NZ750372B2 - Cobicistat for use in cancer treatments - Google Patents
Cobicistat for use in cancer treatments Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ750372B2 NZ750372B2 NZ750372A NZ75037217A NZ750372B2 NZ 750372 B2 NZ750372 B2 NZ 750372B2 NZ 750372 A NZ750372 A NZ 750372A NZ 75037217 A NZ75037217 A NZ 75037217A NZ 750372 B2 NZ750372 B2 NZ 750372B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- wilksar
- annotation
- cancer
- cobicistat
- anticancer agent
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Abstract
Disclosed are methods for and compositions for treatment of patients having cancers expressing CYP3A enzymes by co-administration of cobicistat with an anticancer agent. More specifically medicaments are provided which comprise cobicistat and an anticancer agent selected from vinblastine or vincristine for the treatment of a patient suffering from cancer which comprises cells expressing a CYP3A enzyme, and the cancer is selected from skin, pancreatic, breast, colon, lung, uterine, bladder, prostate, thyroid, cervical, ovarian, lymphoma, melanoma, and head and neck cancer. tine for the treatment of a patient suffering from cancer which comprises cells expressing a CYP3A enzyme, and the cancer is selected from skin, pancreatic, breast, colon, lung, uterine, bladder, prostate, thyroid, cervical, ovarian, lymphoma, melanoma, and head and neck cancer.
Description
COBICISTAT FOR USE IN CANCER TREATMENTS
FIELD
Described herein are methods and uses for treating patients suffering from
cancers expressing a CPY3A enzyme by co-administration of a selective CYP3A
tor with an anticancer agent.
BACKGROUND
Cobicistat is a CYP3A inhibitor used in combination therapy for treatment of
HIV. Cobicistat is described in , incorporated herein by reference.
Because there are a growing number of patients with lack of sensitivity to ncer
agents, a need exists for treatment regimens which can enhance the efficacy of ng
treatments.
SUMMARY
One embodiment of the present ion provides a method of treating a patient
suffering from cancer, comprising administered cobicistat and an anticancer agent. In a
particular embodiment, the cancer and/or anticancer agent is described below.
Another embodiment provides a method for treating a patient suffering from
cancer comprising stering to said patient: (a) an anticancer agent, and (b)
cobicistat, n, the cancer comprises cells expressing a CYP3A enzyme and the
concentration of the anticancer agent in the cells is increased after administration of
cobicistat. In another embodiment, the cancer comprises cells overexpressing a CYP3A
enzyme.
Another ment provides a method for enhancing the effect of an ncer
agent in a patient suffering from cancer comprising administering to said t: (a) the
anticancer agent, and (b) cobicistat, wherein, the cancer comprises cells expressing a
CYP3A enzyme and the effect of the anticancer agent in the cells is increased after
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administration of cobicistat. In another embodiment, the cancer comprises cells
overexpressing a CYP3A enzyme.
Another embodiment provides a method for reducing metabolism of an
anticancer agent in a patient ing from cancer comprising administering to said
patient: (a) the anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat, wherein, the cancer comprises cells
expressing a CYP3A enzyme and the metabolism of the anticancer agent in the cells is
decreased after administration of cobicistat. In another ment, the cancer
comprises cells that overexpress the CYP3A enzyme.
Another embodiment of the invention provides for a method for increasing
ivity to an anticancer agent in a patient suffering from cancer comprising
administering to said patient: (a) the anticancer agent, and (b) cobicistat, wherein,
cobicistat increases sensitivity to the anticancer agent.
Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) an
anticancer agent, (b) cobicistat, and (c) a r.
BRIEF PTION OF THE FIGURES
depicts the relative CYP3A4 expression in normal tissue (top bars) versus
the expression of CYP3A4 in tumors (lower bars). The expression profiles vary the
greatest in tumors, with particular tumors overexpressing CYP3A4 (e.g. the “dots”
depicted for colon rectum adenocarcinoma). In some of the tumors (e.g. pancreatic
adenocarcinoma) the ty of the tumors overexpressed CYP3A4 as compared to the
normal cell lines.
depicts the relative CYP3A5 expression in normal tissue (top bars) versus
the expression of CYP3A5 in tumors (lower bars). As with CYP3A4, the sion
es vary the st in tumors, with particular tumors overexpressing CYP3A5 (e. g.
the bar extending to the right of the tumor levels for cervical squamous cell carcinoma
and endocervical adenocarcinoma). In some of the cell lines (e. g. kidney cancers) the
majority of tumors overexpressed CYP3A5 as compared to the normal cell lines.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following definitions are used throughout the specification:
“Anticancer agent” refers to an agent capable of treating or preventing cancer. A
list of anticancer agents for use herein is ed below. It is understood that reference
to an “anticancer agent” includes one or more different anticancer agents.
“Cobicistat” refers to 1,3-thiazolylmethyl (2R,5R)-(5-{[(2S)[(methyl{[2-
(propanyl)- l ,3 -thiazolyl] methyl} carbamoyl)amino] ] (morpholin
yl)butanamido}-l,6-diphenylhexanyl)carbamate) and has been shown to be a
mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP3A enzymes, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, with r
specificity than ritonavir. Xu et al., ACS Med. Chem. Lett. (2010), 1, pp. 209-13. The
structure of cobicistat is shown below, as Formula Ia:
\ r
$9”?s \41 8
a u m
o Ph/
(13)
As used herein, the term minister” refers to administration of two or more
agents within a 24 hour period of each other, for example, as part of a clinical treatment
regimen. In other embodiments, “co-administer” refers to administration of two or more
agents within 2 hours of each other. In other embodiments, “co-administer” refers to
stration of two or more agents within 30 minutes of each other. In other
embodiments, “co-administer” refers to administration of two or more agents within 15
minutes of each other. In other embodiments, “co-administer” refers to administration at
the same time, either as part of a single formulation or as multiple formulations that are
administered by the same or different routes.
“IC95” or “EC95” refers to the inhibitory concentration required to achieve 95% of
the maximum desired effect, which in the case of an anticancer agent is the inhibition of
cancer cell lines or enzymes ated in the target cancer (e. g. kinase activity). This
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value is obtained using an in vitro assay evaluating the concentration-dependent
inhibition of cancer cell lines expressing the target or recombinant protein (e. g. a kinase).
“Increasing sensitivity to an anticancer agent by X-fold” refers to the ability of
cobicistat to increase the desired effect of the anticancer agent (e. g. IC50 or other metric
of efficacy) by X-fold as compared to administration of the ncer in the e of
cobicistat. Preferably, the “X-fold” is 2-fold, or 1.5-fold, or 3-fold or even 5-fold.
“TI” or “therapeutic index” as used herein refers to the ratio between the median
effective dose for the unboosted therapy (ED50_U) and the median effective dose of the
anticancer agent when co-administered with cobicistat (ED50_Cobi). Consequently, drugs
that exhibit a TI of l or less present no benefit from stat co-administration. The
dosing regimen ed herein provides a TI greater than 1 for the anticancer agent.
“Overexpression” of a CYP3A enzyme (e.g. CYP3A4 and/or CY3A5, as used
herein, refers to the expression of the particular CYP3A enzyme at a level r in the
tumor or cancer cell line as compared to the normal tissue or normal cell line. The
expression profiles for various cell lines are depicted in and
Overexpression can be determined either through biopsy/testing of cell lines to determine
the expression level as ed to the standard levels known for the cell line (e. g. those
reflected in and 2 and known in the art). It is understood that
overexpression/overexpressing is encompassed by expression/expressing. Expression or
expressing CYP3A as used herein indicates the ce of CYP3A in cells, which can
be inhibited by cobicistat.
"Therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of the compound being
administered which will prevent a condition, or will e to some extent one or more
of the symptoms of the er being treated. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for
use herein include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an
amount sufficient to achieve the intended purpose. Determination of a therapeutically
effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, ally in
light of the detailed disclosure provided herein. As used herein, treatment refers to
inhibition, ion, elimination or alleviation of a disease as well as prevention.
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The present invention also provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of
diseases, ers, and conditions. An example of a disease, disorder, or ion
includes, but is not limited to, cancer, or a disease, disorder, or condition associated with
a cancer.
The active agents, including cobicistat and/or anticancer agents may be
administered to a human in any conventional manner. While it is le for the active
agents to be administered as compounds, they are preferably stered as a
pharmaceutical composition. The salt, carrier, or diluent should be acceptable in the
sense of being compatible with the other ients and not deleterious to the recipient
thereof. Examples of carriers or diluents for oral administration include cornstarch,
lactose, magnesium stearate, talc, microcrystalline ose, stearic acid, povidone,
vidone, c calcium phosphate, sodium starch glycolate, hydroxypropyl
cellulose (e.g., low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose), ypropylmethyl ose
(e.g., hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 2910), and sodium lauryl sulfate.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any suitable method, such
as those methods well known in the art of pharmacy, for example, methods such as those
described in Gennaro et al., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack
Publishing Co., 1990), especially Part 8: Pharmaceutical ations and their
Manufacture. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the compounds
with the carrier or diluent and optionally one or more accessory ients. Such
accessory ingredients include those conventional in the art, such as, fillers, binders,
excipients, egrants, lubricants, colorants, flavoring agents, sweeteners,
preservatives (e.g., antimicrobial preservatives), suspending agents, thickening agents,
emulsifying , and/or wetting agents.
In practice, the amount of each compound (6. g. the compounds described herein)
to be stered ranges from about 0.001 to 100 mg per kg of body weight, such total
dose being given at one time or in divided doses. Each compound may be administered
alone or in combination with one or more other drugs (6.g. the nds and
combinations disclosed herein). Preferably, cobicistat is administered QD at 150 mg.
Generally, each compound will be administered as a formulation in association with one
or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The choice of excipient will to a large
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extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the
excipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the delivery of compounds described
herein and methods for their preparation Will be readily nt to those skilled in the
art. Such compositions and methods for their preparation may be found, for example, in
Remington’s Pharmaceutical es, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing y, 1995).
Anticancer agents:
As described herein, cobicistat is used or combined With one or more anticancer agent,
which includes: a chemotherapeutic agent, an anticancer agent, an anti-angiogenic agent,
an anti-fibrotic agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a ific
antibody and “antibody-like” therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®,
Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs ®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a
radiotherapeutic agent, an eoplastic agent, an anti-proliferation agent, an oncolytic
virus, gene modifiers or editors such as CRISPR (including CRISPR Cas9), zinc finger
nucleases or synthetic nucleases (TALENs), a CAR (chimeric n receptor) T-cell
therapeutic agent, or any combination thereof These anticancer agents may be
in the forms of nds, antibodies, polypeptides, or polynucleotides. In one
embodiment, the application provides a product comprising cobicistat and an onal
ncer agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use
in therapy, 6. g. a method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition that is mediated by
PI3K isoforrns.
It is understood that none of the descriptions of anticancer agents includes cobicistat
its elf.
