NZ754169B2 - Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitor - Google Patents
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitor Download PDFInfo
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- NZ754169B2 NZ754169B2 NZ754169A NZ75416913A NZ754169B2 NZ 754169 B2 NZ754169 B2 NZ 754169B2 NZ 754169 A NZ754169 A NZ 754169A NZ 75416913 A NZ75416913 A NZ 75416913A NZ 754169 B2 NZ754169 B2 NZ 754169B2
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- 229920003013 deoxyribonucleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007933 dermal patch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229940000406 drug candidates Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037320 fibronectin Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003176 fibrotic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000024924 glomerular filtration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004446 heteroarylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004415 heterocyclylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 201000001421 hyperglycemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001146 hypoxic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002458 infectious Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular Effects 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960002198 irbesartan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002725 isoflurane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007951 isotonicity adjuster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000006370 kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003907 kidney function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002350 laparotomy Methods 0.000 description 1
- RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-BZSNNMDCSA-N lisinopril Chemical compound C([C@H](N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-BZSNNMDCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000009673 liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003670 luciferase enzyme activity assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002934 lysing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003340 mental Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006241 metabolic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OHIHEJTUXNQOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 6-aminopyridine-2-carboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC(N)=N1 OHIHEJTUXNQOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003226 mitogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005127 montelukast Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101700045377 mvp1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000017074 necrotic cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000626 neurodegenerative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002829 nitrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101700005281 nsy-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 201000002674 obstructive nephropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VTRAEEWXHOVJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N olmesartan Chemical compound CCCC1=NC(C(C)(C)O)=C(C(O)=O)N1CC1=CC=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C=2NN=NN=2)C=C1 VTRAEEWXHOVJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005117 olmesartan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000036220 oral bioavailability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organs Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004783 oxidative metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-acetaminophenol Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010068338 p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229960005489 paracetamol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008191 permeabilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutic aid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000275 pharmacokinetic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036231 pharmacokinetics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 231100000857 poor renal function Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001455 quinapril Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001404 quinidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004818 sulfaphenazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036693 t 1/2 Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004885 tandem mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000003995 transcription factors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000464 transcription factors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229960003741 tranylcypromine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008523 triazolopyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000011528 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000011534 wash buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- QHSMEGADRFZVNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-hydroxymidazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(CO)=NC=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1F QHSMEGADRFZVNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4436—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a heterocyclic ring having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/56—Amides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
Abstract
Disclosed is a dosage unit comprising selonsertib (5-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzamide) and its use as an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitor for the treatment of kidney fibrosis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease. Also disclosed are the two intermediates 5-(4-cyclopropy1-1H-imidazol-1-y1)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid and 6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine used in the preparation of said compound Selonsertib. diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease. Also disclosed are the two intermediates 5-(4-cyclopropy1-1H-imidazol-1-y1)-2-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid and 6-(4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine used in the preparation of said compound Selonsertib.
Description
APOPTOSIS SIGNAL-REGULATING KINASE INHIBITOR
CROSS NCE TO D APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of NZ 739339, which is a divisional of NZ 722945, which is
a divisional of NZ 627947, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel compound for use in the treatment of ASK1-
mediated diseases. The invention also relates to intermediates for its preparation and to
ceutical compositions ning said novel compound.
BACKGROUND
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated
n kinase kinase kinase (“MAP3K”) family that activates the c-Jun N-terminal protein
kinase ) and p38 MAP kinase (Ichijo, H., Nishida, E., Irie, K., Dijke, P. T., Saitoh, M.,
Moriguchi, T., Matsumoto, K., Miyazono, K., and Gotoh, Y. (1997) Science, 275, 90-94).
ASK1 is activated by a variety of stimuli including oxidative , reactive oxygen species
(ROS), LPS, TNF-, FasL, ER stress, and increased intracellular calcium concentrations
(Hattori, K., Naguro, I., Runchel, C., and , H. (2009) Cell Comm. . 7:1-10; Takeda,
K., Noguchi, T., Naguro, I., and Ichijo, H. (2007) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. l. 48: 1-8.27;
Nagai, H., Noguchi, T., Takeda, K., and Ichijo, I. (2007) J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40:1-6).
Phosphorylation of ASK1 protein can lead to apoptosis or other cellular responses depending on
the cell type. ASK1 activation and signaling have been reported to play an important role in a
broad range of diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory,
autoimmune, and metabolic ers. In addition, ASK1 has been implicated in mediating
organ damage following ischemia and reperfusion of the heart, brain, and kidney (Watanabe et
al. (2005) BBRC 333, 562-567; Zhang et al., (2003) Life Sci 7443; Terada et al. (2007)
BBRC 364: 1043-49).
ROS are reported be associated with increases of inflammatory cytokine production,
fibrosis, apoptosis, and necrosis in the kidney. (Singh DK, Winocour P, Farrington K. ive
stress in early diabetic nephropathy: fueling the fire. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011 Mar;7(3):176-
184; Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic cations. Nature
2001 Dec 13; 414(6865):813-820; Mimura I, Nangaku M. The suffocating kidney:
tubulointerstitial hypoxia in end-stage renal e. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010 Nov; 6(11):667-
678).
Moreover, oxidative stress facilitates the formation of advanced ion end-products
(AGEs) that cause further renal injury and production of ROS. (Hung KY, et al. N-
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acetylcysteine-mediated antioxidation prevents hyperglycemia-induced apoptcsis and collagen
sis in rat mesangial cells. Am ol 2009;29(3):192—202).
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney is a strong tor of progression to renal
failure in ts with chronic kidney diseases (Schainuck LI, et a1. Structural-functional
correlations in renal disease. Part II: The c0rrelations. Hum Pathol 1970; 1: 631—641.).
Unilateral al obstruction (UUO) in rats is a Widely used model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
UUO causes tubulointerstital inflammation, increased expression of transforming growth factor
beta (TGF—B), and accumulation of myofibroblasts, which secrete matrix proteins such as
collagen and fibronectin. The UUO model can be used to test for a drug’s potential to treat
chronic kidney disease by inhibiting renal fibrosis (Chevalier et al., Ureteral obstruction as a
model of renal titial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy, Kidney International (2009) 75,
1 145—1 1 52.
Thus, therapeutic agents that function as inhibitors of ASK1 signaling have the potential
to remedy or improve the lives of patients in need of treatment for diseases or conditions such as
neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. In
particular, ASKl inhibitors have the potential to treat cardio—rena1 diseases, including kidney
disease, diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, fibrotic diseases (including lung and
kidney fibrosis), respiratory diseases (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
and acute lung injury), acute and c liver diseases.
2O U.S. Publication No. 2007/0276050 bes methods for identifying ASKl inhibitors
useful for preventing and/or treating vascular disease and methods for preventing and/or
treating cardiovascular disease in an animal.
W02009027283 ses triazolopyridine compounds, methods for preparation thereof and
methods for treating mune disorders, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and
egenerative es.
