NZ743322A - Methods and compositions for the treatment of seizure-related disorders - Google Patents
Methods and compositions for the treatment of seizure-related disordersInfo
- Publication number
- NZ743322A NZ743322A NZ743322A NZ74332216A NZ743322A NZ 743322 A NZ743322 A NZ 743322A NZ 743322 A NZ743322 A NZ 743322A NZ 74332216 A NZ74332216 A NZ 74332216A NZ 743322 A NZ743322 A NZ 743322A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- drug
- hours
- pharmaceutical composition
- plasma concentration
- human
- Prior art date
Links
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Abstract
Compositions and methods are provided for administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human patient. Compositions are administered to a human patient orally, once daily, at a therapeutically effective dose. The pharmaceutical compositions comprise a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and at least one excipient. At least one of said at least one excipients modifies the release of said drug to provide an extended release form. The pharmaceutical composition have pharmacokinetic properties recited in the claims. varacetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and at least one excipient. At least one of said at least one excipients modifies the release of said drug to provide an extended release form. The pharmaceutical composition have pharmacokinetic properties recited in the claims.
Description
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT
OF SEIZURE-RELATED DISORDERS
REFERENCE
This patent application claims the benefit of US. Application Serial No. 62/273,187,
filed December 30, 2015, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention relates to extended e compositions of anti-epileptic
compounds for the treatment of seizure-related disorders and methods of using same.
BACKGROUND
Epilepsy and seizure-related disorders affect nearly 3 million people in the US annually,
at an estimated annual cost of $17.6 billion in direct and indirect costs. 200,000 new cases of
seizures are reported annually in the US, and approximately 10% of the American population
will experience at least one seizure in their lifetime. Seizures dramatically affect the quality of
life and activities of daily living, especially activities that occur during the day like cooking,
cleaning, and driving.
Numerous nvulsant drugs exist in the market today to treat the ms or
manage epilepsy and other seizure disorders, including lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam,
topiramate, valproate, and zonisamide. These agents have modest or d efficacy and only
about one-third of patients respond to monotherapy.
Data on the distribution of seizures duIing the human sleep—wake cycle or on the
al bution of seizures over the 24-hour day have been scarce and variable. Based on a
large retrospective study in a tertiary sy and sleep center, 176 patients (76 children, 100
adults) had continuous electroencephalography (EEG) and video monitoring. More than 800
seizures were recorded. Significantly more seizures occurred n 11 AM and 5 PM than at
any other time of day, whereas significantly fewer seizures were ed between 11 PM and 5
AM. The results suggest that seizures have a cy to occur in a diurnal pattern,
characterized by a peak during midday and lower frequency in the ime (Hofstra et al.,
2009). A once daily modified release formulation of an antiepileptic drug (AED) that has a PK
profile that is synchronous with the diurnal pattern of es could be clinically advantageous.
Improved therapeutics and methods for ent of these diseases and disorders are
needed. Currently approved AEDs (both immediate and extended release forms) do not match
the peak plasma concentrations to the times of highest seizure susceptibility, resulting in
suboptimal seizure control. For instance, immediate release products with short half-lives (e. g.
lacosamide and levetiracetam) are expected to have relatively low plasma trations
throughout long periods of the day when there is a high seizure burden. Furthermore, currently
approved AEDs with long half-lives are associated with safety concerns, including black box
warnings (e.g. igine and zonisamide) and the risk of increased bleeding and xis (e. g.
topiramate).
The ideal t for treating seizures should have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the
frequency of seizures, be relatively well tolerated, and have a PK profile that is synchronous
with the daily impact of seizures. Thus, a novel formulation for an AED that provides sustained
and high plasma levels between 9 AM and 6 PM would provide better seizure control.
Additionally, many of the ed AEDs in clinical use have limiting side s
which are related to the rapid rate in which the drug is absorbed into plasma, as opposed to the
Cmax or AUC. By slowing the l release of the AED and decreasing the initial rate of rise of
plasma concentration, it is possible to improve the tolerability of the AED without
compromising the effectiveness of the drug. Furthermore, by slowing the initial rate of rise of
plasma concentration and improving tolerability, it is possible to reduce or eliminate titration
and administer higher strengths of the AED compared to existing commercial immediate release
formulations, thereby providing greater efficacy and better seizure control,
Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs)
A large number of drugs have shown anti-epileptic activity, including, but not limited to,
carbamazepine, divalproex sodium, eslicarbazepine acetate, ethotoin, ine, felbamate,
gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, phenytoin,
pregabalin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin, and mide.
Lacosamide
Lacosamide, also known as Racetamido—N—benzyl-3 -methoxypropionamide, is a
functionalized amino acid with the molecular formula C13H18N20 3 and a molecular weight of
250.30. The chemical ure is:
Lacosamide was ed for use in the US in 2008 by the FDA as adjunctive therapy in
the ent of partial—onset seizures in ts with epilepsy aged 17 years and older. In
2014, lacosamide was approved for monotherapy in patients with partial onset seizures. It was
also approved for use in the European Union in 2008. It is marketed as “Vimpat” (UCB
ceuticals).
Lacosamide immediate release (“IR”) is currently available in the form of 50 mg, 100
mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg s for oral administration, as well as a 200 mg/20 mL solution for
intravenous administration (“IV”). Typical oral dosages are 200-400 mg daily administered in
two divided doses daily.
Lacosamide IR is completely absorbed after oral administration with negligible first-pass
effect with a bioavailability of approximately 100%. The Tmax for an immediate release form is l
to 4 hours for oral dosing, with an elimination half-life of approximately 13 hours. Steady state
plasma concentrations are achieved after 3 days of twice-daily repeated administration.
Pharmacokinetics of mide are proportional to dose within a range of 100 to 800 mg with
low inter- and intra-subject variability. Compared to lacosamide, the major metabolite, O—
desmethyl metabolite, has a longer Tmax (0.5 to 12 hours) and elimination half-life (15 to 23
hours).
rome P450 2C 19 (CYP2Cl9) a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function
oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of many antiepileptic drugs. There is no
significant effect of CYP2C 19 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of lacosamide. There are
reports that there no clinically nt ences in the pharmacokinetics between CYP2C 19
poor lizers and extensive metabolizers, but concentrations and the amount excreted into
urine of the O—desmethyl metabolite were about 70% reduced in the former as compared to the
latter.
Lacosamide can be associated with a number of adverse side s. For example,
lacosamide is implicated to increase the risks of suicidal ts and behavior. Users are
warned that lacosamide may cause dizziness, headache, ataxia, somnolence, tremor, nystagmus,
balance disorder, cardiac complications including cardiac rhythm and conduction abnormalities,
atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, and syncope. Other adverse events associated with
lacosamide at higher incidence than placebo in clinical trials include, but are not limited to,
vertigo, diplopia, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, gait disturbance, asthenia,
sion and us.
Adverse reactions in patients with partial-onset seizures ed in clinical trials include
penia, anemia, cardiac palpitations, us, constipation, dehydration, dry mouth, oral
hypoaesthesia, irritability, pyrexia, increased incidence of falls, muscle spasms, paresthesia,
cognitive disorder, hypoaesthesia, dysarthria, disturbance in attention, cerebellar syndrome,
confusion, mood disorders, and depressed mood. In tive therapy controlled clinical trials,
the adverse reactions most commonly g to discontinuation were dizziness, ataxia,
ng, diplopia, nausea, vertigo, and blurred vision, The most common e reactions in
tive therapy controlled clinical trials include dizziness (31%), headache (13%), and
diplopia (11%).
In a long term (up to five years exposure) open—label extension clinical trial to study long
term safety and efficacy of lacosamide, 10.7% of patients withdrew due to ent emergent
adverse events (TEAEs). However, the authors noted that it was difficult to attribute the TEAES
solely to lacosamide therapy due to trial design, length of study, and the use of concomitant
AEDs, and/or the addition of new AEDs. TEAES reported included dizziness, headache,
contusion, nausea, convulsion, nasopharyngitis, fall, vomiting, and diplopia. TEAES that most
commonly resulted in discontinuation of lacosamide ent were dizziness and convulsion.
The lacosamide ition is described in US 5,378,729, RE38,551 (from US. Patent
No. 5,773,475), and US 5,654,301. These patents, along with US 6,048,899 discuss the use of
mide for treating CNS conditions. US 7,884,134 is directed to lacosamide sis. US
7,718,161 discusses the use of lacosamide for treating motor neuron disease. US 20070043120,
20070048372, US 20070197657, US 20080280835, US 56179, US 20120225119, and
US 20100260716 are directed to the use of lacosamide for treatment, inhibition, ation or
prevention of a number of ions including pain, non—inflammatory osteoarthritic pain,
musculoskeletal pain associated with fibromyalgia, muscle pain associated with myofascial pain
syndrome, back pain, neck pain, and demyelination ions. US 201003 24144 is directed to
methods for alleviating or treating myotonia. US 20140128377 is directed to methods of
treating tive seizures and e clusters. US 20140066515 is directed to methods of
ating or treating channelopathies using lacosamide. US 20140128378 is directed to
methods of alleviating or treating epileptogenesis.
Other US applications, including US 20130251813 and US 20130251803 by Cawello et
al., are based on the development of controlled release oral lacosamide formulations. US
19631 by Kulkarni et al., describes a modified release formulation of lacosamide with
minimal Cmax to ijn peak to trough variation. These compositions are characterized as having a
decreased Cmax and delayed Tmax, a decreased peak-trough fluctuation (PTF), and an
increased Cmm in comparison to [R formulations. WO 201 1/101863 (Roy) is based on extended
release lacosamide compositions comprising modified release polymers.
Levetiracetam
Levetiracetam, also known as (S)-alpha—ethyloxo-pyrrolidine ide, is an
S—enantiomer of etiracetam and has the chemical ure CgH14N202 and a molecular weight of
170.209. The chemical structure is:
Levetiracetam was approved by the FDA in 1999 as an adj unctive y for the
treatment of partial onset seizures in adults. The FDA later extended the use to children four
years of age and older in 2012, and to children one month of age or older in 2012,
Levetiracetam is marketed as Keppra by UCB Pharmaceuticals.
Levetiracetam is approved for use in some regions as adjunctive y in the treatment
of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents 12 years of age or older with juvenile myoclonic
epilepsy, as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalized clonic seizures in
patients with idiopathic generalized sy, and for partial onset seizures in adults and children
as young as one moth of age.
Levetiracetam (immediate release) is marketed as Keppra IR is available as 250 mg, 500
mg, and 750 mg tablets, as well as 100 mg/ml oral solution. Typical closing is 500 mg twice
daily, which can be increased with 1000 mg increments to 3000 mg/day.
Levetiracetam has a Tmax of approximately one hour in fasted subjects, which can be
delayed by 1.5 hours by food. It has a plasma half-life of 6-8 hours, an AUC0.24 (ug*h/mL) of
300-350, and is excreted y mostly in an unmetabolized form at a rate of 0.6 mL/min/kg.
Adverse events associated with levetiracetam use include somnolence in 14.8% of
patients (compared to 8% in patients taking a placebo). Approximately 45% of patients taking
4000 mg levetiracetam daily reported somnolence in one ated study.
Besides somnolence, other common adverse events associated with levetiracetam use
include asthenia, , sis, psychotic depression, behavioral symptoms including
aggression, ion, anger, y, apathy, depersonalization, depression, emotional lability,
hostility, irritability, and suicidal behavior. Adverse events ed in pediatric patients include
somnolence, fatigue and behavior alities.
An extended release formulation of levetiracetam is marketed as Keppra XR by UCB
Pharmaceuticals. It is available as 500 mg and 750 mg tablets. Like the IR formulation, the
Keppra XR doses are typically between 1000—3000 mg daily, but are taken as a single dose per
day.
Adverse events associated with the XR formulation of levetiracetam at levels higher than
in corresponding patients taking a placebo e suicidal behavior and on, ence,
dizziness, depression, nervousness, fatigue, nausea, y, amnesia irritability, hostility,
paresthesia, ataxia, o, emotional lability, and ia.
The levetiracetam composition is described US 4,837,223, US 4,943,639 and US
6,107,492. Extended release levetiracetam is described in US 7,858,122 and US 7,863,316 US
075 is ed to the methods for treating age-related cognitive function using
levetiracetam.
Brivaracetam
Brivaracetam (Briva) is the 4-n-propyl analog of levetiracetam. It is also known as (ZS)-
2-[(4R)—2—oxo—4—propylpyrrolidin—1—yl]butanamide. It has the chemical formula CUHZONZOZ,
and has a molecular weight of 212.29. The chemical structure is:
“517
In one clinical study, brivaracetam had a Tmax of approximately 2 hours and a plasma
half-life of 7-8 hrs, Unlike levetiracetam, only a small fraction of the brivaracetam dose
administered (5-8%) is unchanged in urine, the remaining drug appears to be excreted as
metabolites, indicating lic clearance.
In clinical trials, dose-dependent AEs included sedation and decreased alertness. Another trial
showed that somnolence, dizziness, and decreased attention, alertness, and motor control were
dose—related in healthy adult males.
Brivaracetam synthesis, itions, and methods are described in US 6,911,461, US
6,713,635, Us 6,784,197, Us 7,358,276, and US 7,692,028, US 8,435,564 is based on the
development of brivaracetam sustained release tablets, US 712 and US 50282
describe compositions covering brivaracetam granules coated for sustained release; US
20120040006 and US 20110091547 are directed to brivaracetam ned release solid dosage
foirns, 20130039957 is directed to controlled release formulations of brivaracetam; US
81929 and US 20110275693 are directed to immediate release brivaracetam
formulations, US 20110021786 is directed to stable brivaracetam aqueous solutions; US
20100240576 is directed to therapeutic compounds comprising, in some embodiments,
lacosamide and a racetam selected from a group comprising levetiracetam, and brivaracetam.
W0 2006/131322 and US2009131508 are directed to methods for treating myoclonic epilepsies
using brivaracetam—based nds.
Oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine, also known as 10,1l-dihydrooxo-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine
carboxamide is a structural derivative of the anti-epileptic agent carbamazepine. It has the
chemical formula C15H12N202, and a molecular weight of 252.268 g/moli It is marketed under
the name Trileptal. The al structure is:
0 NH2
Oxcarbazepine is metabolized by liver s into 10-monohydroxy metabolite
(MHD), the active form of the drug, as well as small s of an ve metabolite, 10,11-
dihydroxy lite (DHD). Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, the drug
is thought to act by blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyperexcited
neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and ng propagation of synaptic
firing onally, the drug is thought to modulation of high-voltage CA+2 channels and
se potassium conductance, contributing to anti-epileptic activity.
Oxcarbazepine has a half-life of approximately 2 hours, while the metabolite (MDH) has
a half-life of 9 hours. The Tmax is approximately 3 hours, the Cmax (ug/mL) of 2.72 for 600 mg
IR BID, and an AUC0_24 mL) of 16.8 for 600 mg [R BID. Per the Trileptal label,
oxcarbazepine and the MDH metabolite share similar bioavailability. No food effects are
displayed with either oxcarbazepine or its metabolite.
Seven multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trials established the effectiveness of
Trileptal as adjunctive and monotherapy for partial seizures in adults, and as tive therapy
in en aged 2-16 years. AEs identified in the clinical trials include cognitive symptoms
including psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration, speech and language problems,
somnolence and fatigue, and coordination abnormalities including ataxia and gait disturbances.
Patents covering Trileptal include US 7037525, covering methods of treatment using
oxcarbazepine, and US 8119148, ng an oxcarbazepine suspension. Other patents directed
WO 17569
to oxcarbazepine include US 3642775, covering the composition, and US 5863558, US
5876750, US 5906832, US 5955103, US 6210712, covering osmotic forms ofthe drug for
release of active ingredient in the GI tract.
Divalproex sodium/ Valproic acid
Divalproex sodium, is the sodium salt of valproic acid, which is also known as 2-
propylpentanoic acid It has the chemical formula C8H1602, and the chemical structure:
Sold under a number of brand names including Depakote, Convulex, Epilim, Valparin,
Valpro, Vilapro, and Stavzor, roex dissociates into the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal
tract. The mechanism of action is not fully characterized, but its anti-epileptic activity has been
ated with increased GABA concentrations in the brain. Immediate release (IR) and
extended release forms of the drugs are available. Divalproex sodium ER has a half-life of 16 ::
3 hours, a Tmax of 7.7 hours for 1000 mg ER, and an 4 (ug*h/mL) of 1970 for 1000 mg
Adverse events associated with valproic acid y include abdominal pain, accidental
injury, alopecia, amblyopia/blurred vision, amnesia, anorexia, asthenia, ataxia, back pain,
bronchitis, constipation, depression, diarrhea, diplopia, dizziness, dyspepsia, dyspnea,
ecchymosis, emotional lability, fever, flu syndrome, headache, increased appetite, infection,
insomnia, , nervousness, nystagmus, peripheral edema, pharyngitis, rash, is,
somnolence, thinking abnormal, thrombocytopenia, tinnitus, , vomiting, weight gain, and
weight loss.
