cell using a removal enzyme, such as a osase. ments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of altering target DNA in a cell expressing an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner including (a) introducing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor nucleic acid sequence, introducing into the cell from media surrounding the cell an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are s of a co- localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is expressed, wherein the RNA and the enzyme alize to the target DNA, the enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell.
Embodiments of the t disclosure are directed to the use of an RNA guided DNA binding protein for genetically modifying a stem cell. In one embodiment, the stem cell has been genetically modified to include a nucleic acid encoding for the RNA guided DNA binding protein and the stem cell expresses the RNA guided DNA binding protein. According to a n embodiment, donor nucleic acids for introducing specific mutations are optimized for genome editing using either the modified TALENs or the RNA guided DNA binding protein.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to the modification of DNA, such as multiplex modification of DNA, in a stem cell using one or more guide RNAs (ribonucleic acids) to direct an enzyme having nuclease activity expressed by the stem cell, such as a DNA g protein having nuclease activity, to a target location on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) wherein the enzyme cuts the DNA and an exogenous donor nucleic acid is ed into the DNA, such as by homologous recombination. ments of the present disclosure include cycling or repeating steps of DNA modification on a stem cell to create a stem cell having multiple modifications of DNA within the cell. Modifications may e insertion of exogenous donor nucleic acids.
Multiple exogenous nucleic acid insertions can be accomplished by a single step of introducing into a stem cell, which ses the enzyme, nucleic acids encoding a ity of RNAs and a plurality of ous donor nucleic acids, such as by co-transformation, wherein the RNAs are expressed and wherein each RNA in the plurality guides the enzyme to a particular site of the DNA, the enzyme cuts the DNA and one of the plurality of exogenous nucleic acids is inserted into the DNA at the cut site. According to this embodiment, many alterations or modification of the DNA in the cell are d in a single cycle.
Multiple exogenous nucleic acid insertions can be accomplished in a cell by repeated steps or cycles of introducing into a stem cell, which expresses the enzyme, one or more nucleic acids encoding one or more RNAs or a plurality of RNAs and one or more exogenous nucleic acids or a ity of ous nucleic acids wherein the RNA is expressed and guides the enzyme to a particular site of the DNA, the enzyme cuts the DNA and the exogenous nucleic acid is inserted into the DNA at the cut site, so as to result in a cell having multiple alterations or ions of exogenous DNA into the DNA within the stem cell. According to one embodiment, the stem cell expressing the enzyme has been genetically altered to express the enzyme such as by introducing into the cell a c acid encoding the enzyme and which can be expressed by the stem cell. In this manner, embodiments of the present disclosure include cycling the steps of introducing RNA into a stem cell which expresses the enzyme, introducing exogenous donor nucleic acid into the stem cell, expressing the RNA, forming a co-localization complex of the RNA, the enzyme and the DNA, enzymatic g of the DNA by the enzyme, and ion of the donor nucleic acid into the DNA. Cycling or repeating of the above steps results in multiplexed genetic modification of a stem cell at multiple loci, i.e., a stem cell having multiple genetic modifications.
According to certain embodiments, DNA binding proteins or enzymes within the scope of the present disclosure include a protein that forms a complex with the guide RNA and with the guide RNA guiding the complex to a double stranded DNA ce wherein the complex binds to the DNA sequence. According to one embodiment, the enzyme can be an RNA guided DNA binding protein, such as an RNA guided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR System that binds to the DNA and is guided by RNA. According to one embodiment, the RNA guided DNA g protein is a Cas9 protein.
This embodiment of the present disclosure may be referred to as co-localization of the RNA and DNA binding protein to or with the double stranded DNA. In this manner, a DNA binding protein-guide RNA complex may be used to cut multiple sites of the double stranded DNA so as to create a stem cell with le genetic modifications, such as multiple insertions of exogenous donor DNA.
According to certain embodiments, a method of making multiple alterations to target DNA in a stem cell sing an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner is described including (a) introducing into the stem cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding one or more RNAs mentary to the target DNA and which guide the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the one or more RNAs and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, ucing into the stem cell a second foreign nucleic acid ng one or more donor nucleic acid sequences, wherein the one or more RNAs and the one or more donor nucleic acid sequences are expressed, wherein the one or more RNAs and the enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to e altered DNA in the stem cell, and repeating step (a) multiple times to produce multiple alterations to the DNA in the stem cell. ing to one embodiment, the RNA is between about 10 to about 500 nucleotides.
According to one embodiment, the RNA is between about 20 to about 100 nucleotides.
According to one ment, the one or more RNAs is a guide RNA. According to one embodiment, the one or more RNAs is a tracrRNA-crRNA fusion.
According to one embodiment, the DNA is genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral DNA, or exogenous DNA.
According to one embodiment, a cell may be genetically modified to reversibly include a nucleic acid ng a DNA binding enzyme using a vector which can be easily d using an enzyme. Useful vectors methods are known to those of skill in the art and include lentivirus, adeno associated virus, nuclease and integrase mediated tarteget insertion methods and transposon mediated insertion methods. According to one ment, the nucleic acid encoding a DNA binding enzyme that has been added, such as by using a cassette or vector can be removed in its entirety along with the cassette and vector and without leaving a portion of such nucleic acid, cassette or vector in the c DNA, for example. Such removal is referred to in the art as "scarless" removal, as the genome is the same as it was before addition of the nucleic acid, cassette or vector. One ary embodiment for insertion and scarless removal is a PiggyBac vector commercially available from System Biosciences. r features and advantages of certain embodiments of the present invention will become more fully apparent in the following description of embodiments and drawings thereof, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE GS The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present embodiments will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of rative embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is ed to functional tests of re-TALENs in human somatic and stem cells. (a) Schematic representation of experimental design for testing genome targeting efficiency. A genomically integrated GFP coding sequence is disrupted by the insertion of a stop codon and a 68bp genomic fragment d from the AAVS1 locus (bottom). Restoration of the GFP sequence by nuclease-mediated homologous recombination with tGFP donor (top) results in GFP+ cells that can be quantitated by FACS. Re-TALENs and TALENs target identical sequences within AAVS1 fragments. (b) Bar graph depicting GFP+ cell percentage uced by tGFP donor alone, TALENs with tGFP donor, and re-TALENs with tGFP donor at the target locus, as measured by FACS. (N=3, error bar =SD) Representative FACS plots are shown below. (c) Schematic overview depicting the targeting strategy for the native AAVS1 locus. The donor plasmid, containing splicing acceptor (SA)- 2A (self-cleaving peptides), puromycin resistant gene (PURO) and GFP were described (see nce 10 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The locations of PCR primers used to detect successful editing events are depicted as blue arrows. (d) Successfully targeted clones of PGP1 hiPSCs were selected with puromycin (0.5ug/mL) for 2 weeks. Microscopy images of three representative GFP+ clones are shown. Cells were also stained for the pluripotency markers TRA60. Scale bar: 200 µm. (e) PCR assays performed on these the monoclonal GFP+ hiPSC clones demonstrated successful insertions of the donor cassettes at the AAVS1 site (lane 1,2,3), whereas plain hiPSCs show no evidence of successful insertion (lane C). (f) Depicts (SEQ ID NO:1).
Fig. 2 s to a comparison of reTALENs and Cas9-gRNAs genome targeting efficiency on CCR5 in iPSCs. (a) Schematic representation of genome engineering experimental design. At the re-TALEN pair or Cas9-gRNA targeting site, a 90mer ssODN carrying a 2bp mismatch against the genomic DNA was red along with the reTALEN or Cas9-gRNA constructs into PGP1 hiPSCs. The cutting sites of the nucleases are depicted as red arrows in the figure. (b) Deep sequencing analysis of HDR and NHEJ efficiencies for re-TALEN pairs (CCR5 #3) and ssODN, or the Cas9-gRNA and ssODN. Alterations in the genome of hiPSCs were analyzed from high-throughput sequence data by GEAS. Top: HDR was quantified from the fraction of reads that contained a 2bp point mutation built into the center of the ssODN (blue), and NHEJ activity was quantified from the fraction of ons (grey)/Insertions (red) at each ic position in the . For the reTALEN and ssODN graphs, green dashed lines are plotted to mark the outer ry of the re-TALEN pair’s binding sites, which are at positions -26bp and +26bp relative to the center of the two EN binding sites. For Cas9-gRNA and ssODN graphs, the green dashed lines mark the outer boundary of the gRNA ing site, which are at positions -20 and -1 bp relative to the PAM sequence. Bottom: Deletion/Insertion size distribution in hiPSCs analyzed from the entire NHEJ population with treatments indicated above. (c) The genome editing efficiency of re-TALENs and Cas9-gRNAs targeting CCR5 in PGP1 hiPSCs.
Top: schematic representation of the targeted genome editing sites in CCR5. The 15 ing sites are illustrated by blue arrows below. For each site, cells were nsfected with a pair of re- TALENs and their corresponding ssODN donor carrying 2bp mismatches t the genomic DNA. Genome editing encies were assayed 6 days after ection. Similarly, 15 Cas9- gRNAs were transfected with their corresponding ssODNs individually into PGP1-hiPSCs to target the same 15 sites and analyzed the efficiency 6 days after transfection. Bottom: the genome editing efficiency of re-TALENs and Cas9-gRNAs targeting CCR5 in PGP1 hiPSCs. Panel 1 and 2 indicate NHEJ and HDR efficiencies ed by reTALENs. Panel 3 and 4 indicate NHEJ and HDR efficiencies mediated by Cas9-gRNAs. NHEJ rates were calculated by the frequency of genomic alleles ng deletions or insertions at the targeting region; HDR rates were calculated by the frequency of genomic alleles carrying 2bp mismatches. Panel 5, the DNaseI HS profile of a hiPSC cell line from ENCODE database (Duke DNase HS, iPS NIHi7 DS). Of note, the scales of different panels are different. (f) Sanger sequencing of the PCR amplicon from the three targeted hiPSC colonies confirmed that the expected DNA bases at the genome-insertion boundary is present. M: DNA ladder. C: control with plain hiPSCs genomic DNA.
Fig. 3 is directed to a study of functional parameters governing ssODN-mediated HDR with re-TALENs ir Cas9-gRNAs in PGP1 hiPSCs. (a) PGP1 hiPSCs were co-transfected with re-TALENs pair (#3) and ssODNs of different lengths (50, 70, , 130,150,170 nts). All ssODNs possessed an identical 2bp mismatch against the genomic DNA in the middle of their sequence. A 90mer ssODN achieved optimal HDR in the ed genome. The assessment of HDR, NHEJ-incurred deletion and insertion efficiency is as described herein. (b) 90mer ssODNs corresponding to re-TALEN pair #3 each containing a 2bp mismatch (A) in the center and an additional 2bp mismatch (B) at different positions offset from A (where offsets varied from -30bp30bp) were used to test the effects of deviations from gy along the ssODN. Genome editing efficiency of each ssODN was assessed in PGP1 hiPSCs. The bottom bar graph shows the oration frequency of A only, B only, and A + B in the targeted genome.
HDR rates decrease as the distance of homology ions from the center increase. (c) ssODNs targeted to sites with varying distances (-620bp~ 480bp) away from the target site of EN pair #3 were tested to assess the m distance within which ssODNs can be placed to introduce mutations. All ssODNs carried a 2bp mismatch in the middle of their sequences.
Minimal HDR efficiency (<=0.06%) was ed when the ssODN mismatch was positioned 40bp away from the middle of re-TALEN pair’s binding site. (d) PGP1 hiPSCs were co-transfected with Cas9-gRNA (AAVS1) and ssODNs of different orientation (Oc: complement to gRNA; On: non-complement to gRNA) and different lengths (30, 50, 70, 90, 110 nt). All ssODNs possessed an cal 2bp mismatch against the genomic DNA in the middle of their sequence. A 70mer Oc achieved l HDR in the targeted genome.
Fig. 4 is directed to using re-TALENs and ssODNs to obtain monoclonal genome edited hiPSC without selection. (a) Timeline of the experiment. (b) Genome engineering efficiency of re-TALENs pair and ssODN (#3) assessed by the NGS platform bed in Figure 2b. (c) Sanger sequencing results of monoclonal hiPSC colonies after genome editing. The 2bp heterogeneous genotype (CT/CTTA/CT) was successfully introduced into the genome of PGP1- iPS11, PS13 colonies. (d) Immunofluorescence staining of targeted PGP1-iPS11. Cells were d for the pluripotency markers Tra60 and SSEA4. (e) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of teratoma sections generated from monoclonal PGP1-iPS 11 cells.
Fig. 5. Design of reTALE. (a) Sequence alignment of the original TALE RVD monomer with monomers in re-TALE-16.5 (re-TALE-M1re-TALE-M17) (SEQ ID NO:222) and (SEQ ID NOs 2-19). tide alterations from the original sequence are highlighted in gray. (b) Test of repetitiveness of re-TALE by PCR. Top panel rates the structure of re-TALE/TALE and positions of the primers in the PCR reaction. Bottom panel illustrates PCR bands with condition indicated below. The PCR laddering presents with the al TALE template (right lane).
Fig. 6. Design and practice of TALE Single-incubation Assembly (TASA) assembly. (a) Schematic representation of the library of re-TALE dimer blocks for TASA assembly. There is a library of 10 re-TALE dimer blocks encoding two RVDs. Within each block, all 16 dimers share the same DNA sequence except the RVD encoding sequences; Dimers in different blocks have distinct sequences but are designed such that they share 32bp overlaps with the adjacent blocks.
DNA and amino acid sequence of one dimer (Block6_AC) are listed on the right. (SEQ ID 3-224) (b) Schematic representation of TASA assembly. The left panel rates the TASA assembly : a t tion reaction is conducted with an enzyme mixture/re-TALE blocks/re- TALE-N/TF backbone vectors. The reaction product can be used directly for bacterial transformation. The right panel illustrates the mechanism of TASA. The destination vector is linearized by an clease at 37°C to cut off ccdB counter-selection cassette; the lease, which processes the end of blocks and linearized vectors, exposes ssDNA overhangs at the end of fragments to allow blocks and vector backbones to anneal in a designated order. When the temperature rises up to 50°C, polymerases and ligases work together to seal the gap, ing the final constructs ready for transformation. (c) TASA ly efficiency for re-TALEs possessing different monomer lengths. The blocks used for assembly are illustrated on the left and the assembly efficiency is presented on the right.
Fig. 7. The functionality and sequence integrity of Lenti-reTALEs.
Fig 8. The sensitivity and reproducibility of GEAS.
(A) Information-based is of HDR detection limit. Given the dataset of re-TALENs (#10)/ssODN, the reads containing the expected editing (HDR) were identified and these HDR reads were systematically removed to generate different artificial datasets with a "diluted" editing signal. Datasets with 100, 99.8, 99.9, 98.9, 97.8, 89.2, 78.4, 64.9, 21.6, 10.8, 2.2, 1.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.02, and 0% l of HDR reads were generated to generate artificial datasets with HR ency ranging from 0~0.67%. For each individual dataset, mutual information (MI) of the background signal (in purple) and the signal obtained in the targeting site (in green) was estimated. MI at the targeting site is remarkably higher than the background when the HDR efficiency is above 0.0014%. A limit of HDR detection between 0.0014% and 0.0071% was estimated. MI calculation is bed herein.