By way of example, ncer agents include, inter alia, any of the following: 5-
fluorouracil, afatinib, aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, axitinib, AVL-101,
AVL-291, ustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bosutinib, bryostatin-1, an,
calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine,
celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatinum, COX-2 inhibitors, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN—3 8,
carboplatin, bine, thecans, crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine,
dacarbazine, dasatinib, dinaciclib, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, DM1, DM3,
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DM4, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2-PD0X), a pro-drug form of 2-PDox (pro-
), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, endostatin,
epirubicin glucuronide, erlotinib, estramustine, epidophyllotoxin, erlotinib, entinostat,
estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide
phosphate, exemestane, fingolimod, floxuridine (FUdR), 3’,5’-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR—
dO), fludarabine, flutamide, famesyl-protein erase inhibitors, flavopiridol,
fostamatinib, ganetespib, GDC-0834, GS-1101, gefitinib, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea,
ibrutinib, idarubicin, idelalisib, ifosfamide, imatinib, lapatinib, lenolidamide, leucovorin,
LFM-A13, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine,
methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, thylauristatin F
(MMAF), monomethylauristatin D (MMAD), monomethylauristatin E (MMAE),
navelbine, neratinib, nilotinib, nitrosurea, olaparib, ycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel,
PCI-32765, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, SN—38, sorafenib, streptozocin,
SU11248, sunitinib, tamoxifen, temazolomide, transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine,
thiotepa, teniposide, can, uracil mustard, vatalanib, vinorelbine, vinblastine,
vincristine, vinca alkaloids and ZD1839 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
Additional agents and groupings are discussed further below.
The anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, an inhibitor, t, antagonist,
ligand, modulator, stimulator, blocker, activator or suppressor of a gene, ligand, or,
protein, factor such as :
adenosine receptor (such as A2B, A2a, A3), Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene
homolog 1 gene (ABL, such as ABL1), Acetyl-CoA ylase (such as ),
adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (ACTH), activated CDC kinase (ACK, such as
ACK1), Adenosine deaminase, Adenylate cyclase, ADP ribosyl cyclase-1, Aerolysin,
Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, murine thymoma viral oncogene g 1 (AKT)
n kinase (such as AKT1, AKT2, AKT3), AKT1 gene, Alkaline phosphatase, Alpha
1 ceptor, Alpha 2 adrenoceptor, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH),
Aminopeptidase N, Arginine deiminase, Beta adrenoceptor, Anaplastic ma kinase
receptor, anaplastic ma kinase (ALK, such as ALK1), Alk-5 protein kinase, AMP
activated n kinase, Androgen receptor, Angiopoietin (such as ligand-1, ligand-2),
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apolipoprotein A-I ) gene, sis signal-regulating kinase (ASK, such as
ASK1), sis inducing factor, apoptosis n (such as 1, 2), Arginase (I),
asparaginase, Asteroid homolog 1 (ASTEl) gene, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3 related
(ATR) serine/threonine protein kinase, Axl tyrosine kinase receptor, Aromatase, Aurora
protein kinase (such as 1, 2), Basigin, BCR (breakpoint cluster region) protein and gene,
B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene, Bcl2 protein, Bcl2 binding component 3, BCL2L11
gene, Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (BIRC5) gene, B-Raf proto-oncogene
(BRAF), Brc-Abl tyrosine kinase, Beta-catenin, B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, B-
lymphocyte antigen CD20, B-lymphocyte ator ligand, hocyte cell adhesion
molecule, Bone morphogenetic n-10 , Bone morphogenetic protein-9 ligand
modulator, Brachyury protein, Bradykinin receptor, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK),
Bromodomain and external domain (BET) bromodomain containing protein (such as
BRD2, BRD3, BRD4), Calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK, such
as CAMKII), Cancer testis antigen 2, Cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-l, Cannabinoid
receptor (such as CB1, CB2), Carbonic anhydrase, caspase 8 apoptosis-related ne
peptidase CASP8-FADD-like regulator as caspase-3, caspase-7,
, Caspase (such
Caspase-9), Caspase recruitment domain protein-15, Cathepsin G, chemokine (C-C
motif) receptor (such as CCR2, CCR4, CCR5), CCR5 gene, Chemokine CC21 ligand,
cluster of differentiation (CD) such as CD4, CD27, CD29, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD40,
CD40 ligand receptor, CD40 ligand, CD40LG gene, CD44, CD45, CD47, CD49b,
CD51, CD52, CD55, CD58, CD66e, CD70 gene, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD79B gene,
CD80, CD95, CD99, CD117, CD122, CDW123, CD134, CDW137, CD158a, CD158b1,
CD158b2, CD223, CD276 antigen, Chorionic gonadotropin, Cyclin G1, Cyclin D1,
-dependent s (CDK, such as CDK1, CDK1B, CDK2-9), casein kinase (CK,
such as CKI, CKII), c-Kit (tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117), c-Met (hepatocyte
grth factor receptor (HGFR)), CDK—activating kinase (CAK), Checkpoint kinase
(such as CHK1,CHK2), Cholecystokinin CCK2 receptor, Claudin (such as 6, 18),
Clusterin, Complement C3, COP9 signalosome subunit 5, CSF-l (colony-stimulating
factor 1 receptor), CSF2 gene, clusterin (CLU) gene, Connective tissue growth factor,
cyclooxygenase (such as 1, 2), /testis antigen 1B ) gene, CTLA-4
(cytotoxic hocyte protein 4) receptor, CYP2B1 gene, Cysteine
palmitoyltransferase porcupine, cytokine ling-1, cytokine signalling-3, Cytochrome
P450 11B2, rome P450 reductase, cytochrome P450 3A4, cytochrome P450
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17A1, Cytochrome P450 17, Cytochrome P450 2D6, (provided they anticancer or
cytrochrom modifying agents are something other than cobicistat), Cytoplasmic
isocitrate dehydrogenase, Cytosine deaminase, cytosine DNA methyltransferase,
xic T-lymphocyte protein-4, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (such as CXCR4,
CXCR1 and CXCR2), Delta-like protein ligand (such as 3, 4), Deoxyribonuclease,
Dickkopf—l ligand, Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, DNA binding protein (such as
a), DNA dependent protein kinase, DNA gyrase, DNA transferase, DNA
polymerase (such as alpha), DNA primase, din domain or (DDR, such as
DDR1), DDR2 gene, dihydrofolate reductase , Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, L-
rome tautomerase, dUTP pyrophosphatase, echinoderm microtubule like protein
4, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor,
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIFSA) gene, Elastase, Elongation factor 1
alpha 2, Elongation factor 2, Endoglin, Endonuclease, Endoplasmin, Endosialin,
Endostatin, endothelin (such as ET-A, ET-B), Enhancer of zeste g 2 (EZH2),
epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), Epithelial cell
adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Ephrin (EPH) tyrosine kinase (such as Epha3, Ephb4),
Ephrin B2 ligand, Epigen, Erb-b2 -b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral
ne homolog 2) tyrosine kinase receptor, Erb-b3 tyrosine kinase receptor, Erb-b4
tyrosine kinase receptor, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), E-selectin,
Estradiol 17 beta dehydrogenase, Estrogen receptor (such as alpha, beta), Estrogen
related receptor, Exportin l, Extracellular signal related kinase (such as l, 2), Factor
(such as Xa, VIIa), Fas ligand, Fatty acid synthase, in, focal adhesion kinase (FAK,
such as FAK2), fibroblast growth factor (FGF, such as FGFl, FGF2, FGF4), FGF-2
ligand, FGF-S ligand, Fibronectin, Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), farnesoid x
receptor (FXR), Folate Folate transporter l, Folate receptor (such as alpha), folate
hydrolase prostate-specific membrane antigen 1 ), paired basic amino acid
cleaving enzyme (FURIN), FYN tyrosine , Galactosyltransferase, Galectin-3,
glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein GITR receptor, Glucocorticoid, Betaglucuronidase
, Glutamate carboxypeptidase II, glutaminase, Glutathione sferase P,
Glypican 3 (GPC3), en synthase kinase (GSK, such as 3-beta), Granulocyte-
colony stimulating factor (GCSF) ligand, Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating
factor (GM-CSF) receptor, gonadotropin-releaseing hormone (GNRH), growth factor
receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), lar chaperone groEL2 gene, Grp78 (78 kDa
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glucose-regulated protein) calcium binding protein, Imprinted Matemally Expressed
ript (H19) gene, Heat stable enterotoxin receptor, nase, Hepatocyte growth
factor, Heat shock protein gene, Heat shock protein (such as 27, 70, 90 alpha, beta),
Hedgehog n, HERV-H LTR associating protein 2, Hexose kinase, tyrosine-protein
kinase HCK, Histamine H2 receptor, histone deacetylase (HDAC, such as 1, 2, 3, 6, 10,
11), Histone H1, Histone H3, Histone methyltransferase (DOTlL) Human yte
antigen (HLA), HLA class I antigen (A-2 alpha), HLA class II antigen, Homeobox
n NANOG, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1,
HPK1), HSPB1 gene, Human papillomaVirus (such as E6, E7) protein, Hyaluronidase,
Hyaluronic acid, Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
(ICAM-l), immunoglobulin (such as G, G1, G2, K, M), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
(IDO, such as IDOl), amine pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor, I-Kappa-B
kinase (IKK, such as IKKBS), Immunoglobulin Fc receptor, Immunoglobulin gamma Fc
receptor (such as I, III, IIIA), Interleukin 1 ligand, interleukin 2 ligand, Interleukin-2,
IL-2 gene, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-2 receptor alpha subunit, IL-3 receptor, IL-4,
IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-12 gene, IL-17, Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2,
Interleukin-29 ligand, eukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), Insulin-like
growth factor (such as 1, 2), insulin receptor, Integrin alpha-V/beta-3, Integrin alpha-
V/beta-5, Integrin alpha-V/beta-6, Integrin alpha-5/beta-1, in alpha-4/beta-1,
integrin alpha-4/beta-7, Interferon inducible protein absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2),
interferon (such as alpha, alpha 2, beta, gamma), interferon type I receptor, isocitrate
dehydrogenase (such as IDH1, IDH2), Janus kinase (JAK, such as JAK1, JAK2), Jun N
terminal kinase, Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), Killer cell Ig like receptor,
ptin (KiSS-l) receptor, V-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma Viral oncogene
homolog (KIT) tyrosine kinase, KIT gene, Kinesin-like protein KIF11, kallikrein-related
peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene, Kirsten rat sarcoma Viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene,
lactoferrin, lymphocyte activation gene 3 n (LAG-3), lysosomal-associated
membrane protein family (LAMP) gene, Lanosterol-14 demethylase, LDL receptor
related protein-1, Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Listeriolysin, L-Selectin, Luteinizing
hormone receptor, Lyase, Lymphocyte antigen 75, lysine demethylases (such as KDM1,
KDM2, KDM4, KDMS, KDM6, A/B/C/D), cyte function antigen-3 receptor,
lymphocyte-specific n tyrosine kinase (LCK), Lymphotactin, Lyn (Lck/Yes novel)
tyrosine kinase, osphatidate-1 receptor, lysyl oxidase protein (LOX), lysyl
ation] r
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oxidase-like protein (LOXL, such as LOXL2), Lysyl oxidase homolog 2, Macrophage
migration tory fact, melanoma antigen family A3 (MAGEA3) gene, MAGECl
gene, MAGEC2 gene, Maj or vault protein, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C
substrate (MARCKS) protein, Melan-A (MART-1) melanoma antigen, Mas-related G-
protein coupled receptor, matrix metalloprotease (MMP, such as MMP2, MMP9),
myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) gene, Mcl-1 differentiation protein, macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) ligand, Melanoma associated antigen (such as 1,
2,3,6), melanocyte stimulating hormone ligand, Melanocyte protein Pmel 17, Membrane