US. Patents ed to divalproex sodium/valproic acid e US. 4,988,731, US.
326, US. 6,511,678, US. 6,528,090, US. 6,713,086, and US. 6,720,004.
Vigabatrin
Vigabatrin, also known as (RS)—4-aminohex—5—enoic acid and as gamma—vinyl—GABA is
a GABA analog. It has the chemical formula C6H11N02, and a molecular weight of 129.157
g/mol. It is marketed under the name Sabril. The chemical structure is:
Vigabatrin irreversibly inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the
enzyme responsible for GABA lism. It has a Tm of 7.5 hrs at steady state, a Tmax of
approximately 1 hour, a Cmax 61 (ug/mL) at steady state.
Vigabatrin is ted as monotherapy for pediatric ts one month to two years of
age with infantile spasms for whom the potential benefits outweigh the potential risk of vision
loss, and as adj unctive n) therapy for adult patients with refractory complex l
seizures (CPS) who have inadequately responded to l ative treatments and for whom
the potential benefits outweigh the risk of vision loss. Vigabatrin may cause permanent vision
loss in a high percentage of patients. This effect may occur within weeks or sooner after starting
treatment. It may also occur after months or years. The risk may increase with higher doses and
prolonged use, but it may occur with any dose or length of use. Vision loss may continue to
worsen after stopping vigabatrin. Commonly reported side effects of vigabatrin include
confusion, fatigue, diplopia, weight gain, arthralgia, blurred vision, depression, cough,
diarrhea, memory impairment, drowsiness, tremor, ataxia, abnormal gait, irritability, and
pharyngolaryngeal pain. Other side effects e urinary tract infection, status epilepticus,
pulmonary congestion, sed mood, muscle twitching, paresthesia, weakness,
dysmenorrhea, eye pain, erectile dysfunction, sinus headache, abnormality in thinking,
peripheral edema, nystagmus, lethargy, sedation, back pain, abnormal behavior, constipation,
myalgia, fever, nervousness, vertigo, , chest pain, bronchitis, hyporeflexia, upper
abdominal pain, che, thesia, sensory disturbance, peripheral neuropathy, malaise,
increased appetite, bruise, and abnormal dreams.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have found that certain AED pharmaceutical compounds may be
formulated to provide more effective treatment of seizures, particularly partial onset seizures,
and other indications for which these compounds are used. Generally, the invention relates to an
extended release composition of an anti-epilepsy drug, that provides pharmacokinetic
teristics as r defined herein, and its use in a method of treating seizure-related
disorders by administration as defined herein.
In some embodiments, compositions of these AED ceutical compounds comprise
an extended release form that, upon oral ingestion by a subject (or subjects) of a fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study provides a Tmax that is greater than the Tmax provided by
WO 17569 2016/069581
ingestion of an immediate release, oral form of the same pharmaceutical compound to a subject
(or subjects) in the same or similar , single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some
embodiments, compositions of these compounds comprise an extended release form that, upon
oral dosing to a t of a fasted, single dose, human pharrnacokinetic study provides a Tmax
that is greater than the Tmax provided by oral dosing of an immediate release, oral form of the
same ceutical compound at the same strength to said subject in the same fasted, single
dose, human pharrnacokinetic study, preferably the Tmax is 5 to 20 hours, more preferably, the
Tmax is 10 to 20 hours, even more preferably, the Tmax is 12 to 20 hours, and most preferably, the
Tmax is 14 to 20 hours. The plasma concentration s provided by compositions described
herein are designed to achieve one or more of the following objectives: increased diurnal
variation, peak steady state plasma concentration chronosynchronous with the need for therapy
(i.e., higher concentration when seizures are most prevalent), reduced adverse events (including
those adverse events which may lead to discontinuation or lower adherence), reduced dosing
frequency, sed daily dose, increased efficacy. In some ments, two or more of these
objectives are achieved; in some embodiments, at least three of the ives are achieved.
Formulations may be designed for administration at specific times to achieve the
entioned obj ectives, In some embodiments, the compositions may be ed to provide
a reduced rate of rise in drug plasma concentration during the first 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours of
administration as compared to a commercially available, oral, immediate release form of the
same amount of the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, yet provide bioavailability
comparable to that for a commercially available, oral, immediate release form of the same active
ceutical ingredient (e.g., 80% to 125% of the AUCOM of the commercially available,
oral, immediate release form of the same active ceutical ingredient), For example, an
extended release composition of lacosamide may be designed (as exemplified below) to release
the drug much more slowly than an immediate release formulation; n such formulations
may be administered in the evening, before bedtime, and upon multiple administrations, the
steady state plasma concentration profile will be characterized by a higher plasma concentration
profile during the daytime hours (and lower concentrations during the night) such that the peak
concentrations are chronosynchronous with the peak seizure activity in a patient. Furthermore,
such formulations enable a full day’s closing to be administered orally, once daily. In some
embodiments, the total daily dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient may be administered
orally, once daily at a higher daily dose than lly employed for the same active
pharmaceutical ingredient in an immediate release form in divided doses (e.g., BID, TID). In
some embodiments, the once daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition provides a
plasma concentration profile of the active ceutical ingredient characterized by a diurnal
variation that is increased such that the swing (i.e., (Cmam-Cmmyss)/Cmm,SS x 100%) is greater than
90%, 100%, 110%, or 120%.
In some ments, the AED drug is one or more members of the group consisting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, trin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, and Vigabatrin.
Additionally, many of the approved AEDs in clinical use have limiting side s
which are related to the rapid rate in which the drug is absorbed into plasma, as opposed to the
Cmax or AUC. By slowing the initial release of the AED and decreasing the initial rate of rise of
plasma concentration, it is possible to improve the bility of the AED without
compromising the effectiveness of the drug. Furthermore, by slowing the initial rate of rise of
plasma concentration and improving tolerability, it is possible to reduce or eliminate titration
and ster higher strengths of the AED compared to ng commercial immediate release
formulations, thereby providing greater efficacy and better seizure l. Some embodiments
provide an anti-epileptic formulation that is administered once daily and has a pharmacokinetic
profile with diurnal variations, with a Tm between 4 and 15 hours, preferably between 4 and 12
hours. These embodiments include, but are not limited to, formulations of brivaracetam,
divalproex sodium, valproic acid, felbamate, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, alin, tiagabine, and Vigabatrin. Preferred are formulations of brivaracetam,
divalproex sodium, valproic acid, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin,
tiagabine, and Vigabatrin. Most red are formulations of levetiracetam, brivaracetam,
mide, oxcarbazepine and valproic acid for administration once daily.
Some embodiments described herein provide a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human, comprising administering to a human orally, once
daily, a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition sing (i) a drug
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam,
oxcarbazepine, Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures of any of
the foregoing, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more
ents s the e of the drug to provide an extended e form. In some
embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more additional active
ceutical ingredients. In a preferred embodiment, no other drugs are included in the
pharmaceutical composition.
Some embodiments described herein provide a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human, comprising administering to a human orally, once
daily, a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) a drug
WO 17569
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, and (ii) one
or more excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of
the drug to provide an ed release form.
Some embodiments described herein provide a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human, comprising administering to a human orally, once
daily, a therapeutically effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) a drug
selected from the group consisting of lacosamide and pharmaceutically able salts f,
and mixtures of any of the foregoing, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more ents es the release of the drug to provide an extended release form.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein said
ition comprises at least one or more excipients with es the release of the drug to
provide a delayed release form.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a ceutical composition to a human, , once daily, wherein said
composition provides a dissolution profile characterized by at least two of the following: (i)
release of less than 8% in 2 hours, (ii) release of less than 17% in 4 hours, (iii) release of less
than 45% at 6 hours, and wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is
terized by release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a
USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated c fluid (pH 1.2)
at 37.0::0.5°C for 2 hours, followed by ution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent 4 hours, followed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37.Od:05°C for the subsequent 18 hours. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, all three of
said release criteria are met. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the release of drug at 4
hours is less than 10%.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, n said
composition provides a dissolution profile characterized by at least three of the following: (i)
less than 10% release at 1 hour, (ii) less than 15% release at 2 hours, (iii) less than 25% release
at 4 hours, (iv) at least 35% release at 9 hours, (v) at least 65% release at 12 hours, wherein the
dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml
simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37,010.50C for 2 hours, followed by dissolution in the same
apparatus and speed using 900 ml simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0::O.5°C for the
subsequent 4 hours, followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 37.0::0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein said
composition es a dissolution profile characterized by a release at 2 hours of not more than
18%, and wherein the ution profile of said pharmaceutical ition is characterized by
release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
t) tus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at
37.0i0.5°C for 2 hours, followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0::0.5°C for the subsequent 4 hours, followed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml ate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, all three of
said release ia are met, In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, all three of said release
criteria are met. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 2 hours is less than 12%. In a
preferred aspect, the release of drug at 2 hours is less than 9%. In a preferred aspect, the release
of drug at 2 hours is less than 6%. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 2 hours is less
than 3% In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 2 hours is less than 2%.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a ceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein said
composition provides a dissolution profile characterized by a release at 4 hours of not more than
%, and wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is characterized by
release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
(basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at
37.0::O.5°C for 2 hours, followed by ution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent 4 hours, followed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml ate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37.0::O.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 4 hours is
less than 20%. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 4 hours is less than 15%. In a
preferred aspect, the release of drug at 4 hours is less than 10%, In a red aspect, the
release of drug at 4 hours is less than 7.5%. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 4 hours
is less than 5%.
Some s of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a ceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, n said
composition provides a dissolution profile characterized by a release at 6 hours of not more than
%, and wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is characterized by
release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
(basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at
37.0i0.5°C for 2 hours, followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0::0.5°C for the subsequent 4 hours, followed by
dissolution in the same tus and speed using 900 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 6 hours is
less than 25%. In a red aspect, the release of drug at 6 hours is less than 20%. In a
preferred aspect, the release of drug at 6 hours is less than 15%. In a preferred aspect, the
release of drug at 4 hours is less than 12%. In a preferred aspect, the release of drug at 6 hours is
less than 9%.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
stering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein said
composition provides a dissolution profile characterized by a release at 9 hours of at least 35%,
and wherein the ution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is characterized by
release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
(basket) tus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at
37.0fl20.5°C for 2 hours, followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml
simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0::0.5°C for the subsequent 4 hours, followed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37.0::O.5°C for the uent 18 hours. In a preferred , the release of drug at 9 hours is at
least 40% and the release at 12 hours is at least 65%. In a red aspect, the release of drug at
9 hours is at least 45% and the release at 12 hours is at least 65%. In a red aspect, the
release of drug at 9 hours is at least 50% and the release at 12 hours is at least 65%,
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, n oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said
Tmax is 5 to 10 hours. In a red aspect, said Tmax is 8 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said
Tmax is 10 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax is 10 to 14 hours. In a red aspect,
said Tmax is 12 to 20 hours. In a more preferred aspect, said Tmax is 13 to 20 hours.
Some aspects of any of the ments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherin oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human acokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a Tlag of 0.25 to 9 hours. In a preferred aspect, said
Tlag is 0.25 to 5 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is l to 9 hours. In a preferred aspect, said
Tlag is 2 to 9 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is 3 to 8 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag
is 0.5 to 5 hours. In a preferred , said Tlag is 1 to 5 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is
2 to 5 hours.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical ition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human phannacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by an AUC0.00 that es AUC equivalence to IR.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral ion of a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human cokinetic
study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
terized by an AUCOm that is 100% to 150% of the AUCO.00 ined for an equivalent
dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form after
ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 1.4 hours after ingestion that
is less than 10% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 1.4 hours after ingestion
by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the
dC/dt determined for said composition is less than 5% of the dC/dt ined for an equivalent
dose of the drug of said ceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first
1.4 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study es a plasma tration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is
less than 15% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition in an immediate release form over the first 2 hours after ingestion by a subject of
said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt
determined for said composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose
of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 2
hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a
preferred aspect, the dC/dt determined for said composition is less than 5% of the dC/dt
determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an
immediate e form over the first 2 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is
less than 25% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition in an immediate release form over the first 3 hours after ingestion by a subject of
said , single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt
determined for said ition is less than 20% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose
of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 3
hours after ion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a
preferred , the dC/dt ined for said composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt
determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an
immediate release form over the first 3 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a , single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study es a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ion that is
less than 30% of the dC/dt ined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition in an immediate release form over the first 4 hours after ion by a subject of
said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt
determined for said composition is less than 20% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose
of the drug of said ceutical ition in an immediate release form over the first 4
hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a
preferred aspect, the dC/dt determined for said composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt
ined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical ition in an
immediate release form over the first 4 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some s of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical ition to a human, , once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said ceutical composition by a subject of a , single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
ceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is
less than 1 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less
than 0.6 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less
than 0.45 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less
than 0.3 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less
than 0.1 ug/ml/hr.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is
less than 08 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is
less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred , said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is
less than 0.4 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is
less than 0.25 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is
less than 01 ug/ml/hr.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical ition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical ition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion that is
less than 06 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred , said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is
less than 0.5 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is
less than 04 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is
less than 0.25 ug/ml/hr. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is
less than 01 ug/ml/hr.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is
less than 2.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said ceutical composition. In a preferred
aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 1.8 ng/ml/hr per mg of the
drug of said pharmaceutical ition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours
after ingestion is less than 1.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 1 ng/ml/hr per
mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the
first 2 hours after ion is less than 0.5 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, n oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is
less than 2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said ceutical composition. In a preferred
aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 1.6 ng/ml/hr per mg of the
drug of said pharmaceutical ition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours
after ingestion is less than 1.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
In a preferred , said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.8 ng/ml/hr per
mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred , said dC/dt over the
first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a ceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said ceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition terized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ion that is
less than 1.6 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred
aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 1.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the
drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred , said dC/dt over the first 4 hours
after ingestion is less than 0.8 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.4 ng/ml/hr per
mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the
first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said ceutical
composition.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a pAUC0.4 that is less than 12% of AUCOQO
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0-4 is less than 10% of AUC0.DO ined for the drug
of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration . In a preferred
, said pAUC0.4 is less than 8% of AUCWO determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUCo.4 is less
than 6% of AUC0.0O ined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile. In a preferred , said pAUC0-4 is less than 4% of AUC0.0O
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma tration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0.4 is less than 2% of AUC0.0O ined for the drug of
said ceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect,
said pAUC0.4 is less than 1% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical ition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a pAUC0-g that is less than 12% of AUC0.0O
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0.g is less than 10% of AUC0.0O ined for the drug
of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred
aspect, said pAUCM is less than 7.5% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said
ceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said
g is less than 5% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0-8 is less than 3% of
AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma
concentration profile.
Some s of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a ceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein oral
ingestion of a dose of said pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a pAUC4_g that is less than 14% of AUC0_OO
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.g is less than 12% of AUCO.00 determined for the drug
of said pharmaceutical ition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred
aspect, said 3 is less than 10% of O ined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.8 is less
than 8% of AUCOIJO determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4-g is less than 7% of AUCOI,O
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical ition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred , said pAUC4.g is less than 6% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of
said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a red aspect,
said pAUC4.8 is less than 4% of AUCMO determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.g is less
than 2.5% of AUCOm determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein e a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical ition to a subject of a fasted, human cokinetic
study provides a steady state plasma tration profile for the drug of said ceutical
composition characterized by a Tum,SS that is 5 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 5
to 10 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 10 to 20 hours. In a preferred , said Tmax,SS
is 12 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said me’SS is 11 to 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, said
Tmax,SS is 12 to 18 hours. In a preferred , said ngSS is 13 to 18 hours. In a preferred aspect,
said Tmax)SS is 14 to 18 hours.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical ition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic
study provides a steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a Cmax,SS that is 12 to 36 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred
aspect, said Cmax,SS is 16 to 32 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred aspect, said CumSS is 20 to 30
ng/ml per mg of drug In a preferred aspect, said Cmax,SS is 22 to 30 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a
preferred aspect, said Cmax,ss is 23 to 30 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred aspect, said Cmax,SS
is 24 to 32 ng/ml per mg of drug.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human phannacokinetic
study es a steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a Cmin,ss that is 6 to 15 11ng per mg of drug, In a preferred aspect,
said Cmin,ss is 8 to 125 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a red , said Cmin’ss is 9 to 12 ng/ml
per mg of drug.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical composition at a predetermined administration time to a
subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study provides a steady state plasma concentration
profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a C-ave-day that is 20
to 100% greater than C-ave-night. In a preferred aspect, said steady state plasma concentration
profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical compositon is terized by a C—ave—day that is
% to 100% greather than C—ave-night. In a preferred aspect, C—ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 5 am. In a red aspect, day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 6 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 7 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave—day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma tration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said ermined time is 8 am. In a preferred aspect, C—ave—day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 8 pm. In a red aspect, C-ave—day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and night is
determined from the steady state plasma tration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 9 pm. In a preferred aspect, C-ave—day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
2016/069581
and said predetermined time is 10 pm. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 11 pm. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 12 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 4 pm and C—ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said ermined time is 6 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 4 pm and C-ave—night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 10 pm. As used herein, 100%*((C-ave-day/C-ave-night) — 1) is
equivalent to the percentage increase recited in this paragraph; for example a C—ave—day/C-ave—
night ratio of 1.3 is equivalent to a 30% increase in C-ave—day from C-ave—night.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical ition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical ition at a ermined administration time to a
subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study provides a steady state plasma concentration
profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a day that is 40
to 120% greater than C-ave-night. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 5 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 6 am. In a red aspect, C—ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 7 am. In a preferred , C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma tration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 8 am. In a preferred aspect, day is ined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 8 pm. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma tration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said ermined time is 9 pm. In a red , C-ave—day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 10 pm. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C—ave-night is
ined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 11 pm. In a red aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
ined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 12 am. In a red aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 4 pm and C—ave-night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 6 am. In a preferred aspect, C-ave-day is determined from the
steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 9 am to 4 pm and C-ave—night is
determined from the steady state plasma concentration profile over the period of 11 pm to 8 am
and said predetermined time is 10 pm. As used herein, 100%*((C-ave-day/C-ave-night) — 1) is
equivalent to the percentage increase recited in this aph; for example a C—ave—day/C-ave—
night ratio of 1.55 is equivalent to a 55% increase in C-ave-day from C-ave-night.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic
study provides a steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a swing that is 40% to 200%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is
60% to 200%. In a preferred , said swing is 75% to 200%. In a preferred aspect, said
swing is 80% to 180%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is 85% to 160%. In a preferred aspect,
said swing is 80% to 150%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is 100% to 150%. In a preferred
aspect, said swing is 50% to 100%.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein e a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein once daily
oral dosing of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic
study provides a steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a PTF that is 50% to 100%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is
50% to 90%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is 55% to 85%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is
60% to 80%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is 45% to 85%. In a red aspect, said PTF is
40% to 80%.