(B) The test of reproducibility of genome editing assessment system. The pairs of plots (Top and Bottom) show the HDR and NHEJ assessment results of two replicates with re-TALENs pair and cell type indicated above. For each experiment, nucleofection, targeted genome amplification, deep-sequencing and data analysis were conducted independently. The genome editing ment variation of replicates was calculated as √2 (|HDR1-HDR2|)/((HDR+HDR2)/2) =ΔHDR/HDR and √2 (|NHEJ1-NHEJ2|) /((NHEJ1+NHEJ2)/2) =ΔNHEJ/NHEJ and the variation results are listed below the plots. The average variation of the system was (19%+11%+4%+9%+10%+35%)/6=15%. s that may contribute to the variations include the status of cells under nucleofection, nucleofection efficiency, and sequencing coverage and quality.
Fig. 9. Statistical analysis of NHEJ and HDR encies by reTALENs and Cas9- gRNAs on CCR5. (a) The correlation of HR and NHEJ efficiencies mediated by reTALENs at cal sites in iPSCs (r=0.91, P< 1X 10-5). (b) The correlation of HR and NHEJ efficiencies mediated by Cas9-gRNA at identical sites in iPSCs (r=0.74, P=0.002). (c) The correlation of NHEJ efficiencies mediated by Cas9-gRNA and the Tm temperature of gRNA ing site in iPSCs (r=0.52, P=0.04) Fig. 10. The correlation analysis of genome editing efficiency and epigenetic state.
Pearson correlation was used to study possible associations between DNase I sensitivity and genome ering efficiencies (HR, NHEJ). The ed correlation was compared to a randomized set (N=100000). Observed correlations higher than the 95th tile, or lower than the 5th tile of the simulated distribution were considered as potential associations. No able correlation between DNase1 sensitiivty and NHEJ/HR efficiencies was observed.
Fig. 11. The impact of gy pairing in the ssODN-mediated genome editing. (a) In the experiment described in Figure 3b, overall HDR as measured by the rate at which the middle 2b mismatch (A) was incorporated decreased as the secondary mismatches B increased their distance from the A ive position of B to A varies from -3030bp). The higher rates of incorporation when B is only 10bp away from A (-10bp and +10b) may reflect a lesser need for pairing of the ssODN against genomic DNA proximal to the dsDNA break. (b) bution of gene conversion lengths along the ssODN. At each distance of B from A, a fraction of HDR events incorporates only A while another fraction incorporates both A and B.
These two events may be interpretable in terms of gene conversion tracts (Elliott et al., 1998), whereby A+B events represent long conversion tracts that extend beyond B and A-only events represent shorter ones that do not reach to B. Under this interpretation, a distribution of gene conversion lengths in both directions along the oligo can be estimated (the middle of ssODN is defined as 0, conversion tracks towards the 5’ end of ssODN as - ion, and 3’ end as + direction). Gene conversion tracts progressively decrease in incidence as their lengths increase, a result very r to gene sion tract distributions seen with dsDNA donors, but on a highly compressed distance scale of tens of bp for the ssDNA oligo vs. hundreds of bases for dsDNA donors. (c) Assays for gene conversion tracts using a single ssODN that contains a series of ons and measuring contiguous series of incorporations. A ssODN donor with three pairs of 2bp mismatches (orange) spaced at intervals of 10nt on either side of the central 2bp mismatch (Top) was used. Few genomic sequencing reads were detected (see reference 62 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) carrying >=1 mismatches defined by ssODN among >300,000 reads sequencing this region. All these reads were plotted (bottom) and the sequence of the reads was color coded.
Orange: defined mismatches; green: wild type sequence. Genome editing with this ssODN gave rise to a pattern in which middle mutation alone was incorporated 85% (53/62) of the time, with multiple B mismatches incorporated at other times. Although numbers of B incorporation events were too low to estimate a distribution of tract s > 10bp, it is clear that the short tract region from 10bp predominates.
Fig. 12. Cas9-gRNA nuclease and nickases genome g encies.
PGP1 iPSCs were co-transfected with combination of nuclease (C2) gRNA) or nickase (Cc) (Cas9D10A-gRNA) and ssODNs of different orientation (Oc and On). All ssODNs possessed an identical 2bp mismatch against the genomic DNA in the middle of their ce. The assessment of HDR is bed herein.
Fig. 13. The design and optimization of re-TALE sequence.
The re-TALE sequence was evolved in several design cycles to eliminate repeats. In each cycle, synonymous sequences from each repeat are evaluated. Those with the largest hamming distance to the evolving DNA are selected. The final sequence with cai = 0.59 ΔG= -9.8 kcal/mol. An R e was ed to carry out this general framework for tic protein design.
Fig. 14 is a gel image showing PCR validation of the genomic insertion of Cas 9 in PGP1 cells. Line 3, 6, 9, 12 are PCR product of plain PGP1 cell lines.
Fig. 15 is a graph of the mRNA expression level of Cas9 mRNA under the induction.
Fig. 16 is a graph showing genome ing efficiency by different RNA designs.
Fig. 17 is a graph showing genome targeting efficiency of 44% homologous recombination achieved by a guide RNA – donor DNA fusion.
Fig. 18 is a diagram showing the genotype of isogenic PGP1 cell lines generated by system decribed herein. PGP1-iPS-BTHH has the single tides deletion phenotype as the BTHH patient. PGP1-NHEJ has 4bp deletions that generated frame-shift mutations in a different way.
Fig. 19 is a graph showing that cardiomyocyte derived from isogenic PGP1 iPS recapitulated defective ATP production and F1F0 ATPase specific activity as demonstrated in patient specific cells.
Fig. 20A-20F depicts re-TALEN-backbone sequence (SEQ ID -21).
ED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure is directed to the use of a TALEN that lacks certain repeat sequences, for nucleic acid engineering, for example by cutting double stranded nucleic acid. The use of the TALEN to cut double stranded nucleic acid can result in ologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Embodiments of the present disclosure also contemplate the use of a TALEN that lacks repeat sequences for nucleic acid engineering, for example by cutting double stranded nucleic acid, in the presence of a donor nucleic acid and insertion of the donor nucleic acid into the double stranded nucleic acid, such as by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous ination (HR).
Transcription tor-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are known in the art and include artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a TAL effector DNA binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain. Restriction s are enzymes that cut DNA strands at a specific ce.
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be ered to bind to a desired DNA sequence. See Boch, Jens (February 2011). "TALEs of genome targeting". Nature Biotechnology 29 (2): 135–6 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. By combining such an engineered TALE with a DNA cleavage domain (which cuts DNA strands), a TALEN is produced which is a restriction enzyme that is specific for any desired DNA sequence. According to certain embodiments, the TALEN is introduced into a cell for target nucleic acid editing in situ, such as genome editing in situ.
According to one embodiment, the non-specific DNA cleavage domain from the end of the FokI endonuclease can be used to construct hybrid nucleases that are active in yeast cells, plant cells and animal cells. The FokI domain functions as a dimer, ing two constructs with unique DNA binding domains for sites in the target genome with proper orientation and spacing. Both the number of amino acid residues n the TALE DNA g domain and the FokI cleavage domain and the number of bases between the two dual TALEN binding sites affect activity.
The relationship between amino acid sequence and DNA recognition of the TALE binding domain allows for designable proteins. Software programs such as DNAWorks can be used to design TALE constructs. Other methods of designing TALE constructs are known to those of skill in the art. See , T.; Doyle, E. L.; Christian, M.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Schmidt, C.; Baller, J. A.; Somia, N. V. et al. (2011). "Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based ucts for DNA targeting". Nucleic Acids ch. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr218; Zhang, Feng; et.al. ary 2011). ient construction of sequence-specific TAL effectors for modulating mammalian transcription", Nature Biotechnology 29 (2): 149–53; zer, R.; Elsaesser, J.; Hausner, J.; Lahaye, T. (2011). "Assembly of custom TALE-type DNA binding domains by modular cloning". Nucleic Acids Research. doi:10’1093/nar/gkr151; Li, T.; Huang, S.; Zhao, X.; Wright, D. A.; Carpenter, S.; Spalding, M. H.; Weeks, D. P.; Yang, B. (2011).
"Modularly assembled designer TAL effector nucleases for ed gene knockout and gene replacement in eukaryotes". Nucleic Acids Research. doi"10.1093/nar/gkr188; Geiβler, R.; Scholze, H.; Hahn, S.; Streubel, J.; Bonas, U.; Behrens, S. E.; Boch, J. . "Transcriptional Activators of Human Genes with Programmable DNA-Specificity". In Shiu, Shin-Han. PLoS ONE 6 (5): e19509; Weber, E.; Gruetzner, R.; Werner, S.; Engler, C.; Marillonnet, S. (2011).
"Assembly of Designer TAL Effectors by Golden Gate g". In Bendahmane, Mohammed.
PLoS ONE 6 (5): e19722 hereby incorporated by reference in their ties.
According to an exemplary embodiment, once the TALEN genes have been assembled they may inserted into plasmids according to certain embodiments; the plasmids are then used to transfect the target cell where the gene products are expressed and enter the nucleus to access the genome. According to exemplary embodiments, TALENs as described herein can be used to edit target nucleic acids, such as genomes, by inducing double-strand breaks (DSB), which cells respond to with repair mechanisms. Exemplary repair mechanisms e non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) which reconnects DNA from either side of a double-strand break where there is very little or no sequence overlap for annealing. This repair mechanism induces errors in the genome via insertion or deletion (indels), or chromosomal rearrangement; any such errors may render the gene products coded at that on non-functional. See Miller, Jeffrey; et.al. (February 2011). "A TALE nuclease architecture for efficient genome editing". Nature Biotechnology 29 (2): 143–8 hereby orated by reference in its entirety. Because this activity can vary depending on the species, cell type, target gene, and nuclease used, the activity can be monitored by using a heteroduplex cleavage assay which detects any difference between two alleles amplified by PCR.
Cleavage products can be visualized on simple agarose gels or slab gel systems.
Alternatively, DNA can be introduced into a genome h NHEJ in the ce of exogenous double-stranded DNA fragments. Homology directed repair can also introduce foreign DNA at the DSB as the transfected double-stranded sequences are used as tes for the repair s. According to certain embodiments the TALENs described herein can be used to generate stably modified human embryonic stem cell and d pluripotent stem cell (IPSCs) clones. According to certain embodiments the TALENs described herein can be used to generate knockout species such as C. elegans, knockout rats, knockout mice or knockout zebrafish.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, embodiments are directed to the use of exogenous DNA, nuclease enzymes such as DNA binding proteins and guide RNAs to colocalize to DNA within a stem cell and digest or cut the DNA with insertion of the ous DNA. Such DNA binding proteins are y known to those of skill in the art to bind to DNA for various purposes. Such DNA binding proteins may be naturally occurring. DNA binding proteins included within the scope of the present disclosure e those which may be guided by RNA, referred to herein as guide RNA. According to this ment, the guide RNA and the RNA guided DNA binding protein form a co-localization complex at the DNA. Such DNA binding ns having nuclease activity are known to those of skill in the art, and include naturally occurring DNA binding proteins having nuclease activity, such as Cas9 proteins present, for example, in Type II CRISPR s. Such Cas9 proteins and Type II CRISPR systems are well documented in the art. See Makarova et al., Nature Reviews, Microbiology, Vol. 9, June 2011, pp. 467-477 including all supplementary information hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Exemplary DNA binding ns having nuclease activity function to nick or cut double stranded DNA. Such nuclease activity may result from the DNA binding protein having one or more polypeptide sequences exhibiting nuclease activity. Such exemplary DNA g proteins may have two te nuclease domains with each domain responsible for cutting or nicking a particular strand of the double stranded DNA. Exemplary polypeptide sequences having nuclease ty known to those of skill in the art include the McrA-HNH nuclease related domain and the RuvC-like nuclease domain. Accordingly, exemplary DNA binding proteins are those that in nature contain one or more of the McrA-HNH nuclease related domain and the RuvC-like nuclease domain.
An ary DNA g protein is an RNA guided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR System. An exemplary DNA binding protein is a Cas9 protein.
In S. pyogenes, Cas9 generates a blunt-ended double-stranded break 3bp upstream of the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) via a process ed by two catalytic domains in the protein: an HNH domain that cleaves the complementary strand of the DNA and a RuvC-like domain that cleaves the non-complementary strand. See Jinke et al., Science 337, 816-821 (2012) hereby orated by reference in its entirety. Cas9 proteins are known to exist in many Type II CRISPR systems including the following as identified in the supplementary information to Makarova et al., Nature Reviews, Microbiology, Vol. 9, June 2011, pp. 467-477: Methanococcus maripaludis C7; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; bacterium efficiens YS-314; Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 Kitasato; Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 Bielefeld; Corynebacterium glutamicum R; Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii DSM 44385; Mycobacterium abscessus ATCC 19977; Nocardia farcinica 52; occus erythropolis PR4; Rhodococcus jostii RHA1; Rhodococcus opacus B4 uid36573; Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B; Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6; Kribbella flavida DSM 17836 65; Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183; Bifidobacterium dentium Bd1; Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A; Slackia heliotrinireducens DSM 20476; Persephonella marina EX H1; Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9434; Capnocytophaga ochracea DSM 7271; Flavobacterium psychrophilum JIP02 86; Akkermansia muciniphila ATCC BAA 835; Roseiflexus castenholzii DSM 13941; lexus RS1; Synechocystis PCC6803; Elusimicrobium minutum Pei191; uncultured Termite group 1 bacterium phylotype Rs D17; Fibrobacter succinogenes S85; Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987; Listeria innocua;Lactobacillus casei; Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118; Streptococcus agalactiae A909; Streptococcus agalactiae ; ococcus tiae 2603; Streptococcus dysgalactiae equisimilis GGS 124; Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus MGCS10565; Streptococcus gallolyticus UCN34 uid46061; Streptococcus gordonii Challis subst CH1; ococcus mutans NN2025 uid46353; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS5005; Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS2096; Streptococcus es MGAS9429; ococcus es MGAS10270; Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS6180; Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS315; Streptococcus pyogenes SSI-1; Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS10750; Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131; Streptococcus thermophiles CNRZ1066; Streptococcus thermophiles LMD-9; Streptococcus thermophiles LMG 18311; Clostridium num A3 Loch Maree; Clostridium botulinum B Eklund 17B; Clostridium num Ba4 657; Clostridium botulinum F Langeland; Clostridium cellulolyticum H10; Finegoldia magna ATCC 29328; Eubacterium rectale ATCC 33656; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma mobile 163K; Mycoplasma penetrans; Mycoplasma ae 53; obacillus moniliformis DSM 12112; Bradyrhizobium BTAi1; Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14; Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB18; Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5; Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1; Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12; acetobacter diazotrophicus Pal 5 FAPERJ; Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal 5 JGI; Azospirillum B510 85; Rhodospirillum rubrum ATCC 11170; Diaphorobacter TPSY uid29975; Verminephrobacter eiseniae EF01-2; Neisseria meningitides 053442; Neisseria meningitides alpha14; Neisseria meningitides Z2491; Desulfovibrio salexigens DSM 2638; Campylobacter jejuni doylei 269 97; Campylobacter jejuni 81116; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter lari RM2100; Helicobacter hepaticus; Wolinella succinogenes; Tolumonas auensis DSM 9187; Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c; Shewanella pealeana ATCC ; Legionella phila Paris; Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z; Pasteurella multocida; Francisella tularensis novicida U112; Francisella tularensis holarctica; Francisella tularensis FSC 198; Francisella tularensis tularensis; Francisella tularensis WY96-3418; and Treponema denticola ATCC 35405. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a Cas9 protein present in a Type II CRISPR system.