copper amine oxidase, Mesothelin, tropic glutamate receptor 1, mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MEK, such as MEK1, MEK2), Hepatocyte grth factor receptor (MET)
gene, MET ne kinase, methionine eptidase-2, mitogen-activate protein
kinase (MAPK), Mdm2 p53-binding protein, Mdm4 protein, Metalloreductase STEAPl
(six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1), Metastin, Methyltransferase,
Mitochondrial 3 ketoacyl CoA se, ctivated protein kinase (such as MK2),
mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin e/threonine kinase), mTOR complex (such
as 1,2), mucin (such as 1, 5A, 16), mut T homolog (MTH, such as MTH1), Myc proto-
oncogene n, NAD ADP ribosyltransferase, natriuretic peptide receptor C, Neural
cell adhesion molecule 1, Neurokinin receptor, Neuropilin 2, Nitric oxide synthase,
Nuclear Factor (NF) kappa B, NF kappa B activating protein, Neurokinin 1 (NK1)
receptor, NK cell receptor, NK3 receptor, NKG2 A B activating NK receptor, NIMA-
related kinase 9 , Noradrenaline transporter, Notch (such as Notch-2 receptor,
Notch-3 receptor), nucleophosmin-anaplastic ma kinase (NPM-ALK), 2,5-
oligoadenylate synthetase, Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nucleolin,
Nucleophosmin, ylguanine DNA transferase, Omithine decarboxylase,
Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, orphan nuclear hormone receptor NR4A1, Opioid
receptor (such as delta), Osteocalcin, Osteoclast differentiation factor, Osteopontin, OX-
40 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 4, or CD134)
receptor, 2 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, purinergic receptor P2X ligand gated ion
channel 7 (P2X7), Parathyroid hormone ligand, p53 tumor suppressor protein, P3
protein, Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein
kinase (PIM, such as PIM-1, PIM-2, PIM-3), Poly ADP ribose rase (PARP, such
as PARP1, 2 and 3), p38 kinase, p38 MAP kinase, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF,
such as alpha, beta), P-Glycoprotein (such as 1), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF,
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such as alpha, beta), PKN3 gene, P-Selectin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K),
phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K such as alpha, delta, gamma), phosphorylase kinase
(PK), placenta growth factor, Pleiotropic drug resistance orter, PleXin B1, Polo-
like kinase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR, such as alpha, delta,
, Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) gene, Probable
ription factor PML, Programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitor (PD-L1),
Progesterone receptor, prostate c antigen, Prostatic acid phosphatase, Prostanoid
receptor (EP4), proteasome, Protein famesyltransferase, protein kinase (PK, such as A,
B, C), Protein E7, protein tyrosine kinase, Protein tyrosine phosphatase beta, polo-like
kinase (PLK), PLK1 gene, Prenyl-binding protein (PrPB), orphyrinogen oxidase,
Prosaposin (PSAP) gene, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Purine nucleoside
phosphorylase, Pyruvate kinase (PYK), Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), Pyruvate
dehydrogenase kinase, Raf protein kinase (such as 1, B), RAF1 gene, Ras GTPase, Ras
gene, 5-Alpha—reductase, RET gene, Ret tyrosine kinase receptor, retinoblastoma
associated protein, retinoic acid receptor (such as gamma), id X receptor, Rheb
(Ras homolog enriched in brain) GTPase, Rho (Ras homolog) associated n kinase
2, ribonuclease, cleotide reductase (such as M2 subunit), Ribosomal protein S6
kinase, RNA rase (such as I, 11), Ron (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine
kinase, ROS1 (ROS proto-oncogene 1 kinase )gene, Ros1 tyrosine
, receptor tyrosine
kinase, Runt-related ription factor 3, S100 calcium binding protein A9, Sarco
endoplasmic calcium ATPase, Gamma-secretase, Secreted frizzled related protein-2,
Semaphorin-4D, SL cytokine ligand, Serine protease, Signaling lymphocyiic activation
molecule (SLAM) family member 7, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Src ne kinase,
tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), serine/threonine kinase (STK), signal transduction
and ription (STAT, such as , STAT-3, STAT-5), Second mitochondria-
derived activator of caspases (SMAC) n, smoothened (SMO) receptor, Sodium
phosphate cotransporter 2B, Sodium iodide cotransporter, Somatostatin receptor (such
as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Sonic hedgehog protein, ic protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor,
Sphingomyelin se, Sphingosinephosphate receptor-1, Sphingosine kinase (such
as 1, 2), SRC gene, STAT3 gene, six-iransmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate
(STEAP) gene, Steroid ase, stimulator of interferon genes protein Stimulator of
interferon genes (STING) receptor, Stromal cell-derived factor 1 ligand, SUMO (small
tin-like modifier), Superoxide dismutase, SurViVin protein, Synapsin 3, Syndecan-
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1, Synuclein alpha, serine/threonine-protein kinase (TBK, such as TBK1), TATA box-
g protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit B (TAF 1B) gene, T-cell
surface glycoprotein CD8, T-cell CD3 glycoprotein zeta chain, T-cell differentiation
antigen CD6, T cell surface glycoprotein CD28, Tec protein tyrosine kinase, Tek
tyrosine kinase receptor, telomerase, Tenascin, Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)
gene, Transforming growth factor (TGF, such as beta) , TGF beta 2 ligand, T-cell
globulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), Tissue factor, Tumor necrosis
factor (TNF, such as alpha, beta), TNF d apoptosis inducing ligand, TNFR1
associated death domain protein, TNFSF9 gene, TNFSF11 gene, trophoblast
rotein (TPBG) gene, Transferrin, Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptor
(such as TrkA, TrkB, TrkC), Trophoblast glycoprotein, Thymidylate synthase, Tyrosine
kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (TIE) receptor, Toll-like
receptor (TLR such as 1-13), topoisomerase (such as I, II, III), Tumor n 53 (TP53)
gene, Transcription , Transferase, Transforming growth factor TGF-B receptor
kinase, lutaminase, Translocation associated protein, Transmembrane
glycoprotein NMB, Tumor necrosis factor 13C receptor, Thymidine kinase, Thymidine
phosphorylase, Thymidylate synthase, Thymosin (such as alpha 1), Thyroid hormone
receptor, Trop-2 calcium signal transducer, Thyroid ating hormone receptor,
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase, nase, tyrosine kinase (TK), Tyrosine kinase receptor,
Tyrosine protein kinase ABL1 inhibitor, inding kinase (TBK), Thrombopoietin
receptor, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor, n, Tumor
suppressor candidate 2 (TUSC2) gene, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Ubiquitin-conj ugating
enzyme E21 (UBE2I, UBC9), Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin carboxyl hydrolase isozyme L5,
tin thioesterase-14, Urease, Urokinase plasminogen activator, Uteroglobin,
Vanilloid VR1, Vascular cell adhesion protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor
receptor (VEGFR), in Ig suppressor of T-cell activation ), VEGF-l
receptor VEGF-2 receptor, VEGF-3 receptor, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, Vimentin, Vitamin
D3 or, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes, Wee-1 protein kinase, Wilms’
tumor protein, Wilms’ tumor antigen 1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, Zinc
finger protein transcription factor or any combination thereof.
As used herein, the term therapeutic agent" or "chemotherapeutic" (or
therapy" in the case of treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent) is meant to
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ass any non-proteinaceous (i.€., ptidic) chemical compound useful in the
treatment of cancer.
Mechanism of action
The anticancer agent includes agents defined by their mechanism of action or class,
including:
anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents such as pyrimidine analogs floxuridine,
capecitabine, cytarabine, CPX-351 (liposomal cytarabine, daunorubicin), TAS-
118,
purine analogs, folate antagonists (such as pralatrexate), and related inhibitors;
antiproliferative/antimitotic agents ing natural products such as vinca
alkaloid (vinblastine, vincristine) and microtubule such as taxane (paclitaxel,
docetaxel), stin, zole, epothilones, vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®),
and epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide),
DNA damaging agents such as actinomycin, ine, busulfan, carboplatin,
chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN®), dactinomycin,
daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, iphosphamide, melphalan,
merchlorethamine, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, ourea, procarbazine, taxol,
Taxotere, teniposide, etoposide, and triethylenethiophosphoramide,
DNA-hypomethylating agent such as guadecitabine (SGI-l 10)
antibiotics such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin, bicin, idarubicin,
anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin (mithramycin), and ,
enzymes such as L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes L-asparagine
and deprives cells which do not have the capacity to synthesize their own
asparagine,
antiplatelet agents,
a DNAi oligonucleotide targeting Bcl-2 such as PNT2258,
agents that activate or reactivate latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
such as nostat or psin
asparaginase stimulators, such as crisantaspase (Erwinase®) and GRASPA
(ERY-OOI, ERY-ASP),
pan-Trk, R081 and ALK inhibitors such as entrectinib
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anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors such as alectinib
antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents such as en mustards
cyclophosphamide and analogs (melphalan, mbucil, hexamethylmelamine,
and thiotepa), alkyl oureas (carmustine) and s, streptozocin, and
triazenes (dacarbazine),
oliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs
(methotrexate),
platinum coordination xes (cisplatin, oxiloplatinim, and carboplatin),
procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, and aminoglutethimide,
hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin, bicalutamide, and
nilutamide), and aromatase inhibitors (letrozole and anastrozole),
anticoagulants such as heparin, synthetic heparin salts, and other inhibitors of
thrombin,
fibrinolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, urokinase,
aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel,
antimigratory agents,
cretory agents (breveldin),
immunosuppressives tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, and mycophenolate,
compounds (TNP-470, genistein) and growth factor inhibitors lar
endothelial growth factor inhibitors, and
fibroblast growth factor inhibitors such as FPA14,
angiotensin receptor blockers, nitric oxide donors,
antisense oligonucleotides, such as AEG35156,
DNA interference oligonucleotides, such as PNT225 8, AZD-9150
dies such as trastuzumab and rituximab,
anti-HER3 antibodies, such as LJM716
anti-HER2 antibodies such as margetuximab
LA-DR antibodies such as IMMU-l l4
anti-IL-3 antibodies, such as JNJ66022473
anti-0X40 antibodies such as MEDI6469
anti-EphA3 dies, such as KB-004
an anti-CD20 antibody such as obinutuzumab
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an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-l) antibody such as nivolumab
(OPDIVO®, EMS-936558, MDX-l 106), pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®, MK-
3477, SCH-900475, lambrolizumab, CAS Reg. No. 13748534), pidilizumab,
and anti-programmed death-ligand l (anti-PD-Ll) antibodies such as BMS-
936559, atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), umab (MEDI4736), avelumab
(MSB0010718C), and MDXl 105-01
CXCR4 antagonists such as BL-8040
CXCR2 antagonist such as AZD-S069
GM-CSF antibodies such as lenzilumab
Selective estrogen receptor downregulator (SERD) such as fulvestrant
deX®)
a orming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) kinase antagonist such as
galunisertib
a bispecific antibody such as MM-l41 /ErbB3), MM-l 11 (Erb2/Erb3),
JNJ-6405278l (CDl9/CD3)
Mutant selective EGFR inhibitors, such as PF-06747775, EGF816, 3,
ACEA-OOlO, BI-l482694
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) inhibitors such as CPI-613
XPOl inhibitors such as selinexor (KPT-330)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) tors such as enasidenib (AG-221), and
IDHl inhibitors such as AG-120, and AG—881 (IDHl and IDH2).