Some s of any of the ments described herein e a method of
stering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, , once daily, wherein said
pharmaceutical composition ses a d e coating.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, wherein the daily
dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition is 50 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect,
the daily dose of the drug of said composition is 100 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the
daily dose of the drug of said composition is 150 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily
dose of the drug of said composition is 300 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose
of the drug of said composition is 200 mg to 850 mg, In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the
drug of said composition is 250 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug
of said ition is 300 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 350 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 400 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 450 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 500 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 550 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 600 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 650 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 400 mg to 800 mg. In a preferred aspect, the daily dose of the drug of said
composition is 450 mg to 800 mg.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, 0 to 4 hours before
bedtime; preferably 0 to 3 hours before bedtime; more preferably 0 to 2 hours before bedtime.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, at 8 pm, 9 pm, 10
pm, 11 pm, or 12 am; preferably at 8 pm 9 pm, 10 pm or 11 pm. In a preferred aspect the
, ,
composition is administered at 10 pm. In a red aspect, the composition is administered at
11 pm. These administration times are examples of preferred predetermined administration
times.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, 0 to 4 hours after
waking for the day, preferably 0 to 3 hours after waking for the day, more preferably 0 to 2
hours after waking for the day.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a method of
administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human, orally, once daily, at 5 am, 6 am, 7 am,
8 am, or 9 am; preferably at 6 am 7 am, or 8 am. In a preferred aspect the composition is
administered at 6 am In a preferred , the composition is administered at 7 am. These
administration times are es of preferred predetermined administration times
Some embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical composition for oral
administration to a human comprising (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, mide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures of any of the ing, and (ii) one or
more excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the
drug to provide an extended release form. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical ition
comprises one or more additional active pharmaceutical ingredients. In a red embodiment,
no other drugs are included in the pharmaceutical ition.
Some ments described herein provide a pharmaceutical composition for oral
stration to a human comprising (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, and mixtures of any of the ing, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least
one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form
Some embodiments described herein e a pharmaceutical composition for oral
administration to a human comprising (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
lacosamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures of any of the foregoing,
and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the
release of the drug to provide an extended release form.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one or more excipients
which modifies the release of the drug to provide a delayed release form.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
ition for oral administration to a human, wherein said composition provides a dissolution
profile characterized by at least two of the following: (i) e of less than 8% in 2 hours, (ii)
release of less than 17% in 4 hours, (iii) release of less than 45% at 6 hours, and n the
dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is characterized by release of at least 45%
at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating at
2016/069581
100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37.0::O.5°C for 2 hours, followed
by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8)
at 37.0::0.5°C for the uent 4 hours, followed by ution in the same apparatus and
speed using 900 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours. In a
preferred aspect of this embodiment, all three of said release criteria are met. In a preferred
aspect of this embodiment, the release of drug at 4 hours is less than 10%1
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, wherein said composition provides a dissolution profile characterized
by at least three of the following: (i) less than 10% release at 1 hour, (ii) less than 15% release at
2 hours, (iii) less than 25% release at 4 hours, (iv) at least 35% release at 9 hours, (v) at least
65% release at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 t) apparatus
rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37.0i0.5°C for 2 hours,
followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml simulated intestinal fluid
(pH 6.8) at 37.0::O.5°C for the uent 4 hours, followed by dissolution in the same
apparatus and speed using 900 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 37.0i0.5°C for the subsequent
18 hours.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, n oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax is 5 to 10 hours. In a
preferred , said Tmax is 8 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax is 10 to 20 hours. In a
preferred aspect, said Tmax is 10 to 14 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax is 12 to 20 hours. In
a more preferred aspect, said Tmax is 13 to 20 hours.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments bed herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral stration to a human, n oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tlag of 0.25 to 9 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is 0.25 to 5 hours. In a
preferred aspect, said Trag is 1 to 9 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is 2 to 9 hours. In a
preferred , said Tlag is 3 to 8 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tlag is 0.5 to 5 hours. In a
preferred aspect, said Tlag is 1 to 5 hours. In a red aspect, said Tlag is 2 to 5 hours.
Some aspects of any of the ments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by an AUC0.0O provides AUC equivalence to IR.
Some s of any of the ments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said ceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 1.4 hours after ingestion that is less than 10% of the dC/dt
determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an
immediate release form over the first 1.4 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human cokinetic study. In a red aspect, the dC/dt determined for said
composition is less than 5% of the dC/dt ined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 1.4 hours after ingestion
by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, n oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical ition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
es a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said ceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is less than 15% of the dC/dt
determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an
immediate release form over the first 2 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt determined for said
composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 2 hours after ingestion
by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the
dC/dt ined for said composition is less than 5% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent
dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first
2 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is less than 25% of the dC/dt
determined for an lent dose of the drug of said ceutical composition in an
immediate release form over the first 3 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt determined for said
ition is less than 20% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said
pharmaceutical ition in an immediate release form over the first 3 hours after ingestion
by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the
dC/dt determined for said composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt determined for an
equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form
over the first 3 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human
cokinetic study.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a ceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma tration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion that is less than 30% of the dC/dt
determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition in an
immediate release form over the first 4 hours after ingestion by a subject of said fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect, the dC/dt determined for said
composition is less than 20% of the dC/dt determined for an equivalent dose of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition in an immediate release form over the first 4 hours after ingestion
by a subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred , the
dC/dt determined for said composition is less than 10% of the dC/dt determined for an
lent dose of the drug of said pharmaceutical ition in an immediate release form
over the first 4 hours after ingestion by a subject of said , single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study.
Some s of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
terized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is less than 1 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ion is less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 0.45 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 0.3 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 0.1 ug/ml/hr.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a t of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma tration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is less than 0.8 ug/ml/hr. In a
red aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.4 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.25 hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.1 ug/ml/hr,
Some aspects of any of the ments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, n oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ion that is less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr. In a
red aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.5 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred , said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.4 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.25 ug/ml/hr. In a
preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.1 ug/ml/hr.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human phannacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion that is less than 2.2 ng/ml/hr per
mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the
first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 1.8 hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than
1.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said ceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said
dC/dt over the first 2 hours after ingestion is less than 1 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred , said dC/dt over the first 2 hours after
ingestion is less than 0.5 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
ceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharrnacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion that is less than 2 ng/ml/hr per mg
of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3
hours after ingestion is less than 1.6 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than
1.2 hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a red aspect, said
dC/dt over the first 3 hours after ingestion is less than 0.8 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said
pharmaceutical ition. In a red aspect, said dC/dt over the first 3 hours after
ingestion is less than 0.4 hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ion of a dose of said
ceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human phannacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion that is less than 1.6 ng/ml/hr per
mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the
first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 1.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than
0.8 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical ition. In a preferred aspect, said
dC/dt over the first 4 hours after ingestion is less than 0.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition. In a preferred aspect, said dC/dt over the first 4 hours after
ingestion is less than 0.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug of said pharmaceutical composition.
Some s of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, n oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharrnacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a pAUC0.4 that is less than 12% of AUCM determined for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said
pAUC0.4 is less than 10% of AUC0.DO determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0_4 is less
than 8% of AUC0.OO determined for the drug of said ceutical composition from said
plasma tration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0-4 is less than 6% of AUC0.QO
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0.4 is less than 4% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug
of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred
aspect, said pAUC0.4 is less than 2% of AUCo.00 determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUCo.4 is less
than 1% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said ceutical ition from said
plasma concentration ,
Some aspects of any of the ments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
ition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharrnacokinetic study
provides a plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical ition
characterized by a pAUC0.g that is less than 12% of AUCM determined for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said
pAUC0.g is less than 10% of AUCOQO determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma tration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0.g is less
than 7.5% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0-3 is less than 5% of AUC0.0O
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC0-g is less than 3% of AUCOI>0 determined for the drug of
said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein oral ingestion of a dose of said
pharmaceutical composition by a subject of a , single dose, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a plasma tration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a pAUC4.g that is less than 14% of AUCOI>0 ined for the drug of said
pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said
pAUC4.g is less than 12% of AUCoao determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
ition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.g is less
than 10% of AUCO.00 determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4-g is less than 8% of AUCO.00
determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.g is less than 7% of AUCWO determined for the drug of
said pharmaceutical composition from said plasma concentration . In a preferred aspect,
said pAUC4.g is less than 6% of O ined for the drug of said pharmaceutical
composition from said plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4.g is less
than 4% of AUC0.0O determined for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition from said
plasma concentration profile. In a preferred aspect, said pAUC4-g is less than 2.5% of AUC0.OO
determined for the drug of said ceutical composition from said plasma concentration
profile.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a ceutical
ition for oral administration to a human, n once daily oral dosing of said
ceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study provides a
steady state plasma tration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tmax,SS that is 5 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said TumSS is 5 to 10 hours.
In a preferred aspect, said Imam is 10 to 20 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 12 to 20
hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 11 to 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 12
to 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS is 13 to 18 hours. In a preferred aspect, said Tmax,SS
is 14 to 18 hours.
[01 10] Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein once daily oral dosing of said
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study provides a
steady state plasma tration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Cmax,SS that is 12 to 36 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred aspect, said
Cmax’SS is 16 to 32 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a red aspect, said Cmax,SS is 20 to 30 ng/ml per
mg of drug. In a preferred aspect, said Cmax,SS is 22 to 30 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred
aspect, said Cmax,SS is 23 to 30 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred , said S is 24 to 32
ng/ml per mg of drug.
[01 11] Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein once daily oral dosing of said
WmmememmMmmawWfidahmdmmmflmmmfimwmmemwfla
steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
dmmdamwbyaCMMJMHs6w15mmmpflngoflmg.mapmfinwawmanCmms
is 8 to 12.5 ng/ml per mg of drug. In a preferred aspect, said Cmin,SS is 9 to 12 ng/ml per mg of
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein once daily oral dosing of said
MammaMmemmmMnmameufafimflhmmnmmmmflmwcwwymWM6a
steady state plasma concentration e for the drug of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a swing that is 40% to 200%. In a red aspect, said swing is 60% to 200%.
In a preferred aspect, said swing is 75% to 200%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is 80% to
180%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is 85% to 160%. In a preferred aspect, said swing is
8m6m1m%.hamdflmdmmafideMgm1MMmoUm6hmpmfinwawman
swing is 50% to 100%. Some s of any of the embodiments described herein e a
pharmaceutical ition for oral administration to a human, wherein once daily oral dosing
of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study
provides a steady state plasma concentration profile for the drug of said ceutical
cmmmmmmdmmaflfiaflwaPTmem5W6w1mfl8InamfiflmdmmmthPTFm
50% to 90%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is 55% to 85%. In a red aspect, said PTF is
60% to 80%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is 45% to 85%. In a preferred aspect, said PTF is
40% to 80%.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human comprising a delayed release coating.
Some aspects of any of the embodiments described herein provide a pharmaceutical
composition for oral administration to a human, wherein the wherein the drug of said
pharmaceutical ition is 50 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said
composition is 100 mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 150
mg to 900 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 300 mg to 900 mg. In a
preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 200 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the
drug of said composition is 250 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said
composition is 300 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 350 mg
to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 400 mg to 850 mg, In a
preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 450 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the
drug of said composition is 500 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred , the drug of said
ition is 550 mg to 850 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 600 mg
to 850 mg. In a red aspect, the drug of said composition is 650 mg to 850 mg, In a
preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 200 mg to 800 mg. In a preferred aspect, the
drug of said ition is 225 mg to 800 mg. In a red aspect, the drug of said
composition is 250 mg to 800 mg. In a preferred , the drug of said composition is 400 mg
to 800 mg. In a preferred aspect, the drug of said composition is 450 mg to 800 mg,
Some embodiments described herein provide a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human, comprising stering to a human orally, once
daily, a dose of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprising a drug selected
from the group consisting of acetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam,
oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
ents, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, wherein at least one of said one or more
ents modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form, and wherein
administration of said pharmaceutical composition preferably es one or more of the
following: a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, an AUCOM of 80% to 125% of that for an equivalent dose of
the drug in an immediate release form, and/or a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after
administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human pharrnacokinetic study.
In some aspects of these embodiments, partial AUCs of the compositions are from 8 am
to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2 pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm and are 80% to
125% of the partial AUCs for an equivalent total daily dose of the drug in an immediate release
form of said drug administered in equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm.
In some embodiments, oral administration of said pharmaceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmaceutical composition provides a drug plasma
concentration profile characterized by one or both of the following: a pAUC0.4 for at least one
active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition that is less than 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, or
12% of the AUCO-inff0r said active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition (e. g. <4%), or
a pAUC4.8 for at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition that is less than
3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 12%, or 15% of the AUCO.jnff0r said active pharmaceutical ient of the
composition(e.g. <7%). In preferred aspects the active pharmaceutical ingredient of the
composition is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, and
racetam. In more preferred aspects, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of the
composition is lacosamide.
In some embodiments of the invention, the method is directed to orally stering, to
a human once daily, a dose of said pharmaceutical ition consisting of a drug selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, wherein at least one of said one or more
excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form, and wherein
administration of said pharmaceutical composition preferably provides one or more of the
ing: a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and/or a dC/dt over the period of O
to 1.4 hours after stration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the
drug in an immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose,
fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
[01 19] In other embodiments of the invention, the method of administering, to a human ,
once daily, a dose of said pharmaceutical composition ting of a drug selected from the
group consisting of acetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam, oxcarbazepine,
vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at
least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form, wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition is characterized
by 2 or more of the following: (i) release of less than 8% in 2 hours, (ii) e of less than 17%
in 4 hours, (iii) release of less than 45% at 6 hours, and/or (iv) release of at least 45% at 12
hours; n the dissolution is typically performed in a USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating
at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37 5°C for 2 hours followed by dissolution in the
same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37.0::0.5°C, and
wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides one or more of the
following: a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and/or a dC/dt over the period of 0
to 1.4 hours after stration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the
drug in an immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose,
fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
In another embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is administered
0 to 4 hours before bedtime, and said pharmaceutical composition comprising an AED selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, mide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, provides a Tmax of 12
to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after
administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human pharmacokinetic study.
In some embodiments of the invention, the method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising orally administering to a human, once daily, a dose of said
ceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam, azepine, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts f, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form,
and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours,
AUC equivalence to IR, and a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after administration that is
less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release form over
the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study. In
some aspects of this embodiment, the drug is administered 0 to 3 hours after waking for the day,
ably between 5:00 am and 9:00 am.