The Cas9 protein may be referred by one of skill in the art in the literature as Csn1. The S. pyogenes Cas9 protein is shown below. See Deltcheva et al., Nature 471, 7 (2011) hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
IGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAE ATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFG NIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSD VDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGN LIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAI LLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYA GYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELH AILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEE VVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFL SGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI LDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWG RLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSL HEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRER MKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNL TKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKS KLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVR MIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDF ATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVA YSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPK YSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVE QHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD- (SEQ ID NO:22) According to one embodiment, the RNA guided DNA binding protein includes homologs and orthologs of Cas9 which retain the y of the protein to bind to the DNA, be guided by the RNA and cut the DNA. According to one embodiment, the Cas9 protein includes the sequence as set forth for naturally occurring Cas9 from S. es and protein sequences having at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% homology thereto and being a DNA binding protein, such as an RNA guided DNA g protein.
According to one embodiment, an engineered Cas9-gRNA system is described which enables RNA-guided genome cutting in a site specific manner in a stem cell, if desired, and modification of the stem cell genome by ion of exogenous donor nucleic acids. The guide RNAs are complementary to target sites or target loci on the DNA. The guide RNAs can be crRNA-tracrRNA chimeras. The guide RNAs can be introduced from media surrounding the cell.
In this manner a method of continuously modifying a cell is described to the extent that various guide RNAs are provided to surrounding media and with the uptake by the cell of the guide RNAs and with supplementation of the media with onal guide RNAs. Supplementation may be in a continuous manner. The Cas9 binds at or near target genomic DNA. The one or more guide RNAs bind at or near target genomic DNA. The Cas9 cuts the target c DNA and exogenous donor DNA is ed into the DNA at the cut site.
Accordingly, methods are directed to the use of a guide RNA with a Cas9 protein and an exogenous donor nucleic acid to multiplex insertions of exogenous donor nucleic acids into DNA within a stem cell sing Cas9 by cycling the insertion of nucleic acid encoding the RNA (or providing RNA from the surrounding media) and exogenous donor nucleic acid, expressing the RNA (or uptaking the RNA), colocalizing the RNA, Cas9 and DNA in a manner to cut the DNA, and insertion of the exogenous donor nucleic acid. The method steps can be cycled in any desired number to result in any desired number of DNA modifications. Methods of the present disclosure are accordingly directed to editing target genes using the Cas9 proteins and guide RNAs described herein to e multiplex genetic and epigenetic engineering of stem cells.
Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to the use of DNA binding ns or systems (such as the modified TALENS or Cas9 described herein) in general for the multiplex insertion of exogenous donor nucleic acids into the DNA, such as genomic DNA, of a stem cell, such as a human stem cell. One of skill in the art will readily identify exemplary DNA binding systems based on the present disclosure.
Cells according to the present disclosure unless otherwise specified include any cell into which foreign nucleic acids can be introduced and expressed as described herein. It is to be understood that the basic concepts of the present disclosure described herein are not d by cell type. Cells according to the present disclosure include somatic cells, stem cells, eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, archael cells, eubacterial cells and the like.
Cells include eukaryotic cells such as yeast cells, plant cells, and animal cells. Particular cells include mammalian cells, such as human cells. Further, cells include any in which it would be beneficial or desirable to modify DNA.
Target nucleic acids include any nucleic acid sequence to which a TALEN or RNA guided DNA binding protein having nuclease activity as described herein can be useful to nick or cut.
Target nucleic acids include any c acid ce to which a co-localization complex as described herein can be useful to nick or cut. Target nucleic acids e genes. For purposes of the t disclosure, DNA, such as double stranded DNA, can include the target nucleic acid and a co-localization complex can bind to or otherwise co-localize with the DNA or a TALEN can otherwise bind with the DNA at or adjacent or near the target nucleic acid and in a manner in which the co-localization complex or the TALEN may have a desired effect on the target c acid. Such target nucleic acids can include endogenous (or naturally occurring) nucleic acids and exogenous (or foreign) c acids. One of skill based on the present disclosure will readily be able to fy or design guide RNAs and Cas9 proteins which co-localize to a DNA or a TALEN which binds to a DNA, including a target nucleic acid. One of skill will further be able to identify transcriptional regulator proteins or domains, such as transcriptional activators or riptional repressors, which likewise co-localize to a DNA including a target nucleic acid. DNA includes c DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral DNA or exogenous DNA. According to one embodiment, materials and methods useful in the ce of the present disclosure e those described in Di Carlo, et al., Nucleic Acids ch, 2013, vol. 41, No. 7 4336-4343 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes including exemplary strains and media, plasmid construction, transformation of plasmids, oporation of ient gRNA cassette and donor nucleic acids, transformation of gRNA plasmid with donor DNA into Cas9-expressing cells, galactose induction of Cas9, identification of CRISPR-Cas targets in yeast genome, etc. onal references including information, materials and methods useful to one of skill in carrying out the ion are provided in Mali,P., Yang,L., Esvelt,K.M., Aach,J., Guell,M., DiCarlo,J.E., Norville,J.E. and Church,G.M. (2013) RNA-Guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science, 10.1126fscience.1232033; Storici,F., Durham,C.L., Gordenin,D.A. and k,M.A. (2003) Chromosomal site-specific double-strand breaks are efficiently targeted for repair by oligonucleotides in yeast. PNAS, 100, 14994-14999 and Jinek,M., Chylinski,K., a,l., M., Doudna,J.A. and Charpentier,E. (2012) A programmable dual-RNA-Guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337, 816-821 each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
Foreign nucleic acids (i.e. those which are not part of a cell’s natural nucleic acid composition) may be introduced into a cell using any method known to those skilled in the art for such introduction. Such methods include transfection, transduction, viral transduction, microinjection, lipofection, nucleofection, nanoparticle bombardment, transformation, conjugation and the like. One of skill in the art will readily understand and adapt such methods using readily identifiable literature s.
Donor nucleic acids include any c acid to be inserted into a nucleic acid sequence as described .
The following examples are set forth as being representative of the present disclosure.
These examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure as these and other equivalent embodiments will be apparent in view of the t disclosure, figures and accompanying claims.
EXAMPLE I Guide RNA Assembly 19bp of the selected target sequence (i.e. 5’-N19 of 5’-N19-NGG-3’) were incorporated into two complementary 100mer oligonucleotides (TTCTTGGCTTTATATATCTTGTGGAAAGGACGAAACACCGN19GTTTTAGAGCTAGAA AGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCC) (SEQ ID NO:23). Each 100mer ucleotide was suspended at 100mM in water, mixed with equal volume and annealed in thermocycle machine (95°C, 5min; Ramp to 4°C, 0.1°C/sec). To e the destination vector, the gRNA cloning vector (Addgene plasmid ID 41824) was linearized using AfIII and the vector was purified. The (10ul) gRNA assembly reaction was carried out with 10ng annealed 100bp nt, 100ng destination ne, 1X Gibson assembly reaction mix (New England Biolabs) at 50°C for 30min. The reaction can be processed directly for bacterial ormation to colonize individual assemblies.
Re-Coded TALEs Design and Assembly Es were optimized at different levels to facilitate assembly, and improve expression. re-TALE DNA sequences were first co-optimized for a human codon-usage, and low mRNA folding energy at the 5’ end (GeneGA, Bioconductor). The obtained sequence was evolved through several cycles to eliminate repeats (direct or inverted) longer than 11 bp (See Fig. 12). In each cycle, synonymous sequences for each repeat are evaluated. Those with the largest hamming distance to the evolving DNA are ed. The sequence of one of re-TALE possessing 16.5 rs as follows CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGCAAGCACTTG AGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCGGAGCA AGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTTCAGAG ACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCGCAATA GCAAGTAATATAGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCCCCGTGC TGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCACGACGG GGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAAGCACAT GGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCAAATAACGGGGGTAAACAGGCT ACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTACGCCAG AACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAACTGTGC AGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTTGTGGC CATCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACTTCTCCCA GTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTTGCCATAGCAAGCAACG GAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGG CACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGTCGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGGCAAACA GGCGCTAGAGACAGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGCCTCACC CCGGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCGAAACA GTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCAGGTAG TCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGACTGTCCAAAGATTGTT ACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATTGCATCT AACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTC AGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGGTGGGAA ACAGGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACACGGGTTG ACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCAAGCAGGCACTGGAG ACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAGAGCAGG TGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCCAGCGTCT TCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGCTATTGCT AGTAACAACGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCCGTCCTCT GTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAAACAATGGTGG AAGACCTGCCCTGGAA (SEQ ID NO:24) According to certain embodiments, TALEs may be used having at least 80% sequence identity, at least 85% sequence identity, at least 90% sequence identity, at least 95% sequence ty, at least 98% sequence ty, or at least 99% sequence identity to the above sequence.
One of skill will readily tand where the above ce may vary while still maintaining the DNA binding activity of the TALE. re-TALE dimer blocks ng two RVDs (see Fig. 6A) were generated by two rounds of PCR under standard Kapa HIFI (KPAP) PCR conditions, in which the first round of PCR introduced the RVD coding sequence and the second round of PCR generated the entire dimer blocks with 36bp overlaps with the adjacent blocks. PCR products were purified using QIAquick 96 PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) and the concentrations were measured by Nano-drop. The primer and template sequences are listed in Table 1 and Table 2 below.
Table 1. re-TALE blocks sequences (SEQ ID Nos:25-34) CGCAATGCGCTCACGGGAGCACCCCTCAACCTAACCCCTGAACAGGTA GTCGCTATAGCTTCANNNNNNGGGGGCAAGCAAGCACTTGAGACCGT block0 TCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCGGA GCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCNNNNNNGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGG AAACTGTTCAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTC AGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAG GTTGTCGCAATAGCAAGTNNNNNNGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGAC TGTGCAACGCCTGCTCCCCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACC block1 AGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTNNNNNNGGGGGAAAACAAGCTC TAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAAGCACATGGGT TGCGCTCACGGGAGCACCCCTCAACCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCGC AATAGCAAGTNNNNNNGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAAC block1' GCCTGCTCCCCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAG TTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTNNNNNNGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACG GTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAAGCACATGGGTTA AGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAAGCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAA GTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCANNNNNNGGGGGTAAACAGGCTTTGGAGAC GCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTACGCC block2 AGAACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCNNNNNNGGCGGGAAACAAGCGT TGGAAACTGTGCAGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTT GACGCCT AGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAG GTTGTGGCCATCGCTAGCNNNNNNGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAAC CGTACAGCGACTTCTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCC block3 AGTAGTTGCCATAGCAAGCNNNNNNGGAGGAAAACAGGCAT TAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGGCACACGGTC CGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAG GCCATTGCTTCCNNNNNNGGCGGCAAACAGGCGCTAGAGAC CGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGCCTCACCCC block4 GGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTNNNNNNGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTC TCGAAACAGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGAC CGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCAG GTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTNNNNNNGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGAC TGTCCAAAGATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCC block5 AGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATTGCATCTNNNNNNGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTT GGAGACCGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCT CGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAGG TGGTCGCTATCGCCAGCNNNNNNGGGGGCAAGCAAGCACTGGAAACA GTCCAGCGTTTGCTTCCAGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGATTGACACCG block6 GAACAAGTGGTGGCTATAGCCTCANNNNNNGGAGGAAAGCAGGCGCT GGAAACCGTCCAACGTCTTTTACCGGTGCTTTGCCAGGCGCACGGGCT CGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAG TCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCNNNNNNGGTGGGAAACAGGCCCTGGAAACC block6' GTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACACGGGTTGACACCG GAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCNNNNNNGGAGGCAAGCAGGCACT GGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCT CGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAGAGCAG GTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGNNNNNNGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAAC GGTCCAGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACC block7 AGTGGTTGCTATTGCTAGTNNNNNNGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCC TCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCCGTCCTCTGTCAAGCGCACGGCC Table 2. re-TALE blocks primer sequences (SEQ ID NOS:35-53) GCGCTCACGGGAGCACCCCTCAACctAACCCCTGAACAGGT* block0-F A*G GAGACCATGCGCCTGACAAAGTACAGGCAGCAGTCTCTGAACAG*T* block0-R T block1'-F TGGCGCAATGCGCTCACGGGAGCACCCCTCA*A*C AGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACA* block1-F G*G block1- R/block1'- R TAACCCATGTGCTTGGCACAGAACGGGCAACAACCTTTGAACCG*T*T -F AGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAAGCACATGGGTTAACACCCgaac*a*a AGGCGTCAAGCCGTGGGCTTGACACAAAACAGGAAGGAGTCTCTGCA blcok2-R CAG*T*t -F AGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTG*A*G block3-R TAGACCGTGTGCCTGACAGAGTACCGGGAGCAAGCGCT*G*A block4-F CGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGGCACACGGTCTAA*C*T block4-R CAGTCCATGAGCTTGACATAGGACTGGCAACAGCCGTT*G*T block5-F CGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGA*C*G block5-R AAGGCCATGGGCCTGACATAAGACAGGCAGTAATCGTT*G*C block6-F CGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTA*C*T block6-R GAGCCCGTGCGCCTGGCAAAGCACCGGTAAAAGACGTTGGA*C*G CGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAA block6'-F *G*T block6'-R GAGCCCATGAGCCTGGCAAAGAACCGGAAGAAGCCGTT*G*G CGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAGAGCAG block7-F G*T*G blcok7-R GAGGCCGTGCGCTTGACAGAGGACGGGAAGTAACCTCT*G*C re-TALENs and re-TALE-TF destination vectors were constructed by modifying the TALE-TF and TALEN cloning backbones (see reference 24 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The 0.5 RVD regions on the vectors were re-coded and SapI cutting site was incorporated at the designated E g site. The sequences of re-TALENs and E-TF backbones are provided in Fig. 20. Plasmids can be pre-treated with SapI (New England Biolabs) with manufacturer recommended ions and purified with QIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN).
A (10ul) one-pot TASA assembly reaction was carried out with 200ng of each block, 500ng destination backbone, 1X TASA enzyme mixture (2U SapI, 100U Ampligase (Epicentre), 10mU T5 exonuclease (Epicentre), 2.5U Phusion DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs)) and 1X rmal assembly reaction buffer as described before (see reference 25 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (5% PEG-8000, 100 mM Cl pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT, 0.2 mM each of the four dNTPs and 1 mM NAD). Incubations were performed at 37°C for 5min and 50 °C for 30 min. TASA assembly reaction can be processed directly for bacterial transformation to colonize individual assemblies. The efficiency of obtaining full length construct is ~20% with this approach. Alternatively, >90% efficiency can be achieved by a step assembly. First, 10ul re-TALE assembly reactions are performed with 200ng of each block, 1X re- TALE enzyme mixture (100U Ampligase, 12.5mU T5 exonuclease, 2.5U Phusion DNA polymerase) and 1X rmal assembly buffer at 50°C for 30min, followed by standardized Kapa HIFI PCR reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, and QIAquick Gel extraction (Qiagen) to enrich the full length re-TALEs. 200ng re-TALE amplicons can then be mixed with 500ng Sap1-pretreated destination backbone, 1X re-TALE assembly mixture and 1X isothermal assembly reaction buffer and incubated at 50 °C for 30 min. The re-TALE final ly reaction can be processed directly for bacterial transformation to colonize individual assemblies. One of skill in the art will readily be able to select cleases, leases, polymerases and ligases from among those known to practice the methods described herein. For example, type IIs cleases can be used, such as: Fok 1, Bts I, Ear I, Sap I. leases which are titralable can be used, such as lamda exonuclease, T5 exonuclease and Exonuclease III. Non-hotstart polymerases can be used, such as phusion DNA polymerase, Taq DNA polymerase and VentR DNA rase. Thermostable ligases can be used in this reaction, such as Ampligase, pfu DNA ligase, Taq DNA ligase. In addition, different reaction conditions can be used to activate such endonucleases, exonucleases, polymerases and ligases depending on the particular species used.