Agents that target the interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) such as SL-401
Arginine deiminase stimulators, such as pegargiminase (ADI-PEG—ZO)
antibody-drug ates, such as MLN0264 (anti-GCC, guanylyl cyclase C), T-
DMl (trastuzumab emtansine, Kadcycla), milatuzumab-doxorubicin (hCD74-
DOX), Ximab vedotin, DCDT29SOS, polatuzumab vedotin, SGN—CD70A,
SGN—CD19A, inotuzumab ozogamicin, lorvotuzumab mertansine, SAR3419,
zumab govitecan
anti-claudin-18.2 antibodies such as IMAB362
B-catenin inhibitors, such as CWP-29l
a CD73 antagonist such as MEDI-9447,
c-PIM inhibitors, such as PIM447
a BRAF inhibitor such as dabrafenib, vemurafenib
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a sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) inhibitor such as Yeliva® (ABC294640)
cell cycle inhibitors such as selumetinib (MEKl/Z), sapacitabine
AKT inhibitors such as MK—2206, ipatasertib, afuresertib
anti-CTLA-4 oxic T-lymphocyte protein-4) inhibitor such as tremelimumab
c-MET inhibitors, such as AMG—337, savolitinib, tivantinib (ARQ-l97),
inib, tepotinib
inhibitors of CSFlfUKIT and FLT3 such as PLX3397
a kinase tor such as anib,
E selectin antagonists such as GMI-127l
differentiation inducers such as tretinoin,
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors such as osimertinib (AZD-
9291)
topoisomerase inhibitors (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, eniposide,
icin, etoposide, icin, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, rone,
sobuzoxane, topotecan, and irinotecan, MM-398 (liposomal irinotecan),
vosaroxin and corticosteroids (cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone,
methylprednisolone, prednisone, and prednisolone),
growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors;
ction inducers;
nucleoside analogs such as DFP-10917
Axl inhibitors such as BGB-324
BET inhibitors such as INCB-054329, add Gilead’s compound
PARP inhibitors such as olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib
some inhibitors such as ixazomib, carfilzomib (Kyprolis®)
Glutaminase inhibitors such as CB-839
vaccines such as peptide vaccine TG—Ol (RAS), bacterial vector vaccines such as
CRS-207/GVAX, autologous Gp96 vaccine, dendritic cells vaccines, Oncoquest-
L vaccine, DPX-Survivac, ProstAtak, DCVAC, -142
ancer stem cells, such as umab (anti-DLL4, Delta-like ligand 4,
Notch pathway), napabucasin 08)
smoothened (SMO) receptor inhibitors, such as Odomzo® (sonidegib, formerly
LDE-225), LEQ506, vismodegib (GDC-0449), EMS-833923, glasdegib (PF-
04449913), LY2940680, and itraconazole,
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interferon alpha ligand modulators, such as interferon alfa-2b, interferon alpha-2a
biosimilar (Biogenomics), ropeginterferon alfa-2b (AOP-2014, P-1101, PEG IFN
alpha-2b), Multiferon (Alfanative, Viragen), interferon alpha 1b, Roferon-A
(Canferon, Ro3036), interferon a follow-on biologic
(Biosidus)(Inmutag, Inter 2A), interferon alfa-2b follow-on biologic (Biosidus -
Bioferon, Citopheron, Ganapar)(Beijing Kawin Technology — Kaferon)(AXXO —
interferon alfa-2b), Alfaferone, pegylated interferon alpha-1b, peginterferon alfa-
2b -on biologic (Amega), recombinant human interferon alpha-1b,
recombinant human interferon alpha-2a, recombinant human interferon alpha-2b,
veltuzumab-IFN alpha 2b conjugate, Dynavax (SD-101), and interferon alfa—n1
eron, SM-10500, Sumiferon),
interferon gamma ligand modulators, such as interferon gamma (OH-6000,
Ogamma 100),
IL-6 receptor modulators, such as tocilizumab, imab, AS-101 (CB02,
101),
Telomerase modulators, such as teItomotide 01, HR-2802, Riavax) and
imetelstat (GRN-163, JNJ-63935937)
DNA methyltransferases inhibitors, such as temozolomide (CCRG—81045),
decitabine, guadecitabine (S-110, SGI-110), KRX-0402, and azacitidine,
DNA gyrase inhibitors, such as pixantrone and sobuzoxane,
Bcl-2 family n inhibitor ABT-263, venetoclaX 99), ABT-737, and
AT-101,
Notch inhibitors such as 478, tarextumab (anti-Notch2/3), EMS-906024
anti-myostatin tors such as landogrozumab
hyaluronidase stimulators such as 20
Wnt pathway inhibitors such as SM-04755, FRI-724
gamma-secretase inhibitors such as PF-03084014
IDO inhibitors such as indoximod
Grb-2 (growth factor receptor bound protein-2) inhibitor BP1001 (liposomal Grb-
2)
TRAIL y-inducing compounds, such as ONC201
Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors such as VS-4718, defactinib
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hedgehog inhibitors such as saridegib, sonidegib (LDE225), glasdegib and
Vismodegib
Aurora kinase inhibitors such as alisertib (MLN—8237)
modulators of HSPB1 activity (heat shock protein 27, HSP27) such as
brivudine, apatorsen
ATR inhibitor such as AZD673 8, and VX-970
mTOR inhibitors, such as sapanisertib
Hsp90 inhibitors such as AUY922
Murine double minute (mdm2) oncogene inhibitors such as DS-3032b
CD137 agonist such as ab
Anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies such as lirilumab (IPH-2102)
Antigen CD19 inhibitors such as MOR208, MEDI-551, AFM-11
CD44 binders such as A6
CYP17 inhibitors, such as , l, ODM-204.
RXR agonists such as IRX4204
TLRs (Toll-like receptors) agonists such as 00
A hedgehog/smoothened (hh/Smo) antagonist such as taladegib
Immunomodulators such as complement C3 modulators, such as Imprime PGG
Intratumural immune-oncology agents such as G100 (TLR4 agonist)
IL-15 agonists such as ALT-803
EZH2 cer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitors such as tazemetostat
tic Viruses, such as pelareorep, and talimogene laherparepvec)
DOT1L (histone methyltransferase) inhibitors such as pinometostat (EPZ-S 676)
toxins such as Cholera toxin, ricin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Bordetella pertussis
adenylate cyclase toxin, diphtheria toxin, and caspase activators,
and chromatin.
DNA plasmid such as BC-819
PLK inhibitors of PLK 1, 2, and 3, such as rtib (PLK1).
Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase (ASK) Inhibitors: ASK inhibitors include
ASK1 inhibitors. es of ASK1 inhibitors e, but are not limited to,
those described in (Gilead Sciences) and
(Gilead Sciences).
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Bruton ’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitors: Examples of BTK inhibitors e,
but are not limited to, (S)amino(1-(butynoyl)pyrrolidinyl)(4-
phenoxyphenyl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), BGB-3111,
HM71224, ibrutinib, M-2951, ONO-4059, PRN—1008, spebrutinib (CC-292),
TAK-020.
Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors: CDK inhibitors include inhibitors of
CDK 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9, such as iclib, alvocidib (HMR-1275,
ridol), AT-7519, FLX-925, LEE001, palbociclib, ribociclib, rigosertib,
selinexor, UCN—Ol, and TG—02.
Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR) tors: DDR inhibitors include inhibitors
of DDR1 and/or DDR2. Examples ofDDR inhibitors include, but are not limited
to, those disclosed in W0 2014/047624 (Gilead Sciences), US 2009-0142345
(Takeda Pharmaceutical), US 2011-0287011 (0ncomed Pharmaceuticals), W0
2013/027802 (Chugai Pharmaceutical), and W0 2013/034933 (Imperial
Innovations).
Histone ylase (HDAC) Inhibitors: Examples of HDAC inhibitors include,
but are not limited to, abexinostat, ACY-241, AR—42, BEBT-908, belinostat,
CKD-581, CS-055 (HBI-8000), CUDC-907, entinostat, givinostat, mocetinostat,
panobinostat, pracinostat, quisinostat (JNJ-26481585),, ostat, ricolinostat,
SHP-141, valproic acid (VAL-001), stat.
Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors: JAK inhibitors inhibit JAKl, JAK2, and/or
JAK3. Examples of JAK inhibitors include, but are not d to, AT9283,
AZD1480, baricitinib, 1543, fedratinib, filgotinib (GLPG0634),
inib (LY2784544), INCB039110, lestaurtinib, momelotinib (CYT0387),
NS-018, pacritinib (SB1518), peficitinib (ASP015K), ruxolitinib, tofacitinib
(formerly tasocitinib), and XL019.
Lysyl Oxidase-Like Protein (LOXL) Inhibitors: LOXL inhibitors include
inhibitors of LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, and/or LOXL5. Examples of
LOXL inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the dies described in W0
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2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences). Examples of LOXL2 inhibitors include, but
are not limited to, the antibodies described in W0 2009/017833 (Arresto
Biosciences), W0 2009/035791 (Arresto Biosciences), and W0 2011/097513
(Gilead Biologics).
Matrix Metalloprotease MMP) Inhibitors: MMP inhibitors include inhibitors of
MMP1 through 10. Examples of MMP9 inhibitors include, but are not limited to,
marimastat (BB-2516), cipemastat (Ro 32-3555) and those described in W0
2012/027721 (Gilead Biologics).
Mitogen-activated n Kinase ) tors: MEK inhibitors include
antroquinonol, binimetinib, tinib (GDC-0973, XL-518), MT-144,
selumetinib (AZD6244), sorafenib, trametinib 20212), uprosertib +
trametinib.
atidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors: PI3K inhibitors include
inhibitors of PI3Ky, PI3K5, PI3KB, PI3K0t, and/or pan-PI3K. Examples of PI3K
inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ACP-319, AEZA-129, AMG—3 19,
AS252424, BAY 10824391, BEZ235, buparlisib (BKM120), BYL719 (alpelisib),
CH5132799, copanlisib (BAY 80-6946), duvelisib, GDC-0941, GDC-0980,
6771, GSK2269557, idelalisib (Zydelig®), 5, IPI-443, KAR4141,
LY294002, Ly-3023414, MLN1117, 0XY111A, PA799, PX-866, RG7604,
rtib, RP5090, taselisib, TG100115, TGR-1202, TGX221, WX-037, X-339,
X-414, XL147 (SAR245408), XL499, XL756, wortmannin, ZSTK474, and the
compounds described in W0 2005/1 13556 (ICOS), W0 2013/052699 (Gilead
Calistoga), W0 2013/ 1 16562 (Gilead Calistoga), W0 2014/100765 (Gilead
oga), W0 2014/100767 (Gilead Calistoga), and W0 01409 (Gilead
Sciences).
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) tors: Examples of SYK tors include,
but are not limited to, 6-(1H-indazolyl)-N-(4-morpholinophenyl)imidazo[1,2-
a]pyrazinamine, BAY3606, atinib (PRT-062607), entospletinib,
fostamatinib (R788), HMPL-523, NVP-QAB 205 AA, R112, R343, tamatinib
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(R406), and those described in US 8450321 (Gilead Connecticut). and those
described in US. 2015/0175616.