US. Patent Publication No. 2001/00095410A1, pub1ished January 13, 2011, discloses
compounds useful as ASK-l inhibitors. US. Patent Publication No. 2001/00095410A1 relates
to compounds of Formula (I):
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R x
R3 x
8\ \ x
N X2 1\
l H N
/N\// X7\X// X5
wherein:
R1 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or cyclyl, all of which are
optionally substituted with l, 2, or 3 tuents selected from halo, oxo, alkyl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aryloxy, —N02, R6, —C(O)—R6, ~OC(O)—R6 —C(O)—O-R6, —
C<O>-N(R6><R7), -OC<O>-N<R6)<R7>, —S-R6, —R6, -s<=0>2R6, -S(=0)2-N(R6)<R7>,
-S(=O)2—O-R6, -N(R6)(R7), -N(R6)—C(O)-R7, -N(R6)—C(O)—O—R7, —N(R6)—C(O)-
N(R6)(R7), -N(R6)—S(==O)2—R6, -CN, and —O-R6,
wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, and phenoxy are optionally substituted
by l, 2, or 3 substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, and halo;
wherein R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-
C15 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, all of which are optionally
substituted with 1—3 substituents selected from halo, alkyl, mono— or dialkylamino, alkyl
or aryl or aryl amide, —CN, lower alkoxy, -CF3, aryl, and heteroaryl; or
R6 and R7 when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a
heterocycle;
R2 is hydrogen, halo, cyano, alkoxy, or alkyl optionally substituted by halo;
R3 is aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, all of which are optionally tuted with one or
more substituents selected from alkyl, , cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl,
arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, halo, OX0, —N02,
haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, —CN, -O—R6, —'O-C(O)—R6, -O—C(O)—N(R6)(R7), -S—R6, —
N<R6)<R7), -S<=O>-R6, —S(=0)2R6, 2—N<R6)<R7>, —S<=0)2R6, -N(R")-C<O>-
R7, -N(R6)—C(O)-O—R7, —N(R6)—C(O)—N(R6)(R7), R6, -C(O)-O-R6, —C(O)—
R7), and —N(R6)—S(=O)2—R7, wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is further optionally substituted with one or more substituents
selected from halo, oxo, -N02, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -N(R6)(R7), —C(O)—R6, —
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C(O)-O—R6, —C(O)-N(R6)(R7), -CN, —O-R6, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and
cyclyl;
with the proviso that the heteroaryl or heterocyclyl moiety includes at least one ring nitrogen
atom;
X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 and X8 are independently C(R4) or N, in which each R4 is
independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, halo, —
N02, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, —CN, —O-R6, ~S-R6, -N(R6)(R7), —S(:O)-R6, —S(=O)2R6,
—S(=O)2-N(R6)(R7), -S(=O)2-O—R6, -C(O)—R7, —N(R6)—C(O)—O-R7, —N(R6)—C(O)-
N(R")(R7), —C(O)—R6, -C(O)-O—R6, —C(O)—N(R6)(R7), or -N(R6)—S(=O)2-R7, n
the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is further optionally substituted
with one or more substituents selected from halo, oxo, -N02, -CF3, -O—CF3, —N(R6)(R7),
-C(O)-R6, -C(O)—O-R7, N(R6)(R7), —CN, —O—R6; or
X5 and X6 or X6 and X7 are joined to provide optionally substituted fused aryl or
optionally tuted fused heteroaryl; and
with the proviso that at least one of X2, X3, and X4 is C(R4);
at least two of X5, X6, X7, and X8 are C(R4); and
at least one osz, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 and X8 is N.
The above disclosures notwithstanding, there is a need for compounds that are potent and
exhibit improved pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic s for the ent of
diseases related to ASKl activation.
singly, applicants have discovered a novel compound within the scope of US.
patent publication USZOl 1/000941 0A exhibiting good potency, improved pharmacokinetie
and/or pharmacodynamic profiles, on aggregate, compared to compounds disclosed n.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a compound of the formula:
WN\ O Q/
\ Nfix \ N
N N / ‘
F \<
(I),
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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In one ment, the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) in the
treatment of a disease in a patient in need of ent with an ASKI tor.
In another embodiment, the invention s to a ceutical composition
comprising a compound of formula (I) or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
In another ment, the invention is a method of treating ic nephropathy, or
complications of diabetes, comprising stering a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need
thereof.
In another ment, the invention relates to a method of treating kidney disease, or
diabetic kidney disease sing administering a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need
thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating kidney fibrosis, lung
fibrosis, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of a (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to
a patient in need thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating diabetic kidney
disease, diabetic nephropathy, kidney fibrosis, liver fibrosis, or lung fibrosis comprising
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a nd or salt of forumia (I), to a
patient in need thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to intermediates useful for the synthesis of
the compound of formula (I).
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
In another embodiment, the invention s to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment
of chronic kidney disease.
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1001531696
In yet r embodiment, the ion relates to the compound of formula (I) for use in
therapy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figures
Figure 1 is a bar graph showing the levels of Collagen IV in the kidney cortex of rats
subjected to seven days of unilateral ureteral obstruction and treated with either vehicle, or
nd of formula (I) at 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg b.i.d. per day.
Figure 2 shows representative images of kidney cortex sections stained with alpha-smooth
muscle actin (a marker of activated myofibroblasts) from rats subjected to seven days of unilateral
al obstruction and treated with either vehicle, or compound of formula (I) at 1, 3, 10, or 30
mg/kg b.i.d. per day.
Definitions and General Parameters
As used herein, the term "comprise" and variations of the term, such as "comprising",
"comprises" and "comprised", are not ed to exclude other additives, components, integers or
steps.
Reference to any prior art in the specification is not, and should not be taken as, an
acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general
knowledge in New Zealand or any other jurisdiction.
As used , the following words and phrases are intended to have the meanings set
forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.
Where no indication or tion is given, the ordinary g of the word or phrase as found in
a relevant dictionary or in common usage known to one of skill in the art is implied.
The term “chronic kidney disease” as used herein refers to progressive loss of kidney
function over time typically months or even years. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed
by a competent care giver using appropriate information, tests or markers known to one of skill in
the art. c kidney disease includes by implication kidney disease.
The term “diabetic kidney disease” as used herein refers to kidney disease caused by
diabetes, exacerbated by diabetes, or co-presenting with diabetes. It is a form of chronic kidney
disease occurring in approximately 30% of patients with diabetes. It is defined as diabetes with
the presence of albuminuria and/or impaired renal function (i.e. decreased glomerular filtration
rate ( See. de B, I, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the
United . JAMA 2011 Jun 22; 305(24):2532-2539).
The term “pharmaceutically able salt” refers to salts of pharmaceutical compounds
e.g. compound of formula (I) that retain the biological effectiveness and ties of the
underlying nd, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. There are acid
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addition salts and base addition salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be
prepared from inorganic and organic acids.
Acids and bases useful for reaction with an underlying compound to form
pharmaceutically acceptable salts (acid addition or base addition salts respectively) are known to
one of skill in the art. rly, methods of preparing pharmaceutically acceptable salts from
an underlying compound (upon disclosure) are known to one of skill in the art and are disclosed
in for example, Berge, at al. Journal maceutical Science, Jan. ‘1977 V01. 66, No.1, and
other sources. Salts derived from inorganic acids include but are not limited to hydrochloric
acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived
from organic acids include but are not limited to maleic acid, fumaric acid, ic acid, p-
toluene—sulfonic acid, and the like. Bases useful for forming base addition salts are known to
one of skill in the art. An example of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of
formula (I) is the hydrochloride salt of the compound of formula (I).
As used , “pharmaceutically able carrier” includes excipients or agents such
as solvents, diluents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and
absorption delaying agents and the like that are not deleterious to the compound of the invention
or use thereof. The use of such carriers and agents to prepare compositions of ceutically
active substances is well known in the art (see, e.g., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA 17th Ed. (1985); and Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel
Dekker, Inc. 3rd Ed. (GS. Banker & C.T. Rhodes, Eds.)
The term “cardio-renal diseases” as used herein refers to diseases, d to the on
of the kidney, that are caused or exacerbated by cardiovascular problems such as, for example,
high blood re or hypertension. It is believed that hypertension is a major contributor to
kidney disease.
The term “respiratory diseases” as used herein refers to diseases including chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PP).
The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of the compound of
formula (I) that is sufficient to effect treatment as defined below, when administered to a patient
(particularly a human) in need of such treatment in one or more doses. The therapeutically
effective amount will vary, depending upon the patient, the e being treated, the weight
and/or age of the patient, the severity of the disease, or the manner of administration, as
determined by a ied prescriber or care giver.
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The term “treatment” or “treating” means administering a compound or ceutically
acceptable salt of formula (I) for the purpose of:
(i) delaying the onset of a disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of
the disease not to develop or delaying the development thereof;
(ii) inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of clinical
symptoms; and/or
(iii) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of al symptoms
or the severity thereof.
In a preferred ment, the invention relates to the use of the compound of formula
(I) in treating chronic kidney disease sing administering a therapeutically effective
amount to a patient in need thereof.
In another preferred embodiment the invention relates to the use of the compound of
formula (I) in treating diabetic kidney disease comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount to a patient in need thereof.
In r preferred embodiment the invention relates to the use of the compound of
formula (I) in treating lung or kidney fibrosis comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount to a patient in need thereof.