EXAMPLE III Cell Line and Cell Culture PGP1 iPS cells were maintained on Matrigel (BD ences)-coated plates in mTeSR1 (Stemcell Technologies). Cultures were passaged every 5–7 days with TrypLE Express (Invitrogen). 293T and 293FT cells were grown and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, ogen) high e supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen), penicillin/streptomycin (pen/strep, ogen), and non-essential amino acids (NEAA, Invitrogen). K562 cells were grown and maintained in RPMI (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen 15%) and penicillin/streptomycin (pen/strep, Invitrogen). All cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator.
A stable 293T cell line for detecting HDR efficiency was established as described in reference 26 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Specifically, the reporter cell lines bear genomically integrated GFP coding sequences disrupted by the ion of a stop codon and a 68bp genomic nt derived from the AAVS1 locus.
EXAMPLE IV Test of re-TALENs Activity 293T reporter cells were seeded at densities of 2 × 105 cells per well in 24-well plate and transfected them with 1μg of each re-TALENs plasmid and 2μg DNA donor plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000 following the manufacturer’s ols. Cells were harvested using TrypLE Express (Invitrogen) ~18 h after transfection and resuspended in 200 µl of media for flow cytometry analysis using an LSRFortessa cell analyzer (BD Biosciences). The flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo (FlowJo). At least 25,000 events were analyzed for each transfection sample. For nous AAVS1 locus targeting experiment in 293T, the transfection procedures were identical as described above and puromycin selection was conducted with drug concentration at 3μg/ml 1 week after transfection.
EXAMPLE V Functional Lentivirus Generation Assessment The lentiviral vectors were created by rd PCR and g techniques. The iral plasmids were transfected by Lipofectamine 2000 with Lentiviral Packaging Mix (Invitrogen) into cultured 293FT cells (Invitrogen) to produce lentivirus. Supernatant was collected 48 and 72h posttransfection , sterile filtered, and 100ul filtered supernatant was added to 5 × 105 fresh 293T cells with ene. Lentivirus titration was calculated based on the following formula: virus titration = (percentage of GFP+ 293T cell * initial cell numbers under transduction) / (the volume of original virus collecting supernatant used in the transduction ment). To test the functionality of lentivirus, 3 days after transduction, lentivirus uced 293T cells were transfected with 30 ng plasmids carrying y reporter and 500ng pUC19 plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000 rogen). Cell images were analyzed using Axio Observer Z.1 (Zeiss) 18 hours after ection and harvested using TrypLE Express (Invitrogen) and resuspended in 200 µl of media for flow cytometry analysis using a LSRFortessa cell analyzer (BD Biosciences). The flow cytometry data were analyzed using BD FACSDiva (BD Biosciences).
EXAMPLE VI Test of re-TALENs and Cas9-gRNA genome editing efficiency PGP1 iPSCs were cultured in Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 (Calbiochem) 2h before nucleofection. Transfections were done using P3 Primary Cell leofector X Kit (Lonza). Specifically, cells were harvested using TrypLE Express (Invitrogen) and 2×106 cells were resuspended in 20 μl nucleofection mixture containing 16.4 μl P3 Nucleofector solution, 3.6 μl supplement, 1μg of each re-TALENs plasmid or 1ug Cas9 and 1ug gRNA construct, 2μl of 100 μM ssODN. Subsequently, the mixtures were transferred to 20µl cuvette strips and nucleofection was conducted using CB150 program. Cells were plated on Matrigel-coated plates in mTeSR1 medium mented with ROCK inhibitor for the first 24 hrs. For endogenous AAVS1 locus targeting experiment with dsDNA donor, the same procedure was followed except 2 μg dsDNA donor was used and the mTeSR1 media was supplemented with puromycin at the concentration of 0.5ug/mL 1 week after transfection.
The information of reTALENs, gRNA and ssODNs used in this e are listed in Table 3 and Table 4 below.
Table 3. Information of re-TALEN pairs/Cas9-gRNA targeting CCR5 (SEQ ID Nos:54-160) re- re- gRA TAL TAL N ENs ENs target pair ing targe re-TALEN-L re-TALEN-R gRNA targeting target seque ting targeting sequence targeting sequence ce ing pair nce site start (start) positi /chr3: target on (end) /chr3: 4640 4640 CTTTCT TAACCACTCAG CACTTTCTTGTG 4640 9942 9993 TGTGAA GACAGGG AATCCTT 9946 4641 4641 TCACACAGCAA TAGCGGAGCAG TGGGCTAGCGG 4641 0227 0278 GTCAGCA GCTCGGA AGCAGGCT 0264 4641 4641 TACCCAGACGA TCAGACTGCCA ACCCAGACGAG 4641 1260 1311 GAAAGCT AGCTTGA AAAGCTGA 1261 4641 4641 TCTTGTGGCTC TATTGTCAGCA AGAGGGCATCTT 4641 1464 1515 GGGAGTA GAGCTGA GTGGCTC 1456 4641 4641 TTGAGATTTTC TATACAGTCAT ATCAAGCTCTCT 4641 1517 1568 AGATGTC ATCAAGC TGGCGGT 1538 4641 4641 TTCAGATAGAT TGCCAGATACA GCTTCAGATAGA 4641 1634 1685 TATATCT TAGGTGG TTATATC 1632 4641 4641 TTATACTGTCT TCAGCTCTTCT ACGGATGTCTCA 4641 2396 2447 T GGCCAGA GCTCTTC 2437 4641 4641 TGGCCAGAAGA TTACCGGGGAG CCGGGGAGAGT 4641 2432 2483 A AGTTTCT TTCTTGTA 2461 4641 4641 TTTGCAGAGAG TTAGCAGAAGA GAAATCTTATCT 4641 2750 2801 ATGAGTC T A 2782 4641 4641 ACTAA TCGTCTGCCAC AATGCATGACAT 4641 3152 3203 ACTACCC CACAGAT TCATCTG 3172 4641 4641 TAAAACAGTTT TATAAAGTCCT AACAGTTTGCAT 4641 4305 4356 GCATTCA T TCATGGA 4308 4641 4641 TGGCCATCTCT TAGTGAGCCCA CCAGAAGGGGA 4641 4608 4659 GACCTGT GAAGGGG CAGTAAGA 4632 4641 4641 CCTGG TGACCGTCCTG CTGACAATCGAT 4641 4768 4820 CTGTCGT GCTTTTA AGGTACC 4757 4641 4641 TGTCATGGTCA TCGACACCGAA ACACCGAAGCA 4641 5017 5068 TCTGCTA GCAGAGT TT 5046 4642 4642 TGCCCCCGCGA TCTGGAAGTTG GGAAGTTGAAC 4642 0034 0084 GGCCACA AACACCC ACCCTTGC 0062 Table 4. ssODN design for studying ssODN-mediated genome editing 90- TCATTCAGGGCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTAT *1 AACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT ance 90- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCTAACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA bet *2 ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT n 90- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAAGTGAGGGTATA the *3 ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT gu 90M- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA re 0 ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT mut 90- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA atio *4 ACAGGTTTGTAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT and 90- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA DS *5 ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCTCTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT 90- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA *6 ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTAGTGAGGCCACTGGCTT dist L670 CACTTTATATTTCCCTGCTTAAACAGTCCCCCGAGGGTGGGTGCGG Fi ance bp_9 AAAAGGCTCTACACTTGTTATCATTCCCTCTCCACCACAGGCAT gu bet 0M re wee L570 TTTGTATTTGGGTTTTTTTAAAACCTCCACTCTACAGTTAAGAATTC 3c n bp_9 TAAGGCACAGAGCTTCAATAATTTGGTCAGAGCCAAGTAGCAG ssO 0M DN L480 GGAGGTTAAACCCAGCAGCATGACTGCAGTTCTTAATCAATGCCCC and bp_9 TTGAATTGCACATATGGGATGAACTAGAACATTTTCTCGATGAT the 0M DS L394 CTCGATGATTCGCTGTCCTTGTTATGATTATGTTACTGAGCTCTACT B bp_9 GTAGCACAGACATATGTCCCTATATGGGGCGGGGGTGGGGGTG GGTGTCTTGATCGCTGGGCTATTTCTATACTGTTCTGGCTTTTCGGA CATTTCTTTCTATTCTCCAAGCACCAGCAATTAGCTT GCTTCTAGTTTGCTGAAACTAATCTGCTATAGACAGAGACTCCGAC GAACCAATTTTATTAGGATTTGATCAAATAAACTCTCTCTGACA GAAAGAGTAACTAAGAGTTTGATGTTTACTGAGTGCATAGTATGCA CTAGATGCTGGCCGTGGATGCCTCATAGAATCCTCCCAACAACT GCTAGATGCTGGCCGTGGATGCCTCATAGAATCCTCCCAACAACCG ATGAAATGACTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAG ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTTTA CCCCTGGGTTAGTCTGCCTCTGTAGGATTGGGGGCACGTAATTT TGCCTCTGTAGGATTGGGGGCACGTAATTTTGCTGTTTAAG GTCTCATTTGCCTTCTTAGAGATCACAAGCCAAAGCTTTTTAT GGAAGCCCAGAGGGCATCTTGTGGCTCGGGAGTAGCTCTCTGCTAC CTTCTCAGCTCTGCTGACAATACTTGAGATTTTCAGATGTCACC TCAGCTCTGCTGACAATACTTGAGATTTTCAGATGTCACCAACCAG CAAGAGAGCTTGATATGACTGTATATAGTATAGTCATAAAGAAC CATAAAGAACCTGAACTTGACCATATACTTATGTCATGTGGAAATC TTCTCATAGCTTCAGATAGATTATATCTGGAGTGAAGAATCCTG R375 GTGGAAAATTTCTCATAGCTTCAGATAGATTATATCTGGAGTGAGC M_9 AATCCTGCCACCTATGTATCTGGCATAGTGTGAGTCCTCATAAA GGTTTGAAGGGCAACAAAATAGTGAACAGAGTGAAAATCCCCACC TAGATCCTGGGTCCAGAAAAAGATGGGAAACCTGTTTAGCTCACC ent- GGCCACTAGGGACAAAATTGGTGAcagaaa ent- CCCACAGTGGGGCCACTAGGGACAAAATTGGTGAcagaaaagccccatcc leng TCCCCTCCACCCCACAGTGGGGCCACTAGGGACAAAATTGGTGAcag entth aaaagccccatccttaggcctcc Fi ntati gu on cttTTATCTGTCCCCTCCACCCCACAGTGGGGCCACTAGGGACAAAAT entre for TGGTGAcagaaaagccccatccttaggcctcctccttcctag 3d Cas NA gttctgggtacttTTATCTGTCCCCTCCACCCCACAGTGGGGCCACTAGGGA enttarg TGGTGAcagaaaagccccatccttaggcctcctccttcctagtctcctgata Noncomp leme TTTCTGTCACCAATGGTGTCCCTAGTGGCC Noncomp leme GGATGGGGCTTTTCTGTCACCAATGGTGTCCCTAGTGGCCCCACTG nt- TGGG Noncomp leme GGAGGCCTAAGGATGGGGCTTTTCTGTCACCAATGGTGTCCCTAGT nt- GGCCCCACTGTGGGGTGGAGGGGA leme CTAGGAAGGAGGAGGCCTAAGGATGGGGCTTTTCTGTCACCAATG nt- GTGTCCCTAGTGGCCCCACTGTGGGGTGGAGGGGACAGATAAAAG Noncomp TATCAGGAGACTAGGAAGGAGGAGGCCTAAGGATGGGGCTTTTCT GTCACCAATGGTGTCCCTAGTGGCCCCACTGTGGGGTGGAGGGGAC AGATAAAAGTACCCAGAAC ssO Cas9 DN - don gRN TTCTAGTAACCACTCAGGACAGGGGGGTTCAGCCCAAAAATTCACA Fi or A- AGAAAGTGGGGACCCATGGGAAAT gu for CCR re Cas 5-1 2c 9- Cas9 gR - CAGCAAGTCAGCAGCACAGCGTGTGTGACTCCGAGGGTGCTCCGCT NA gRN AGCCCACATTGCCCTCTGGGGGTG targ A- etin CCR g 5-2 CC Cas9 R5 - gRN GTCAGACTGCCAAGCTTGAAACCTGTCTTACCCTCTACTTTCTCGTC A- TGGGTATTGGGCTGAATGACAGT gRN CAGAGCTGAGAAGACAGCAGAGAGCTACTCCCGAAGCACAAGATG A- GGGCTTCCGTGACCTTGGC gRN CTGACAATACTTGAGATTTTCAGATGTCACCAACGACCAAGAGAGC A- TTGATATGACTGTATATAGTATAG gRN CAGATACATAGGTGGCAGGATTCTTCACTCCAGACTTAATCTATCT A- GAAGCTATGAGAAATTTTCCACAT gRN TATATGATTGATTTGCACAGCTCATCTGGCCAGATAAGCTGAGACA A- TCCGTTCCCCTACAAGAAACTCTC ATCTGGCCAGAAGAGCTGAGACATCCGTTCCCCTTGAAGAAACTCT CCCCGGTAAGTAACCTCTCAGCTG gRN AGGCATCTCACTGGAGAGGGTTTAGTTCTCCTTAAGAGAAGATAAG A- ATTTCAAGAGGGAAGCTAAGACTC gRN ATAATATAATAAAAAATGTTTCGTCTGCCACCACTAATGAATGTCA A- TGCATTCTGGGTAGTTTAGTCTTA gRN TTTATAAAGTCCTAGAATGTATTTAGTTGCCCTCGTTGAATGCAAAC A- TGTTTTATACATCAATAGGTTTT gRN GCTCAACCTGGCCATCTCTGACCTGTTTTTCCTTCCCACTGTCCCCT A- TCTGGGCTCACTATGCTGCCGCC gRN AGCAAACACAGCATGGACGACAGCCAGGCTCCTATCGATT A- GTCAGGAGGATGATGAAGAAGATT Cas9 GCTTGTCATGGTCATCTGCTACTCGGGAATCCTAATTACTCTGCTTC - GGTGTCGAAATGAGAAGAAGAGG gRN ATACTGCCCCCGCGAGGCCACATTGGCAAACCAGCTTGGGTGTTCA A- AGACTTGGCCATGGAGAA LEN- CTGAAGAATTTCCCATGGGTCCCCACTTTCTTGTGAATCCTTGGAGT CCR GAACCCCCCTGTCCTGAGTGGTTACTAGAACACACCTCTGGAC LEN- TGGAAGTATCTTGCCGAGGTCACACAGCAAGTCAGCAGCACAGCC CCR AGTGTGACTCCGAGCCTGCTCCGCTAGCCCACATTGCCCTCTGGG LEN- CTACTGTCATTCAGCCCAATACCCAGACGAGAAAGCTGAGGGTATA CCR ACAGGTTTCAAGCTTGGCAGTCTGACTACAGAGGCCACTGGCTT LEN- GGAAGCCCAGAGGGCATCTTGTGGCTCGGGAGTAGCTCTCTGCTAC CCR CTTCTCAGCTCTGCTGACAATACTTGAGATTTTCAGATGTCACC LEN- TCAGCTCTGCTGACAATACTTGAGATTTTCAGATGTCACCAACGCC CCR CAAGAGAGCTTGATATGACTGTATATAGTATAGTCATAAAGAAC LEN- GTGGAAAATTTCTCATAGCTTCAGATAGATTATATCTGGAGTGAGC CCR AATCCTGCCACCTATGTATCTGGCATAGTGTGAGTCCTCATAAA LEN- GCATTTCCTACTTTTATACTGTCTATATGATTGATTTGGTC CCR AGCTCATCTGGCCAGAAGAGCTGAGACATCCGTTCCCCTACAA LEN- TTGATTTGCACAGCTCATCTGGCCAGAAGAGCTGAGACATCCGTAT CCR CCCTACAAGAAACTCTCCCCGGTAAGTAACCTCTCAGCTGCTTG LEN- GGAGAGGGTTTAGTTCTCCTTAGCAGAAGATAAGATTTCAAGATGA CCR GAGCTAAGACTCATCTCTCTGCAAATCTTTCTTTTGAGAGGTAA LEN- TAATATAATAAAAAATGTTTCGTCTGCCACCACAGATGAATGTCGA CCR GCATTCTGGGTAGTTTAGTCTTATAACCAGCTGTCTTGCCTAGT LEN- TTAAAAACCTATTGATGTATAAAACAGTTTGCATTCATGGAGGGTG CCR ACTAAATACATTCTAGGACTTTATAAAAGATCACTTTTTATTTA LEN- GACATCTACCTGCTCAACCTGGCCATCTCTGACCTGTTTTTCCTATT CCR TACTGTCCCCTTCTGGGCTCACTATGCTGCCGCCCAGTGGGAC LEN- TCATCCTCCTGACAATCGATAGGTACCTGGCTGTCGTCCATGCTAC CCR GTTTGCTTTAAAAGCCAGGACGGTCACCTTTGGGGTGGTGACAA LEN- GGCTGGTCCTGCCGCTGCTTGTCATGGTCATCTGCTACTCGGGAGA CCR CCTAAAAACTCTGCTTCGGTGTCGAAATGAGAAGAAGAGGCACA GGCAAGCCTTGGGTCATACTGCCCCCGCGAGGCCACATTGGCAAGT LENCAGCAAGGGTGTTCAACTTCCAGACTTGGCCATGGAGAAGACAT EXAMPLE VII Amplicon Library ation of the Targeting Regions Cells were harvested 6 days after nucleofection and 0.1 μl prepGEM tissue protease enzyme (ZyGEM) and 1 μl prepGEM gold buffer (ZyGEM) were added to 8.9 µl of the 2~5 X 105 cells in the medium. 