Tyrosine-kinase Inhibitors (TKIs): TKIs may target mal growth factor
receptors (EGFRs) and receptors for fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-
derived growth factor (PDGF), and ar endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Examples of TKIs include, but are not limited to, afatinib, bosutinib, brigatinib,
cabozantinib, anib, dacomitinib, dasatinib, dovitinib, E-6201, erlotinib,
gefitinib, gilteritinib (ASP-2215), HM6l7l3, icotinib, ib, l (Src),
lapatinib, lestaurtinib, midostaurin, nintedanib, tinib (AZD-9291),
ponatinib, poziotinib, quizartinib, radotinib, tinib, sunitinib, and TH-4000.
Further ncer agents include: alkylating agents such as thiotepa and
cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN®), alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan,
improsulfan, and piposulfan, aziridines such as benzodepa, carboquone,
meturedepa, and uredepa, ethylenimines and amelamines including
altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide,
ylenethiophosphoramide, and trimemylolomelamine, acetogenins,
especially bullatacin and bullatacinone, a camptothecin, including synthetic
analog topotecan, bryostatin, callystatin, CC-1065, ing its adozelesin,
carzelesin, and bizelesin synthetic analogs; cryptophycins, particularly
cryptophycin l and cryptophycin 8,dolastatin, duocarrnycin, including the
synthetic analogs KW-2189 and CBI-TMI, eleutherobin, 5-azacytidine,
pancratistatin, a ictyin, spongistatin, nitrogen mustards such as
chlorambucil, chlomaphazine, hosphamide, glufosfamide, evofosfamide,
bendamustine, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine
oxide hloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine,
trofosfamide, and uracil mustard, nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin,
foremustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimustine, antibiotics such as the
enediyne antibiotics (eg, calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammaII and
calicheamicin phiIl), dynemicin including dynemicin A, bisphosphonates such as
clodronate, an esperamicin, neocarzinostatin chromophore and related
chromoprotein enediyne otic chromomophores, aclacinomycins,
actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin,
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carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin,
detorubicin, 6-diazooxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin ding morpholino-
bicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, and
deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, icin, idarubicin, marcellomycin,
mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin,
olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin, pqumycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin,
streptonigiin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimeX, zinostatin, and zorubicin, anti-
metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5 -FU), folic acid analogs
such as demopterin, methotrexate, teIin, and tIimetrexate, puIine analogs
such as fludarabine, aptopuIine, thiamipIine, and thioguanine, pyrimidine
analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azau1idine, carmofur, cytarabine,
dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, and floxuridine, androgens such as
calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, ostane, and
testolactone, anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, and trilostane,
folic acid replinishers such as frolinic acid, herapeutic agents such as
Radium-223, trichothecenes, especially T-2 toxin, verracuiin A, n A, and
anguidine, taxoids such as paclitaxel (TAXOL®), abraxane ,docetaxel
(TAXOTERE®), cabazitaxel, BIND-014, platinum analogs such as cisplatin and
carboplatin, NC-6004 nanoplatin, aceglatone, aldophosphamide glycoside,
aminolevulinic acid, eniluracil, amsac1ine, hestrabucil, bisantrene, xate,
defofamine, demecolcine, diaziquone, elformthine, elliptinium acetate, an
epothilone, etoglucid, gallium nitrate, hydroxyurea, lentinan, leucovorin,
lonidamine, maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins, mitoguazone,
mitoxantrone, mopidamol, nitracnne, pentostatin, phenamet, pirarubicin,
losoxantrone, fluoropyrimidine, c acid, yllinic acid, 2-
ethylhydrazide, procarbazine, polysaccharide-K (PSK), razoxane, in,
an, spirogermanium, tenuazonic acid, trabectedin, triaziquone, 2,2',2"-
tricUorotIiemylamine, urethane, Vindesine, dacarbazine, mannomustine,
mitobronitol, mitolactol, pipobroman, gacytosine, arabinoside ("Ara-C"),
cyclophosphamide, thiopeta, chlorambucil, gemcitabine (GEMZAR®), 6-
thioguanine, topurine, methotrexate, Vinblastine, platinum, etoposide
(VP-l6), ifosfamide, mitroxantrone, vancristine, Vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®),
novantrone, teniposide, xate, daunomycin, aminopteiin, xeoloda,
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ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000;
difluoromethylomithine (DFMO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine;
FOLFIRI (fluorouracil; orin; and irinotecan);and pharmaceutically
able salts; acids; or derivatives of any of the above.
Anti-hormonal Agents
Also included in the definition of ncer agents are anti-hormonal agents such
as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs); inhibitors of the
enzyme aromatase; anti-androgens; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts; acids or
derivatives of any of the above that act to regulate or t hormone action on tumors.
Examples of anti-estrogens and SERMs include; for example; tamoxifen (including
NOLVADEXTM); raloxifene; droloxifene; 4-hydroxytamoxifen; trioxifene; keoxifene;
18; onapristone; and toremifene (FARESTON®).
Inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase regulate estrogen production in the adrenal glands.
es include 4(5)-imidazoles; aminoglutethimide; megestrol acetate (MEGACE®);
exemestane; formestane; fadrozole; vorozole OR®); letrozole A®); and
anastrozole (ARIMIDEX®).
Examples of anti-androgens include apalutamide; abiraterone; tamide; flutamide;
galeterone; nilutamide; bicalutamide; leuprolide; goserelin; ODM-201; 0; ODM-
204.
Examples of progesterone receptor antagonist e onapristone.
Anti-angiogenic Agents
Anti-angiogenic agents include; but are not limited to; retinoid acid and derivatives
f; 2-methoxyestradiol; TATIN®; ENDOSTATIN®; regorafenib;
necuparanib; suramin; squalamine; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-l; tissue
inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; plasminogen
activator tor-2; cartilage-derived inhibitor; paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel); platelet
factor 4; protamine sulphate (clupeine); sulphated chitin derivatives (prepared from
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queen crab shells), sulphated ccharide peptidoglycan complex (sp-pg),
staurosporine, modulators of matrix metabolism including proline analogs such as l-
azetidinecarboxylic acid (LACA), cishydroxyproline, 4-dehydroproline,
thiaproline, 0t,0t'—dipyridyl, beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate, 4-propyl(4-pyridinyl)-
2(3h)-oxazolone, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, heparin, interferons, 2 macroglobulin-
serum, chicken inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (ChIMP-3), chymostatin, beta-
cyclodextrin ecasulfate, ycin, fumagillin, gold sodium thiomalate, d-
penicillamine, beta-l-anticollagenase-serum, alphaantiplasmin, bisantrene, lobenzarit
disodium, ncarboxyphenylchloroanthronilic acid disodium or "CCA", thalidomide,
angiostatic steroid, carboxy aminoimidazole, metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB-
94, inhibitors of S100A9 such as nimod . Other anti-angiogenesis agents include
antibodies, preferably monoclonal antibodies against these angiogenic growth factors:
beta-FGF, alpha-FGF, FGF-5, VEGF isoforrns, , HGF/SF, and Ang-l/Ang-2.
Anti-fibroz‘ic Agents
Anti-fibrotic agents include, but are not limited to, the compounds such as beta-
aminoproprionitrile (BAPN), as well as the compounds disclosed in US 4965288 relating
to inhibitors of lysyl oxidase and their use in the treatment of diseases and conditions
associated with the al deposition of collagen and US 4997854 relating to
compounds which inhibit LOX for the treatment of various pathological fibrotic states,
which are herein incorporated by reference. Further exemplary inhibitors are described in
US 4943593 relating to compounds such as 2-isobutylfluoro-, chloro-, or bromo-
allylamine, US 5021456, US 5059714, US 5120764, US 5182297, US 5252608 relating
to 2-(1-naphthyloxymemyl)fluoroallylamine, and US 2004-0248871, which are herein
incorporated by reference.
ary anti-fibrotic agents also include the primary amines reacting with the
carbonyl group of the active site of the lysyl oxidases, and more particularly those which
produce, after binding with the carbonyl, a product stabilized by resonance, such as the
following primary amines: emylenemamine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, and their
derivatives, semicarbazide and urea tives, aminonitriles such as BAPN or 2-
thylamine, unsaturated or saturated haloamines such as 2-bromo-ethylamine, 2-
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chloroethylamine, 2-trifluoroethylamine, opropylamine, and p-halobenzylamines,
and selenohomocysteine lactone.
Other anti-fibrotic agents are copper chelating agents penetrating or not penetrating the
cells. Exemplary compounds include indirect inhibitors which block the de
derivatives originating from the oxidative deamination of the lysyl and hydroxylysyl
residues by the lysyl es. Examples e the thiolamines, particularly D-
penicillamine, and its analogs such as 2-aminomercaptomethylhexanoic acid, D
aminomethyl((2-acetamidoethyl)dithio)butanoic acid, inomethyl((2-
aminoethyl)dithio)butanoic acid, sodium((pdimethylamino
carboxyethyl)dithio)butane sulphurate, 2-acetamidoethylacetamidoethanethiol
sulphanate, and sodiummercaptobutanesulphinate trihydrate.
Immunotherapeutic Agents
The immunotherapeutic agents include and are not limited to therapeutic antibodies
suitable for ng patients. Some examples of therapeutic antibodies include
simtuzumab, abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, altumomab,
amatuximab, anatumomab, arcitumomab, ximab, bectumomab, bevacizumab,
bivatuzumab, blinatumomab, brentuximab, cantuzumab, catumaxomab, cetuximab,
citatuzumab, cixutumumab, clivatuzumab, conatumumab, daratumumab, drozitumab,
duligotumab, dusigitumab, detumomab, dacetuzumab, dalotuzumab, dinutuximab,
ecromeximab, elotuzumab, emibetuzumab, ximab, ertumaxomab, etaracizumab,
uzumab, ficlatuzumab, figitumumab, flanvotumab, futuximab, ganitumab,
gemtuzumab, girentuximab, glembatumumab, ibritumomab, igovomab, imgatuzumab,
indatuximab, inotuzumab, intetumumab, ipilimumab Y®, MDX-OlO, BMS-
734016, and MDX- 1 0 1), iratumumab, labetuzumab, lexatumumab, lintuzumab,
lorvotuzumab, lucatumumab, mapatumumab, matuzumab, milatuzumab, minretumomab,
mitumomab, mogamulizumab, moxetumomab, pasudotox, namatumab, naptumomab,
necitumumab, , nimotuzumab, nofetumomab, uzumab, ocaratuzumab,
ofatumumab, olaratumab, onartuzumab, zumab, oregovomab, panitumumab,
parsatuzumab, patritumab, pemtumomab, pertuzumab, pintumomab, pritumumab,
racotumomab, radretumab, ramucirumab (Cyramza®), rilotumumab, rituximab,
robatumumab, samalizumab, satumomab, sibrotuzumab, siltuximab, solitomab,
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tacatuzumab, umomab, tenatumomab, teprotumumab, tigatuzumab, tositumomab,
zumab, ABP-980, tucotuzumab, ubilituXimab, veltuzumab, vorsetuzumab,
votumumab, zalutumumab, CC49, 3 and 3F8. Rituximab can be used for treating
nt B-cell cancers, including al-zone ma, WM, CLL and small
lymphocytic lymphoma. A combination of RituXimab and chemotherapy agents is
especially effective.