The half maximal tory tration (ICSO) of a therapeutic agent is the
concentration of a therapeutic agent necessary to produce 50% of the maximum inhibition
against a target enzyme. It is a desirable goal to discover a therapeutic agent, for example a
compound that inhibits apoptosis signal—regulating kinase (ASKl) with a low leo. In this
manner, undesirable side effects are minimized by the ability to use a lower dose of the
therapeutic agent to t the ASKl enzyme.
Similarly, it is a desirable goal to discover a therapeutic agent that has a low dissociation
constant (Kd). Kd is used to describe the affinity between a ligand (such as a therapeutic agent)
and the corresponding kinase or receptor; i.e. a measure ofhow tightly a therapeutic agent binds
to a particular kinase, for example the apoptosis signal—regulating kinase ASKl. Thus, a lower
Kd is generally preferred in drug development.
Similarly, it is a desirable goal to discover a compound having a low Eng. EC50 is the
concentration of a drug that achieves 50% maximal efficacy in the cell. The EC50 value
translates to the tration of a compound in the assay medium necessary to achieve 50% of
the maximum efficacy. Thus, a lower EC50 is lly red for drug development.
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A useful unit of measure associated with EC50 is the protein binding adjusted EC50 (FEW-£050
as used herein). This value measures the amount of a drug e.g. compound of formula (I)
correlated to the fraction of the drug that is unbound to protein which provides 50% maximal
efficacy. This value es the efficacy of the drug corrected for or correlated to the amount
of drug that is available at the target site of action.
Another desirable property is having a compound with a low cell ne efflux ratio
as determined by CACO cell permeability studies. An efflux ratio ((B/A) / (A/B)) less than 3.0
is red. A compound with a ratio greater than 3 is expected to undergo active rapid efflux
from the cell and may not have sufficient duration in the cell to achieve maximal efficacy.
Another desirable goal is to discover a drug that exhibits minimal off-target inhibition.
That is, a drug that minimally inhibits the Cyp450 hrome p450) enzymes. More
particularly, a drug that is a weak inhibitor of cyp3A4, the most important of the P450 enzymes,
is desired. A weak inhibitor is a nd that causes at least 1.25-fold but less than 2—fold
increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20-50% decrease in clearance
(wikipedia.org/wiki/cyp3A4, visited 11/12/11). Generally, a compound exhibiting a Cyp3A4
IC50 of greater than lOuM is ered a weak inhibitor.
A measure useful for comparing cyp3A4 inhibition among drug candidates is the ratio of
Cyp3A4 inhibition and the protein binding adjusted ECso. This value gives an indication of the
relative potential for cyp inhibition corrected for the protein binding adjusted EC50 which is
c to each drug. A higher ratio in this e is preferred as indicative of lower potential
for cyp3A4 inhibition.
Unexpectedly and advantageously, applicants have ered a compound (of formula
(1) herein) within the generic scope of U.S. Patent publication No. 2001/00095410A1 that
provides advantages compared to structurally close compounds (herein ated as
compounds A and B) disclosed in U.S. Patent publication No. 2001/00095410Al
WN\ 0 KEY
\ NUKH \ N
N N / ‘N
\(NJ
Compound A
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wN\ 0 NQV/N‘/
H NJN
Compound B.
Therefore, objects of the present invention include but are not limited to the provision of
a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and methods of using the
compound of formula (I) for the treatment of kidney e, chronic kidney disease, diabetic
kidney e, diabetic nephropathy, kidney fibrosis or lung fibrosis.
Combination Therapy
Patients being treated for cardio-renal diseases such as chronic kidney disease may
benefit from combination drug treatment. For example the nd of the present invention
may be combined with one or more of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as
enalapril, captopril, ramipril, lisinopril, and quinapril; or angiontesin II receptor blockers
(ARBs) such as losartan, olmesartan, and irbesartan; or antihypertensive agents such as
amlodipine, nifedipine, and felodipine. The benefit of combination may be sed efficacy
and/or reduced side effects for a ent as the dose of that ent may be ed
down to reduce its side effects While benefiting from its efficacy ted by the efficacy of
the compound of formula (I) and/or other active component(s).
Patients presenting with chronic kidney disease treatable with ASKI inhibitors such as
compound of formula (I), may also exhibit conditions that benefit from co—administration (as
directed by a qualified caregiver) of a therapeutic agent or agents that are antibiotic, analgesic,
antidepressant and/or anti—anxiety agents in combination with compound of formula (1).
Combination treatments may be administered simultaneously or one after the other within
intervals as directed by a qualified caregiver or via a fixed dose (all active ingreditents are
combined into the a single dosage form e.g. tablet) presentation of two or more active .
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
The compound 0f the present invention may be administered in the form of a
pharmaceutical composition. The present invention therefore provides pharmaceutical
compositions that contain, as the active ingredient, the compound of a (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable
excipients and/or carriers, including inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents, including sterile
aqueonolution and s organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants.
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The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered alone or in combination with other
therapeutic agents. Compositions may be prepared for delivery as solid tablets, capsules,
s, ointments, skin patches, sustained release, fast disintegrating tablets, tion
preparations, etc. Typical pharmaceutical compositions are prepared and/or stered using
methods and/or processes well known in the pharmaceutical art'(see, e.g., Remington’s
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA 17th Ed. (1985); and Modern
Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3rd Ed. (G.S. Banker & C.T. Rhodes, Eds).
Formulations for combination treatments comprising the compound of formula (I) may
be ted as fixed dose formulations e. g. tablets, elixirs, liquids, ointments, inhalants, gels,
etc., using ures known to one of skill in the art.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the compound of formula (I) may be administered in
either single or multiple doses by routes including, for example, rectal, buccal, intranasal and
transdermal routes; by arterial ion, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally,
intramuscularly, aneously, orally, topically, as an inhalant, or Via an impregnated or
coated device such as a stent, for e, or an artery—inserted cylindrical polymer. Most
preferred routes of administration include oral, parental and intravenous stration.
The compound of formula (I) may be administered in a pharmaceutically effective
amount. For oral administration, each dosage unit preferably contains from 1 mg to 500 mg of
the compound of formula (I). A more preferred dose is from 1 mg to 250 mg of the compound
of formula (I). Particularly preferred is a dose of the compound of formula (I) ranging from
about 20 mg twice a day to, about 50 mg twice a day. It will be understood, however, that the
amount of the compound ly administered usually Will be determined by a physician in
light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of
administration, co—administration nd if applicable, the age, weight, response of the
individual patient, the severity of the patient’s symptoms, and the like.
Nomenclature
The name of the compound of the present ion as generated using ChemBioDraw
Ultra 11.
WN\ O /
\ N \ N
F \(N
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is 5-(4—cyclopropyl- l H—imidazol— l —yl)-N—(6—(4—isopropyl—4H—l ,2,4—triazol—3 ridin—2—yl)—2-
fluoro—4—methylbenzamide also known as 5—((4-cyclopropyl-lH—imdazol— l -yl)~2—fluoro—N—(6—(4-
isopropyl-4H—1,2,4-triazole-3 —yl)pyridine—2-yl)—4—methylbenzamide.
SJ/nthesis of the Compound of Formulafll
The compound of the invention may be prepared using s sed herein or
modifications thereof which will be apparent given the disclosure herein. The synthesis of the
compound of the invention may be accomplished as described in the following example. If
available, reagents may be purchased commercially, e. g. from Sigma Aldrich or other chemical
suppliers. Alternatively, reagents may be prepared using reaction schemes and methods known
to one of skill in the art.
Synthetic Reaction Parameters
The terms “solven 79 ‘6'inert organic solven ” or “inert solven ” refer to a solvent inert
under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith (including, for
example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (Tl-IF), dimethylformamide (DMF),
chloroform, methylene de (or dichloromethane), l ether, petroleum ether (PE),
methanol, pyridine, ethyl e (EA) and the like. Unless ed to the contrary, the
solvents used in the reactions of the present invention are inert organic solvents, and the
reactions are carried out under an inert gas, preferably en.
One method of preparing nds of formula (I) is shown in Reaction Schemes l and
2 below.