Another embodiment is directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from the group ting of
brivaracetam, mide, racetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an ed release form,
and wherein administration of said ceutical ition provides a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours,
AUC equivalence to IR, and a C-ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than C-ave-night as
determined from a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In a preferred aspect of this
embodiment, C—ave—day is the average plasma concentration at steady state determined over the
period from 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is the average plasma concentration at steady state
ined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am. In a red aspect of this embodiment, the
C-ave-day and night determinations are from a WinNonLin model or a GastroPlus model
of the steady state plasma concentration profile for a once daily orally administered ition
of said drug. In r preferred aspect of this embodiment, the C-ave-day is 30%, 40%, 50%,
60% to 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% greater than C—ave-nighti
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, Vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) one or more ents, wherein at least one
of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release
form, and wherein stration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax of 12 to
hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C—ave—day that is 20% to 100% greater than C—
ave-night as determined from a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
In some embodiments, administration of the pharmaceutical composition is 0 to 4 hours
before bedtime and provides a Tmx of 12 to 20 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human cokinetic study. In some embodiments, the ceutical composition is
administered once daily 0 to 4 hours before bedtime. In some aspects of these embodiments, the
C—ave—day is 20 to 100% greater than the C—ave—night wherein C—ave—day is ined over the
period from 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am.
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising stering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition ting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, Vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one
of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to e an extended e
form, and wherein stration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax of 5 to
hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C-ave—day that is 20% to 100% greater than C—
ave—night as determined from a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily 0 to 3 hours
after waking, a dose of said pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from
the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex,
Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) one or more excipients,
wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an
extended release form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical ition provides
a) a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours; and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C-ave-day that is 20% to 100%
greater than C-ave-night as determined from a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical ition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
acetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, roex, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one
of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release
form, and wherein oral dosing of said composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study es a plasma profile characterized by one or more of the following
elements: (i) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, (ii) AUC equivalence to IR, (iii) a dC/dt over the period of
0 to 2 hours that is less than 1 ug/ml/hr, (iv) a dC/dt over the period of 0—2 hours that is less than
2 ng/ml/hr per mg of drug, (v) a pAUC0_4 that is less than 4% of AUCOM for the drug, (vi) a
pAUC4.8 that is less than 8% of AUCOM for the drug. In some embodiments, the plasma profile
is characterized by two or more of these elements. In some ments, the plasma profile is
terized by three or more of these elements. In some ments, the plasma profile is
characterized by four or more of these elements. In some of these embodiments, the plasma
concentration profile is terized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours. In some of these
embodiments, the plasma concentration profile is characterized by a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours.
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts f, and (ii) one or more excipients, wherein at least one
of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release
form, and wherein oral dosing of said composition to a t of a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study provides a plasma profile characterized by one or more of the following
elements: (i) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, (ii) AUC equivalence to IR, (iii) a dC/dt over the period of
0 to 2 hours that is less than 1 ug/ml/hr, (iv) a dC/dt over the period of 0-2 hours that is less than
2 ng/ml/hr per mg of drug, (v) a pAUC0.4 that is less than 4% of AUCOM for the drug, (vi) a
pAUC4.g that is less than 8% of AUC0.mf for the drug, and (iii) one or more additional drugs
selected from the group ting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, azepine,
divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the
plasma profile is characterized by two or more of these elements. In some embodiments, the
plasma profile is characterized by three or more of these elements. In some embodiments, the
plasma profile is characterized by four or more of these elements. In some of these
embodiments, the plasma concentration profile is characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours. In
some of these embodiments, the plasma concentration profile is characterized by a Tmax of 5 to
hours.
Some embodiments are directed to methods of stering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, racetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, Vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts f, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form,
wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical ition is less than 8% in 2 hours,
less than 17% in 4 hours, less than 45% at 6 hours, and at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the
dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket) tus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1
N HCl at 37.0::0.5°C for 2 hours followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using
900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH 68 at 37.0i0.5°C, and wherein administration of said
pharmaceutical composition provides a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and a C-
ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than night as determined from a fasted human
pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are ed to methods of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, roex, Vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the e of the drug to provide an extended release form,
wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by at least two
of the following: (i) release of less than 8% in 2 hours, (ii) release of less than 17% in 4 hours,
(iii) release of less than 45% at 6 hours, and wherein the ution profile of said
pharmaceutical ition is terized by release of at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the
dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1
N simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37.0::0.5°C for 2 hours, followed by dissolution in the same
apparatus and speed using 900 ml simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37.0i—0.5°C for the
subsequent 4 hours, followed by dissolution in the same tus and speed using 900 m1
phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours, and wherein oral dosing of
said pharmaceutical ition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human cokinetic
fiMymwamwmawmmmmmwmmemammfiwbyMmflfi5m2MmmsMame
aspects of this embodiment, said plasma concentration profile provides AUC equivalence to IR.
In some aspects of this embodiment, said plasma concentration profile is characterized by one or
more of the following: (i) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 2 hours that is less than 1 ug/ml/hr, (ii)
a dC/dt over the period of 0-2 hours that is less than 2 ng/ml/hr per mg of drug, (iii) a pAUC0-4
that is less than 4% of AUCOM for the drug, (iv) a pAUC4.g that is less than 8% of AUCOM for
the drug. In some aspects, the plasma profile is characterized by two or more of these elements.
InmmeamMsflwphmmpmmemdmmamfiwbymmmxmmedflmmdmmMsInmme
embodiments, the drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, and
levetiracetam, In some ments, the drug is lacosamide.
In some aspects of any of the previous embodiments, oral dosing of the composition to a
subject of a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study provides a steady state plasma concentration
profile for once daily oral dosing characterized by one or more of the following: (i) a Tmax,SS of
to 20 hours, (ii) a Tum)SS of 12 to 20 hours, (iii) a C-ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than
C-ave-night (iii) a swing of 70% to 200%, (iv) a swing of 75% to 160%, (v) a PTF of 50% to
100%, preferably .
In some aspects, the steady state plasma profile is terized by two or
more of these elements. In some aspects, the steady state plasma profile is characterized by
three or more of these elements. In some aspects, the C-ave-day is determined over the period
from 9 am to 4 pm. In some aspects, the C—ave—day is determined over the period from 9 am to 6
pm. In some aspects, the C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am. In
some aspects, the steady state plasma concentration profile is adjusted to a predetermined
amnmmfimmnfimempKWMeaC4wa¢wfimfis2W6mlOWGgmMflflmnmeCavemgm.
In some aspects, the steady state plasma concentration profile is adjusted to a predetermined
ammmmmmmfimempKwMeaCamdamMfls«WhoMm%gmmaflmnme0wmmgm,
Some embodiments are directed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said ceutical ition ting of: a drug selected from the group ting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended e form,
aMmemwmmwmmmfimMMmewwMMm%MMmmeanmfi5wfimwm
an AUCO-inf of 80% to 125% of that for an equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release
form, wherein the l AUCs from 8 am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4
pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm are 80% to 125% of the partial AUCs for an equivalent total daily dose of
the drug in an immediate release form of said drug administered in equal portions at 8 am and 8
pm, and wherein C—ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than C-ave-night as determined from a
fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are directed to a method of stering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said ceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, azepine, divalproex, Vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of
said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form,
and wherein said pharmaceutical composition provides a plasma concentration profile
characterized by a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and /or (i) an AUC0.4 for the drug of less than 2%, 4%,
6%, 8%, 10%, 12% (preferably less than 4%) of the AUCO-inf for said drug or (ii) an AUC4-8 for
the drug of less than 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 12%, 15% rably less than 7%) of the AUCOM for
said drug, wherein TmX and AUC values are determined from the plasma concentration for said
drug upon oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single
dose human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, the AUCOM for said drug of the
composition is 80% to 125% of the AUCO.inf for said drug when administered in an oral,
immediate release form to said subject of said fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some embodiments, said drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam,
lacosamide, and levetiracetam. In some ments, said drug is lacosamide.
Another ment is a pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from
the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex,
Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more ents, wherein at
least one of said one or more ents modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form, and n stration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a Tm” of
to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after
administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human pharmacokinetic study.
Another ment is a pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from
the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex,
Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein
at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to e an
extended release form, and n administration of said pharmaceutical composition es
a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours
after stration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human pharmacokinetic study.
Additional embodiments provide a pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, mide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, vigabatrin, and ceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the e of the drug to
provide an extended release form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical
ition provides a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and one or more of the
following: (i) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 2 hours after administration that is less than 5%,
%, 15% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release form over the
same time period, (ii) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 3 hours after administration that is less than
%, 15%, 20% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release form
over the period of O to 3 hours after administration and (iii) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 4
hours after stration that is less than 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% of the dC/dt of an
equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release form over the period of 0 to 4 hours after
administration, wherein the dC/dt values are determined from a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study.
In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting
of brivaracetam, lacosamide, racetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts f. In a
more preferred aspect of this embodiment, the drug is lacosamide.
Another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition consisting of a drug selected from
the group consisting of lacosamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or
more ents, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the
drug to provide an extended release form, and n administration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a TmaX of 5 to 20 hours, and one or more of the following: (i) a dC/dt over
the period of 0 to 2 hours after administration that is less than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ng/ml/hr per mg
of drug, (ii) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 3 hours after administration that is less than 0.25, 0.5,
1.0, 1.5, 2.0 hr per mg of drug, (iii) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 4 hours after
administration that is less than 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1,25, 1.50 ng/ml/hr per mg of drug, (iv) a
dC/dt over the period of 0 to 2 hours after administration that is less than 0.2, 0,4, 0.6, 0.8
ug/ml/hr, (v) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 3 hours after administration that is less than 0.2, 0.4,
0.6, 0.8 ug/ml/hr, (vi) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 4 hours after administration that is less than
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 ug/ml/hr, wherein Tmax and dC/dt values for the drug are determined
from a fasted, oral, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some embodiments, stration of the pharmaceutical composition provides a Tmax
of 5 to 10 hours as ined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
In another embodiment the pharmaceutical ition consisting of a drug selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, the pharmaceutical composition having a dissolution profile
of said pharmaceutical composition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours, less
than 45% at 6 hours, and at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP
type 1 (basket) apparatus ng at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0::0.5°C for 2 hours
followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH
6.8 at 37.0i0.50C, and n administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a
Tmax of 5 to 20 hours, AUC equivalence to IR, and a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after
administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an lent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human pharmacokinetic study.
In some embodiments described herein, a pharmaceutical composition consists of a drug
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, and n administration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, wherein the partial
AUCs from 8 am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm
are 80% to 125% of the partial AUCs for an equivalent total daily dose of the drug in an
immediate release form of said drug administered in equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm, a dC/dt
over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an
equivalent dose of the drug in an immediate release form over the same time period as
determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
In yet another ment, the pharmaceutical composition consists of a drug ed
from the group ting of brivaracetam, mide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, n at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical
composition es a) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C-ave-day
that is 20% to 100% greater than C-ave-night as determined from a fasted human
pharmacokinetic study.
In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition consists of a drug selected from
the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex,
Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at
least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an ed
release form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax
of 12 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C—ave—day that is 20% to 100% greater
than C-ave-night as determined from a fasted human phannacokinetic study.
In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition consists of a drug selected
from the group consisting of acetam, mide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, Vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more ents modifies the release of the drug to
provide an ed release form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a) a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours and b) AUC lence to IR, and a C-ave—day
that is 20% to 100% greater than C-ave-night as determined from a fasted human
cokinetic study.
Another embodiment is directed to a the pharmaceutical composition consists of a drug
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex, trin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more
excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, wherein the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical
ition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours, less than 45% at 6 hours, and
at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the ution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket)
apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0:t0.5°C for 2 hours ed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at
37.0::0.5°C, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax
of 5 to 20 hours, and b) an AUCO.inf of 80% to 125% of that for an lent dose of the drug in
an immediate release form, and a C—ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than C—ave—night as
determined from a fasted human pharrnacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are directed to a pharmaceutical composition selected from a group
consisting of a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, azepine, divalproex, trin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, and one or more excipients, wherein at least one of said one or more excipients modifies
the e of the drug to provide an extended release form, wherein administration of said
pharmaceutical composition provides a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and AUC equivalence to IR,
wherein the partial AUCs from 8 am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm,
and 4 pm to 8 pm are 80% to 125% of the partial AUCs for an equivalent total daily dose of the
drug in an immediate release form of said drug administered in equal ns at 8 am and 8 pm
and n a C-ave-day that is 20% to 100% r than C-ave—night as determined from a
fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments are ed to a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once daily, a dose of
said pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group ting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of
said excipients s the release of the drug to provide an extended release form, and
wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a TmaX of 5 to 20 hours
and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and c) a dC/dt over the period of O to 1.4 hours after
administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug in an
immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human cokinetic study.
In some aspects of that embodiment, the administration of the pharmaceutical
composition provides a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined from a single dose, , human
pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of that embodiment, the administration is 0 to 4 hours before bedtime.
In some aspects of that embodiment, stration of said ceutical composition
provides a TmaX of 5 to 10 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human
pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of that embodiment, administration is 0 to 3 hours after
waking.
In some embodiments of the invention providing a composition with a TmaX of 12 to 20
hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study, the dissolution
profile of the pharmaceutical composition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours,
less than 45% at 6 hours, and at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a
USP type 1 (basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0i0.5°C for 2
hours followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate
buffer pH 6.8 at 37.010500
In some embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, roex, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) at least one
ent, wherein at least one of said ents modifies the release of the drug to provide an
extended e form, and wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides
a) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and c) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to
1.4 hours after administration that is less than 10% of the dC/dt of an equivalent dose of the drug
in an immediate release form over the same time period as determined from a single dose,
fasted, human pharmacokinetic study, the partial AUCs from 8am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12
pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm are 80% to 125% ofthe partial AUCs for an
equivalent total daily dose of the drug in an immediate release form of said drug administered in
equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm.
Some embodiments of the invention are directed to s of administering a
pharmaceutical ition to a human, comprising administering to said human orally, once
daily, a dose of said pharmaceutical composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group
consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) at least one excipient, n at least one
of said excipients modifies the release of the drug to e an extended e form, and
wherein administration of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours
and b) AUC equivalence to IR, and a C—ave—day that is 20% to 100% greater than C—ave—night as
determined from a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of the above embodiment, the administration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human
pharmacokinetic study. In some of these ments, administration is 0 to 4 hours before
bedtime.
In other aspects of the above embodiment, administration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human
pharmacokinetic study. In some of these embodiments, administration is 0 to 3 hours after
waking.
Some embodiments of the invention are directed to a dose of a ceutical
composition consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam,
lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of said excipients
modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended release form, and wherein administration
of said pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC
equivalence to IR, and a C-ave-day that is 20% to 100% greater than C—ave—night as ined
from a fasted human cokinetic study, wherein the dissolution profile of said
ceutical composition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours, less than 45%
at 6 hours, and at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
(basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0i0.5°C for 2 hours
followed by ution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH
6.8 at 37.0i0.5°C.
In some aspects of the above embodiment, the partial AUCs from 8am to 10 am, 10 am
to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm are 80% to 125% of the partial AUCs
for an equivalent total daily dose of the drug in an immediate release form of said drug
stered in equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm.
Some embodiments of the invention are directed to a pharmaceutical composition
ting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
f, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of said excipients modifies the
release of the drug to provide an extended release form, and wherein administration of said
ceutical composition provides a) a TmaX of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR,
and c) a dC/dt over the period of 0 to 1.4 hours after stration that is less than 10% of the
dC/dt of an lent dose of the drug in an immediate release form over the same time period
as determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some of these embodiments, the partial AUCs from 8am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12
pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm are 80% to 125% ofthe partial AUCs for an
lent total daily dose of the drug in an immediate release form of said drug administered in
equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm.
In some aspects of the embodiment, administration of said pharmaceutical composition
provides a TmaX of 12 to 20 hours or of 5 to 10 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted,
human acokinetic study.
In some aspects of the embodiment, the dissolution profile of said pharmaceutical
composition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours, less than 45% at 6 hours, and
at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1 (basket)
apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0::0.5°C for 2 hours followed by
dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at
37.0::0.5°C. In some of these embodiments,
Some ments of the invention are directed to a pharmaceutical composition
consisting of (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, divalproex, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically able salts
thereof, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of said excipients modifies the
release of the drug to provide an ed release form, and wherein administration of said
pharmaceutical composition provides a) a Tmax of 5 to 20 hours and b) AUC equivalence to IR,
and a C-ave—day that is 20% to 100% greater than C-ave-night as ined from a fasted
human pharmacokinetic study. In some of these embodiments, the dissolution profile of the
pharmaceutical composition is less than 8% in 2 hours, less than 17% in 4 hours, less than 45%
at 6 hours, and at least 45% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is performed in a USP type 1
(basket) apparatus rotating at 100 rpm using 900 ml 0.1 N HCl at 37.0i0150C for 2 hours
followed by dissolution in the same apparatus and speed using 900 ml USP phosphate buffer pH
6.8 at 37.0:t0.50C.
In some embodiments of the ion, stration of said pharmaceutical
composition provides a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human
pharmacokinetic study. In other embodiments, the Tmax is 5 to 10 hours as determined from a
single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of the above embodiments, the pharmaceutical ition provides
partial AUCs from 8am to 10 am, 10 am to 12 pm, 12 pm to 2 pm, 2, pm to 4 pm, and 4 pm to 8
pm are 80% to 125% of the partial AUCs for an equivalent total daily dose of the drug in an
immediate e form of said drug administered in equal portions at 8 am and 8 pm.