The exemplified therapeutic antibodies may be further labeled or combined With a
radioisotope particle such as indium-111, yttrium-90 (90Y-clivatuzumab), or iodine-131.
Cancer Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy including the insertion of a normal gene into
cancer cells to e a mutated or altered gene, genetic modification to silence a
mutated gene, genetic approaches to directly kill the cancer cells, including the infusion
of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient’s own immune system to
enhance the immune response to cancer cells, or activate the patient’s own immune
system (T cells or Natural Killer cells) to kill cancer cells, or find and kill the cancer
cells, genetic ches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune
responsiveness against cancer. Non limiting examples are Algenpantucel-L (2 pancreatic
cell lines), Sipuleucel-T, SGT-53 liposomal nanodelivery (scL) of gene p53, T-cell
therapy, such as CD19 CAR-T tisagenlecleucel-T (CTL019), 9, JCAR015,
EXP-501, ted allogeneic natural killer cells CNDO-lO9-AANK, LFU-835
poietic stem cells.
TYPES OF CANCER
Patients and cancers treated herein include Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL),
refractory iNHL, multiple myeloma (MM), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute
lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), B-cell ALL, acute d leukemia (AML), chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic
syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL),
ular lymphoma (FL), Waldestrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma,
B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), or marginal zone lymphoma
(MZL). In one embodiment, the cancer is minimal residual disease (MRD). In
additional embodiment, the cancer is ed from Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-
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Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL), and refractory
iNHL. In certain embodiment, the cancer is indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL).
In some embodiment, the cancer is refractory iNHL. In one embodiment, the cancer is
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In other embodiment, the cancer is diffuse large
B-cell ma (DLBCL).
In certain embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor is selected from the group
consisting of pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer,
including metastatic breast cancer, prostate cancer, including androgen-dependent and
androgen-independent prostate cancer, kidney or renal cancer, including, e.g.,
metastatic renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, including, 6. g.,
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bronchioloalveolar oma (BAC), and
adenocarcinoma of the lung, ovarian cancer, ing, e.g., progressive epithelial or
primary peritoneal cancer, al , gastric , esophageal cancer, head and
neck cancer, including, 6. g., squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, melanoma,
ndocrine cancer, including metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, brain tumors,
ing, e.g., glioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, adult glioblastoma multiforme,
and adult anaplastic astrocytoma, bone cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma, hepatic
carcinoma, rectal cancer, penile carcinoma, vulval cancer, d cancer, salivary
gland carcinoma, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, hepatoma, hepatocellular ,
liver cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the
peritoneum, squamous carcinoma of the lung, gastroesophagal cancer, biliary tract
cancer, gall bladder , ctal/appendiceal cancer, squamous cell cancer (e.g.,
epithelial squamous cell cancer).
Any of the methods of treatment provided may be used to treat cancer at various stages.
By way of example, the cancer stage includes but is not limited to early, advanced,
locally advanced, remission, refractory, reoccurred after remission and progressive.
Any of the methods of treatment provided may be used to treat a subject (6.g. , human)
who has been diagnosed with or is suspected of having cancer. As used herein, a subject
refers to a mammal, including, for example, a human.
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In some ments, the subject may be a human who exhibits one or more symptoms
associated with cancer or hyperproliferative e. In some embodiments, the subject
may be a human who exhibits one or more symptoms associated with cancer. In some
embodiments, the t is at an early stage of a cancer. In other embodiments, the
subject is at an advanced stage of cancer.
In certain, the subject may be a human who is at risk, or genetically or otherwise
predisposed (e. g., risk factor) to developing cancer or roliferative disease who has
or has not been sed. As used herein, an “at risk” subject is a t who is at risk
of developing cancer. The subject may or may not have detectable disease, and may or
may not have displayed able disease prior to the treatment s described
herein. An at risk subject may have one or more so-called risk factors, which are
measurable parameters that correlate with development of cancer, which are described
herein. A subject having one or more of these risk factors has a higher probability of
developing cancer than an individual without these risk factor(s). These risk factors may
include, for example, age, sex, race, diet, history of previous disease, presence of
precursor disease, genetic (e. g., tary) considerations, and environmental exposure.
In some embodiments, the subjects at risk for cancer include, for example, those having
relatives who have experienced the e, and those whose risk is determined by
analysis of genetic or biochemical markers.
In addition, the subject may be a human who is undergoing one or more standard
therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, or combination
f. Accordingly, one or more kinase inhibitors may be administered before, during,
or after administration of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery or
combination thereof.
In certain embodiments, the subject may be a human who is (i) substantially refractory to
at least one chemotherapy treatment, or (ii) is in relapse after ent with
herapy, or both (i) and (ii). In some of embodiments, the subject is refractory to
at least two, at least three, or at least four chemotherapy treatments (including standard
or experimental herapies).
Lymphoma or Leukemia Combination Therapy
Some anticancer agents are suitable for treating lymphoma or leukemia. These agents
include aldesleukin, alvocidib, antineoplaston ASZ-l, antineoplaston A10, anti-
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thymocyte globulin, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, arsenic trioxide, beta
alethine, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor 3, venetoclaX (ABT-l99), EMS-345541,
bortezomib (VELCADE®), carfilzomib (Kyprolis®), vemurafenib (Zelboraf®), Omr-
IgG—am (WNIG, OmriX), atin l, busulfan, carboplatin, campath-lH, CC-5103,
carmustine, caspofungin acetate, clofarabine, cisplatin, cladribine, chlorambucil,
in, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, denileukin diftitox,
dexamethasone, DT-PACE (dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, doxorubicin,
cyclophosphamide, and ide), docetaxel, dolastatin 10, doxorubicin, doxorubicin
hydrochloride, enzastaurin, epoetin alfa, etoposide, imus (RADOOl), fenretinide,
filgrastim, melphalan, mesna, ridol, fludarabine, geldanamycin (l7-AAG),
mide, irinotecan hydrochloride, ilone, lenalidomide (REVLIMID®, CC-
5013), lymphokine-activated killer cells, melphalan, methotrexate, mitoxantrone
hydrochloride, motexafin gadolinium, mycophenolate mofetil, nelarabine, oblimersen,
obatoclaX 070), oblimersen, octreotide acetate, omega-3 fatty acids, oxaliplatin,
paclitaxel, iclib (PD0332991), PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride,
pegfilgrastim, pentostatin, perifosine, prednisolone, prednisone, R-roscovitine (seliciclib,
CYC202), inant interferon alfa, interferon alpha-2b, recombinant interleukin-12,
recombinant eukin-11, recombinant flt3 ligand, recombinant human
thrombopoietin, rituXimab, sargramostim, sildenafil citrate, simvastatin, sirolimus, styryl
sulphones, tacrolimus, tanespimycin, temsirolimus (CCl-779), thalidomide, eutic
allogeneic lymphocytes, thiotepa, tipifamib, bortezomib DE®, PS-34l),
Vincristine, Vincristine sulfate, Vinorelbine ditartrate, SAHA (suberanilohydroxamic acid,
or suberoyl, anilide, and hydroxamic acid), FR (fludarabine and rituXimab), CHOP
(cyclophosphamide, bicin, Vincristine, and prednisone), CVP (cyclophosphamide,
Vincristine, and prednisone), FCM (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone),
FCR (fludarabine, hosphamide, and rituXimab), VAD (hyperfractionated
cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate, and
cytarabine), ICE (iphosphamide, carboplatin, and etoposide), MCP (mitoxantrone,
chlorambucil, and prednisolone), R-CHOP (rituximab and CHOP), R-CVP (rituXimab
and CVP), R—FCM (rituximab and FCM), R-ICE (rituximab and ICE), and
R—MCP (rituximab and MCP).
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One modified approach is radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody is
combined with a radioisotope particle, such as indium-111, yttrium-90, and iodine-131.
Examples of combination therapies include, but are not d to, iodine-131
tositumomab (BEXXAR®), yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN®), and
BEXXAR® with CHOP.
The abovementioned ies can be supplemented or combined with stem cell
transplantation or treatment. Therapeutic procedures include peripheral blood stem cell
transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone
marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy,
total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell
t, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood
transplantation, immunoenzyme technique, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy,
bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and loablative allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
dgkin ’s Lymphomas Combination Therapy
Treatment of non-Hodgkin’s mas (NHL), especially those of B cell origin,
includes using monoclonal antibodies, standard herapy approaches (eg, CHOP,
CVP, FCM, MCP, and the like), radioimmunotherapy, and combinations thereof,
especially ation of an antibody therapy with herapy.
Examples of unconj ugated monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of NHL/B-cell
cancers include rituximab, alemtuzumab, human or humanized anti-CD20 antibodies,
ximab, anti-TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (anti-TRAIL), zumab,
galiximab, epratuzumab, , and anti-CD74.
Examples of experimental antibody agents used in treatment B-cell cancers
include ofatumumab, ha20, PROl31921, alemtuzumab, galiximab, SGN—40, CHIR-
12.12, epratuzumab, lumiliximab, apolizumab, milatuzumab, and bevacizumab.
Examples of standard ns of chemotherapy for NHL/B-cell cancers include CHOP,
FCM, CVP, MCP, R-CHOP, R-FCM, R-CVP, and R-MCP.
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es of radioimmunotherapy for NHL/B-cell cancers include m-90
ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN®) and iodine-131 tositumomab (BEXXAR®).
Mantle Cell Lymphoma Combination Therapy
Therapeutic treatments for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) include combination
chemotherapies such as CHOP, hyperCVAD, and FCM. These regimens can also be
supplemented with the monoclonal antibody rituXimab to form combination therapies R-
CHOP, hyperCVAD-R, and R—FCM. Any of the abovementioned therapies may be
ed with stem cell transplantation or ICE in order to treat MCL.
An alternative ch to treating MCL is immunotherapy. One immunotherapy uses
monoclonal antibodies like rituXimab. Another uses cancer vaccines, such as 9,
which are based on the genetic makeup of an individual patient’s tumor.
A modified approach to treat MCL is radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal
antibody is combined with a radioisotope particle, such as iodine-131 tositumomab
(BEXXAR®) and yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN®). In another example,
BEXXAR® is used in sequential treatment with CHOP.
Other ches to treating MCL include autologous stem cell transplantation coupled
with high-dose chemotherapy, administering proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib
(VELCADE® or PS-341), or administering antiangiogenesis agents such as thalidomide,
especially in combination with mab.
Another treatment approach is administering drugs that lead to the degradation of Bcl-2
protein and se cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy, such as oblimersen, in
combination with other chemotherapeutic .
A further treatment approach includes administering mTOR inhibitors, which can lead to
inhibition of cell growth and even cell death. Non-limiting examples are sirolimus,
temsirolimus (TORISEL®, CCI-779), CC-l 15, CC-223, SF-1126, PQR-309, voxtalisib,
GSK—2126458, and temsirolimus in combination with RITUXAN®, VELCADE®, or
other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Other recent therapies for MCL have been disclosed. Such examples include
flavopiridol, palbociclib 2991), R-roscovitine (selicicilib, ), styryl
sulphones, obatoclaX (GX15-070), TRAIL, Anti-TRAIL death ors DR4 and DRS
antibodies, temsirolimus (TORISEL®, CCl-779), imus (RADOOl), EMS-345541,
curcumin, SAHA, thalidomide, lenalidomide (REVLIMID®, CC-5013), and
geldanamycin (17-AAG).