Scheme 1
Bye\ \
H2NNH2 l DMF-DMA
__““‘““*__
/ o
H2N N H2N N
0\ HN.NHZ
OYN/ \
I AcOH CH CN
’ 3
O HN2 N / ~
\NQN N/ N
| \FNHZ N\//
B HNiNAlTl/ C \<
Preparation of Compound A
To a solution of methyl 6-aminopicolinate (432 g, 2.84 mol) in MeOH (5 L) was added
NHZWZO (284 g, 5.68 mol, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hr
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and then cooled to room temperature. The precipitate formed in the mixture was ted by
filtration, washed with EA (2 L><2) and then dried in vacuo to give compound A (405 g, 94%
yield) as White solid.
Preparation of compound B
A mixture of compound A (405 g, 2.66 mol) in dimethylformamide—dimethylacetal
(DMF—DMA) (3.54 L) was heated under reflux for 18 hr, cooled to room temperature and then
concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in EA (700 mL) and heated at
50°C for 20 min. After being cooled to room temperature, the solid was collected by ion
and dried in vacuo to give compound B (572 g, 82% yield) as white solid.
Preparation of C
To a solution of compound B (572 g, 2.18 mol) in a mixture of CH3CN-AcOH (3.6 L,
4:1) was added propanamine (646 g, 5.0 eq.). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux
for 24 hr and then cooled to room temperature, and the solvent was removed under reduced
pressure. The residue was dissolved in water (2.8 L) and l N aqueous NaOH was added to a pH
of 8.0 H. The precipitate was collected by filtration and the filtrate was extracted with EA (500
mLX3). The combined organic layers were dried over ous Na2804, and then trated
to a volume of 150 mL. To this mixture at 0°C was slowly added PE (400 mL) and the ing
suspension was filtered. The combined solid was stallized from EA—PE to give compound
C (253 g, 57% yield) as off-white solid.
1H-NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13): 5 8.24 (s, 1 H), 7.52 (m, 2 H), 6.51 (dd, J = 1.6, 7.2 Hz,
1 H), 5.55 (m, 1 H), 4.46 (bs, 2 H), 1.45 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6 H). MS (1381+) m/z: 204 (M+1)+.
Compound C is a key ediate for the synthesis of the compound of formula (1). Thus, an
object of the present invention is also the ion of the intermediate compound C,
its salts or protected forms thereof, for the preparation of the compound of formula (I). An
example of a salt of the compound C is the HCl addition salt. An e of a protected form
of compound C is the carbamate compound such as obtained with Cbz—Cl. Protective groups,
their ation and uses are taught in Peter G.M. Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, Protective
Groups in Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, 1991, Wiley and Sons, Publishers.
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Scheme 2
Preparation of the nd of formula (I) continued:
wager Mtg“! fikBr V/LK/HN CN
1 2 3
O \7
U: W\NUCN SH
OH .___
‘ D /\\j/N\ CN
Formula (I)
Compound 6 is a key ediate for the synthesis of the compound of a (1). Thus an
object of the present invention is also the provision of intermediate nd 6,
salts or protected forms thereof, for the preparation of the compound of formula (I). An
example of a salt of the compound 6 is the HCl addition salt. An example of a protected form of
the compound 6 is an ester (6. g. methyl, ethyl or benzyl esters) or the carbamate compound such
as obtained with Cbz—Cl. tive groups, their preparations and uses are taught in Peter G.M.
Wuts and Theodora W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, l99l,
Wiley and Sons, Publishers.
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Step 1 —— Preparation of 5—amino—2-fluoro—4-methylbenzonitrile — Compound (21
The starting 5—bromo—4—fluoro-Z—methylaniline (l) (20g, 98 mmol) was dissolved in
anhydrous 1—methylpyrrolidinone (100 mL), and copper (l) cyanide , 196 mmol) was
added. The reaction was heated to 180°C for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature, and water
(300 mL) and concentrated ammonium hydroxide (300 mL) added. The mixture was stirred for
minutes and extracted with EA (3 x 200 mL). The combined extracts were dried over
magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The oily residue was
washed with hexanes (2 x 100 mL), and the solid dissolved in romethane and loaded onto
a silica gel . Eluting with 0 to 25% EA in hexanes gradient provided S—amino-Z—fluoro—
4—methy1benzonitrile (10.06g, 67.1, mmol). LC/MS (m/zzlSl M“).
Step 2 — Pre aration of 5— 2-0 clo ro ~2-fluoro—4—meth lbenzonitrile —
Compound (3)
~Amino—2-fluoro~4-methylbenzonitrile (12g, 80mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous N,N—
dimethylformamide (160 mL) under nitrogen, and potassium ate (13.27g, 96 mmol) and
ium iodide (14.61g were added as solids with stirring. The on was stirred
for 5 minutes at room ature and then bromomethyl cyclopropylketone (20.24 mL, 180
mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 60°C for 3 hours, and then the solvents
removed under reduced re. The residue was dissolved in EA (400 mL) and washed with
400 mL of water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, and solvent was removed
under reduced pressure. The residue was re—dissolved in a minimum amount of EA, and
hexanes were added to bring the on to 3:1 hexanes: EA by . The product
precipitated out of solution and was collected by filtration to e 5-(2—cyclopropyl
oxoethylamino)—2-fluoro~4—methylbenzonitrile (14.19g, 61.2 mmol). LC/MS (m/z : 233, M“)
Step 3 - Pre aration of 5— 4—c clo ro 1—2—merca to—lH—imidazol-l- l—2—fluoro
methylbenzonitrile’ — Compound {41
—(2—Cyclopropyl—2~oxoethylamino)—2—fluoro—4—methylbenzonitrile (14.19g, 61.2mm01)
was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (300 mL). Potassium thiocyanate (11.9g, 122.4mmol) was
added as a solid with stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 110°C for 4 hours at which
time the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in
dichloromethane (200 mL) and washed with 200 mL water. The s extract was extracted
with (b 200 mL) additional dichloromethane, the organic extracts combined and dried over
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magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the oily residue was
re—dissolved in BA (50 mL) and 150 mL hexanes was added. A dark layer formed and a stir bar
was added to the flask. Vigorous ng caused the t to precipitate as a peach colored
solid. The product was collected by filtration, to yield 5—(4—cyclopropyl—2-mercapto—lH-
imidazol—l—y1)-2—fluoro—4—methylbenzonitrile, (14.26g, 52.23 mmol). Anal. LC/MS (m/Z : 274,
M+1)
Step 4 — Preparation of 5-(4—cyclopropyl—1H—imidazol—l—yl)—2-fluoro—4—methylbenzonitrile -
Compound 15)
In a 500 mL three neck round bottom flask was placed acetic acid (96 mL), water (19
mL) and hydrogen de (30%, 7.47 mL, 6588 mmol). The mixture was heated to 45°C with
stirring under nitrogen while monitoring the al temperature. 5—(4—Cyclopropyl—2—
mercapto-lH—imidazol—l—yl)—2—fluoro—4—methylbenzonitrile (6.00g, 21.96 mmol) was then added
as a solid in small portions over 30 minutes while maintaining an internal temperature below
55°C. When addition of the thioimidazole was complete the reaction was stirred for 30 s
at a temperature of 45°C, and then cooled to room temperature, and a solution of 20% wt/wt
sodium sulfite in water (6 mL) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and
solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in 250 mL of water
and 4N aqueous ammonium hydroxide was added to bring the pH to ~10. The mixture was
extracted with 'dichloromethane (3 x 200ml), the organics combined, dried over magnesium
sulfate, and the solvent was removed under d re. The residue was ved in 20
mL EA, and 80 mL of hexanes were added with stirring. The solvents were decanted off and an
oily residue was left behind. This process was repeated and the product, yclopropy1—1H—
imidazol—l—yl)—2—fluoro—4—methy1benzonitrile was obtained as a Viscous oil (5.14 g, 21.33 mmol)
Anal. LC/MS (m/z: 242, M“)
Step 5 — Preparation of 5—! 4-cyclopropyl—1H—imidazol—1—yl_)_—2—fluoro—4—methylbenzoic acid
hydrochloride 1 6 )
—(4-Cyclopropyl-1H-imidazol—1—yl)-2—fluoro—4-methylbenzonitri1e (l 1.21 g, 46.50mmol)
3O was placed in a round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, and suspended in 38%
hydrochloric acid (200 mL). The mixture was heated to 100°C for 4.5 hours, and then cooled to
room temperature. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a pink solid, to which
was a 100ml of EA. The solid product was collected by filtration and washed with 3 x100
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mL EA. To the solid t was added 100 mL 10% methanol in dichloromethane, the mixture
stirred, and the filtrate collected. This was repeated with 2 more 100ml portions of 10%
methanol in dichloromethane. The filtrates were combined and solvent was removed under
reduced pressure, to provide crude 5—(4—cyclopropyl—1H—imidazol—l—yl)-2—fluoro-4—
methylbenzoic acid hydrochloride. No further purification was carried out (11.13g,
37.54mm61). Anal. LC/MS (m/z: 261, M“)
Step 6 — Preparation of 5-14—cyclopropyl-lH—imidazol—l—yl1—2~fluoro—N—(6-(4-isoprgpyl~4H—
1,2J4—triazol-3~yllp3gridin—2—yl)—4—methvlbenzamide — formula (I)
5-(4—Cyclopropyl—1H—imidazol—l~yl)-2—fluoro—4-methylbenzoic acid hydrochloride (1.5g,
.07mmol) was suspended in anhydrous 1,2—dichloromethane (25 mL) at room temperature.