1ul of the reactions were then added to 9 µl of PCR mix containing 5ul 2X KAPA Hifi Hotstart Readymix (KAPA Biosystems) and 100nM corresponding amplification primer pairs. Reactions were incubated at 95°C for 5 min followed by 15 cycles of 98°C, 20 s; 65°C, 20 s and 72°C, 20 s. To add the Illumina sequence r used, 5 µl reaction products were then added to 20 µl of PCR mix containing 12.5 µl 2X KAPA HIFI Hotstart Readymix (KAPA Biosystems) and 200 nM primers ng Illumina sequence adaptors. Reactions were incubated at 95°C for 5min followed by 25 cycles of 98°C, 20s; 65°C, 20s and 72°C, 20s. PCR products were purified by QIAquick PCR purification kit, mixed at roughly the same concentration, and sequenced with MiSeq Personal Sequencer. The PCR s are listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5. CCR5 ing site PCR primer sequences (SEQ ID Nos:161-221) targeting name primer sequence in CCR5 TTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATTTT site1-F1 GCAGTGTGCGTTACTCC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGTTT site1-F2 GCAGTGTGCGTTACTCC TTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTAATTT site1-F3 GCAGTGTGCGTTACTCC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTCATTT site1-F4 GCAGTGTGCGTTACTCC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTCCAAGCAA site1-R CTAAGTCACAGCA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATATG Site2-F1 AGGAAATGGAAGCTTG 2 ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGAT Site2-F2 GAGGAAATGGAAGCTTG Site2-F3 ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTAAAT GAGGAAATGGAAGCTTG TTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTCAATG Site2-F4 AGGAAATGGAAGCTTG ATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTCATTAGGG Site2-R AGGA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATAAT site3-F1 CCTCCCAACAACTCAT ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGAA site3-F2 TCCTCCCAACAACTCAT ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTAAAA site3-F3 TCCTCCCAACAACTCAT ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTCAAAT site3-F4 CCTCCCAACAACTCAT CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTCCCAATCCT site3_R ACAGAGGCAG ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATAA site4-F1 GCTTTTTATTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGAA site4-F2 GCCAAAGCTTTTTATTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTAAAA site4-F3 GCCAAAGCTTTTTATTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTCAAA site4-F4 GCTTTTTATTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTAAGCCAAA site4_R GCTTTTTATTCT ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATATC site5-F1 TTGTGGCTCGGGAGTAG ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGATC site5-F2 TTGTGGCTCGGGAGTAG CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGCAGGA site5-R TTCTTCACTCCA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATCTA site6-F1 TTTTGTTGCCCTTCAAA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGCTA site6-F2 TTTTGTTGCCCTTCAAA CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAACCTGAA site6-R CTTGACCATATACT TTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATCA site7-F1 GCTGAGAGGTTACTTACC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGCA F2 GCTGAGAGGTTACTTACC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAATGATTTA site7-R ACTCCACCCTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATACT F1 CCACCCTCCTTCAAAAGA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGACT site8-F2 CCACCCTCCTTCAAAAGA CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTGTTTG site8-R CCAAATGTCT TTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATGG site9_F1 GCACATATTCAGAAGGCA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGGG site9_F2 GCACATATTCAGAAGGCA ATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAGTGAAAG site9_R ACTTTAAAGGGAGCA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATCAC site10-F1 AATTAAGAGTTGTCATA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGCA site10-F2 CAATTAAGAGTTGTCATA CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTCTCAGCTA site10-R GAGCAGCTGAAC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTGACACTTG site11-F1 ATAATCCATC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGTCA site11-F2 ATGTAGACATCTATGTAG ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATTCA site11-R ATGTAGACATCTATGTAG ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATACT 12 site12-F1 GCAAAAGGCTGAAGAGC site12-F2 ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGACT GCAAAAGGCTGAAGAGC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTAAACT site12-F3 GCAAAAGGCTGAAGAGC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTTGGTCAACT -F4 GCAAAAGGCTGAAGAGC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTATAA site12-R AATAGAGCCCTGTCAA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATCTC site13-F1 TATTTTATAGGCTTCTTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGCTC site13-F2 TATTTTATAGGCTTCTTC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAGCCACCA site13-R CCCAAGTGATC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTACATCGTTC site14-F1 CAGACATTAAAGATAGTC ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATTTC -F2 CAGACATTAAAGATAGTC CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAATCATGA site14-R TGGTGAAGATAAG ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCGTGATCCG site15-F1 GCAGAGACAAACATTAAA ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCCGGCAGA site15-F2 GACAAACATTAAA CTCGGCATTCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCTAGCTAGGA site15-R AGCCATGGCAAG AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACA illumina PE-PCR-F cgac*g*c adaptor CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGGTCTCGGCATTCCT PE-PCR-R GCTGAACc*g*c Multiplex sequencing PCR primer ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTAGTGCATA M-F GTATGTGCTAGATGCTG GGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTTGATCTC site3-M-R TAAGAAGGCAAATGAGAC CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATN1N2N3N4N5N6GTGAC illumina Index-PCR TGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCT adaptor universal- ACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACA PCR CGACGCTCTTCCGATCT *index-PCR primers are purchased from tre (ScriptSeq™ Index PCR Primers) EXAMPLE VIII Genome Editing Assessment System (GEAS) Next generation sequencing has been utilized to detect rare genomic alterations. See references 27-30 hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. To enable wide use of this approach to quickly assess HDR and NHEJ efficiency in hiPSCS, software was created, referred to as a "pipeline", to analyze the genome engineering data. This pipeline is integrated in one single Unix module, which uses different tools such as R, BLAT, and FASTX Toolkit.
Barcode splitting: Groups of samples were pooled together and sequenced using MiSeq 150bp paired end (PE150) (Illumina Next Gen Sequencing), and later separated based on DNA barcodes using FASTX Toolkit. y filtering: Nucleotides with lower sequence quality (phred score<20) were trimmed.
After trimming, reads shorter than 80 nucleotides were discarded.
Mapping: BLAT was used to map the paired reads independently to the reference genome and .psl files were generated as output.
Indel calling: Indels were defined as the full length reads ning 2 blocks of matches in the alignment. Only reads following this pattern in both paired end reads were considered. As a quality control, the indel reads were required to s minimal 70nt ng with the reference genome and both blocks to be at least 20 nt long. Size and position of indels were calculated by the positions of each block to the reference genome. mologous end joining (NHEJ) has been estimated as the percentage of reads containing indels (see equation 1 below). The majority of NHEJ events have been detected at the targeting site ty. gy directed recombination (HDR) ency: Pattern matching (grep) within a 12bp window centering over DSB was used to count ic signatures corresponding to reads containing the reference sequence, modifications of the reference ce (2bp intended mismatches), and reads containing only 1bp mutation within the 2bp intended mismatches (see equation 1 below).
Equation 1. Estimation of NHEJ and HDR A= reads cal to the reference: XXXXXABXXXXX B= reads containing 2bp mismatch programed by ssODN: XXXXXabXXXXX C= reads ning only 1 bp mutation in the target site: such as XXXXXaBXXXXX or XXXXXAbXXXXX D = reads containing indels as described above Genotype Screening of Colonized hiPSCs Human iPS cells on feeder-free cultures were pre-treated with mTesr-1 media supplemented with SMC4 (5 uM vivin,1 uM CHIR99021, 0.4 uM PD0325901, 2 uM SB431542) (see reference 23 hereby orated by reference in its entirety for at least 2 hrs prior to FACS sorting. Cultures were dissociated using se (Millipore) and resuspended in mTesr- 1 media supplemented with SMC4 and the viability dye 3 (Invitrogen) at concentration of 1~2 X107 /mL. Live hiPS cells were single-cell sorted using a BD FACSAria II SORP UV (BD Biosciences) with 100um nozzle under sterile conditions into 96-well plates coated with irradiated CF-1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Global Stem). Each well contained hES cell medium (see reference 31 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) with 100 ng / ml recombinant human basic last Growth Factor (bFGF) (Millipore) supplemented with SMC4 and 5 ug / ml fibronectin (Sigma). After sorting, plates were centrifuged at 70 x g for 3 min. Colony formation was seen 4 days post sorting, and the culture media was replaced with hES cell medium with SMC4. SMC4 can be removed from hES cell medium 8 days after sorting.
A few thousand cells were harvested 8 days after Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and 0.1ul prepGEM tissue protease enzyme (ZyGEM) and 1ul prepGEM gold buffer (ZyGEM) were added to 8.9 µl of cells in the medium. The reactions were then added to 40 µl of PCR mix containing 35.5ml platinum 1.1X Supermix (Invitrogen), 250nM of each dNTP and 400nM primers. Reactions were incubated at 95°C for 3min followed by 30 cycles of 95°C, 20s; 65°C, 30s and 72°C, 20s. Products were Sanger sequenced using either one of the PCR primers in Table 5 and sequences were analyzed using DNASTAR (DNASTAR).
EXAMPLE X staining and Teratoma Assays of hiPSCs Cells were incubated in the KnockOut DMEM/F-12 medium at 37˚C for 60 minutes using the following antibody: Anti-SSEA-4 PE (Millipore) (1: 500 diluted); Tra60 (BD Pharmingen) (1:100 diluted). After the tion, cells were washed three times with KnockOut DMEM/F-12 and imaged on the Axio Observer Z.1 (ZIESS).
To conduct teratoma formation analysis, human iPSCs were harvested using collagenase type IV (Invitrogen) and the cells were resuspended into 200 µl of Matrigel and injected intramuscularly into the hind limbs of Rag2gamma knockout mice. Teratomas were isolated and fixed in formalin between 4 - 8 weeks after the injection. The teratomas were subsequently analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
EXAMPLE XI ing Genomic Loci in Human Somatic Cells and Human Stem Cells Using reTALENS According to certain embodiments, TALEs known to those of skill in the art are modified or re-coded to eliminate repeat sequences. Such TALEs suitable for modification and use in the genome g methods in viral delivery vehicles and in various cell lines and organisms described herein are disclosed in references 2, 7-12 hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Several strategies have been developed to assemble the repetitive TALE RVD array sequences (see references 14 and 32-34 hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
However, once assembled, the TALE sequence repeats remain unstable, which limits the wide utility of this tool, especially for viral gene delivery vehicles (see references 13 and 35 hereby incorporated by reference herein in their ties. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to TALEs lacking repeats, such as completely lacking repeats. Such a recoded TALE is advantageous because it s faster and simpler synthesis of ed TALE RVD arrays.
To eliminate repeats, the nucleotide sequences of TALE RVD arrays were computationally evolved to ze the number of sequence repeats while maintaining the amino acid ition. Re-coded TALE LEs) encoding 16 tandem RVD DNA recognition monomers, plus the final half RVD repeat, are devoid of any 12bp repeats (see Fig. 5a). Notably, this level of recoding is sufficient to allow PCR amplification of any specific r or subsection from a full-length re-TALE uct (see Fig. 5b). The improved design of re-TALEs may be synthesized using standard DNA synthesis logy (see reference 36 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety t ing the additional costs or procedures associated with repeatheavy sequences. Furthermore, the recoded sequence design allows efficient assembly of re-TALE constructs using a modified isothermal assembly reaction as described in the methods herein and with reference to Fig. 6.
Genome editing NGS data was statistically analyzed as follows. For HDR specificity analysis, an exact binomial test was used to compute the probabilities of observing various numbers of sequence reads containing the 2bp ch. Based on the sequencing s of 10bp windows before and after the targeting site, the maximum base change rates of the two s (P1 and P2) were estimated. Using the null hypothesis that the changes of each of the two target bp were independent, the expected probability of observing 2bp mismatch at the targeting site by chance as the product of these two probabilities (P1*P2) was computed. Given a dataset containing N numbers of total reads and n number of HDR reads, we calculated the p-value of the observed HDR efficiency was calculated. For HDR sensitivity analysis, the ssODN DNA donors contained a 2bp mismatch against the ing genome, which made likely the co-presence of the base changes in the two target bp if the ssODN was incorporated into the targeting genome. Other nonintended observed sequence changes would not likely change at the same time. Accordingly, nonintended changes were much less interdependent. Based on these assumptions, mutual information (MI) was used to measure the mutual dependence of simultaneous two base pair changes in all other pairs of positions, and the HDR detection limit was ted as the smallest HDR where MI of the targeting 2bp site is higher than MI of all the other position pairs. For a given experiment, HDR reads with intended 2bp mismatch from the original fastq file were identified and a set of fastq files with diluted HDR efficiencies were simulated by systematically ng different numbers of HDR reads from the al data set. Mutual information (MI) was ed between all pairs of positions within a 20bp window centered on the targeting site. In these calculations, the mutual information of the base composition between any two positions is ed. Unlike the HDR specificity measure described above, this e does not assess the tendency of position pairs to change to any particular pairs of target bases, only their tendency to change at the same time. (see Fig. 8A). Table 6 shows HDR and NHEJ efficiency of re-TALEN/ssODN targeting CCR5 and NHEL efficiency of Cas9-gRNA. We coded our analysis in R and MI was computed using the e infotheo.