Waldenstrom ’s Macroglobulmemia Combination Therapy
Therapeutic agents used to treat Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) include
perifosine, bortezomib (VELCADE®), rituXimab, CC-5103, thalidomide, zumab
(hLL2- anti-CD22 zed dy), tatin, enzastaurin, campath-lH,
thasone, DT-PACE, oblimersen, antineoplaston A10, antineoplaston ASZ-l,
alemtuzumab, beta alethine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, prednisone,
vincristine sulfate, bine, stim, melphalan, recombinant interferon alfa,
carmustine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, etoposide, melphalan, dolastatin
10, indium-111 monoclonal antibody MN-14, m-90 humanized epratuzumab, anti-
thymocyte globulin, busulfan, cyclosporine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil,
therapeutic allogeneic lymphocytes, yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, sirolimus,
tacrolimus, carboplatin, thiotepa, axel, aldesleukin, docetaxel, mide, mesna,
recombinant interleukin-l l, recombinant interleukin-12, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor
ABT-263, denileukin diftitox, tanespimycin, everolimus, pegfilgrastim, vorinostat,
alvocidib, recombinant flt3 ligand, recombinant human thrombopoietin, lymphokine-
activated killer cells, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, irinotecan
hydrochloride, caspofungin acetate, clofarabine, epoetin alfa, nelarabine, pentostatin,
sargramostim, vinorelbine ditartrate, WT-l analog peptide vaccine, WTl 126-134
peptide vaccine, fenretinide, ixabepilone, oxaliplatin, onal antibody CD19 (such
as tisagenlecleucel-T, CART-l9, CTL-019), monoclonal antibody CD20, omega-3 fatty
acids, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, octreotide acetate, tositumomab, -131
tositumomab, fin gadolinium, arsenic trioxide, tipifamib,
autologous human tumor-derived HSPPC-96, veltuzumab, bryostatin l, PEGylated
liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride, and any combination thereof
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Examples of therapeutic procedures used to treat WM include peripheral blood stem cell
transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone
marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy,
total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell
support, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood
lantation, enzyme ques, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy,
bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Difluse Large B-cell Lymphoma Combination Therapy
Therapeutic agents used to treat diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) include
cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, Vincristine, sone, anti-CD20 onal
antibodies, etoposide, bleomycin, many of the agents listed for WM, and any
combination thereof, such as ICE and R-ICE.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Combination Therapy
es of therapeutic agents used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, pentostatin, cladribine,
doxorubicin, Vincristine, prednisone, prednisolone, alemtuzumab, many of the agents
listed for WM, and ation chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy, ing the
following common combination regimens: CVP, R-CVP, ICE, R-ICE, FCR, and FR.
Myelofibrosis Combination Therapy
Myelofibrosis inhibiting agents include, but are not limited to, hedgehog inhibitors,
histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Non-limiting
examples of hedgehog inhibitors are saridegib and Vismodegib.
Examples ofHDAC inhibitors include, but are not limited to, pracinostat and
nostat.
Non-limiting examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are lestaurtinib, bosutinib, imatinib,
gilteritinib, radotinib, and cabozantinib.
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Hyperproliferaiive Disorder ation Therapy
Gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel, and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel may be used with a JAK
inhibitor and/or PI3K5 inhibitor to treat hyperproliferative ers.
In the following description of the examples, specific embodiments in which the
invention may be practiced are described. These ments are described in sufficient
detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may
be utilized, and logical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope
of the invention. The following detailed ption is, therefore, not to be taken in a
limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined only by the appended claims,
along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
It is understood that cancer cells expressing CYP3A s may be a result of
the pathology of the cancer and/or a result of administration/contact with an anticancer
agent (i.e. not caused by cancer per se, but the treatment) due to increased stress to the
cell.
One embodiment of the invention provides a method for treating a patient
ing from cancer comprising administering to said patient: (a) an anticancer agent,
and (b) cobicistat, wherein, the cancer comprises cells expressing a CYP3A enzyme and
the concentration of the anticancer agent in the cells is sed after administration of
cobicistat. In another embodiment, the cancer comprises cells overexpressing a CYP3A
.
Another embodiment provides a method for enhancing the effect of an anticancer
agent in a patient suffering from cancer comprising administering to said patient: (a) the
anticancer agent, and (b) cobicistat, wherein, the cancer comprises cells expressing a
CYP3A enzyme and the effect of the ncer agent in the cells is increased after
administration of cobicistat. In r embodiment, the cancer comprises cells
overexpressing a CYP3A enzyme.
Another embodiment provides a method for reducing metabolism of an
anticancer agent in a patient suffering from cancer comprising stering to said
patient: (a) the anticancer agent, and (b) stat, wherein, the cancer comprises cells
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expressing a CYP3A enzyme and the metabolism of the anticancer agent in the cells is
decreased after administration of cobicistat. In another ment, the cancer
comprises cells that overeXpress the CYP3A enzyme.
Another embodiment of the ion provides for a method for increasing
sensitivity to an anticancer agent in a patient suffering from cancer comprising
administering to said patient: (a) the anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat, wherein,
cobicistat ses sensitivity to the anticancer agent. In another embodiment, the
increase is by at least 2-fold, or 15-fold, or 3-fold or 5-fold. More particularly, . In
another embodiment, the cancer comprises cells overeXpressing a CYP3A enzyme.
In another ment, the CYP3A enzyme is CYP3A4. In another ment,
the cancer is liver, pancreatic, breast, , colon, lung, uterine, bladder, thyoma,
prostate, thyroid, r, esophageal, cervical, sarcoma, or a cancer comprising cell
lines expressing gain-of-function mutations in TP53.
In another embodiment, the CYP3A enzyme is CYP3A5. In another
embodiment, the cancer is breast, pancreatic, thyroid, kidney, cervical or skin.
In another embodiment, the anticancer agent is selected from the group consisting
of ouracil, afatinib, n, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, aXitinib, AVL-
101, AVL-291, bendamustine, bleomycin, omib, bosutinib, bryostatin-l, busulfan,
calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, lO-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine,
celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatinum, COX-2 tors, irinotecan (CPT-l 1), SN—3 8,
carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecans, crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine,
dacarbazine, dasatinib, dinaciclib, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, DMl, DM3,
DM4, bicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2-PD0X), a pro-drug form of 2-PDox (pro-
2-PDox), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, endostatin,
epirubicin glucuronide, nib, estramustine, epidophyllotoxin, erlotinib, entinostat,
estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide
phosphate, tane, mod, floxuridine (FUdR), 3’,5’-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-
dO), fludarabine, flutamide, famesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, flavopiridol,
fostamatinib, ganetespib, GDC-0834, GS-l 101, gefitinib, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea,
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ibrutinib, idarubicin, idelalisib, ifosfamide, imatinib, nib, lenolidamide, leucovorin,
LFM-A13, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine,
methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, monomethylauristatin F
(MMAF), monomethylauristatin D (MMAD), monomethylauristatin E (MMAE),
navelbine, nib, nilotinib, nitrosurea, olaparib, plicomycin, procarbazine, axel,
PCI-32765, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, SN—38, sorafenib, streptozocin,
SU11248, sunitinib, tamoxifen, temazolomide, transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine,
thiotepa, teniposide, can, uracil mustard, vatalanib, vinorelbine, vinblastine,
vincristine, vinca alkaloids and ZD1839, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment, the ncer agent is docetaxel. In another
ment, the anticancer agent is paclitaxel.
In another embodiment, cobicistat and the anticancer agent are administered to
the patient in separate dosage forms. In another embodiment, cobicistat and the
anticancer agent are administered to the patient as a fixed-dose combination.
In another embodiment, cobicistat is administered to the patient once a day. In
another embodiment, cobicistat is stered to the t twice a day. In another
embodiment, cobicistat is administered to the patient once every other a day.
In another embodiment, the therapeutic index (TI) of the anticancer agent is
greater than 1, or 1.1, or 1.2, or 1.3, or 1.4, or 1.5, or 1.6, or 1.7, or 1.8, or 1.9, or 2 or
2.5, or 3, or 4, or 5.
In another embodiment, the patient is not being treated for HIV.
Another embodiment es a ceutical composition comprising (a) an
ncer agent, (b) cobicistat, and (c) a carrier.
Another ment provides for the use of: (a) an anticancer agent, and (b)
cobicistat, for treating a patient suffering from cancer, the cancer comprises cells
exrpessing a CYP3A enzyme and the concentration of the anticancer agent in the cells is
increased after administration of cobicistat. Another embodiment provides for the use of:
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(a) an anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat; in the manufacture of a medicament for
treating a patient suffering from cancer; the cancer comprises cells exressing a CYP3A
enzyme and the concentration of the anticancer agent in the cells is increased after
administration of cobicistat. Another embodiment provides for the use of: (a) the
anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat; for increasing sensitivity to an anticancer agent in a
patient suffering from cancer. In r embodiment, cobicistat increases sensitivity to
the anticancer agent by at least 2-fold. Another embodiment provides for use of: (a) the
ncer agent; and (b) cobicistat; for reducing metabolism of an anticancer agent.
Another embodiment provides for the use of: (a) an ncer agent; and (b)
cobicistat; for enhancing the effect of the anticancer agent in a t suffering from
cancer comprising administering to said patient wherein; the cancer comprises cells
expressing a CYP3A enzyme and the effect of the anticancer agent in the cells is
sed after administration of cobicistat. Another embodiment provides for the use of:
(a) an anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat; in the manufacture of a medicament for
enhancing the effect of the anticancer agent in a t suffering from cancer comprising
administering to said patient wherein; the cancer comprises cells expressing a CYP3A
enzyme and the effect of the anticancer agent in the cells is sed after administration
of cobicistat. Another embodiment provides for the use of: (a) the ncer agent; and
(b) cobicistat; in the manufacture of a ment for increasing sensitivity to an
anticancer agent in a patient suffering from . In another ment; cobicistat
increases sensitivity to the anticancer agent by at least 2-fold. r embodiment
provides for use of: (a) the anticancer agent; and (b) cobicistat; in the manufacture of a
medicament for reducing metabolism of an anticancer agent.
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are key enzymes involved in drug metabolism in
normal physiologic ions. Their activity has been used in drug development as
CYPs can activate certain pro-drugs resulting in effective agents. CYPs also metabolize
drugs into ve forms. In certain cancer cell lines; CYPs are expressed in their basal
state or in response to cellular stress; thereby having a pronounced effect on drugs
targeting particular cell lines. This expression can be an intrinsic property of the tumour
or be induced upon therapeutic treatment. In particular; CYP3A5 has been shown to be
expressed and induced in different subtypes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
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(PDAC) cells, resulting in lack or diminished sensitivity to several chemotherapeutic
agents. Noll 62‘ al., Nat. Medicine, V. 22(3), March 2016. It is been shown that drug
resistance to PDAC results from accelerated lism of anticancer agents targeting
the cells.
Targeting CYP activity is nging and can result in greater toxicity to ts
already ing from debilitating diseases. This is especially true for non-specific CYP
inhibitors or agents that inhibit CYPs involved in metabolism of endogenous compounds
(fatty acids, vitamins, steroids etc.). Because cancer patients often take a variety of
different drugs, many of which are CYP substrates, ivity in inhibition is important
for treatment. Additionally, certain CYPs are sed in a highly tissue-specific,
restricted manner. Targeting these CYPS may result in reduced systemic toxicity.