Oxalyl chloride ml, 6.59mmol) was added with stirring under nitrogen, followed by N,N—
dimethylformamide (0.044ml, 0.507mmol). The ;mixture was stirred for 4 hr at room
temperature, and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was
dissolved in 25 mL anhydrous dichloromethane. 6—(4—isopropyl—4H—l,2,4—triazol-3—yl)pyridin—2—
amine (1.13 g, 5.58mmol) (compound C) and 4—dimethylaminopyridine (0.62g, 5.07 mmol) were
rapidly added with stirring under nitrogen. The on was stirred for 2 hours at room
ature and aqueous ted NaHC03 (15 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10
minutes, and the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was washed 1 x 20 mL
romethane. The ed organics were dried (MgSO4), d and concentrated. The
residue was dissolved in a m amount of CH3CN and water was slowly added until solids
precipitated from the mixture. The solid was collected by ion and dried to give 5—(4-
cyclopropyl— 1 H—imidazol— l —yl)fluoro—N—(6—(4—isopropyl-4H— l ,2,4—triazol—3-yl)pyridin~2-yl)—
4—methylbenzamide in ~96% purity (1.28g, 2.88 mmol). Anal. LC/MS (m/z: 446, M“). The
material was further purified by RP-HPLC (reverse phase HPLC) to obtain an analytically pure
sample as the HCl salt.
wflkN/ENEYN‘NN\ O /
F \(NJ/
C24H24FN7O-HC1. 446.2 (M+1). 1H—Nl\/IR(Dl\/ISO): 8 11.12 (s, 1H), 9.41 (s, 1H), 9.32
(s, 1Hb820 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J =
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7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (sept, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H),
2.00—2.05 (m, 1H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H), .06 (m, 2H), 0.85—0.89 (m, 2H).
Biological Assays
ASK1 (Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1) TR—FRET Kinase Assay emical IC50)
The abilityof compounds to inhibit ASKl kinase activity was determined using a time
resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer [TR—FRET] assay utilizing biotinylated myelin
basic protein [biotin—MBP] as the protein substrate. A Beckman Biomek FX liquid handling
robot was utilized to spot 2uL/well of compounds in 2.44% s DMSO into low volume
384-well polypropylene plates [Nunc, #267460] to give a final concentration ofbetween 100uM
and 0.5nM compound in the kinase assay. A Deerac Fluidics Equator was used to dispense
ll of 0.667ng/uL [Upstate Biotechnologies, #14—606, or the equivalent protein prepared
in-house] and 0.1665ng/mL biotin-MBP [Upstate Biotechnologies, 1] in buffer (85mM
MOPS, pH 7.0, 8.5mM Mg—acetate, 5% glycerol, 0.085% NP—40, 1.7mM DTT and 1.7mg/mL
, BSA) into the plates containing the spotted nds.
The enzyme was allowed to pre-incubate with compound for 20 minutes prior to
initiating the kinase reaction with the addition of SuL/well 300MM ATP in buffer (50mM
MOPS, pH 7.0, 5mM Mg-acetate, lmM DTT, 5% DMSO) using the Deerac Fluidics Equator.
The kinase reactions were allowed to proceed for 20 s at ambient ature and were
subsequently d with the addition of 5uL/well 25mM EDTA using the Deerac Fluidics
Equator. The Biomek FX was then used to transfer 1 uL/well of each completed kinase on
to the wells of an OptiPlate-1536 white polystyrene plate [PerkinElmer, 99] that
contained SuL/well detection reagents (1.11nM Eu-W1024 labeled hosphothreonine
antibody [PerkinElmer, #AD0094] and 55.56nM streptavidin ycocyanin [PerkinElmer,
#CR130—100] in 1X LANCE detection buffer [PerkinElmer, #CR97-100]). The TR—FRET signal
was then read on a Perkin Elmer Envision plate reader after incubating the plates at ambient
temperature for 2 hours.
The 100% inhibition positive control wells were generated by ing the order of
addition of the EDTA and ATP solutions described above. These wells and 0% inhibition wells
containing spots of 2.44% DMSO at the beginning of the assay were used in calculating the %
inhibition for the test compounds.
Result
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1001569449
The compound of formula (I) inhibited ASK1 with an IC50 of 3.0 nM. This data suggests
that the compound of formula (I) is a potent inhibitor of ASK1 in the presence of the itive
ligand ATP.
In an updated version of the assay above, the inhibitory activity of compound of the
invention against ASK1 was examined using a T ASK1 assay which determined the
amount of ate transferred to a peptide substrate from ATP.
Materials and Methods
Reagents
Dephosphorylated recombinant human ASK1 kinase was from Gilead Sciences. Small
molecule kinase inhibitor staurosporine (Catalogue # S6942) and threitol (DTT, catalogue
# 43815-5G) were obtained from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO). ATP (catalogue # 7724)
was from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) and the compound of formula (I) was from Gilead
Sciences. HTRF KinEASE™-STK S3 kit was obtained from Cisbio (Bedford, Mass). All other
reagents were of the highest grade cially available.
Assays
The assay measures the phosphorylation level of a biotinylated peptide substrate by the
ASK1 kinase using HTRF detection (6.1). This is a competitive, time-resolved fluorescence
resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) immunoassay, based on HTRF® KinEASE™-STK
manual from Cisbio (6.1). Test nd, 1 μΜ STK3 peptide substrate, 4 nM of ASK1 kinase
are incubated with 10 mM MOP buffer, pH. 7.0 containing 10 mM Mg-acetate, 0.025 % NP-40,
1 mM DTT, 0.05% BSA and 1.5% glycerol for 30 minutes then 100 µM ATP is added to start
the kinase reaction and incubated for 3 hr. Peptide antibody labeled with 1X Eu3+ Cryptate buffer
containing 10 mM EDTA and 125 nM Streptavidin XL665 are added to stop the on and
phosphorylated peptide substrate is detected using Envision 2103 Multilabeled reader from
PerkinElmer. The fluorescence is measured at 615 nm (Cryptate) and 665 nm ) and a
ratio of 665 nm/615 nm is calculated for each well. The resulting TR-FRET level (a ratio of 665
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nm/615 nm) is proportional to the phosphorylation level. Under these assay ions, the
degree of phosphorylation of peptide substrate was linear with time and concentration for the
. The assay system yielded consistent results with regard to Km and specific activities for
the enzyme. For inhibition experiments (IC50 values), activities were med with constant
concentrations of ATP, peptide and several fixed concentrations of inhibitors. Staurosporine,
the nonselective kinase inhibitor, was used as the positive control. All enzyme activity data are
reported as an average of plicate ination.
Data Analysis
The IC50 values were calculated ing equation:
y = Range /{1 + (x / ICso)S } + Background
Where x and y represent the concentration of inhibitors and enzyme activity, respectively.
Enzyme activity is expressed as the amount of Phosphate incorporated into substrate peptide
from ATP. Range is the maximum y range (no inhibitor, DMSO control) and s is a slope factor
(6.2).
Results
The compound of formula (1) exhibited an ICSO of 3.2nM under this test condition.
The data demonstrates that the compound of formula (I) is a potent inhibitor of the ASK—1 1
or.