Table 6 HDR ion # HDR NHEJ limit based on NHEJ HDR targeting cell type (reTALEN) E) Information (Cas9-gRNA) (Cas9-gRNA) site (%) (%) analysis 1 PGP1-iPS 0.06% 0.80% 0.04% 0.58% 0.38% 2 PGP1-iPS 0.48% 0.26% 0.01% 16.02% 3.71% 3 PGP1-iPS 1.71% 0.07% 0.03% 3.44% 3.20% 4 PGP1-iPS 0.02% 1.20% 0.02%* 1.50% 0.14% PGP1-iPS 0.80% 0.04% 0.00% 3.70% 0.39% 6 PGP1-iPS 0.20% 0.73% 0.00% 1.12% 0.49% 7 PGP1-iPS 0.01% 0.15% 0.01%* 1.98% 1.78% 8 PGP1-iPS 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 1.85% 0.03% 9 PGP1-iPS 1.60% 0.06% 0.00% 0.50% 0.13% PGP1-iPS 0.68% 1.25% 0.01% 8.77% 1.32% 11 PGP1-iPS 0.06% 0.27% 0.00% 0.62% 0.44% 12 PGP1-iPS 1.60% 0.03% 0.04% 0.18% 0.99% 13 PGP1-iPS 0.00% 1.47% 0.00% 0.65% 0.02% 14 PGP1-iPS 0.47% 0.13% 0.02% 2.50% 0.31% PGP1-iPS 0.8 0.14 0.08% 1.50 1.10% * The group where HDR detection limit exceeds the real HDR detected Correlations between genome editing efficiency and epigenetic state were sed as follows. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to study possible associations between epigenetic parameters (DNase I HS or some occupancy) and genome engineering efficiencies (HDR, NHEJ). Dataset of DNAaseI Hypersensitivity was downloaded from UCSC genome browser. hiPSCs DNase I HS: /gbdb/hg19/bbi/wgEncodeOpenChromDnaseIpsnihi7Sig.bigWig To compute P-values, the observed correlation was compared to a ted distribution which was built by izing the position of the epigenetic parameter (N=100000). Observed correlations higher than the 95th tile, or lower than the 5th percentile of the simulated distribution were considered as potential associations.
The function of reTALEN in comparison with the corresponding coded TALEN in human cells was determined. A HEK 293 cell line containing a GFP reporter cassette carrying a frame-shifting insertion was used as described in reference 37 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. See also Fig. 1a. ry of TALENs or Ns targeting the insertion sequence, together with a promoter-less GFP donor construct, leads to DSB-induced HDR repair of the GFP cassette, so that GFP repair efficiency can be used to evaluate the nuclease cutting efficiency. See reference 38 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. reTALENs induced GFP repair in 1.4% of the transfected cells, similar to that achieved by TALENs (1.2%) (see Fig. 1b). The ty of reTALENs at the AAVS1 locus in PGP1 hiPSCs was tested (see Fig. 1c) and successfully recovered cell clones ning specific insertions (see Fig. 1d,e), confirming that reTALENs are active in both somatic and pluripotent human cells.
The elimination of repeats enabled tion of functional lentivirus with a re-TALE cargo. Specifically, lentiviral particles were packaged encoding E-2A-GFP and were tested for activity of the re-TALE-TF encoded by viral les by transfecting a mCherry reporter into a pool of reTALE-2A-GFP infected 293T cells. 293T cells transduced by re-TALE-TF showed 36X reporter expression activation compared with the er only negative (see Fig.
). The ce integrity of the re-TALE-TF in the lentiviral infected cells was checked and full-length reTALEs in all 10 of the clones tested were detected. (see Fig. 7d).
EXAMPLE XII Comparison of ReTALEs and Cas9-gRNA efficiency in hiPSCs with Genome Editing Assessment System (GEAS) To e the editing efficiencies of re-TALENs versus Cas9-gRNA in hiPSCs, a next- tion sequencing platform (Genome Editing Assessment System) was developed to identify and quantify both NHEJ and HDR gene editing events. A re-TALEN pair and a Cas9-gRNA were designed and constructed, both targeting the upstream region of CCR5 (re-TALEN, Cas9-gRNA pair #3 in Table 3), along with a 90nt ssODN donor identical to the target site except for a 2bp mismatch (see Fig. 2a). The nuclease constructs and donor ssODN were transfected into hiPSCs.
To quantitate the gene editing efficiency, paired-end deep sequencing on the target genomic region was conducted 3 days after transfection. HDR efficiency was measured by the percentage of reads containing the precise 2bp mismatch. NHEJ efficiency was ed by the percentage of reads ng indels.
Delivery of the ssODN alone into hiPSCs resulted in minimal HDR and NHEJ rates, while delivery of the re-TALENs and the ssODN led to efficiencies of 1.7% HDR and 1.2% NHEJ (see Fig. 2b). The introduction of the Cas9-gRNA with the ssODN led to 1.2% HDR and 3.4% NHEJ efficiencies. Notably, the rate of c deletions and insertions peaked in the middle of the spacer region between the two reTALENs binding site, but peaked 3-4bp upstream of the Protospacer Associated Motif (PAM) ce of Cas9-gRNA targeting site (see Fig. 2b), as would be expected since double stranded breaks take place in these regions. A median genomic deletion size of 6bp and insertion size of 3bp ted by the re-TALENs was observed and a median deletion size of 7bp and ion of 1bp by the Cas9-gRNA was observed (see Fig. 2b), consistent with DNA lesion patterns usually generated by NHEJ (see reference 4 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.) Several es of the next-generation sequencing platform revealed that GEAS can detect HDR detection rates as low as 0.007%, which is both highly reproducible (coefficient of variation between replicates = ± 15% * measured efficiency) and 400X more sensitive than most commonly used mismatch sensitive endonuclease assays (see Fig. 8). re-TALEN pairs and Cas9-gRNAs targeted to fifteen sites at the CCR5 genomic locus were built to determine editing efficiency (see Fig. 2c, see Table 3). These sites were selected to represent a wide range of DNaseI sensitivities (see reference 39 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The nuclease constructs were transfected with the corresponding ssODNs donors (see Table 3) into PGP1 hiPSCs. Six days after transfection, the genome editing efficiencies at these sites were profiled (Table 6). For 13 out of 15 EN pairs with ssODN donors, NHEJ and HDR was detected at levels above statistical detection thresholds, with an average NHEJ ency of 0.4% and an average HDR efficiency of 0.6% (see Fig. 2c). In addition, a statistically significant positive correlation (r2 =0.81) was found between HR and NHEJ efficiency at the same targeting loci (P<1 X 10-4) (see Fig. 9a), suggesting that DSB generation, the common upstream step of both HDR and NHEJ, is a imiting step for reTALEN-mediated genome editing.
In contrast, all 15 RNA pairs showed significant levels of NHEJ and HR, with an average NHEJ efficiency of 3% and an average HDR efficiency of 1.0% (see Fig. 2c). In addition, a positive correlation was also detected between the NHEJ and HDR ency introduced by Cas9-gRNA (see Fig. 9b) (r2=0.52, 3), consistent with observations for reTALENs. The NHEJ ency achieved by Cas9-gRNA was significantly higher than that achieved by reTALENs (t-test, paired-end, P=0.02). A moderate but statistically significant correlation between NHEJ efficiency and the melting temperature of the gRNA targeting sequence was observed (see Fig. 9c) (r2=0.28, ), suggesting that the strength of base-pairing between the gRNA and its c target could explain as much as 28% of the variation in the efficiency of Cas9-gRNA- mediated DSB generation. Even though RNA produced NHEJ levels at an average of 7 times higher than the ponding reTALEN, Cas9-gRNA only achieved HDR levels (average=1.0%) similar to that of the corresponding reTALENs (average = 0.6%). t wishing to be bound by scientific theory, these results may suggest either that the ssODN concentration at the DSB is the limiting factor for HDR or that the genomic break structure created by the Cas9-gRNA is not favorable for effective HDR. No correlation between DNaseI HS and the genome targeting efficiencies was observed for either method. (see Fig. 10).
EXAMPLE XIII Optimization of ssODN Donor Design for HDR Highly-performing ssODNs in hiPSCs were designed as follows. A set of ssODNs donors of different lengths (50-170nt), all carrying the same 2bp mismatch in the middle of the spacer region of the CCR5 re-TALEN pair #3 target sites was designed. HDR efficiency was observed to vary with ssODN length, and an optimal HDR efficiency of ~1.8% was observed with a 90 nt ssODN , whereas longer ssODNs decreased HDR efficiency (see Fig. 3a). Since longer gy regions improve HDR rates when dsDNA donors are used with nucleases (see reference 40 hereby orated by reference in its ty), possible reasons for this result may be that ssODNs are used in an alternative genome repair process; longer ssODNs are less available to the genome repair apparatus; or that longer ssODNs incur negative effects that offset any improvements gained by longer homology, compared to dsDNA donors (see reference 41 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.) Yet, if either of the first two reasons were the case, then NHEJ rates should either be unaffected or would increase with longer ssODNs because NHEJ repair does not involve the ssODN donor. However, NHEJ rates were observed to decline along with HDR (see Fig. 3a), suggesting that the longer ssODNs present offsetting s. le hypotheses would be that longer ssODNs are toxic to the cell (see reference 42 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or that transfection of longer ssODNs saturates the DNA processing ery, thereby causing decreased molar DNA uptake, and ng the capacity of the cells to take up or express EN plasmids.
How rate of incorporation of a mismatch carried by the ssODN donor varies with its distance to the double stranded break ("DSB") was examined. A series of 90nt ssODNs all possessing the same 2bp mismatch (A) in the center of the spacer region of re-TALEN pair #3 was designed. Each ssODN also contained a second 2bp mismatch (B) at varying distances from the center (see Fig. 3b). A ssODN possessing only the center 2bp mismatch was used as a control.
Each of these ssODNs was introduced individually with re-TALEN pair #3 and the outcomes were analyzed with GEAS. We found that overall HDR -- as measured by the rate at which the A mismatch was incorporated (A only or A+B) -- decreased as the B mismatches became farther from the center (see Fig. 3b, see Fig. 11a). The higher overall HDR rate observed when B is only 10bp away from A may reflect a lesser need for annealing of the ssODN against c DNA immediately proximal to the dsDNA break.
For each distance of B from A, a fraction of HDR events only incorporated the A ch, while r fraction incorporated both A and B mismatches (see Fig. 3b (A only and A+B)), These two outcomes may be due to gene conversion tracts (see nce 43 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) along the length of the ssDNA oligo, whereby incoporation of A+B mismatches resulted from long sion tracts that extended beyond the B mismatch, and incorporation of the A-only mismatch resulted from shorter tracts that did not reach B. Under this interpretation, a distribution of gene conversion lengths in both directions along the ssODN were estimated (see Fig. 11b). The estimated distribution implies that gene conversion tracts progressively become less frequent as their lengths increase, a result very similar to gene conversion tract distributions seen with dsDNA donors, but on a highly compressed distance scale of tens of bases for the ssDNA donor vs. hundreds of bases for dsDNA donors. Consistent with this result, an ment with a ssODN containing three pairs of 2bp mismatches spaced at intervals of 10nt on either side of the central 2bp mismatch "A" gave rise to a n in which A alone was incorporated 86% of the time, with multiple B mismatches incorporated at other times (see Fig. 11c). Although the numbers of B only oration events were too low to estimate a distribution of tract lengths less than 10bp, it is clear that the short tract region within 10bp of the se site predominates (see Fig. 11b). Finally, in all experiments with single B mismatches, a small fraction of B-only incorporation events is seen (0.04%~0.12%) that is roughly constant across all B distances from A.
Furthermore, analysis was carried out of how far the ssODN donor can be placed from the re-TALEN-induced dsDNA break while still observing incorporation. A set of 90nt ssODNs with central 2bp mismatches targeting a range of larger distances p to +400bp) away from the re- TALEN-induced dsDNA break site were tested. When the ssODNs d ≥40bp away, we observed >30x lower HDR efficiencies compared to the control ssODN positioned centrally over the cut region (see Fig. 3c). The low level of incorporation that was observed may be due to processes unrelated to the dsDNA cut, as seen in experiments in which genomes are altered by a ssDNA donor alone see nce 42 hereby orated by reference in its entirety. Meanwhile, the low level of HDR present when the ssODN is ~40bp away may be due to a combination of weakened homology on the mismatch-containing side of the dsDNA cut along with insufficient ssODN oligo length on the other side of the dsDNA break.
The ssODNs DNA donor design for Cas9-gRNA mediated ing was . Cas9- gRNA (C2) targeting the AAVS1 locus was constructed and ssODN donors of variable orientations (Oc: complementary to the gRNA and On: non-complementary to the gRNA) and lengths (30, 50, 70, 90, 110 nt) were designed. Oc achieved better efficiency than On, with a 70mer Oc achieving an optimal HDR rate of 1.5%. (see Fig. 3d) The same ssODN strand bias was detected using a Cas9-derived nickase (Cc: Cas9_D10A), despite the fact that the HDR efficiencies ed by Cc with ssODN were significantly less than C2 (t-test, paired-end, P=0.02). (see Fig. 12).
EXAMPLE XIV hiPSC Clonal Isolation of Corrected Cells GEAS revealed that re-TALEN pair #3 achieved precise genome editing with an ency of ~1% in hiPSCs, a level at which correctly edited cells can usually be isolated by screening clones. HiPSCs have poor ity as single cells. zed protocols described in reference 23 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety along with a single-cell FACS sorting procedure was used to establish a robust platform for single hiPSCs g and maintenance, where hiPSC clones can be recovered with survival rates of >25%. This method was combined with a rapid and efficient genotyping system to conduct chromosomal DNA extraction and targeted genome amplification in 1-hour single tube reactions, enabling large scale genotyping of edited hiPSCs.
Together, these methods comprise a pipeline for robustly obtaining genome-edited hiPSCs without selection.
To demonstrate this system (see Fig. 4a), PGP1 hiPSCs were transfected with a pair of re- TALENs and an ssODN targeting CCR5 at site #3 (see Table 3). GEAS was performed with a portion of the transfected cells, finding an HDR ncy of 1.7% (see Fig. 4b). This information, along with the 25% recovery of sorted single-cell clones, allow estimation of ing at least one correctly-edited clone from five 96-well plates with Poisson ility 98% (assuming μ= ). Six days after transfection, hiPSCs were orted and eight days after sorting, 100 hiPSC clones were screened. Sanger sequencing revealed that 2 out of 100 of these unselected hiPSC colonies contained a heterozygous genotype possessing the 2bp mutation introduced by the ssODN donor see (Fig. 4c). The targeting efficiency of 1% (1%=2/2*100, 2 mono-allelic ted clones out of 100 cell screened) was consistent with the next-generation sequencing analysis (1.7%) (see Fig. 4b). The pluripotency of the resulting hiPSCs was med with immunostaining for SSEA4 and TRA60 (see Fig. 4d). The sfully targeted hiPSCs clones were able to generate mature teratomas with features of all three germ layers (see Fig. 4e).