In some of the embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions described in the preceding
paragraphs, the drug is lacosamide.
In some method embodiments bed in the preceding paragraphs, the drug is
lacosamide.
An ment of the invention is a method of administering a pharmaceutical
composition to a human patient, comprising administering to the human patient , once
daily, a therapeutically effective dose of the ceutical composition wherein the
pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient, n
at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the
drug characterized by a pAUC0.4 that is less than 4% of AUCOM for the drug as determined by
dosing the ceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group
ting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and ceutically acceptable salts of
any of the foregoing. In some embodiments the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug
characterized by a pAUC4.g that is less than 14% of AUCOM for the drug as determined by
2016/069581
dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose of is 300 to
900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments ofthe invention,
at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide a delayed
release form.
In some aspects of the embodiment pharmaceutical composition has a steady state
plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of
the embodiment, plasma concentration profile for said drug is further characterized by an AUCO.
inf that provides AUC equivalence to IR
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human t, comprising administering to the human patient
orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition, wherein
the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group ting of
acetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, trin, and
ceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein
at least one of the at least one excipients s the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the
drug characterized by a g that is less than 8% of AUCOM for the drug as determined by
dosing pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic
study. In some s of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the
foregoing. In some embodiments of the method, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800
mg of said drug. In some embodiments of the method, at least one of said at least one excipients
modifies the release of said drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition terized
by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, said
plasma tration profile for said drug is further terized by an AUCO.[nf that provides
AUC equivalence to IR
Some embodiments of the invention are ed to a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human patient, comprising administering to the human patient
orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition, wherein
the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, trin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient,
wherein at least one of the excipients modifies the release of the drug to e an extended
release form, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for
the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours as ined by dosing the pharmaceutical
composition to a t of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study, and wherein
said pharmaceutical ition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug
upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing of 40% to
200%, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a t of a fasted human
pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of
brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the
foregoing. In some embodiments of the method, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800
mg of said drug. In some embodiments of the method, at least one of said at least one excipients
modifies the release of said drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug
characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In other aspects
of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized
by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a
t of a fasted pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, said
pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon
once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing of 50% to 100%,
as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical ition to a subject of a fasted
pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical ition
has a steady state plasma tration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing of 60% to 200%, as determined by dosing
said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some
aspects of the embodiment, said drug is further terized by an AUCO-mf that provides AUC
equivalence to IR. Some embodiments of the ion are directed to a method of administering
a pharmaceutical ition to a human patient, comprising administering to the human
patient orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition,
wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group
consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin,
and pharrnaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient,
wherein at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an
extended release form, n the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration
profile for the drug characterized by a T111le of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less than 2.2
ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug over the first 2 hours after dosing, both as determined by dosing the
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human cokinetic study.
In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of
acetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the
foregoing. In some embodiments of the , the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800
mg of drug. In some embodiments of the , at least one of said at least one excipients
modifies the release of said drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the
ment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug
characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In other aspects
of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized
by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said ceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted human cokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a
dC/dT of less than 1.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of said drug over the first 2 hours after dosing as
determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the ment, the pharmaceutical
composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a dC/dT of less
than 1.0 ng/ml/hr per mg of said drug over the first 2 hours after dosing as ined by dosing
said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic
study. In some s of the embodiment, said plasma concentration profile for said drug is
further characterized by an AUCO-inf that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
Some embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human patient, comprising administering to e human
patient orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of pharmaceutical composition,
n said pharmaceutical composition consists of (i) a drug selected from the group
ting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin,
and ceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient,
n at least one of said at least one excipients modifies the release of said drug to provide an
extended release form, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration
profile for said drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less than 1 ug/ml/hr
over the first 2 hours after dosing, both as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects
of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, mide,
racetam, and ceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some
embodiments of the method, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the embodiment, the
therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800 mg of said drug.
In some ments of the , at least one of said at least one ents modifies the
release of said drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a
Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a
fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the ment, said
pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon
once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20
hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human
pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has
a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a dC/dT of less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr
over the first 2 hours after dosing as determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug
characterized by a dC/dT of less than 0.3 hr over the first 2 hours after dosing as
determined by dosing the ceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, wherein said plasma
concentration profile for said drug is further characterized by an AUCO.inf that provides AUC
equivalence to IR.
Another embodiment of the invention is ed to a method of administering a
pharmaceutical composition to a human patient, comprising administering to the human t
orally, once daily, at a predetermined stration time, a therapeutically effective dose of the
pharmaceutical composition, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug
selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii)
at least one ent, wherein at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of
the drug to e an extended release form, wherein the predetermined administration time is a
time ined from a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study of the pharmaceutical composition
and the predetermined time is a time at which once daily dosing of the pharmaceutical
composition to a human subject of the pharmacokinetic study provides a C-ave-day that is 20%
to 100% greater than C-ave-night, wherein C-ave-day is the average plasma concentration of the
drug determined over the period from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm and C—ave-night is the average plasma
concentration of the drug determined over the period from 11:00 pm to 8:00 am. In some aspects
of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, and ceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some
embodiments of the method, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the embodiment, the
therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800 mg, or 450 to 800 mg of the drug. In
some embodiments of the method, at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release
of the drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the ment, the
predetermined administration time is 0—4 hours before bedtime. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the predetermined administration time is between 8 pm and 12 am. In some
aspects of the embodiment, the predetermined administration time is 0—3 hours after waking: In
some aspects of the embodiment, the predetermined stration time is between 5 am and 9
am. In some aspects of the embodiment, the predetermined time is a time at which once daily
dosing of the pharmaceutical composition to a human subject of the pharmacokinetic study
provides a steady state plasma concentration profile characterized by a day that is 30% to
100% greater than C-ave-night, wherein C-ave-day is the average plasma concentration of the
drug determined over the period from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm and C-ave-night is the average plasma
concentration of the drug determined over the period from 11:00 pm to 8:00 am. In some aspects
of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the
drug characterized by a TmaX of 8 to 20 hours as ined by dosing the pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects
of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma tration profile for the
drug characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing the pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects
of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma tration profile for the
drug characterized by a Tmax of 5 to 10 hours as ined by dosing the ceutical
composition to a subject of a , single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects
of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma tration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized
by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, said
pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug as determined by
dosing said pharmaceutical ition to a t of a fasted, single dose, human
pharmacokinetic study characterized by an nf for said drug_that provides AUC
equivalence to 1R.Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of stering
a pharmaceutical composition to a human patient, comprising administering to the human
patient orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition,
wherein the pharmaceutical ition complises (i) a drug selected from the group consisting
of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient, n
at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an extended
release form, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a dissolution profile terized by
three or more of the following: (a) less than 10% release at 1 hour, (b) less than 15% release at 2
hours, (c) less than 25% release at 4 hours, (d) at least 35% release at 9 hours, (e) at least 65% at
12 hours, wherein the dissolution is carried out in 900 mL simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at
37i0.5°C for the first two hours, followed by 900 mL ted intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at
37i0.5°C for the subsequent four hours, followed by 900 mL phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at
37i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours, wherein all dissolution is performed in a USP Apparatus
1 (Basket), with a rotational speed of 100 rpm, and wherein the pharmaceutical ition has
a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours as
determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the
group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable
salts of any of the ing. In some embodiments of the method, the drug is mide. In
some aspects of the embodiment, the therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg, 400 to 800
mg, or 450 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments of the method, at least one of the at
least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide a delayed release form. In some
aspects of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile
for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing the
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma
concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
ition to a subject of a fasted human cokinetic study. In some embodiments, said
plasma concentration profile for said drug is further characterized by an AUCO.inf that provides
AUC equivalence to IR.
Another embodiment of the invention is a ceutical composition for oral
administration to a human, comprising (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug selected from the group
consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient,
wherein at least one of the at least one excipients s the release of the drug to provide an
extended release form, wherein pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile
for the drug characterized by a pAUC0_4 that is less than 4% of AUCO.inf for the drug as
determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study by a pAUC0-4 that is less than 4% of AUCO.'mf for the drug of the
plasma concentration . In some aspects of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a pAUC4-g that is
less than 14% of AUCOM for the drug as determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition
to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some
embodiments of the composition, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the ment,
the ition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200 to 800 mg, 225 to 800, or 250 to 800 mg ofthe
drug. In some embodiments of the composition, at least one of the at least one excipients
modifies the release of said drug to provide a delayed release form. In some aspects of the
embodiment, wherein said pharmaceutical ition has a steady state plasma concentration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized
by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said ceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, said
plasma concentration profile for said drug is r characterized by an AUC0.mf that provides
AUC equivalence to IR.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition for
oral administration to a human, comprising (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug selected from the
group consisting of acetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam, oxcarbazepine,
trin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the ing, and (ii) at least one
excipient, wherein at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma
concentration profile for the drug characterized by a pAUC4.g that is less than 8% of AUCOM for
the drug as determined by dosing the ceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of any of the foregoing In some embodiments of the composition, the drug is
lacosamide. In some aspects of the embodiment, the composition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200
to 800 mg, 225 to 800 mg or 250 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments of the
composition, at least one of the at least one ents modifies the release of the drug to provide
a delayed release form. In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical ition has a steady
state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical
composition characterized by a Tum,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as ined by dosing said
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted pharmacokinetic study.
In some of the above embodiments, said plasma concentration profile for said drug is
further characterized by an AUCO-inf that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a ceutical composition for
oral administration to a human, comprising (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug selected from the
group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
trin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one
excipient, wherein at least one of the excipients modifies the e of the drug to provide an
extended release form, wherein the pharmaceutical ition has a plasma concentration
profile for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours as determined by dosing the
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human cokinetic study,
and wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for
said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing
of 75% to 200%, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a
fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some ments of the composition, the drug is
lacosamide. In some aspects of the embodiment, the composition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200
to 800 mg, 225 to 800 mg or 250 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments of the
composition, at least one of the at least one ents modifies the release of drug to e a
delayed e form. In some aspects of the embodiment, the ceutical composition has a
plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as
determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical composition has a
steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said
pharmaceutical composition characterized by a me,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by
2016/069581
dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
In some ments, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration
profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized
by a swing of 50% to 100%, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a
subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical
composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing
of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing of 60% to 200%, as determined by
dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human cokinetic In
some aspects of the embodiment, said plasma tration profile for said drug is further
terized by an AUCOM that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition for
oral administration to a human, comprising (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug ed from the
group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproeX, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one
excipient, wherein at least one of the at least one ents modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, wherein the ceutical composition has a plasma
concentration profile for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less
than 2.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug over the first 2 hours after dosing, both as ined by
dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human
cokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the drug is selected from the group
consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of
any of the foregoing. In some ments of the composition, the drug is lacosamide. In some
aspects of the embodiment, the composition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200 to 800 mg, 225 to
800 mg or 250 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments of the composition, at least one of
the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide a delayed release form, In
some aspects of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration
profile for the drug terized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as determined by dosing the
ceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some aspects of the embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma
concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tmax,ss of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug
characterized by a dC/dT of less than 1.4 ng/ml/hr per mg of the drug over the first 2 hours after
dosing as determined by closing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some s of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a dC/dT of less
than 1.0 hr per mg of the drug over the first 2 hours after dosing as determined by dosing
the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic
study. In some of these embodiments, said plasma concentration profile for said drug is further
characterized by an AUCO.inf that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
One embodiment of the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition for oral
administration to a human, sing (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug selected from the group
consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, azepine, vigabatrin,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient,
wherein at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide an
extended release form, wherein ceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile
for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less than 1 ug/ml/hr over
the first 2 hours after , both as determined by dosing the ceutical composition to a
t of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments of the
invention, the drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide,
levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some
embodiments of the composition, the drug is lacosamide. In some aspects of the embodiment,
the composition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200 to 800 mg, 225 to 800 mg or 250 to 800 mg of
the drug. In some embodiments of the composition, at least one of the at least one excipients
modifies the release of the drug to provide a delayed release form. In some embodiments, the
pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a
me of 12 to 20 hours as ined by dosing the pharmaceutical ition to a subject of a
fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, wherein said
pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon
once daily dosing of said ceutical ition characterized by a Tmax)SS of 10 to 20
hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human
pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a plasma
concentration profile for the drug characterized by a dC/dT of less than 0.6 ug/ml/hr over the
first 2 hours after dosing as determined by closing the pharmaceutical ition to a subject of
a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a
dC/dT of less than 0.3 ug/ml/hr over the first 2 hours after dosing as determined by dosing the
pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
In some of these embodiments, said plasma concentration profile for said drug is further
characterized by an AUCOM that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition for
oral administration to a human, comprising (i) 50 mg to 900 mg of a drug selected from the
group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, racetam, oxcarbazepine,
vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the ing, and (ii) at least one
excipient, wherein at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to
provide an extended release form, n the ceutical composition has a dissolution
profile characterized by three or more of the following: (a) less than 10% e at 1 hour, (b)
less than 15% release at 2 hours, (c) less than 25% release at 4 hours, ((1) at least 35% at 9 hours,
(e) at least 65% at 12 hours, wherein the dissolution is d out in 900 mL ted gastric
fluid (pH 1.2) at 37i0.5°C for the first two hours, ed by 900 mL simulated intestinal fluid
(pH 6.8) at 37::0.5°C for the subsequent four hours, followed by 900 mL phosphate buffer (pH
7.5) at 37i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours, wherein all dissolution is performed in a USP
Apparatus 1 (Basket), with a rotational speed of 100 rpm, and n the pharmaceutical
composition has a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20
hours as determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single
dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In some embodiments of the invention, the drug is selected
from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments of the composition, the drug is
mide. In some s of the embodiment, the composition comprises 150 to 900 mg, 200
to 800 mg, 225 to 800 mg or 250 to 800 mg of the drug. In some embodiments ofthe
composition, at least one of the at least one excipients modifies the release of the drug to provide
a delayed release form. In some aspects of the embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition has
a plasma concentration profile for the drug characterized by a Tmax of 12 to 20 hours as
determined by dosing the pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose,
human pharrnacokinetic study. In some ments, wherein said pharmaceutical composition
has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said
pharmaceutical composition as ined by closing said pharmaceutical composition
characterized by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical
composition to a subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study. In some aspects of the
embodiment, said plasma concentration profile for said drug is further characterized by an
AUC0--mf that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE S
Figure 1A is a graph depicting the ution profiles of ER lacosamide formulations
Fonnl,FOHn2,Fonn3,Fonn4,andFOHn4ti
Figure 1B is a graph depicting the dissolution profiles ofER lacosamide formulations
Form 2, Form 2.2, Form 2.4, Form 26, and Form 4.6.
Figure 1C is a graph depicting the dissolution profiles ofER lacosamide formulations
Form 2, Form 4, Form 4.2, Form 4.4, and Form 4.6.
Figure 2A is a graph depicting the plasma profiles for single dose administration of
mide fonnulations Fonn 1, Form 2, Form 3, Form 4, Form 4.6, and BID dosing of an [R
lacosamide formulation simulated using GastroPlus, version 9.0
Figure 2B is a graph depicting the plasma profiles for single dose administration of 400
mg mide in formulations Form 2, Form 2.2, Form 2.4, Form 2.6, Form 4.6, and single
dose administration of 400mg lacosamide in an IR form simulated using Plus, version 9.0.
Figure 2C is a graph depicting the plasma profiles for single dose administration of
lacosamide formulations Form 2.4, Form 4, Form 4.2, Form 44, and Form 4.6 simulated using
GastroPlus, version 9.0.
Figure 3A is a graph shown over the le dose time period of 0 to 144 hours showing
the steady state plasma profiles for single dose (400 mg) administration of lacosamide
mmwmmnfimnmedflyfiSmmmemengMymLhmme3manNWm
Hmmme4omemgMymleLRmn46mmemgMym“mmfimMMOmngdmmgQ
am and 8 pm) of an IR lacosamide formulation simulated using GastroPlus, version 9.0.
Figure 3B is the same data as Figure 3A, limiting the X-axis scale to the 36 hour window
beghnnngatSpnlondayS,
Figure 3C is a graph depicting the steady state plasma profiles for single dose (400 mg)
administration of lacosamide formulations Form 2, Form 2.2, Form 2.4, Form 26 each once
nightly at 12am, and 200 mg BID dosing (8 am and 8 pm) of an [R lacosamide formulation
simulated using Plus, n 9.0.
Figure 3D is a graph depicting the steady state plasma profiles for single dose (400 mg)
administration of lacosamide formulations Form 4, Form 4.2, Form 4.4, Form 46 each once
nightly at 10pm, and 200 mg B1D dosing (8 am and 8 pm) of an [R lacosamide formulation
simulated using GastroPlus, version 9.0.
Figure 4 is a graph ing the administration of two controlled release mide
compositions and an immediate release composition of lacosamide with dose titration.