ASKl (Apoptosis -Regulating Kinase 1) 293 ased assay (Cellular ECSO)
The cellular potency of compounds was assayed in cells stably expressing an AP-
1:luciferase reporter construct (293/AP1—Luc cells - Panomics Inc, 6519 Dumbarton Circle,
Fremont, CA). Cells were infected with an adenovirus expressing kinase active ASKl (631—
1381 of rat ASKl cDNA), which will activate the AP—l transcription factor and increase the
sion of luciferase. Inhibitors of ASK1 will decrease the enzyme activity ofASK1 and
therefore decrease the activity of AP-l ription factor and the expression of luciferase.
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1. MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THIS PROTOCOL
Media and Reagents Source Company g No.
AP—l er 293 Stable Cell Line Panomics Unknown
DMEM (W/ high e, W/o L— MediaTech 15—018—CM
glutamine, w/ pyruvate, W/ HEPES
DMEM (W/ high glucose, w/o L— Invitrogen 028
glutamine, w/o pyruvate, w/o
HEPES, w/o phenol red
HEPES, 1M Invitrogen 15630—080
Sodium Pyruvate, 100 mM Invitrogen 11360-070
Fetal Bovine Serum, “FBS” e SH30088.03
rep—Glut., “PSG” lnvitrogen 10378—016
HygromycinB Calbiochern 400052
Dulbecco’s PBS (sterile) MediaTech 21—030-CM
Trypsin—EDTA (0.25%) Invitrogen 25200—056
Steady—G10 rase Assay Promega E2550
System
Labware Source Catalog No.
Flasks (poly—D—Lysine coated, 150 BD Biosciences 356538
cmz, vented cap)
Plates (poly—D—Lysine coated, 3 84— Greiner (through VWR 781944 (82051 -3 54)
well, clear, sterile TCT) Scientific)
White Backing Tape PerkinElmer 6005199
Cell Strainers (40 um nylon, blue VWR Scientific 21008—949
ring, fits 50 mL conical Vials)
2. REFERENCE MATERIALS
Panomics 293/APl-Luc stable cell—line product insert.
Promega Steady-G10 Luciferase Assay System product insert.
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3. MEDIA ED
Complete Growth Medium, “CGM”
DMEM (MediaTech)
% PBS
1% PSG
100 ug/mL HygromycinB
Assay Medium, “AM”
DMEM (Invitrogen)
mM HEPES
1 mM Sodium Pyruvate
1% PSG
4. METHODS
Maintenance:
293/APl—Luc Maintain ells per vendor’s instructions; harvest cells at ~80%
confluence in T150 flasks as follows:
Aspirate media, wash gently with ~12 mL e D—PBS, aspirate.
Add 5 mL Trypsin—EDTA, tilt gently to coat flask, and incubate ~5 min. at 37°C.
Do not tap flask; add 5 mL CGM, wash flask 4X with cell suspension, transfer to 50 mL conical
vial, centrifuge 5 min. at 1200 rpm.
Aspirate media from cell pellet, add 20 to 30 mL CGM, resuspend pellet by pipeting 6X, pass
through cell strainer to disperse clumps (if necessary), and count cells with hemocytometer.
Assay Day 1:
Harvest cells as above, except resuspend cell pellet.
Count cells and dilute to 1.5 x 105 cells per mL; add adenovirus such that there are 5
infectious forming units per cell.
Prime (20 to 30 mL) and plate cells in r poly—D-Lysine coated 384—well plates at 1.2 x 104
cells per well using BioTek uFill (80 uL per well).
Immediately dose plates with 0.4 uL of compound dose series (in 100% DMSO) incubate 24
hours in humidified incubator (37°C, 5% C02).
Assay Day 2:
Process plates (per manufacturer’s instructions) as follows:
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Set plates in laminar flow hood & uncover for 30 minutes at room temperature to cool.
Remove 60 uL ofAM from assay wells
Add 20 uL per well Steady-G10 Firefly substrate, let sit for l0-20 minutes at room temperature
Cover bottom of assay plates with white backing tape.
Acquire data on a fluorescence plate reader
The 100% inhibition positive control wells were ted by infecting cells with an adenovirus
expressing catalytically inactive ASKl mutant with lysine to argine mutation at residue 709.
Result
The compound of formula (I) exhibits an EC50 of 2.0 nM.
Determination of Kd
Kinase assays
Kinase—tagged T7 phage s were prepared in an E. coli host derived from the BL21
strain. E. coli were grown to log—phase and infected with T7 phage and incubated with shaking
at 32°C until lysis. The lysates were centrifuged and filtered to remove cell debris. The
remaining kinases were produced in 3 cells and subsequently tagged with DNA for
qPCR detection. Streptavidin—coated magnetic beads were treated with biotinylated small
le ligands for 30 minutes at room ature to te affinity resins for kinase
The liganded beads were blocked with excess biotin and washed with blocking buffer
(SeaBlock (Pierce), 1% (bovine serum albumin), 0.05% Tween 20, 1 mM DTT(dithiothreitol))
to remove unbound ligand and to reduce non—specific binding. Binding reactions were
assembled by ing kinases, liganded affinity beads, and test compounds in 1x binding
buffer (20% SeaBlock, 0.17X PBS, 0.05% Tween 20, 6 mM DTT). All ons were
med in polystyrene 96—well plates in a final volume of 0.135 mL. The assay plates were
incubated at room temperature with shaking for 1 hour and the affinity beads were washed with
wash buffer (lX PBS, 0.05% Tween 20). The beads were then re-suspended in elution buffer
(1X PBS, 0.05% Tween 20, 0.5 uM non—biotinylated affinity ligand) and incubated at room
temperature with shaking for 30 minutes. The kinase concentration in the eluates was measured
by qPCR.
Binding constants (de) were calculated with a standard dose-response curve using the
Hill equation.
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Result
The nd of formula (1) exhibited a Kd of 0.24 nM. This data ts that the
compound of formula (I) binds ly to ASKl receptor in the e of ATP.
Determination of Percent of Compound bound to Plasma
Experimental :
lmL Teflon dialysis cells from Harvard tus (Holliston, Mass, USA) were used in
these experiments. Prior to the study, dialysis membrane was soaked for approximately one
hour in 0.133 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. A nominal concentration of 2 uM of compound was
spiked into lmL of plasma or lmL of cell culture media. The total volume of liquid on each side
' of the cell was 1mL. After 3 hours equilibration in a 370C water bath, samples from each side of
the cell were aliquoted into the appropriate vials containing either 1mL of human plasma (cell
culture media), or buffer. Sample'vials were weighed and recorded. A 100 uL aliquot was
removed and added to 400 uL quenching solution (50% methanol, 25% acetonitrile, 25% water
and internal standard). Samples were vortexed and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 12000 G. 200
uL of the supernatant was removed and placed into a new 96 well plate. An additional 200 uL of
1:1 ACNzwater was added. The plate was then vortexed and subjected to LC—MS is.
The percent unbound for an analyte in plasma was calculated using the following equations
% Unbound = 100(Cf /Ct)
where Cf and Ct are the post-dialysis buffer and plasma concentrations, respectively.
Results
The percent unbound ed in human plasma for the compound of formula (1) is
11.94%
ination of CACO-2 Efflux Ratio
Experimental:
Caco—2 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modification of Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)
with sodium pyruvate, Glutmax supplemented with 1% Pen/Strep, 1% NEAA and 10% fetal
bovine serum in an incubator set at 37°C, 90% humidity and 5% C02. Caco-2 cells between
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passage 62 and 72 were seeded at 2100 cells/well and were grown to confluence over at least 21—
days on 24 well PET (polyethylene—terephthalate) plates (BD Biosciences). The receiver well
contained HBSS buffer (lOmM HEPES, lSmM Glucose with pH adjusted to pH 6.5)
supplemented with 1% BSA pH adjusted to pH 7.4. After an initial equilibration with ort
buffer, TEER values were read to test membrane integrity. Buffers containing test nds
were added and 100 Lil of on was taken at l and 2 hrs from the receiver compartment.
d buffer was replaced with fresh buffer and a correction is applied to all calculations for
the removed material. The experiment was carried out in replicate. All samples were
immediately collected into 400 pl 100% acetonitrile acid to precipitate protein and stabilize test
nds. Cells were dosed on the apical or basolateral side to determine forward (A to B) and
reverse (B to A) permeability. Permeability through a cell free trans—well is also determined as a
measure of cellular bility through the membrane and non—specific binding. To test for
non—specific binding and compound instability percent recovery is determined. Samples were
analyzed by LC/MS/MS.