EXAMPLE XV Method for Continuous Cell Genome Editing According to certain embodiments, a method is described for genome g in cells, including a human cell, for example a human stem cell, wherein the cell is genetically modified to include a nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that s the target DNA in a site specific . Such an enzyme includes an RNA guided DNA binding protein, such as an RNA-guided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR system. An exemplary enzyme is Cas9. According to this embodiment, the cell expresses the enzyme and guide RNA is provided to the cell from the media surrounding the cell. The guide RNA and the enzyme form a co-localization complex at target DNA where the enzyme cuts the DNA. Optionally, a donor nucleic acid may be present for insertion into the DNA at the cut site, for example by nonhomologous end joining or homologous ination. According to one embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner, such as Cas9, is under the influence of a promoter, such as the nucleic acid can be activated and silenced. Such promoters are well known to those of skill in the art. One exemplary promoter is the dox inducible promoter. According to one embodiment, the cell is genetically modified by having reversibly inserted into its genome the nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner. Once inserted, the nucleic acid can be removed by use of a reagent, such as a transposase. In this manner, the nucleic acid can be easily removed after use.
According to one ment, a continuous genome editing system in human induced pluripotent stem cells s) using a CRISPR system is described. According to an exemplary embodiment, the method includes use of a hiPSC line with Cas9 ibly inserted in the genome (Cas9-hiPSCs); and gRNAs which have been modified from their native form to allow their e from media surrounding the cells into the cells for use with the Cas9. Such gRNA has been treated with a phosphatase in a manner to remove ate groups. Genome editing in the cell is carried out with Cas9 by supplementing atase treated gRNA in the tissue culture media. This approach enables scarless genome editing in HiPSCs with up to 50% efficiencies with single days of treatment, 2-10X times more efficient than the best efficiencies reported so far.
Further, the method is easy to use and with significantly lower cellular toxicity. Embodiments of the present disclosure e single editing of hiPSCs for biological research and therapeutic applications, multiplex editing of hiPSCs for biological research and therapeutic applications, directional hiPSCs evolution and ype screening of hiPSCs and its derivative cells.
According to certain embodiments, other cell lines and organisms described herein can be used in addition to stem cells. For example, the method described herein can be used to animal cells such as mouse or rat cells so that stable Cas9 integrated mouse cells and rat cells can be ted and tissue specific genome editing can be ted by locally introducing phosphatase d gRNA from media surrounding the cells. Moreover, other Cas9 derivatives can be inserted into many cell lines and organisms, and targeted genomic manipulations, such as sequence specific nicking, gene tion, suppression and epigenetic modification can be conducted.
Embodiments of the present sure are directed to making stable hiPSCs with Cas9 inserted into the genome. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to modifying RNA to enable entry into a cell h the cell wall and co-localization with Cas9 while avoiding the immune response of the cell. Such modified guide RNA can achieve optimal transfection efficiencies with minimal toxicity. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to optimzied genome editing in iPSCs using phosphatase treated gRNA. Embodiments of the present disclosure include eliminating Cas9 from hiPSCs to achieve scarless genome editing, where the nucleic acid encoding Cas9 has been reversibly placed into the cell genome.
Embodiments of the present disclosure include biomedical engineering using hiPSCs with Cas9 inserted into the genome to create desired genetic mutations. Such engineered hiPSCs maintain pluripotency and can be successfully entiated into various cell types, including cardiomyocyte, which fully recapitulate the phenotype of patient cell lines.
Embodiments of the present disclosure include libraries of phosphatase treated gRNAs for multiplex genome editing. Embodiments of the present disclosure include generating a library of PGP cell lines with each one ng 1 to a few designated mutations in the , which can serve as ce for drug screening. Embodiments of the present sure include generating PGP1 cell lines with all the retrotranselements barcoded with different sequences to track the location and activity of this element.
E XVI Generating Stable hiPSCs with Cas9 inserted into the Genome Cas9 was encoded under the dox inducible er and the construct was placed into a Piggybac vector which can be ed into and removed out of the genome with the help of Piggybac transposase. PCR reaction validated the stable insertion of the vector (see Fig. 14). The inducible Cas9 sion was determined via RT-QPCR. The mRNA level of Cas9 increased 1000X after 8 hours of 1ug/mL DOX supplementation in the culture media and the level of Cas9 mRNA dropped to normal level ~ 20 hours after withdrawal of the DOX. (See Fig. 15).
According to one embodiment, the Cas9-hiPSC system based genome editing bypasses the transfection procedure of Cas9 plasmid/RNA, a large construct usually with < 1% ection efficiency in . The present Cas9-hiPSC system can serve as a platform to m high efficient genomic engineering in human stem cells. In addition, the Cas9 cassette introduced into the hiPSCs using Piggybac system can be removed out from the genome easily upon introducing of transposases.
EXAMPLE XVII Phosphatase d Guide RNA To enable continuous genome editing on Cas9-hiPSCs, a series of modified RNA encoding gRNA were generated and supplemented into Cas9-iPS culture medium in complex with liposome.
Phosphatase treated native RNA without any capping achieved the optimal HDR efficiency of 13%, 30X more than previously reported 5’Cap-Mod RNA (see Fig. 16).
According to one embodiment, guide RNA is physically attached to the donor DNA. In this manner, a method is described of coupling Cas9 mediated c cutting and ssODN- ed HDR, thus stimulating sequence specific genomic editing. gRNA linked with DNA ssODN donor with optimized concentration achieved 44% HDR and unspecific NHEJ 2% (see Fig. 17). Of note, this procedure does not incurred visible ty as observed with nucleofection or oporation.
According to one embodiment, the present disclosure describes an in vitro engineered RNA structure encoding gRNA, which achieved high transfection efficiency, genome editing efficiency in collaboration with genomically inserted Cas9. In addition, the present disclosure describes a gRNA-DNA chimeric construct to couple a genomic cutting event with the homology directed ination reaction.
EXAMPLE XVIII Eliminating Reversibly Engineered Cas9 from hiPSCs to Achieve Scarless Genome Editing According to certain embodiments, a Cas9 cassette is inserted into the genome of hiPSC cells using a reversible vector. ingly, a Cas9 cassette was ibly inserted into the genome of hiPSC cells using a PiggyBac vector. The Cas9 cassette was d from the genome edited hiPSCs by transfecting the cell with transposase-encoding plasmid. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure include use of a reversible vector, which is known to those of skill in the art. A reversible vector is one which can be inserted into a genome, for example, and then d with a corresponding vector removal enzyme. Such vectors and corresponding vector removal enzymes are known to those of skill in the art. A screen was performed on colonized iPS cells and colonies devoid of Cas9-cassette were recovered as confirmed by PCR reaction. Accordingly, the present disclosure describes method of genome editing without affecting the rest of the genome by having a permanent Cas9 cassette present in the cell.
EXAMPLE XIX Genome Editing in iPGP1 Cells Research into the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy has historically been hindered by the lack of suitable model s. Cardiomyocyte differentiation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers one promising avenue to surmount this barrier, and reports of iPSC modeling of cardiomyopathy have begun to emerge. However, realization of this promise will require approaches to me genetic heterogeneity of patient-derived iPSC lines.
Cas9-iPGP1 cell lines and phosphatase treated guide RNA bound to DNA were used to generated three iPSC lines that are isogenic except for the sequence at TAZ exon 6, which was identified to carry single nucleotide deletion in Barth me patients. Single round of RNA transfection achieved ~30% HDR efficiency. Modified PGP1 cells with desired mutations were colonized (see Fig. 18) and the cell lines were entiated into cardiomyocyte. myocyte d from the engineered Cas9-iPGP1 fully recapitulated the cardiolipin, mitochondrial, and ATP deficits observed in t-derived iPSCs and in the neonatal rat TAZ knockdown model (see Fig. 19). Accordingly, methods are described for ting mutations causing diseases in pluripotent cells followed by entiation of the cells into desired cell types.
EXAMPLE XX Materials and Methods 1. Establishment of PiggyBac Cas9 dox inducible stable human iPS/ES lines 1. After cells reached 70% confluence pretreat the culture with ROCK inhibitor Y27632 at final concentration of 10uM for ght. 2. The next day prepare the nucleofection solution by combine the 82 μl of human stem cell nucleofector solution and 18ul supplement 1 in a sterile 1.5 ml eppendorf tube. Mix well.
Incubate solution at 37°C for 5 mins. 3. Aspirate ; gently rinse the cells with DPBS at 2 l of a six-well plate. 4. Aspirate the DPBS, add 2 l of e, and put the culture back to incubator at 37℃ until they become rounded up and loosely adherent, but not detached. This requires 3–7 min.
. Gently aspirate the Versene and add mTeSR1. Add 1ml mTeSR1 and dislodge the cells by gently flowing mTeSR1 over them with a 1,000 uL micropipette. 6. Collect the dislodged cells, gently triturate them into a single-cell suspension, and tate by hemacytometer and adjust cell density to 1million cells per ml. 7. Add 1ml cell suspension to1.5ml eppendorf tube and centrifuge at 1100 RPM for 5 min in a bench top centrifuge. 8. Resuspend cells in 100 μl of human stem cell nucleofector solution from Step 2. 9. Transfer cells to a nucleofector cuvette using a 1 ml e tip. Add 1 μg of d Transposonase and 5ug PB Cas9 plasmids into the cell suspension in the cuvette. Mix cells and DNA by gentle swirling.
. Put the cuvette into the nucleofector. Programs B-016 was selected and nucleofect cells by pressing button X. 11. Add 500ul mTeSR1 medium with ROCK inhibitor in the cuvette after nucleofection. 12. Asperate the nucleofected cells from the cuvette using the provided Pasteur plastic pipette.
And transfer cells drop-wise into matrigel coated well of 6 well plate mTeSR1 mediun with ROCK inhibitor. Incubate the cells at 37°C overnight. 13. Change the medium to mTesr1 the next day and after 72 hours of transfection;add puromycin at final concentration at 1ug/ml.And the line will be set up within 7 days. 2. RNA preparation 1. Prepare DNA template with T7 promoter upstream of gRNA coding sequence. 2. Purify the DNA using Mega Clear Purification and normalize the concentration. 3. Prepare Custom NTPS mixtures for different gRNA tion. #1 Native RNA Mix [Final] (mM) GTP 7.5 ATP 7.5 CTP 7.5 UTP 7.5 Total volume #2 Capped Native RNA Mix [Final] (mM) 3’-O-Me-m7G Cap structure analog (NEB) 6 GTP 1.5 ATP 7.5 CTP 7.5 UTP 7.5 Total volume #3 Modified RNA Mix [Final] (mM) GTP 7.5 ATP 7.5 -Me-CTP (Tri-Link) 7.5 Pseudo-UTP (Tri-Link) 7.5 Total volume #4 /Modified RNA Mix [Final] (mM) 3’-O-Me-m7G Cap structure analog (NEB) 6 GTP 1.5 ATP 7.5 TP (Tri-Link) 7.5 Pseudo-UTP (Tri-Link) 7.5 Total volume 4. Prepare the in vitro transcription mix at room temperature.
Amt (ul) Custom NTPS (*Add vol/IVT rxn as indicated NA above) on ice PCR product (100ng/ul) = 1600ng total 16 ([final]=40ng/ul) Buffer X10 (MEGAscript kit from Ambion) @ RT T7 Enzyme cript kit from Ambion) . Incubate for 4 hours (3-6hrs ok) at 37°C ocycler). 6. Add 2μl Turbo DNAse (MEGAscript kit from Ambion) to each sample. Mix gently and incubate at 37°C for 15'. 7. Purify DNAse treated reaction using ear from Ambion according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 8. Purify RNA using MEGAclear. (Purified RNA can be stored at -80 for several months). 9. To remove phosphate groups to avoid Toll 2 immune reaction from the host cell.
RNA Phosphatase treatment 1X 12 For each RNA sample ~100ul NA 10X Antarctic Phosphatase buffer 11ul 132 Antarctic Phosphatase 2ul 24 Gently mix sample and incubate at 37°C for 30' (30'-1hr ok) 3. RNA transfection 1. Plate 10K-20K cells per 48 well without otics. Cells should be 30-50% confluent for transfection. 2. Change the cell media to with B18R (200ng/ml), DOX l), Puromycin (2ug/ml) at least two hours before the transfection. 3. Prepare the transfection reagent containing gRNA (0.5ug~2ug), donor DNA (0.5ug~2ug)and RNAiMax, incubate the mixture in rm temperature for 15 minutes and transfer to the cell. 4. Single human iPS cells seed and single clone pickup 1. After 4 days of dox induction and 1 day dox withdraw,asperate the medium,rinse gently with the DPBS.add 2 mL/well of Versene, and put the culture back to incubator at 37℃ until they become rounded up and y nt, but not detached. This requires 3–7 min. 2. Gently aspirate the Versene and add mTeSR1 .Add 1ml mTeSR1 and ge the cells by gently flowing mTeSR1 over them with a 1,000 uL micropipette. 3. Collect the dislodged cells, gently triturate them into a single-cell suspension, and quantitate by hemacytometer and adjust cell density to 100K cells per ml. 4. Seeding the cells into matrigel coated 10 cm dishes with mTeSR1 plus ROCK inhibitor at cell density of 50K,100K and 400K per 10 cm dish.
. Single cell formed Clones screening 1. After 12 days e in 10 cm dish and clones are big enough to be fied by naked eyes and labeled by colon marker. Do not allow clones become too big and adhere to each other. 2. Put the 10 cm dish to the culture hood and using a P20 pipette(set at 10ul) with filter tips. Aspirate 10ul medium for one well of 24 well . Pick up clone by scratching the clone into small pieces and transfer to one well of 24 well plate. Each filter tip for each clone. 3. After 4-5 days the clones inside one well of 24 well plate become big enough to split. 4. Aspirate the medium and rinse with 2 mL/well DPBS.
. Aspirate DPBS, replace with 250ul/well dispase (0.1 U/mL). and incubate the cells in dispase at 37℃ for 7 min. 6. Replace the dispase with 2ml DPBS. 7. Add 250ul mTeSR1. Using a cell scraper to lodge off the cells and collect the cells. 8. Tranfer 125ul cell suspension into a well of matrigel coated 24 wells plates. 9. Transfer 125ul cell suspension into 1.5ml eppendorf tube for genomic DNA extraction. 6. Clone screening 1. Centrifuge the tube from step7.7 2. Aspirate the medium and add 250ul lysis buffer per well (10mM+TrispH7.5+(or+8.0),10mMEDTA,10mM. 3. NaCl,+10%SDS,40ug/mL+proteinase K(added fresh before using the ). 4. te at 55 overnight. 5. PrecipitateDNA by adding 250ul Isopropanol. 6. Spin for 30 s at highest speed. Wash with 70% ethanol. 7. Gently remove ethanol.Air dry for 5 min. 8. Resuspend gDNA with100-200ul dH2O. 9. PCR amplification of the targeted genomic region with specific primers. 10. Sanger sequencing the PCR product with respective primer. 11. Analysis of Sanger sequence data and expansion of ed . 7. Piggybac vector remove 1. Repeat the step 2.1-2.9 2. Transfer cells to a nucleofector e using a 1 ml pipette tip.Add 2 μg plasmid of Transposonase into the cell suspension in the cuvette. Mix cells and DNA by gentle swirling. 3. Repeat the step 2.10-2.11 4. Asperate the nucleofected cells from the cuvette using the provided r plastic pipette. And transfer cells ise into matrigel coated well of 10 cm dish with mTeSR1 medium plus ROCK inhibitor. te the cells at 37°C overnight.
. The next day change the medium to mTesr1 and change the medium every day for 4 following days. 6. After the clones became big enough pick up 20-50 clones and seeding into 24 well. 7. Genotype the clones with PB Cas9 PiggyBac vector s and expansion negative clones.