Figure 5 is a graph depicting the dissolution profiles of Example 18.
Figure 6 is a graph depicting the plasma concentration profiles of the Example 19.
Figure 7A is a graph depicting steady state profiles of Formulation A administered at
different times.
Figure 7 B is a graph depicting steady state profiles of Formulation B administered at
different times.
Figure 7C is a graph depicting steady state profiles of Formulation C administered at
different times.
Figure 7D is a graph depicting steady state s of Formulation D administered at
different times.
Figure 8 is a graph depicting steady state profiles of Formulations A-D administered at
specified times to provide mefis in the period of about 10 am to 2 pm.
Figure 9 is a chart ing the effect of the lacosamide dosing regimen on the
performance of the test animals on the rotarod.
Figure 10 is a graph depicting the plasma concentration profiles of the study drugs of
Example 21. lationl of the figure is the plasma tration profile for Formulation A of
Example 21; Formulation2 of the figure is the plasma concentration profile for Formulation B of
Example 21; Formulation3 of the figure is the plasma tration profile for Formulation C of
Example 21; Formulation4 of the figure is the plasma concentration profile for Formulation D of
Example 21; IR of the figure is the plasma concentration profile for the IR lacosamide of
Example 21.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides compositions and methods for primary or adjunctive
therapy for treating or preventing any disease or disorder for which an anti-epilepsy drug is
prescribed, such as epilepsy, seizure—based ers including myoclonic seizures in
nic epilepsy, primary generalized tonic-clonic es in patients with idiopathic
lized epilepsy, partial onset seizures, status epilepticus, acute mania management,
paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis, phasic spasticity in le sclerosis, Landau-
er syndrome, migraine treatment or prophylaxis, pediatric ne, Meige syndrome,
late—onset seizures in patients with Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, severe myoclonic
epilepsy of infancy, tardive dyskinesia, lumbar radiculopathy, late onset myoclonic epilepsy in
Down syndrome, atypical pain syndromes, neuropathic pain, and Alzheimer's disease. In some
embodiments, the present methods treat epilepsy. In some embodiments, the present methods
treat e-based disorders,
ary compositions include brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, mide,
levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or vigabatrin in an extended release form.
Compositions of the invention also include, but are not limited to, formulations of
brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, valproic acid, ate, lacosamide, lamotrigine,
levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, tiagabine, and vigabatrin. Preferred are formulations
of brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, valproic acid, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
pregabalin, ine, and vigabatrin, Most preferred are formulations of racetam,
acetam, lacosamide, azepine and valproic acid for administration once daily.
Suitable AEDS for the compositions may be those with half-lives of 4 to 20 hours,
preferably 6 to 18 hours, more preferably 7 to 17 hours. Suitable AEDs for the itions are
lly well absorbed after oral administration in an immediate release form, e. g., the
bioavailability of AEDs in immediate release compositions is greater than 70%, preferably
greater than 80%, more ably greater than 90%, and even more ably greater than
95%. Suitable AEDs for the compositions when administered orally as immediate release
compositions will typically provide a time to peak plasma concentration, Tmax, of less than 8
hours, preferably less than 6 hours, more preferably less than 5 hours.
In some embodiments, the ion provides an anti-epileptic formulation that is
administered once daily and has a pharmacokinetic profile with diurnal variations, with a Tm
between 4 and 15 hours, preferably between 4 and 12 hours.
Some compositions described herein enable administration of a therapeutically effective
amount of a selected AED. The therapeutically effective amount may be less than the amount
typically ted for an immediate release form, e. g. 50% of the amount typically required
when in an immediate release form. In another embodiment, the daily dose of an AED for a
patient in need thereof will be able to, or equal to, the daily dose of an immediate release
form of the same drug nce. In another embodiment, the daily dose of an AED for a
patient in need thereof will be greater than the daily dose of an immediate release form of the
same drug substance, e.g. 125%, 150%, 175%, 200%, 250% (eg. preferably 150 to 200%) of the
amount of the same AED as ordinarily dosed to a patient on a daily basis. Due to the
characteristics of the compositions, greater doses of a particular AED are well tolerated.
In some embodiments, the tolerability of the AED is improved relative to a comparable
dose of an immediate release form of said AED. As used herein, unless expressly stated
otherwise, improvement in tolerability means the reduction in nce and/or severity of
adverse effects associated with the administration of a composition comprising the AED relative
to the incidence and/or severity of adverse s associated with stration of the same
dose of an immediate release form of said AED. In some embodiments, the improvement in
tolerability may e reduced adverse effects associated with administration regimen of the
compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the improvement in tolerability may
include d adverse effects associated with the properties of the compositions described
herein. Thus, reduction in the incidence and/or severity of adverse events may be accomplished
with the methods and compositions described herein. In some embodiments, administration of a
composition with the diurnal plasma concentration s described herein reduces the
incidence and/or ty of sleep disturbances as compared to an IR form of the same AED at
the same daily dose administered two or more times per day, In some embodiments,
administration of a composition with the reduced dC/dt characteristics described herein reduces
the incidence and/or severity of adverse effects as compared to an IR form of the same AED at
thymeww.m“memmmeMJmnmmdemewmammuwanwmw
immeewwMSWHMwaemwMHaMmmewmmmmhwdmbmambmHMVSMnIn
some embodiments, the increased tolerability is associated with reduced incidence and/or
severity of nervous system disorder adverse events such as dizziness, headache, ,
somnolence, tremor, mus, balance disorders, paresthesia, paresthesia oral, or memory
impairment; in preferred embodiments, the increased tolerability is associated with reduced
incidence and/or severity of dizziness; in preferred embodiments, the increased tolerability is
associated with reduced incidence and/or severity of he; in preferred embodiments, the
increased tolerability is associated with reduced incidence and/or ty of paresthesia or
paresthesia oral. In some embodiments, the increased tolerability is associated with reduced
nce and/or severity of vertigo. In some embodiments, the increased tolerability is
associated with reduced incidence and/or severity of nausea. In some embodiments, the
increased tolerability is associated with reduced incidence and/or severity of vomiting. In some
embodiments, the sed tolerability is associated with reduced incidence and/or severity of
lwm%m%MMdInwmemmwmwmsmammmmmmnndawmwemMaflwmawwm
daily dose of the AED as compared to an immediate release form. In some embodiments, the
improvement in tolerability associated with the diurnal profile ing from administration of
the compositions or the C—ave—day to C—ave—night ratio resulting from the predetermined
administration time, enables the once daily administration, preferably at doses higher than those
ed with immediate release forms of the same AED.
Anti—epileptic drugs suitable for the compositions and methods described herein include
those stered in immediate e form at daily doses of up to 3000 mg, however drugs of
wammflmmdTMcmmmMmmmewMMemmmmmmmmannommmg
AED per day, 2500 mg AED per day, 2000 mg AED per day, 1500 mg AED per day, 1200 mg
AED per day, preferably up to 1000 mg per day, more preferably up to 800 mg per day, even
more preferably up to 600 mg per day, up to 500 mg per day, up to 400 mg per day, up to 300
mg per day, up to 250 mg per day, or up to 200 mg per day. ing upon the composition
and the daily dose of drug, compositions may be administered in one or more unit dosage forms.
In some embodiments the composition of the invention is administered as one unit dosage form.
In some embodiments the ition of the invention is administered as two unit dosage
forms. In some embodiments the composition of the invention is administered as three unit
dosage forms. In some embodiments the composition of the ion is administered as four
unit dosage forms. Compositions are administered orally once or twice per day, preferably once
per day.
In ments comprising lacosamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as
the AED, the daily dose of lacosamide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be 200 to
900 mg per day, 250 to 850 mg per day, 300 to 800 mg per day, 350 to 800 mg per day, 400 to
800 mg per day, 450 to 800 mg per day, 500 to 800 mg per day, 350 to 750 mg per day, 400 to
750 mg per day, 450 to 750 mg per day, 500 to 750 mg per day, 350 to 700 mg per day, 400 to
700 mg per day, 450 to 700 mg per day, 500 to 700 mg per day, 350 to 650 mg per day, 400 to
650 mg per day, 450 to 650 mg per day, 500 to 650 mg per day, 350 to 600 mg per day, 400 to
600 mg per day, 450 to 600 mg per day, or 500 to 600 mg per day. In preferred s ofthis
embodiment, the daily dose of lacosamide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be
400 to 800 mg per day. In preferred aspects of this embodiment, the daily dose of lacosamide or
pharmaceutically able salt thereof may be 450 to 800 mg per day. In red aspects of
this embodiment, the daily dose of lacosamide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may
be 450 to 700 mg per day. In red aspects of this embodiment, the compositions comprising
lacosamide or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are administered orally, once daily.
As used herein, references to lacosamide, levetiracetam, brivaracetam, oxcarbazepine,
divalproex sodium, ic acid, vigabatrin and other AEDs are ed to encompass
ceutically acceptable salts thereof, and, optionally, prodrugs or rphs thereof.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, “extended release” es
“controlled release73 ccmodified release77 cc sustained release77 cctimed release”, “delayed release”,
7 7 7
and also mixtures of delayed release, immediate release, enteric coated, etc. with each of the
above.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, “delayed release” compositions
include dosage forms containing a delayed release coating over an immediate release and/or
extended e composition.
As used herein, fasted, single dose human pharmacokinetic study means a fasted study in
one or more healthy subjects to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the
composition being tested. The study may include a reference composition such as an oral,
immediate release dosage form of the same drug substance typically with the same dose. Where
WO 17569
a nce composition is ed, the study design may be a parallel or ver study
design. Design parameters for such studies are well known an also included in various FDA
guidances such as those referenced , including, but not d to the 2002 FDA Guidance:
Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate-Release Solid Oral
Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System, and the 2003 ce for
Industry: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Orally Administered Drug Products —
General Considerations. The output of such single dose human pharmacokinetic studies
typically includes plasma concentration data for the drug substance (and active metabolites, if
any) from blood s collected at times specified in the study protocol. These plasma
concentration data may then be used to construct a plasma concentration profile from which the
pharmacokinetic parameters described herein may be determined,
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, “bioavailability” is 100%
multiplied by the AUC0.0O for a drug in a composition (e.g., ‘Test’ formulation) divided by the
AUC0.0O for an equivalent dose of the same drug in an immediate release form (e.g., ‘Reference’
formulation), both as determined from a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study. In
preferred ments, the bioavailability of compositions described herein is “AUC
equivalence to IR” which, as used herein, means that for an equivalent dose of the same drug,
the 90% confidence interval for the ratio (multiplied by 100%) of the geometric squares
mean (“GLSM”) for the AUCOm for the drug of the composition to the GLSM for the AUCOm
for the same drug in an immediate release oral form is between 80% to 125%, inclusive.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, “Tl/2”, the “elimination half-life”,
“terminal-phase half-life33 LL
7 plasma half-life” and “pharmacokinetic half-life” refer to the half-
life of the disappearance of drug from the plasma,
As used herein, except where specified as ise, “Tmax” refers to the median Tmax
observed from the subjects included in a bioavailability or bioequivalence study, It should be
tood, however, the TmX determined from a simulation refers to a mean Tmax. Similarly,
except where specified as otherwise, “Tmams” refers to the median Tmax,ss, when the formulation
has been dosed to steady state, and the Tmax,SS determined from a simulation refers to a mean
Tmams.
As used herein, except where specified as ise, “Tlag” is the time delay between
drug administration and first observed concentration above the limit of quantification in plasma.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, “Cmm”, “Cmax”, “CmmSS”, “Cmam”
and AUC values determined over various time periods each refer to mean values.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, ” is 100%*(Cmax,ss-
Cmin,ss)/Cmin,ss~
As used herein, except where ed as otherwise, “PTF” is the peak trough
fluctuation for a specified drug in plasma at steady state. It is determined as 100%*(Cmax,ss-
Cmin’SS)/(AUCtau,SS/tau), n AUCwu’SS is the steady state AUC over the dosing interval, tau.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, a subject of a human pharrnacokinetic
study shall include one or more subjects of said human pharmacokinetic study. In cases where
tau is 24 hours, AUCtau,SS is AUC0.24 at steady state.
As used herein, dC/dt over a specified time period is the change in mean plasma
concentration of the drug substance from the beginning of the specified time period to the end of
said specified time period divided by the length of the time period, determined from a plasma
concentration profile from a fasted, single dose, human pharrnacokinetic study (unless specified
otherwise); the units for dC/dt are mass/volume/time such as ng/ml/hr. Where specified, the
dC/dt values may be reported per dose; in these instances, the dC/dt values are divided by the
dose to provide a dC/dt per mg of drug. Also in other instances, the dC/dt values are compared
to those ined for a nce ition, lly an oral, immediate release form of the
drug substance; in such cases, to minimize variability in the plasma concentration profiles from
which the dC/dt values are determined, the extended release ition and the reference
composition are each administered orally to subjects in a fasted, single dose, oral human
pharmacokinetic study.
As used herein, the terms “C-ave—day” and “C-ave-night” are average plasma
concentration values for the drug substance determined over specified time periods from a
steady state plasma concentration profile wherein administration of the composition is at a
ermined time or within a specified time period such as once daily at 8:00 am.
In some embodiments, C-ave-day is the average AED plasma concentration determined
within any four to twelve hour period between the hours of 5 am and 8 pm, such as the average
AED plasma concentration determined within any four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven
or twelve hour period between the hours of 5 am and 8 pm (e. g. a seven—hour period). In a
preferred ment, C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to 4 pm. In a
preferred embodiment, C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to 6 pm. In some
ments, C—ave—night is the average AED plasma concentration determined within any four
to twelve hour period between the hours of 8 pm and 9 am, such as the average AED plasma
concentration as measured within any four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve
hour period between the hours of 8 pm and 9 am (e.g. a nine-hour period). In a preferred
embodiment, C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am. In a preferred
ment, C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 6 am.
The steady state plasma concentration profile may be determined from (i) a multi—dose
human cokinetic study of the pharmaceutical composition or from (ii) a multi-dose
model based on a fasted, single-dose human pharmacokinetic study (prepared using WinNonlin
version 5.3 or higher, or comparable ) or from (iii) a multi-dose simulation of the human
pharrnacokinetics based on the dissolution profiles of the pharmaceutical composition prepared
using GastroPlus version 9.0 or higher. Of these three, (ii) is a preferred .
As used , except where specified as otherwise, “about” refers to a value within
% of the value shown. For example, a Tmax of about 10 hours would also include values from
9.0 to 11.0, unless specified otherwise.
As used herein, the transitional term “comprising” is inclusive or open-ended and does
not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. Thus, as used herein, “comprising”
includes within its metes and bounds “consisting essentially” of and “consisting of,” as defined
herein. Accordingly, disclosure of embodiments and aspects “comprising” subject matter herein
includes ments and aspects “consisting essentially of ’ and “consisting of,” the recited
subject matter.
As used herein, the tional phrase “consisting ially of ’ limits the scope of a
claim to the specified subject , materials or steps and those that do not materially affect
the basic and novel characteristic(s).
As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting of ’ limits the recited t matter to
the specified matter, elements, steps, or ients, and excludes any subject , element,
step, or ingredient not specified.
As used herein, except where specified as otherwise, a fractional AUC over a specified
period of time is equivalent to a pAUC over the same period of time divided by AUCO-inf (i.e.
AUC0.w) or, for steady state calculations, AUC24 (i.e. AUC0-24), and multiplied by 100%,
As used herein, single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic studies are clinical studies
performed in accordance to the FDA Guidance nts i.e. 2002 FDA Guidance for Industry:
Food Effect Bioavailability and Fed Bioequivalence Studies and/or analogous EMEA
Guidelines. Such studies may be performed using either parallel or crossover designs, typically
in y subjects. For fasted s, study drug is typically administered following an
overnight fast of at least 10 hours; no food should be allowed for at least 4 hours post—dose, and
water can be d as desired except for one hour before and after drug administration. Blood
samples are taken at predetermined times (relative to dosing) and analyzed using validated
s to determine the levels of drug (and active metabolites as appropriate).
As used herein, fasted human pharmacokinetic studies include both single dose, fasted,
human pharmacokinetic studies and multiple dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic studies.
Multiple dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic studies are performed in accordance to the FDA
Guidance documents and/or analogous EMEA Guidelines. cokinetic parameters for
steady state values may be determined directly from multiple dose, fasted, human
pharmacokinetic studies or may be conveniently determined by extrapolation of single dose data
using standard methods or industry standard re such as WinNonlin version 5.3 or higher.
As used herein, chronosynchronous means that the therapeutic composition provides a
therapeutically effective dose of the drug substance with increased exposure over time periods in
which need is greater, such as during the peak periods of partial onset seizure activity, and less
re at time in which the need is lower, such as during sleep s when partial onset
seizure activity may be reduced. In this instance, exposure may be determined from partial
AUCs at steady state or average plasma concentrations over specified time periods at steady
state.