The apparent permeability, Papp, and % recovery were calculated as follows:
Pa”, = (dR/dt) X Vr/(A X D0)
% Recovery = 100 X ((Vr x R120) + (Vd x D120))/ (Vd X D0)
where,
dR/dt is the slope of the cumulative concentration in the receiver compartment versus time in
uM/s based on er concentrations measured at 60 and 120 minutes.
V, and Vd is the volume in the receiver and donor compartment in cm3, respectively.
A is the area of the cell monolayer (0.33 cmz).
D0 and D120 is the ed donor concentration at the beginning and end of the experiment,
respectively.
R120 is the receiver concentration at the end of the ment (120 s).
Absorption and Efflux Classification:
Papp (A to B) 2 1.0 x 10‘6 cm/s High
1.0 x 10~6 cm/s > Pam, (A to B) 2 0.5 x 10'6 cm/s Medium
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Papp (A to B) < 0.5 x 10'6 cm/s Low
Papp (B to A)/ Papp (A to B) Z 3 Significant Efflux
% recovery < 20% May affect measured permeability
Cell Free Papp < 15 May affect measured permeability
Result
The nd of formula (I) was observed to have a CACO A—eB value of 27; and a
CACO B—>A value of 35 ing in a efflux ratio (B—eA)/(A——>B) of 1.3.
Determination of Metabolic Stability in Hepatic omal Fraction:
Experimental:
Metabolic stability was assessed using cofactors for both oxidative metabolism
(NADPH) and conjugation (UDP glucuronic acid D. ate aliquots of the
compound of formula (I) (3 uL of 0.5 mM DMSO stock) or metabolic stability standards
(Buspirone) were added to microsome stock diluted with ium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, to
obtain a protein concentration of 1.0 mg/mL and containing alamethicin as a permeabilizing
agent. Metabolic reactions were initiated by the addition ofNADPH rating system and
UDPGA cofactor. The final composition of each reaction mixture was: 3 uM test compound,
1 mg microsomal protein/mL, 5 mM UDPGA, 23.4 ug/mL alamethicin, 1.25 mM NADP,
3.3 mM glucose—6-phosphate, 0.4 U/mL glucose—6—phosphate dehydrogenase and 3.3 mM
Mng in 50 mM potassium ate , pH 7.4. At 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min,
ML aliquots of the reaction mixture were transferred to plates containing 250 ul of 18/Q
(quenching solution containing internal standard). After quenching, the plates were centrifuged
at 3000 X g for 30 minutes, and 10 uL aliquots of the supernatant were analyzed using LC/MS to
obtain analyte/internal standard peak area ratios.
lic stability in microsomal fractions were determined by measuring the rate of
disappearance of the compound of formula (I). Data (% of parent remaining) were plotted on a
semi logarithmic scale and fitted using an exponential fit:
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Ct = C0 oe“K" and TU2 =ln2/Kwhere
Ct % of parent remaining at time = t
C0 % of parent remaining at time = 0
t time (hr)
K First order elimination rate constant (hr’l)
T1/2 In Vitro half—life (hr)
The predicted hepatic clearance was calculated as s {reference 1}:
CL. __ KOV-YI/ 01‘ CLint __ K-VOYH
~ __
int P H
CLh : (CLint . Q11)/(CL + Qh) Where
int 9
IO CLh Predicted hepatic clearance (L/hr/kg body weight)
CLim Intrinsic hepatic clearance (L/hr/kg body weight)
V Incubation volume (L)
Yp Microsome protein yield (mg protein/kg body weight)
YH Hepatocyte yield (millions of cells/kg body weight)
P Mass of protein in the incubation (mg)
H Number of cytes in the incubation (million)
Qh Hepatic blood flow (L/hr/kg body weight)
Predicted hepatic extraction was then calculated by comparison of predicted hepatic
nce to hepatic blood flow. A nd was considered stable if the reduction of substrate
concentration was < l0% over the course of the incubation (corresponding to an extrapolated
half—life of > 395 min in microsomal fractions and > 39.5 hr in hepatocytes).
Values used for calculation of the predicted hepatic clearance are shown in the tables
below:
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Table 1. Values Used for Calculation of the Predicted Hepatic Clearance from
Microsomal Stability
Hepatic Microsomes
V P Y
(L/kg)
Spedes (L) (mg) (mg/kg)
Rat 0.001 1.0 1520 4.2
Cynomolgus Monkey 0.001 1.0 684 1.6
Rhesus Monkey 0.001 1.0 1170 2.3
Dog 0.001 1.0 1216 1.8
Human 0.001 1.0 977 1.3
The predicted hepatic clearance in human as determined from in vitro experiments in
microsomal fractions is 0.1 L/h/kg.
Determination of Rat CL and Vss for Test Compounds
Pharmacokinetics of Test Compounds following a 1 mg/kg 1V infusion and 5.0 mg/kg
PO dose in rats
Test e and formulation
For N administration the test compound was formulated in 60:40 PEG 400:water with 1
equivalent HCl at 0.5 mg/mL. The formulation was a solution.
For PO (oral) administration, the test compound was formulated in 0/10
ethanol/PG/solutol/water at 2.5 mg/mL. The formulation was a solution.
Animals Used
IV and PO dosing groups each consisted of 3 male SD rats. At closing, the animals
generally weighed n 0.317 and 0.355 kg. The animals were fasted overnight prior to dose
administration and up to 4 hr after dosing.
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Dosing
For the IV infusion group, the test compound was administered by intravenous infusion
over 30 minutes. The rate of infusion was adjusted according to the body weight of each animal
to deliver a dose of 1 mg/kg at 2 mL/kg. For the oral dosing group, the test article was
administered by oral gavage at 2 mL/kg for a dose of 5.0 mg/kg.
Sample collection
Serial venous blood samples (approximately 0.4 mL each) were taken at specified time
points after dosing from each animal. The blood samples were collected into inerTM
tubes (Becton—Disckinson Corp, New Jersey, USA) containing EDTA as the anti—coagulant and
were immediately placed on wet ice pending centrifugation for plasma.
Determination of the trations of the Compound of Formula fl) in plasma
An LC/MS/MS method was used to measure the concentration of test compound in
plasma.
ations
Non—compartmental cokinetic analysis was performed on the plasma
concentration-time data.
Results
The compound of formula (1) ted a CL of 0.09 L/hr/kg; an oral bioavailability of
75 %; tug of 5.07 hr and a Vss of 0.55 L/kg in rats.
Cyp Inhibition Assay
Objective
To assess the potential of the test compound to inhibit the main cytochrome P450
isoforms, CYPlA, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, 9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4
(2 substrates).
Cytochrome P450 Inhibition ICso Determination (8 lsoform, 9 ates)
Protocol Summary
Test compound (0.1 uM —— 25 MM) is ted with human liver omes and
NADPH in the presence of a cytochrome P450 m—specific probe substrate. For the
, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2Cl9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 specific reactions, the
metabolites are monitored by mass spectrometry. CYPlA activity is monitored by measuring the
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formation of a fluorescent metabolite. A decrease in the formation of the metabolite compared to
the vehicle control is used to calculate an IC50 value (test compound concentration which
produces 50% inhibition).
Assay ements
500uL of a 10mM test compound solution in DMSO.
mental Procedure
CYP lA tion
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
tration = 0.3%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.25 mg/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe substrate ethoxyresorufin (0.5 nM) for 5 min at 37°C. The
selective CYPlA inhibitor, alpha—naphthoflavone, is screened alongside the test compounds as a
positive control.
CYP2B6 Inhibition
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, l, 2.5, 10, 25 nM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.3%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.1 mg/mL) and NADPH (1
mM) in the presence of the probe substrate bupropion (110 uM) for 5 min at 37°C. The selective
CYP2B6 tor, ticlopidine, is screened alongside the test compounds as a positive control.
CYP2C8 inhibition
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.3%) are incubated With human liver microsomes (0.25 mg/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe ate paclitaxel (7.5 pM) for 30 min at 37°C. The
selective CYP2C8 inhibitor, montelukast, is ed alongside the test compounds as a positive
control.