References References are designated throughout the specification by their number below and are incorporated into the specification as if fully set forth therein. Each of the following references is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 1. Carroll,D. (2011) Genome engineering with zinc-finger nucleases. Genetics, 188, 773–82. 2. .J., Lo,T.-W., Zeitler,B., ,C.S., Ralston,E.J., Lee,A.H., Amora,R., Miller,J.C., Leung,E., Meng,X., et al. (2011) Targeted genome editing across species using ZFNs and TALENs. Science (New York, N.Y.), 333, 307. 3. Perez-Pinera,P., Ousterout,D.G. and Gersbach,C.A. (2012) Advances in targeted genome editing. Current opinion in chemical biology, 16, 268–77. 4. Symington,L.S. and Gautier,J. (2011) Double-strand break end ion and repair pathway choice. Annual review of genetics, 45, 247–71.
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In this ication where reference has been made to patent ications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, nce to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the In the description in this ication reference may be made to subject matter that is not within the scope of the claims of the t application. That subject matter should be readily identifiable by a person skilled in the art and may assist in putting into practice the invention as defined in the claims of this application.
The following numbered paragraphs define particular aspects of the present invention: 1. A method of altering target DNA in a cell sing introducing into a cell a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the cell undergoes nonhomologous end joining to e altered DNA in the cell. 2. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 90 bp or longer. 3. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 80 bp or longer. 4. The method of aph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 70 bp or longer. 5. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 60 bp or longer. 6. The method of paragraph 1 n the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 7. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 40 bp or longer. 8. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 30 bp or longer. 9. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 20 bp or longer. 10. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 19 bp or longer. 11. The method of paragraph 1 n the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 18 bp or longer. 12. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 17 bp or longer. 13. The method of aph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 16 bp or longer. 14. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 15 bp or longer. 15. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 14 bp or longer. 16. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 13 bp or longer. 17. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 12 bp or longer. 18. The method of aph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 11 bp or . 19. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer.
. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the cell is a otic cell. 21. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the cell is a yeast cell, a plant cell or an animal cell. 22. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the cell is a somatic cell. 23. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the cell is a stem cell. 24. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the cell is a human stem cell.
. The method of aph 1 comprising introducing into the cell a first n nucleic acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to e altered DNA in the cell. 26. The method of paragraph 1 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 27. The method of paragraph 1 comprising introducing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGCAAGC ACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCG GAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTT CAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCG CAATAGCAAGTAATATAGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCC CCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCA CGACGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAA GCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCAAATAACGGGGGTAAA TTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTA CGCCAGAACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAA CTGTGCAGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTT GTGGCCATCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACTT CTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTTGCCATAGCAA GCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCT GTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGTCGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGG CAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGC CTCACCCCGGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCG AAACAGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCA GGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGACTGTCCAAAG ATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATT GCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCT TATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGG TGGGAAACAGGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCAAGCAGGCA ACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAG TGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCC AGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGC TATTGCTAGTAACAACGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCC GTCCTCTGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAAACA ATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and n the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 28. The method of paragraph 1 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGCAAGC ACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCG GAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTT CAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCG CAATAGCAAGTAATATAGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCC CCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCA GGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAA GCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCAAATAACGGGGGTAAA CAGGCTTTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTA AACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAA CTGTGCAGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTT GTGGCCATCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACTT CTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTTGCCATAGCAA GCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCT GTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGTCGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGG CAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGC CTCACCCCGGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCG AAACAGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCA GGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGACTGTCCAAAG ATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATT GCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCT TATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGG ACAGGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCAAGCAGGCA CTGGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAG AGCAGGTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCC AGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGC TATTGCTAGTAACAACGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCC GTCCTCTGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAAACA ATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 29. A method of altering target DNA in a cell comprising combining within a cell a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer and a donor nucleic acid sequence wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted into the DNA in the cell.
. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell undergoes nonhomologous end joining to produce altered DNA in the cell. 31. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell undergoes homologous recombination to produced altered DNA in the cell. 32. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 90 bp or longer. 33. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 80 bp or longer. 34. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 70 bp or longer.
. The method of paragraph 29 n the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 60 bp or longer. 36. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 37. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 40 bp or longer. 38. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 30 bp or longer. 39. The method of paragraph 29 n the TALEN lacks repeat ces 20 bp or longer. 40. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 19 bp or longer. 41. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 18 bp or longer. 42. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 17 bp or longer. 43. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 16 bp or longer. 44. The method of aph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 15 bp or longer. 45. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 14 bp or longer. 46. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 13 bp or longer. 47. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 12 bp or . 48. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 11 bp or longer. 48. The method of paragraph 29 n the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer. 50. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell. 51. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell is a yeast cell, a plant cell or an animal cell. 52. The method of aph 29 wherein the cell is a c cell. 53. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell is a stem cell. 54. The method of paragraph 29 wherein the cell is a human stem cell. 55. The method of paragraph 29 comprising introducing into the cell a first foreign c acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 56. The method of paragraph 29 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 57. The method of paragraph 29 comprising introducing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGCAAGC ACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCG GAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTT CAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCG CAATAGCAAGTAATATAGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCC CCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCA CGACGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAA GCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCAAATAACGGGGGTAAA CAGGCTTTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTA AACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAA CTGTGCAGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTT ATCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACTT CTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTTGCCATAGCAA GCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCT GTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGTCGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGG CAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGC CTCACCCCGGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCG AAACAGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCA GGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGACTGTCCAAAG ATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATT GCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCT TATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGG TGGGAAACAGGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCAAGCAGGCA CTGGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAG AGCAGGTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCC AGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGC TATTGCTAGTAACAACGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCC GTCCTCTGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAAACA ATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a ce having at least 90% sequence ty to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 58. The method of paragraph 29 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGCAAGC ACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCATGGATTGACTCCG GAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGGAAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTT CAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGGCGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCG CAATAGCAAGTAATATAGGCGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCC CCGTGCTGTGTCAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCA CGACGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCTGTGCCAA GCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCAAATAACGGGGGTAAA CAGGCTTTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGGTCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTA CGCCAGAACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGCCTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAA CTGTGCAGAGACTCCTTCCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTT GTGGCCATCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACTT CTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTTGCCATAGCAA GCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGCGCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCT GTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGTCGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGG CAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTCCAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGC CTCACCCCGGAGCAGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCG TACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCCGAGCA GGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCGAGACTGTCCAAAG ATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAACCCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATT GCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCCTTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCT TATGTCAGGCCCATGGCCTTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGG TGGGAAACAGGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCAAGCAGGCA CTGGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGCTCATGGGCTCACGCCAG AGCAGGTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGTGGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCC TTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCCAGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGC TATTGCTAGTAACAACGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCC GTCCTCTGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAAACA ATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 59. A virus including a c acid sequence ng a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. 60. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 90 bp or longer. 61. The virus of aph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 80 bp or longer. 62. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 70 bp or longer. 63. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 60 bp or longer. 64. The virus of aph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 65. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 40 bp or longer. 66. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 30 bp or longer. 67. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 20 bp or longer. 68. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 19 bp or . 69. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 18 bp or longer. 70. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 17 bp or longer. 71. The virus of paragraph 59 n the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 16 bp or longer. 72. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 15 bp or longer. 73. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 14 bp or longer. 74. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 13 bp or . 75. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 12 bp or longer. 76. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 11 bp or longer. 77. The virus of paragraph 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer. 78. The virus of paragraph 59 being a irus. 79. A cell including a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. 80. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 90 bp or longer. 81. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 80 bp or longer. 82. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 70 bp or longer. 83. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 60 bp or longer. 84. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 85. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 40 bp or . 86. The cell of aph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 30 bp or longer. 87. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 20 bp or longer. 88. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 19 bp or longer. 89. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 18 bp or . 90. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 17 bp or longer. 91. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 16 bp or longer. 92. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 15 bp or longer. 93. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 14 bp or longer. 94. The cell of aph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 13 bp or longer. 95. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 12 bp or longer. 96. The cell of paragraph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat ces 11 bp or . 97. The cell of aph 70 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer 98. The cell of paragraph 70 being a eukaryotic cell. 99. The cell of paragraph 70 being a yeast cell, a plant cell or an animal cell. 100. The cell of paragraph 70 being a c cell. 101. The cell of paragraph 70 being a stem cell. 102. The cell of aph 70 being a human stem cell. 103. A method of making a TALE comprising combining an endonuclease, a DNA polymerase, a DNA ligase, an exonuclease, a plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks encoding repeat variable diresidue domains and a TALE-N/TF backbone vector including an endonuclease cutting site, activating the endonuclease to cut the TALE-N/TF backbone vector at the endonuclease cutting site to produce a first end and a second end, activating the exonuclease to create a 3’ and a 5’ overhang on the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks and to anneal the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks in a desired order, activating the DNA rase and the DNA ligase to connect the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks. 104. A method of altering target DNA in a stem cell expressing an enzyme that forms a colocalization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site ic manner comprising (a) introducing into the stem cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, n the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, ucing into the stem cell a second foreign nucleic acid ng a donor nucleic acid sequence, wherein the RNA and the donor nucleic acid sequences are expressed, wherein the RNA and the enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the enzyme s the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the stem cell. 105. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the enzyme is an RNA-guided DNA binding protein. 106. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the enzyme is an RNA-guided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR system. 107. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the enzyme is Cas9. 108. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the RNA is between about 10 to about 500 nucleotides. 109. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the RNA is between about 20 to about 100 nucleotides. 110. The method of aph 104 wherein the RNA is a guide RNA. 111. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the RNA is a tracrRNA-crRNA fusion. 112. The method of aph 104 n the DNA is genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral DNA, or exogenous DNA. 113. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by recombination. 114. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by homologous recombination. 115. The method of aph 104 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by nonhomologous end joining. 116. The method of aph 104 wherein the RNA and the donor nucleic acid sequences are present on one or more plasmids. 117. The method of paragraph 104 further comprising repeating step (a) multiple times to produce multiple alterations to the DNA in the cell. 118. The method of paragraph 104 wherein after producing altered DNA in a stem cell, a nucleic acid ng the enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner is removed from the stem cell genome. 119. The method of paragraph 104 wherein the RNA and the donor nucleic acid ces are expressed as a bound nucleic acid sequence. 120. A stem cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a co- localization x with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific . 121. The stem cell of paragraph 120 further ing a second foreign nucleic acid encoding for an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA. 122. The stem cell of paragraph 121 further including a third foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor c acid sequence. 123. The stem cell of paragraph 120 further ing an inducible promoter for promoting expression of the enzyme. 124. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the first foreign nucleic acid is removable from genomic DNA of the cell using a transposase. 125. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the enzyme is an RNA-guided DNA binding protein. 126. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the enzyme is an ided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR system. 127. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the enzyme is Cas9. 128. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the RNA is between about 10 to about 500 nucleotides. 129. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the RNA is between about 20 to about 100 nucleotides. 130. The stem cell of paragraph 120 wherein the RNA is a guide RNA. 131. The stem cell of paragraph 120 n the RNA is a tracrRNA-crRNA fusion. 132. The stem cell of aph 120 wherein the target DNA is genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral DNA, or exogenous DNA. 133. A cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a lization complex with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site ic manner and including an ble promoter for ing expression of the enzyme. 134. The cell of paragraph 133 further including a second foreign nucleic acid encoding for an RNA mentary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA. 135. The stem cell of paragraph 134 further including a third foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor nucleic acid sequence. 136. A cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a colocalization complex with RNA complementary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner, wherein the first n nucleic acid is removable from genomic DNA of the cell using a transposase. 137. The cell of paragraph 136 further including a second foreign nucleic acid encoding for an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA. 138. The stem cell of paragraph 137 further including a third foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor nucleic acid sequence. 139. A cell including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding for an enzyme that forms a co- localization complex with RNA mentary to target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner, wherein the first foreign nucleic acid is reversibly inserted into genomic DNA of the cell. 140. The cell of paragraph 139 further including a second n c acid encoding for an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA. 141. The stem cell of paragraph 140 further including a third n nucleic acid ng a donor nucleic acid sequence. 142. A method of altering target DNA in a cell expressing an enzyme that forms a colocalization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner comprising (a) ucing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding a donor nucleic acid sequence, ucing into the cell from media surrounding the cell an RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the RNA and the enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is expressed, wherein the RNA and the enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 143. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA includes a 5’ Cap ure. 144. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA lacks phosphate groups. 145. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the enzyme is an RNA-guided DNA binding protein. 146. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the enzyme is an RNA-guided DNA binding protein of a Type II CRISPR system. 147. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the enzyme is Cas9. 148. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA is between about 10 to about 500 nucleotides. 149. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA is between about 20 to about 100 nucleotides. 150. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA is a guide RNA. 151. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA is a tracrRNA-crRNA fusion. 152. The method of paragraph 142 n the DNA is genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral DNA, or exogenous DNA. 153. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by recombination. 154. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by gous ination. 155. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is ed by nonhomologous end joining. 156. The method of paragraph 142 further comprising repeating step (a) multiple times to produce le alterations to the DNA in the cell. 157. The method of paragraph 142 wherein after producing altered DNA in a cell, a nucleic acid encoding the enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner is removed from the cell genome. 158. The method of paragraph 142 wherein the RNA and the donor c acid sequences are expressed as a bound nucleic acid sequence.
Claims (14)
1. An in vitro or ex-vivo method of altering target DNA in a cell wherein the cell is genetically modified to include a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 enzyme, in the genomic DNA of the cell, that forms a co-localization complex with a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and 5 that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner comprising (a) introducing into the cell a donor nucleic acid sequence, introducing into the cell from media surrounding the cell a guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and which guides the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA ses phosphatase treated guide RNA ed to the cell from nding media that is 10 continuously supplemented with the phosphatase treated guide RNA to allow continuous target DNA editing, and wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme are members of a co-localization complex for the target DNA, wherein the guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme co-localize to the target DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid is inserted into the target DNA to 15 produce altered DNA in the cell, and wherein the cell in not a totipotent or germline human cell.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the guide RNA es a 5’ Cap ure. 20
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the guide RNA lacks phosphate groups.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the guide RNA is between about 10 to about 500 nucleotides. 25
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the guide RNA is between about 20 to about 100 nucleotides.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the guide RNA is a tracrRNA-crRNA fusion. 30
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the DNA is genomic DNA, ondrial DNA, viral DNA, or exogenous DNA.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by recombination.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by homologous recombination.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted by 5 nonhomologous end joining.
11. The method of claim 1 further sing repeating step (a) multiple times to produce multiple alterations to the DNA in the cell. 10
12. The method of claim 1 wherein after producing altered DNA in a cell, a nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 enzyme that forms a co-localization complex with the guide RNA complementary to the target DNA and that cleaves the target DNA in a site specific manner is removed from the cell genome. 15
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the RNA and the donor nucleic acid sequences are expressed as a bound nucleic acid sequence.
14. A method as d in any one of claims 1-13 ntially as described herein and with nce to any example thereof. tGFP Donor \\\\\\\\\
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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US201361858866P | 2013-07-26 | 2013-07-26 | |
US61/858,866 | 2013-07-26 | ||
NZ716606A NZ716606B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2014-07-25 | Genome engineering |
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NZ754902A NZ754902A (en) | 2022-03-25 |
NZ754902B2 true NZ754902B2 (en) | 2022-06-28 |
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