In some embodiments, the chronosynchronous profile provides a therapeutically
effective plasma concentration of the AED such as lacosamide at Cumss and a substantially
higher plasma concentration at Tmax,ss to provide greater efficacy at a time when the
therapeutic need is greater, e. g. a time when seizure ty is more frequent or more
pronounced. Preferably, the Cmin,ss is sufficient to reduce the frequency and/or ty of
seizures during the the time that the plasma concentration is lower. Preferably, the
predetermined administration time selected as described herein provides for the Cmin,ss to occur
during a period of reduced seizure activity as well as providing for the Cmax,SS to occur during a
period of increased seizure activity. Some ments, the composition for use in the
described methods is adapted for the generation of a diurnal profile which, upon reaching steady
state, provides a higher concentration during the waking hours of the day than the sleeping hours
of the night. The compositions may be d for g administration, e.g. administration 0
to 4 hours before bedtime, or for morning administration by the methods provided herein. For
example, a composition of an AED such as lacosamide may be formulated ing to the
methods below to provide an extended release ation that upon once daily administration 0
to 4 hours before bedtime provides a steady state Cmm (Cmin,ss) during the night while the subject
sleeps and a steady state Cmax ss) in the middle of the day, e.g., between the hours of 9 am
and 3 pm. Such formulations may have a single dose median Tm1X of 11 to 20 hours and/or
steady state Tmax between 11 and 18 hours.
In some embodiments, the Tmax for the composition, as determined from a single dose
human pharrnacokinetic study in the fasted state, may be 11 to 20 hours, 11 to 18 hours, 11 to 16
hours, 12 to 20 hours, 12 to 18 hours, 12 to 16 hours, 13 to 20 hours, 13 to 18 hours, 13 to 16
hours, 14 to 20 hours, 14 to 18 hours, or 15 to 20 hours. In some embodiments, the steady state
Tmax (Tmax,ss), as determined from a le dose fasted human pharmacokinetic study of 11 to
18 hours, 11 to 16 hours, 12 to 18 hours, 12 to 16 hours, 13 to 18 hours, 13 to 16 hours. In some
embodiments, both Tmax and Tmax,SS are within the aforementioned ranges.
In some embodiments, the composition providing s at night and CumSS in the middle
of the day steady are administered in the morning, typically between 0 and 1, 2, 3 hours after the
subject awakes for the day’s activities. Such compositions may provide a Tmax, as determined
from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study of 3 to 5 hours
In some embodiments of any of the above aspects, the steady state plasma concentration
profile ing multiple administrations to a human subject of the composition once daily is
characterized by an average plasma concentration lacosamide concentration during the day (“C-
ave-day”, defined as the average day time plasma concentration for said drug as determined
from a fasted, human PK study) that is 1.1 to 2.0 times the average plasma lacosamide
tration during the night (“C-ave-night”, defined as the average nighttime lacosamide
plasma concentration as determine from a , human PK . In some embodiments, the
ratio of C—ave—day/C-ave—night at steady state is within one of the ranges 1.2 to 2.0, 1.2 to 1.9,
1.3 to 1.9, 1.3 to 1.8, 1.3 to 1.7, 1.3 to 1.6, 1.4 to 2.0, 1.4 to 1.9, 1.4 to 1.8, 1.4 to 1.7, 1.5 to 2.0,
1.5 to 1.9, 1.5 to 1.8, 1.5 to 1.7, 1.6 to 2.0, or 1.6 to 1.9. In some embodiments, the ratio of C-
ave—day/C-ave—night at steady state is 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, 1.5, 1.55, 1.6, 1.65, 1.7, 1.75, 1.8,
1.85, or 1.9. In some embodiments, the C-ave-day is the average lacosamide plasma
tration as ed between the hours of 5 am, 6 am, 7 am, 8 am or 9 am to the hours of
4 pm, 5 pm, 6 pm, 7 pm or 8 pm and the C—ave—night is the e lacosamide plasma
concentration as measured between the hours of 8 pm, 9 pm, 10 pm or 11 pm to the hours of 5
am, 6 am, 7 am, 8 am or 9 am. In some embodiments, the C-ave-day is the average lacosamide
plasma concentration as measured Within any four to twelve hour period between the hours of 5
am and 8 pm; and the C-ave-night is the average mide plasma concentration as ed
within any four to twelve hour period between the hours of 8 pm and 9 am. In some
embodiments, the C—ave—day is the average lacosamide plasma concentration as measured within
any four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve hour period between the hours of 5
am and 8 pm, and the C-ave-night is the average lacosamide plasma concentration as measured
within any four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve hour period between the hours
of 8 pm and 9 am. In a preferred embodiment, the C-ave—day to C-ave-night ratio is 1.2 to 2.0,
wherein C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to 4 pm and C-ave-night is
determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am. In a more preferred embodiment, the C-ave-day
to C-ave-night ratio is 1.2 to 1.8, wherein C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to
4 pm and C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am.
In another preferred embodiment, the C-ave—day to C—ave-night ratio is 1.2 to 2.0,
wherein C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is
determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am. In some embodiments, the C-ave-day and C-
ght values are determined from steady state plasma tration profiles n the
dosing time is at 8 am. In some embodiments, the C-ave-day and night values are
determined from steady state plasma concentration profiles adjusted to a predetermined
adminisistration time, wherein said predetermined administration time is a time for which the C-
y and C-ave-night values provide the recited ratio. In a more preferred embodiment, the
C—ave—day to C—ave—night ratio is 1.4 to 2.0, wherein C—ave—day is determined over the period
from 9 am to 6 pm and C-ave-night is determined over the period from 11 pm to 8 am.
In some embodiments, the C-ave-day is about 20%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 60%, 80%, 100%
higher than C—ave—night. In some embodiments, the C—ave—day is about 20% to about 80%
higher than C-ave-night, preferably about 20% to about 50% higher than C-ave-night. In some
embodiments, the C-ave-day and C-ave—night values are determined from steady state plasma
concentration profiles wherein the dosing time is at 8 am. In some embodiments, the C—ave—day
and C-ave-night values are determined from steady state plasma concentration profiles adjusted
to a predetermined administration time, wherein said predetermined administration time is a
time for which the C—ave—day is greater than C—ave—night by the recited percentage. In some
embodiments, the C-ave-day is about 30% to 150% higher than C-ave-night. In some
embodiments, the C-ave-day is about 40% to 130% higher than C-ave-night. In some
embodiments, the C—ave—day is about 50% to 120% higher than C—ave—night. In come
embodiments, the C-ave-day is about 50% to 110% higher than night. In some
ments, the C-ave-day is about 50% to 100% higher than C-ave-night. In some
embodiments, the C-ave-day is about 60% to 100% higher than the C—ave-night. In red
embodiments the C-ave-day is determined over the period from 9 am to 4 pm, 5pm, 6pm, 7pm,
ably over the period from 9am to 6 pm. In preferred embodiments, C-ave-night is
determined over the period from 11 pm to 6 am, 7am, 8am, 9 am; ably over the period
from 11 pm to 8 am.
In some embodiments of the invention, the composition is administered once daily at a
predetermined administration time. In such embodiments, the predetermined stration time
may be determined, based on a steady state plasma concentration profile, to provide
pharmacokinetic ters disclosed herein that are related to specific times of day, including
C-ave-day, C-ave-night, and pAUCs at specific times of day. For example, the predetermined
administration time providing a C-ave—day/C-ave-night ratio of 1.4 to 2.0 could be a time within
6 am to 9 am for a composition with a relatively short time to Tmax, alternatively the
predetermined administration time could be a time with 8 pm to 11 pm for a composition
WO 17569
providing a Tm”S of 12 to 14 hours. A steady state plasma concentration profile of the drug of
the composition may be determined as described herein. By adjusting the time of administration,
also as described herein, the C-ave-day and C-ave-night values may be readily determined and a
predetermined administration time which provides the pAUC values or C-ave-day to C-ave—
night ratio or increase in day ve to C-ave-night may also be readily ined.
Certain compositions may provide diurnal variation that is insufficient to meet these parameters,
regardless of the time of administration; other compositions may provide sufficient diurnal
variation, but may provide pAUC values or C—ave—day or C—ave—night values meeting the
requirements of the invention only if the predetermined administration times would require
waking a patient to administer the compositions. In preferred embodiments, the predetermined
administration time is a time during the normal waking hours of a t, such as 5 am, 6 am, 7
am, 8 am, 9 am, 10 am, 5 pm, 6 pm, 7 pm, 8 pm, 9 pm, 10 pm, 11pm, or 12 am. In one
embodiment, administration of a single dose of the ition to a human subject provides a
plasma concentration profile characterized by: a fractional AUC from 0 to 4 hours that is less
than 5%, and preferably less than 3% of AUC0-mf; a fractional AUC from 0 to 8 hours that is
about 5 to 15%, and preferably about 8 to 12% of AUC0.mf, a fractional AUC from O to 12 hours
that is about 10 to 40%, and preferably about 15 to 30% of AUCo.mf; a fractional AUC from 0 to
18 hours that is about 25 to 60%, and preferably about 30 to 50% of AUCo.mf; and a fractional
AUC from 0 to 24 hours that is about 40 to 75%, and preferably about 50 to 70% of nf
In another embodiment, a once daily oral administration of the composition to a human
t provides a steady state plasma tration profile characterized by: a fractional AUC
from 0 to 4 hours that is about 2 to 25%, and preferably about 5 to 20% of AUC24; a fractional
AUC from 0 to 8 hours that is about 15 to 50%, and preferably about 20 to 40% of AUC24; a
fractional AUC from O to 12 hours that is about 30 to 70%, and preferably about 40 to 60% of
AUC24: and a fractional AUC from O to 18 hours that is about 60 to 95%, and preferably about
75 to 90% of AUC24.
In some embodiments of any of the above aspects, a once daily oral administration of the
composition to a human subject provides a steady state plasma concentration profile
characterized by: a fractional AUC from 0 to 8 hours that is about 15 to 40%, and preferably
about 20 to 32% of AUC24; a fractional AUC from 8 to 16 hours that is about 30 to 50%, and
preferably about 35 to 45% of AUC24; and a onal AUC from 16 to 24 hours that is about 20
to 35%, and preferably about 25 to 33% of AUC24.
In some embodiments of any of the above aspects, a once daily oral stration of the
composition to a human subject provides a steady state plasma concentration profile
characterized by: a fractional AUC from 0 to t (where t is any two—hour increment post
administration within a 24 hour period) that is between 80 to 125% of the corresponding
fractional AUC from O to t of the immediate release formulation.
In some embodiments, a once daily oral administration of the composition to a human
subject provides a steady state plasma concentration profile terized by one or more of the
following: (i) a fractional AUC from 8 AM to 10 AM that is between 80 to 125% of the
ate e formulation, and preferably between 90 to 110% of the immediate release
formulation; (ii) a fractional AUC from 10 AM to 12 noon that is between 80 to 125% of the
immediate release formulation, and preferably between 90 to 110% of the immediate e
formulation, (iii) a fractional AUC from 12 noon to 2 PM that is between 80 to 125% of the
immediate e formulation, and preferably greater than 100% of the immediate release
formulation; (iv) a fractional AUC from 2 PM to 4 PM that is between 80 to 125% of the
immediate release formulation, and preferably greater than 100% of the ate release
formulation; (v) a fractional AUC from 4 PM to 8 PM that is between 80 to 125% of the
immediate release ation, and preferably greater than 100% of the immediate release
ation; (vi) a fractional AUC from 8 PM to 12 AM that is between 50 to 100% of the
immediate release formulation, and preferably less than 80% of the immediate release
formulation; (vii) a fractional AUC from 12 AM to 8 AM that is between 80 to 125% of the
immediate release formulation, and preferably less than 100% of the ate release
ation. In some embodiments, 3 or more of these fractional AUC conditions are met. In
some embodiments, 5 or more of these fractional AUC conditions are met. In some
ments, 6 or more of these fractional AUC conditions are met. In other embodiments, at
least one of conditions (iv) and (V) are met and at least one of conditions (vi) and (vii) are met.
Swing is defined as a percentage equal to (100%)"‘(Cmax,SS - Cmin,ss)/Cmin,ss. It is a
measure of the peak to trough difference in the course of one dosing interval. Thus, it is a
measure of the diurnal ion provided from dose to dose. In some embodiments, the swing
for a once daily administered composition, as determined from a fasted human cokinetic
study, is 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% 70% to 58%, 63%, 68%, 73%, 78%, 83%, 88%, 93%,
98%, 103%, 108%, 113%, 128%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 180%, 200%, preferably 60% to 160%,
60% to 128%, 65% to 128%, 65 to 98%; more preferably 65 to 78%. In some embodiments, a
composition administered once daily has a single dose Tmax of 14 to 20 hours and a swing of
63% to 77%; in another embodiment, a composition administered once daily has a single dose
Tmax of 14 to 20 hours, a Tmax,SS of 13 to 17 hours, and a swing of 63% to 77%. In another
embodiment, once daily administration of the composition provides a steady state plasma
concentration profile characterized by a Tmax,ss of 10 to 18 hours, preferably 12 to 18 hours, and
a swing of 80% to 180%, preferably 85% to 160%. In some embodiments, the composition is
stered orally, once daily at a predetermined administration time and the steady state
plasma concentration profile is characterized by a swing of 80% to 160% and a peak plasma
concentration is during the period from 9 am to 3 pm. In such embodiments, the l
variation also results in a reduced plasma concentration at night such that the C-ave-day to C-
ave nght ratio is 1.2 to 2.0, ably 1.4 to 2.0.
The dC/dt is the rate at which the drug in the composition is absorbed in a human over a
defined period of time. It is conveniently determined over a defined time period from the
plasma concentration profile of a human pharmacokinetic study. Except as specified otherwise,
dC/dt values are determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study. It is
convenient to express the rate in absolute terms (e.g, ng/ml/hr per mg drug substance over a
specified time) or as a fraction of the dC/dt for an immediate release composition of the same
drug substance. In some embodiments, the dC/dt over the period from 0 to 1.4 hours is less than
% of the dC/dt of an IR form of the same drug at the same dose in an immediate release form
over the same time period, preferably, the dC/dt is less than 10%, is less than 5%, is less than
3%, 2%, 1.5% of the dC/dt for the IR form of the drug. In some embodiments, the dC/dt over the
period from O to 2, 3, 4 hours is less than 15% of the dC/dt of an [R form of the same drug at the
same dose in an ate release form over the same time period; preferably, the dC/dt is less
than 12%, is less than 10%, is less than 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 1.5% of the dC/dt for the IR form of
the drug.
In some ments, the dC/dt over the first 2, 3, 4 hours after stration is less
than 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 ug/ml/ hr. In some embodiments, the composition comprises
lacosamide and the dC/dt for mide over the first 4 hours after stration of the
composition is less than 0.5 ug/ml/hr.
The maximum slope (“max slope”) over a defined period of time after administration of
a single dose of the composition in a fasted human pharmacokinetic study is therefore a useful
pharmacokinetic parameter. In some embodiments, the max slope is determined over the period
from administration, To, to Tmax. In another ment, the max slope is determined over the
period from To to a specified time, t. In some embodiments, the max slope is determined as the
maximum slope over a time interval of not less than 2, 3, 4 hours within the period from
administration to a specified time, t, using standard methods for determining slopes from models
of the concentration profile over the time period from T0 to t (eg. simple linear or non-linear
least squares regression, or symmetric difference quotient, Simpson method, or Trapezium rule).
In some embodiments, the max slope for a lacosamide composition is determined as the
m slope over 3 hour intervals from administration to 12 hours after administration using
non-linear regression model of the plasma concentration profile from a single dose, fasted,
2016/069581
human pharrnacokinetic study. In some embodiments, the max slope is less than 4 ng/ml/hr per
mg drug; preferably less than 3 ng/ml/hr per mg drug, more preferably less than 2.5 ng/ml/hr per
mg drug. In some embodiments, the max slope for a mide composition over a 3 hour
interval in the period from administration to 24 hours after administration, the max slope is less
than 2.4 ng/ml/hr per mg lacosamide; preferably less than 2.1 ng/ml/hr per mg lacosamide; more
preferably less than 18 ng/ml/hr per mg lacosamide. In some embodiments, the max slope over
a 3 hour interval in the period from T0 to 24 hours after administration, the max slope is about
1.0 to 2.0 ng/ml/hr per mg lacosamide, preferably 1.4 to 1.9 ng/ml/hr per mg lacosamide.
Importantly, the maximum slope of a composition may be reduced for compositions with
reduced bioavailability, in preferred embodiments, the max slope is ed for bioavailability
to provide an “adjusted max slope” (i,e., max slope / bioavailability = max slope achieved for a
composition with bioavailability equivalent to 100% of an IR form of the same drug).
In some embodiments described herein a lacosamide composition is administered to a
patient 0 to 4 hours prior to bedtime. In some embodiments, the lacosamide composition is
administered to a patient from O to 3, 0 to 2, or 0 to 1 hours prior to bedtime. In some
ments, the lacosamide composition is administered to a patient from 0 to 240 minutes,
from 0 to 180 s, e. g, from 0 to 120 minutes, from 0 to 60 minutes, from 0 to 45 minutes,
from 0 to 30 minutes, from 0 to 15 minutes or from 0 to 10 minutes prior to bedtime. In some
embodiments, the lacosamide composition is administered to a patient from 60 to 240 minutes,
from 60 to 180 s, from 60 to 120 minutes or from 60 to 90 minutes prior to e.