At present more than 57 active human P450 genes and 58 pseudogenes are
known. Rodriguez-Antona et a1. Oncogene (2006) 25, 1679—1691. The most
polymorphic CYPs are on the CYPZBo (48 alleles), CYP2C9 (32), CYP2D6 (92)
and CYP3A4 (34). Most of the functional polymorphisms are seen regarding the
ility in the , CYPZBo, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genes. Therefore,
finding a single agent that is selective, yet potent and effective, at inhibiting a specific
CYP, is difficult.
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EXAMPLES
Example 1.
Cell preparation. All cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture
Collection (ATCC) Manassas, Virginia (US). Master and working cell banks (MCB and
WCB) were prepared by turing in ATCC-recommended media and freezing
ols (www.atcc.org). Cell line stocks for the assays were prepared from the WCB.
The MCB, WCBs and assay stocks were prepared within respectively 3, 6 and 9
passages of the ATCC vial.
Compound preparation. Solid powders of reference compounds were weighed on a
calibrated balance and dissolved in 100 % DMSO. DMSO samples were stored at room
temperature. At the day of the experiment, the compound stock was diluted in 3.16 fold
steps in 100 % DMSO to obtain a 9-point dilution series. This was further diluted 31.6
times in 20mM sterile Hepes buffer pH 7.4. A volume of 5 MI was transferred to the cells
to generate a test concentration range from 3.16x10'5 M to 3.16x10'9 M in duplicate. The
final DMSO concentration during incubation was 0.4 % in all wells. If a compound
showed very potent activity, the testing range was ed to ensure a full dose-
response curve could be measured in duplicate.
Cell proliferation assay. An assay stock was thawed and diluted in its ATCC
recommended medium and sed in a 384-well plate, depending on the cell line
used, at a concentration of 200 - 3200 cells per well in 45 ul medium. For each used cell
line the optimal cell density is used. The margins of the plate were filled with ate-
buffered saline. Plated cells were incubated in a humidified here of 5 % C02 at
37 0C. After 24 hours, 5 ul of compound dilution was added and plates were further
incubated for another 120 hours. After 120 hours, 25 ul of ATPlite IStepTM
(PerkinElmer) solution was added to each well, and subsequently shaken for 2 minutes.
After 10 minutes of incubation in the dark, the luminescence was recorded on an
Envision multimode reader (PerkinElmer).
Controls
T= 0 . On a parallel plate, 45 ul cells were dispensed and incubated in a humidified
atmosphere of 5 % C02 at 37 0C. After 24 hours 5 ul DMSO-containing Hepes buffer
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and 25 ul ATPlite IStepTM solution were mixed, and luminescence measured after 10
minutes incubation (= luminescencet:0).
Reference compound. The IC50 of the reference compound doxorubicin is measured on
a separate plate. The IC50 is trended. If the IC50 is out of specification (0.32 - 3.16 times
deviating from ic average) the assay is invalidated.
Cell growth control. The cellular doubling times of all cell lines are calculated from the
t = 0 hours and t = 120 hours growth signals of the ted cells. If the doubling time is
out of specification (0.5 — 2.0 times deviating from historic average) the assay is
invalidated.
Maximum signals. For each cell line, the maximum luminescence was recorded after
incubation for 120 hours without compound in the presence of 0.4% DMSO (=
lumjnescenceuntreatedfi:120h)~
Data analysis
ICsos were calculated by near regression using IDBS XLfit 5. The percentage
grth after 120h wth) was calculated as follows: 100% X (luminescencet : izoh/
luminescenceumreatedjt:12011). This was fitted to the 10log compound concentration (conc) by
a 4-parameter logistics curve : %-growth = bottom + (top 7 ) / (1+ 10(logICSO ’
CO”C)*hi”)), where hill is the Hill-coefficient, and bottom and top the asymptotic minimum
and maximum cell growth that the compound allows in that assay.
NC160 parameters The LD50, the concentration at which 50% of cells die, is the
concentration where scencet =
: 12011 1/2 x luminescencet : 0h. The G150, the
concentration of 50% growth inhibition, is the concentration where cell growth is half
maximum. This is concentration associated with the signal: ((lummescenceumreatedjt:120h —
luminescencet:0) /2) + luminescenceFO RH. Shoemaker (2006), Nature Reviews Cancer
6: 814-823.
Drug ivity. The 10log IC50 differences between the "modified and "wild type’
groups of cell lines were analyzed in three ways. First, for the eighteen most frequent
genetic s, drug sensitivities of individual cell lines were visualized in waterfall.
Secondly, a larger subset of the most ly occurring and best known cancer genes
(38 in total) was analyzed with type II Anova analysis in the statistical program R.
Thirdly, the complete set of 114 cancer genes was analyzed by a two-sided homoscedastic ttest
in R.
The p-values from Anova and t-test were ted to a Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing
correction, and only genetic associations with a false discovery rate less than 20 % are
considered significant. Results of the e analysis were visualized in a volcano plot. The
type II Anova analysis on 38 cancer genes is a different test than the homoscedastic t-test on
114 cancer genes, meaning that the significance of the ations may differ. For Additional
information on Oncolines™ is described inJ.C.M. Uitdehaag et al. (2014), PLoS ONE 9:
e92146.
Results: The results of the studies are reflected in Table 1.
Table 1
Fold change in IC50 (IC50 [Drug]/IC50 [Drug +
Cobicistat])
Cell line docetaxel doxorubicin paclitaxel vinblastine vincristine
769-P 3.8 3.0 5.1 2.9 2.5 3.5
786-O 1.6 4.2 2.3 3.0 2.5 2.5
A-172 1.7 2.0 2.5 1.7 3.0 3.3
A-204 2.2 5.7 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.4
A375 1.3 2.8 2.2 2.3 3.4 4.4
A388 1.9 6.0 1.7 2.7 4.7 3.7
A-427 5.8 1.3 1.5 1.2 2.7 1.9
A-498 1.4 4.2 1.2 2.8 3.8 3.2
A-549 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.0 2.3 1.9
A-704 1.0 2.3 1.3 1.5 3.8 2.0
ACHN 2.8 4.6 2.2 2.5 3.8 3.4
AN3 CA 1.2 2.1 2.0 2.9 3.9 4.7
AsPC-1 1.2 5.0 1.3 2.2 5.6 3.1
AU-565 8.4 3.2 2.1 2.7 3.0 3.0
BT-20 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.5 2.7 3.2
BT-549 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.2 3.3 2.9
BxPC-3 2.2 3.0 2.2 3.2 2.4 4.1
C-33 A 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.9 2.7
CAL 27 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.8 2.6
CCRF-CEM 1.3 3.6 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.6
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COLO 205 3.9 2.3 3.0 4.9
COLO 829 m 3.7 3.8 4.1 6.3
DaOy
DLD-l 2.7 1.4 1.9 2.2
D0Tc2 4510 5.3 1.7 3.4 5.0
DU 145 4.8 2.1 4.8 5.4
FaDu
HCT 116
HGT-15
Hs 578T 1.9 1.7 2.6 3.7
J82 3.5 2.2 2.9 4.2
Jurkat E6.1 NA* 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5
K-562 3.2 2.5 2.4 2.6
KU812
LNCaP
LoVo
LS 174T . . . . .
MCF7 4.1 1.9 3.3 5.3
MeWo
MG—63
MIA PaCa-2
MOLT-4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.8
NCI-H460 2.1 2.0 2.0 3.4
NCI-H82
OVCAR—3 2.2 2.5 1.7 2.6
PA-l 5.2 3.0 3.9 6.3
RKO 3.8 2.9 3.3 3.6
RPMI—7951
SHP-77
SJCRH30 4.1 2.2 1.6 3.8
SK—N—AS 3.3 2.3 2.3 3.7
SK—N-FI 5.1 2.0 2.5 4.5
SNU-C2B m 4.8 1.2 3.0 4.5
SUP-T1 4.5 2.0 3.5 3.0
SW48 2.2 1.6 1.8 1.4 2.5 2.7
SW480 2.3 2.5 1.9 3.3
SW620 3.2 3.0
SW948 1.2 3.5
T24 3.9 . . . . 4.4
T98G 7.7 1.4 5.2 4.9
TT 1“3.6 1.1 3.0 8.7
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NA: Data did not produce a measurable ICSO to generate a comparison between
treatments.
Co-administration of stat broadly increased the sensitivity of many cell lines tested
to the primary drug, compared to primary drug alone. On average, across all
experiments, cobicistat increased sensitivity by 29-fold, with a maximum of 8.7-fold.
The highest average increase in sensitivity was seen in cancer cells of the bladder, bone
and prostate. Broad activity was also seen in cancer cells from blood, central nervous
system, breast, colon and skin. Docetaxel, vinblastine and stine were boosted to the
greatest extent.
The contents of the articles, patents and references cited herein are incorporated by
reference.
1003096966
Claims (14)
1. Use of cobicistat and an anticancer agent selected from vinblastine and vincristine, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from cancer n, the cancer comprises cells expressing a CYP3A , and the cancer is selected from skin, pancreatic, , colon, lung, uterine, bladder, te, thyroid, cervical, ovarian, lymphoma, melanoma, and head and neck cancer.
2. The use of claim 1, wherein, the cobicistat increases sensitivity to the anticancer agent by at least 2-fold.
3. The use of claims 1 or 2, wherein the cancer comprises cells that overexpress the CYP3A enzyme.
4. The use of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the CYP3A enzyme is CYP3A4.
5. The use of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the CYP3A enzyme is CYP3A5.
6. The use of any one of the previous claims, wherein the cancer is breast, lung, uterine, d, cervical, skin, ovarian, melanoma, or head and neck cancer.
7. The use of claim 6, wherein the cancer is breast, d, lung, uterine, skin, melanoma, or head and neck cancer.
8. The use of any one of the previous claims, wherein the anticancer agent is vincristine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. The use of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the anticancer agent is vinblastine or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof.
10. The use of any one of the previous claims, wherein the medicament is formulated to provide the cobicistat and the anticancer agent for administration to the patient in separate dosage forms. 1003096966
11. The use of any one of the previous claims, wherein the medicament is formulated to provide cobicistat for administration to the patient once a day.
12. The use of any one of claims 1-9 or 11, wherein the ment provides the cobicistat and the anticancer agent for administration to the patient in a fixed dose combination.
13. The use of any one of the previous claims, wherein the patient is not being treated for HIV.
14. A pharmaceutical composition consisting of (a) cobicistat; (b) an anticancer agent; and (c) a carrier, n the anticancer agent is vincristine or vinblastine. [Annotation] wilksar None set by wilksar [Annotation] r MigrationNone set by wilksar [Annotation] wilksar Unmarked set by wilksar [Annotation] wilksar None set by wilksar [Annotation] wilksar MigrationNone set by wilksar [Annotation] wilksar Unmarked set by wilksar 220252 2 22226229 22.222222222222222
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201662371105P | 2016-08-04 | 2016-08-04 | |
US62/371,105 | 2016-08-04 | ||
PCT/US2017/044932 WO2018026835A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 | 2017-08-01 | Cobicistat for use in cancer treatments |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NZ750372A NZ750372A (en) | 2020-11-27 |
NZ750372B2 true NZ750372B2 (en) | 2021-03-02 |
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