CYP2C9 Inhibition
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, l, 2.5, 10, 25 nM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.25%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (1 mg/mL) and NADPH (1
mM) in the presence of the probe substrate tolbutamide (120 nM) for 60 min at 37 °C. The
ive CYP2C9 inhibitor, sulphaphenazole, is screened alongside the test compounds as a
positive control.
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CYP2C19 tion
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.25%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.5 mg/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe substrate mephenytoin (25 MM) for 60 min at 37 OC. The
selective CYP2C19 inhibitor, tranylcypromine, is ed alongside the test compounds as a
positive l.
CYP2D6 Inhibition
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, l, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.25%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.5 mg/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe ate dextromethorphan (5 uM) for 5 min at 37 °C. The
selective CYP2D6 inhibitor, quinidine, is screened alongside the test compounds as a positive
control.
CYP3A4 Inhibition (Midazolam)
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
concentration = 0.26%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.1 ing/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe substrate midazolam (2.5 uM) for 5 min at 37°C. The
selective CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, is screened alongside the test compounds as a
positive control.
CYP3A4 tion (Testosterone)
Six test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, l, 2.5, 10, 25 uM in DMSO; final DMSO
tration = 0.275%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.5 mg/mL) and NADPH
(1 mM) in the presence of the probe substrate testosterone (50 uM) for 5 min at 37°C. The
selective CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, is screened alongside the test compounds as a
positive control.
For the CYPlA incubations, the reactions are terminated by methanol, and the formation
of the metabolite, resorufin, is monitored by fluorescence (excitation wavelength = 535 nm,
emission wavelength = 595 nm). For the CYP2B6, CYP2C9, 9, CYP2D6, and
CYP3A4 incubations, the reactions are terminated by methanol. The samples are then
centrifuged, and the atants are combined, for the simultaneous analysis of 4—
hydroxytolbutamide, 4—hydroxymephenytoin, dextrorphan, and 1—hydroxymidazolam by LC—
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MS/MS. Hydroxybupropion, 6a-hydroxypaclitaxel and 6B-hydroxytestosterone are analysed
separately by LC—MS/MS. Formic acid in deionised water (final concentration = 0.1%)
containing internal standard is added to the final sample prior to analysis. A decrease in the
formation of the metabolites compared to e control is used to calculate an IC50 value (test
compound concentration which produces 50% inhibition).
Results
CYP450 Calculated IC50
Substrate Metabolite
Isoform (HM)
lA Ethoxyresorufin Resorufin > 25 uM
1A2 etin Acetaminophen > 25 uM
2B6 Bupropion Hydroxybupropion 19.2 uM
2C8 Paclitaxel 60t—Hydroxypaclitaxel 21.6 uM
2C9 Tolbutamide oxytolbutamide >25 uM
2C19 S~mephenytoin 4—Hydroxymephenytoin > 25 uM
2D6 Dextromethorphan Iphan 17.7 uM
3A4 Midazolam Hydroxymidazolam 2.7 uM
3A4 Testosterone 6 l3 ytestosterone 10.5 nM
General study design for the rat unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model of kidney
fibrosis.
Male Sprague—Dawley rats were fed normal chow, housed under standard conditions, and
allowed to acclimate for at least 7 days before surgery. At the ion of study, rats were
placed into weight—matched groups, and administered (2 ml/kg p.o. bid) via oral gavage vehicle,
one of four dose levels of compounds (1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg). Rats were anesthetized with
ane anesthesia on a nosecone, and laparotomy was performed. Rats underwent complete
obstruction of the right ureter (UUO) using heat sterilized instruments and aseptic surgical
technique. Rats were administered 50 ul Penicillin G (i.m.) immediately post—operatively. Rats
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were d to recover in a clean, heated cage before being returned to normal Vivarium
conditions. Rats were administered compounds at the dose described above twice daily (at 12
hour intervals) for the subsequent 7 days. On day 7 following surgery, rats were anesthetized
with isoflurane and serum, plasma, and urine collected. Animals were then euthanized, the
kidneys harvested, and renal cortical biopsies collected for morphological, histological, and
biochemical analysis. All tissues for biochemical is are flash—frozen in liquid nitrogen and
stored at ~80°C, tissues for histological analysis were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin
Renal fibrosis was ted by measuring the amount of collagen IV in the kidney by an
ELISA method and by examining the accumulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin positive
myofibroblasts in the kidney by immunohistochemistry. For the former, a small piece of frozen
kidney cortex was transferred enized in RIPA buffer then centrifuged at 14000 x g for
s at at 4 OC. The supernatant was ted into pro-chilled tubes and the protein
concentration was determined. Equivalent amount of total protein were subjected to a C01 IV
ELISA assay (Exocell) according to the manufacturers instructions.
Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded kidney tissue was stained with an alpha—smooth muscle
actin as previously described (Stambe et al., The Role of p38 n—Activated Protein Kinase
Activation in Renal Fibrosis JAm Soc Nephrol 15: 370—3 79, 2004).
Results:
The compound of formula (I) was found to significantly reduce kidney Collagen lV
ion (figure 1) and accumulation of alpha—smooth muscle positive myofibroblasts (figure 2)
at doses of3 to 30 mg/kg.
Comparative Data for Compound of Formula 11) and Reference Compounds
The following table provides comparative results for the nd of formula (I) and
the reference compounds A and B disclosed in US. Patent publication No. 2001/00095410Al,
published January 13, 2011. Applicants note that experiments for which results are compared
below were performed under similar conditions but not necessarily simultaneously.
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Table
Compound of nd A Compound B
formula (I)
-———Cyp3A4ICsoTestesterone(TST)) l. l (10X) 4 (2. 8X)
(11M)
————
———-*
t 1/2 in rats (hr) . 0.59 (8.6X) 1.3 (3.9X)
( ) values in parenthesis represent the number of times the compound of formula (I) shows an
improvement over the indicated compound for the indicated parameter.
The following can be deduced from the above comparative data:
The compound of formula (I) has an EC50 that is comparable to that of Compound A.
The compound of formula (I) has a onal Ing that is comparable to leos for compounds A
and B.
The compound of formula (I) has a protein binding ed ECSO that is 4 times lower
than that of compound A and 33 times lower than that of compound B.
The compound of formula (I) is a weaker Cyp3A4 inhibitor compared to compounds A
and B.
The nd of Formula (I) has a CYP3A4 ICso/ PBAdj.EC50 value that is 43 times
higher than that for compound of formula A, and 92 times higher than for the compound of
formula B.
The compound of formula (I) has a Rat CL value that is 2.7 times lower than that for
compound of formula A, and 3.6 times lower than that for the compound of formula B.
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The compound of formula (I) has a percent bioavailability in rats that is 6.8 times higher
than compound A and 1.5 times higher than compound B.
The nd of formula (I) has a half life in rats that is 8.6 times longer than that of
compound A and 3.9 times longer than that of compound B.
The above data fairly suggest that the compound of formula (I) has unexpected and
advantageous ties compared to compounds of formula A and B; and that the compound of
a (I) is likely a better candidate for further development for the treatment of chronic
kidney disease, lung and/or kidney fibrosis, and/or cardio—renal diseases.
1003306246
Claims (6)
1. Use of a compound of formula (I) (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt f, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in the preparation of a tablet for treating diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease.
2. The use of claim 1, wherein the tablet comprises 1mg to 500 mg of the compound of formula (I).
3. The use of claim 1, wherein the tablet comprises 1mg to 250 mg of the compound of formula (I).
4. Use of a compound of formula (I) (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the preparation of a dosage unit for treating ic kidney disease and c kidney disease.
5. The use of claim 4, wherein the dosage unit comprises 1mg to 500 mg of the compound of formula (I).
6. The use of claim 4, n the dosage unit comprises 1mg to 250 mg of the compound of formula (I).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201261591710P | 2012-01-27 | 2012-01-27 | |
US61/591,710 | 2012-01-27 | ||
NZ739339A NZ739339A (en) | 2012-01-27 | 2013-01-24 | Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitor |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ754169A NZ754169A (en) | 2021-01-29 |
NZ754169B2 true NZ754169B2 (en) | 2021-04-30 |
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