Unless otherwise specified herein, the term “bedtime” has the normal meaning of a time
when a person retires for the primary sleep period during a twenty-four hour period of time.
While for the general populace, bedtime occurs at night, there are patients, such as those who
work nights, for whom bedtime occurs during the day. Thus, in some embodiments, bedtime
may be anytime during the day or night.
In some embodiments, herein a mide composition is administered to a patient in
the morning, i.e., 0 to 3 hours after waking for the day, ably, 0 to l, 0 to 2 hours after
waking for the day. By the term “waking for the day” we mean the time at which the subject
rises to begin the day’s activities. While for many people, waking for the day is typically
between the hours of 5 am and 9 am, for some it may be r or later in the day or even in the
night ing upon an individual’s normal sleep e.
It is to be understood that administration to a patient includes administration by a
healthcare professional and/or self-administration by the patient.
In some embodiments, the invention provides a method of reducing e effects
associated with administration of lacosamide to a human subject in need thereof. The method
comprises administering a eutically effective dose of lacosamide in an oral, extended
release form to a subject once per day, zero to 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours before bedtime. A
therapeutically effective dose of lacosamide may be 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, 150 mg,
175 mg 200 mg, 225 mg 250 mg, 275 mg, 300 mg to about 200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg, 275 mg,
300 mg, 325 mg, 350 mg, 375 mg, 400 mg per day, 600 mg per day, 650 mg per day, 700 mg
per day, 750 mg per day, 800 mg per day, 850 mg per day, or 900 mg per day. Some
embodiments, the amount of mide administered once daily is 100 mg to 400 mg, 200 to
400 mg, 225 mg to 375 mg, 250 mg to 375 mg per day, 400 to 600 mg per day, 500 to 700 mg
per day, or 600 to 800 mg per day.
Some embodiments e a method of treating a subject with a e disorder
comprising administering a therapeutically effective dose of lacosamide in an oral, extended
release form to a subject once per day, zero to 1, 2, 3 hours before bedtime. In some
embodiments, the composition for administration 0 to 4 hours before bedtime provides a single
dose Tmax of 10 to 20 hours as determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic
study and/or a Tum,SS of 10, l 1, or 12 hours to 16, 18, or 20 hours as ined from a fasted
human pharmacokinetic study.
Some embodiments provide a method of treating a subject with a seizure disorder
comprising administering a therapeutically effective dose of lacosamide in an oral, extended
release form to a subject once per day to 1, 2, 3, 4 hours after waking for the day. In some
embodiments, the composition for administration to l, 2, 3, 4 hours after waking for the day
provides a Tmax less than 8, 7, 6, 5 hours, preferably 3 to 6, 3 to 5 hours after administration as
determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic study.
The method comprises administration of a controlled e lacosamide composition in
l, 2, 3, or 4 unit dosage forms once daily; ably 1 or 2 unit dosage forms.
In some ments, administration of mide according to a method described
herein provides a peak plasma concentration, Cmax, that is less than the Cmax for an immediate
release form of lacosamide as determined from a single dose, fasted, human pharmacokinetic
study, and the time from administration to Cmax, Tmax, that is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 hours to 13,
14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 hours; preferably 10 hours to 20 hours, more preferably 11 hours to 18
hours such that administration zero to 1, 2, 3, 4 hours before bedtime es a peak
concentration at steady state that is in the middle of the following day. Administration according
to methods described herein provides a reduction in adverse effects and/or may increase
tolerability, compliance, or adherence to the treatment n.
Lacosamide compositions described herein may be used in treatment regimens with other
known anti —epileptic drugs.
Making Controlled Release Formulations
In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by combining an AED,
such as lacosamide, with one or more onal ingredients which, when administered to a
subject, cause the AED, such as lacosamide to be released at a ed concentration range over
a specified period of time. The AED, such as lacosamide is released at more slowly from the
compositions than the AED, such as mide is released from an ate release (IR)
dosage form. The slower e results in a reduced rate of absorption, providing a dC/dt that is
significantly reduced relative to the 1R dosage form of the same strength.
The precise slope for a given individual will vary according to the AED, such as
lacosamide composition being used or other s, such as whether the patient has eaten or not.
For other doses, e.g., those ned above, the slopes vary directly in relationship to dose,
The determination of initial slopes of plasma concentration is described, for example, by U. S.
Pat. No. 6,913,768, or US. Pat. No, 8,389,578 hereby incorporated by reference.
Using the formulations described , eutic levels may be achieved while
minimizing debilitating side-effects that are usually associated with immediate release
formulations. rmore, as a result of the increase in the time to reach peak plasma level and
the extended period of time at the therapeutically effective plasma level, the dosage frequency
may be reduced to, for example, once daily dosing, y ing patient compliance and
adherence.
It has been found surprisingly that the frequency of adverse effects is associated with the
rapid rate of increase in plasma concentration of an AED such as lacosamide after
administration of an immediate release form of the drug may be decreased or lessened in
severity using the methods and compositions described herein. For e, side s
including, but not limited to, psychosis, dizziness, and cognitive deficits associated with the
administration of an AED, such as lacosamide may be ed in severity and frequency
through the use of these controlled—release methods that reduce the max slope, pAUC0.4, pAUC4-
g, or dC/dT of the drug.
Formulations for each active pharmaceutical ingredient may then be evaluated in human
studies to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics, including dC/dt, Cmax, Tmax, AUC, Tm,
max slope, etc. of such formulations using methods known to the skilled artisan. Techniques for
determining pharmacokinetic characteristics for a given formulation are routine in the art.
Combination compositions may be conveniently prepared either by combining the desired
quantities of formulations for each drug composition, blending and filling into hard gelatin
capsules the desired quantity for each dosage form. Alternatively, combination compositions
may be conveniently ed filling desired quantities of each of the drug compositions directly
into hard gelatin es using automated filling es.
For a specified range a physician or other riate health professional will typically
determine the best dosage for a given patient, according to his sex, age, weight, pathological
state, and other parameters. In some cases, it may be necessary to use dosage outside of the
range stated in ceutical packaging insert to treat a subject. Those cases will be apparent
to the prescribing physician.
In some embodiments, the compositions e therapeutic levels while minimizing
tating side—effects that are usually associated with immediate release formulations. In
some embodiments, the extended release compositions enable once daily administration of the
AED, thereby improving patient compliance and adherence.
Modes of Administration
The composition may be administered in an oral formulation. In some embodiments, the
lacosamide may be formulated to provide controlled, extended release (as described herein). For
example, a pharmaceutical composition that provides controlled release of the lacosamide causes
the agent to be released at a targeted rate for a specified period of time.
The preparation of pharmaceutical or pharmacological compositions are known to those
of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure, General techniques for formulation and
administration are found in “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Twentieth
Edition,” Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. Tablets, capsules, pills, powders,
granules, dragees, and slurries, are examples of such formulations.
“Pharmaceutically or Pharmacologically Acceptable” es molecular entities and
itions that do not produce adverse, ic or other untoward reaction when
administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate. “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Carrier”
includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,
ic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for
pharmaceutical active sub stances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional
media or agent is atible with the active ingredient, its use in the eutic compositions
is contemplated. Supplementary active ients can also be incorporated into the
compositions. “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts” include acid addition salts and which are
formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or oric acids, or such
organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, ic, and the like. Salts formed with the free
carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium,
potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine,
hylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
Formulations for Oral Administration
The brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine,
valproic acid, vigabatrin or other agent may be provided in a controlled, extended release form.
In one example, at least 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the
lacosamide is provided in an extended release dosage form. In another example, at least 50%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the acetam is provided in
an extended release dosage form. In another example, at least 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the levetiracetam is provided in an extended release
dosage form In another example, at least 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even in
excess of 99% of the oxcarbazepine is provided in an extended release dosage form. In another
e, at least 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the
divalproex sodium is provided in an extended release dosage form. In another example, at least
50%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the valproic acid is
ed in an extended release dosage form. In another e, at least 50%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99%, or even in excess of 99% of the vigabatrin is ed in an extended release
dosage form. If desired, the release of the lacosamide, brivaracetam, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, divalproex sodium, valproic acid, or the vigabatrin may be asic or
hasic (e. g., biphasic).
The pharmacokinetic half-lives of lacosamide is about 13 hours. Thus, suitable
formulations may be conveniently selected to achieve the desired profiles over an extended
period (preferably from 12 to 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal tration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The pharmacokinetic half-life of brivaracetam is about 7-8 hours. Thus, suitable
formulations may be conveniently selected to achieve the desired profiles over an extended
period (preferably over 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal concentration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The cokinetic half-life of levetiracetam is about 7 hours. Thus, suitable
formulations may be iently selected to achieve the desired s over an extended
period (preferably over 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal concentration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The cokinetic ife of oxcarbazepine is about 20 hours. Thus, suitable
formulations may be conveniently selected to achieve the desired profiles over an extended
period (preferably from 24-36) thereby ining an optimal concentration range to maximize
eutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The pharmacokinetic half—life of divalproex sodium is about 15 hours. Thus, suitable
ations may be conveniently selected to achieve the desired profiles over an extended
period (preferably from 15 to 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal concentration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The pharmacokinetic half-life of valproic acid is about 9-16 hours. Thus, suitable
formulations may be conveniently selected to achieve the d profiles over an extended
period (preferably from 15 to 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal concentration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
The pharmacokinetic half—life of vigabatrin is about 10 hours. Thus, suitable
fonnulations may be conveniently ed to achieve the desired s over an extended
period (preferably from 12 to 24 hours) thereby maintaining an optimal concentration range to
maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse effects.
Extended Release Formulations
Extended release compositions suitable for use in the method can be made using a
y of extended release technologies, such as those described in the patent publications
referenced herein, which publications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In
some embodiments, the ed release form is a pellet in capsule dosage form. In some
embodiments, the pellets comprise a pellet core, which is coated with at least one drug layer and
at least one extended release coating layer. In some embodiments, the pellets are coated with at
least one drug layer, an intermediate layer such as a seal coat and an extended release coating
layer. In some embodiments, the pellet, the drug layer or both comprise one or more binders.
In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises a plurality of coated pellets. In some
embodiments, the pellets have a diameter of for example, 300 to 1700 microns, in some cases
500 to 1200 s. The pellets will comprise, for example, inert substrates, such as sugar
spheres, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) spheres, starch pellets. In some embodiments, pellets
can be prepared by other processes such as pelletization, extrusion, spheronization, etc. or
combinations thereof. The core pellets may comprise the AED (e.g. brivaracetam, divalproex
, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or vigabatrin and
pharmaceutically acceptable ents thereof).
Delayed Release Formulations
In some embodiments, at least a n of the anti-epileptic composition is formulated
in a delayed release formulation. Per the United States Pharrnacopeia (USP), delayed-release
tablets are c-coated to delay release of the medication until the tablet has passed through
the h to prevent the drug from being destroyed or inactivated by c juices or where it
may irritate the gastric mucosa. In contrast, extended-release tablets are “formulated in such a
manner to make the contained ment ble over an extended period of time following
mgmmM’&mewwwdmkwfimmmmmwmwbanmefimuwaM%fiwmmor
In some embodiments, the delayed release formulation provides a 1 hour, 2 hour, 4 hour,
6 hour, or 8 hour release of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, the delay in release is
between 1 and 3 hours, between 1 and 4 hours, n 1 and 5 hours, between 1 and 6 hours,
between 1 and 7 hours, between 1 and 8 hours, between 2 and 3 hours, between 2 and 4 hours,
between 2 and 5 hours, between 2 and 6 hours, n 2 and 7 hours, between 2 and 8 hours,
between 2 and 9 hours, between 2 and 10 hours, between 3 and 4 hours, between 3 and 5 hours,
between 3 and 6 hours, between 3 and 7 hours, between 3 and 8 hours, between 3 and 9 hours,
between 3 and 10 hours, between 4 and 5 hours, between 4 and 6 hours, between 4 and 7 hours,
between 4 and 8 hours, between 4 and 9 hours, between 4 and 10 hours, between 5 and 6 hours,
between 5 and 7 hours, between 5 and 8 hours, between 5 and 9 hours, between 5 and 10 hours,
between 6 and 7 hours, between 6 and 8 hours, between 6 and 9 hours, between 6 and 10 hours,
7 and 8 hours, between 7 and 9 hours, between 7 and 10 hours, between 8 and 9 hours, between
8 and 10 hours, or between 9 and 10 hours. Preferably, the delay in release is between 2 and 6
hours
In some embodiments, only a n of the active ingredient is a delayed e
fonnulafion, hisonuzenfloodnnents 9096,8596,8096,7596,7096,6596,6096,5596,5096,4598
4ma3flfi3m@2fl@2mfi1&61m6m5%oflmaaWemgwmmmaDRfimmmmm.m
other embodiments, n l—25%, between 10—25%, n 10—30%, between ,
between 10-5 0%, between 25-50%, between 25-75%, between 20-40%, between ,
between 20 -75%, n 30-60%, between 40-75%, between 50-75%, between 60-85%,
between , or between 80-95% of the active ingredient is a DR formulation.
In other embodiments, 100% of the anti-epileptic agent is formulated for delayed release.
In some embodiments a portion of the anti-epileptic agent is formulated for delayed release, and
the balance of the anti—epileptic agent is ated for extended release.
Release Profile
The compositions prepared as described herein release the drug substance over a
mdmgdmmflfimmmhmwmmmmmmammmmMmt$MW®fiwwmmmmm
may be tested for release of the drug substance in vitro using standard methods. For example,
hummnweammommmsdwaflmdhmflnnmybemgowahmmgaUSPgme1oereZ
ammflmmme®ambfimmfibmmhmehmmmmmmmmmpHmmm®Mammg,
ution of the compositions are done in the type 1 apparatus with the protocol described
herein. When using a type 1 (basket) apparatus, the dissolution may be med in 900 ml 0.1
N HCl for 2 hours followed by dissolution in the same volume of USP phosphate buffer, pH 6.8;
the ution is performed at 37.0::0.5°C and 100 rpm. atively, the dissolution may be
performed at .5°C and 100 rpm using the following dissolution media: 900 ml ted
gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for 2 hours, followed by 900 ml simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) for 4
hours, ed by 900 ml USP phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 for 18 hours. In embodiments
without pH dependent coatings (i.e., without delayed release, enteric coating) dissolutions of the
itions may be done in the type 1 apparatus or the type 2 apparatus with the protocol
described herein, preferably, dissolutions for embodiments without pH dependent coatings are
performed with the type 2 apparatus. When using a type 2 (paddle) apparatus, the dissolution
may be performed in 900 ml 0.1N HCl; the dissolution is performed at O.5°C and 50 rpm.
The samples for is may be taken over 16 to 24 hours at time points such as 1 hour, 2
hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours.
Some embodiments, compositions described herein have dissolution es (using the
apparatus and protocol appropriate to the presence or absence of delayed release coating as
be above) characterized by at least two of the following: (i) less than 10% of the drug
substance in 1 hour, preferably less than 5% in 1 hour, or more preferably not more than 3.6% of
the drug substance in 1 hour; (ii) less than 15% of the drug nce in 2 hours, preferably less
than 12% in 2 hours, more preferably less than 9% in 2 hours, and even more preferably not
more than 6% in 2 hours; (iii) less than 26% of the drug substance in 4 hours, preferably less
than 22% in 4 hours, more preferably, less than 18% in four hours, and even more preferably not
more than 15% in four hours; (iv) less than 42% of the drug substance in 6 hours, preferably less
than 36% in 6 hours, more preferably less than 32% in 6 hours, and even more preferably not
more than 28% in 6 hours; or (v) at least 50% of the drug substance in 12 hours, ably more
than 63% in 12 hours, more preferably more than 77% in 12 hours. In some embodiments, at
least 3 of the aforementioned criteria are met. In some embodiments, all of the aforementioned
criteria are met. In some embodiments, compositions have dissolutions profiles characterized by
release of 0% to 9% of the drug nce at 2 hours, 3% to 24% of the drug substance at 4
hours, and 85% to 100% of the drug substance at 16 hours. In some embodiments, compositions
have dissolutions profiles characterized by release of 0% to 9% of the drug substance at 2 hours,
3% to 19% of the drug substance at 4 hours, 12% to 41% at 6 hours, and 85% to 100% of the
drug substance at 16 hours.
Coated Pellets
The pellet cores are coated with the active ingredient, e. g., brivaracetam, divalproex
sodium, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or vigabatrin or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or polymorphs thereof. In some embodiments, in addition
to the active ingredient, the pellets also comprise one or more binders, such as for example
WO 17569
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, copovidone, povidone, hydroxypropyl ose, hydroxyethyl
cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose etc. In some embodiments, the pellets also
contain one or more additional excipients, such as anti-tack agents (e. g. talc, ium te
etc.)
In some embodiments, the pellets cores are coated with a drug layer comprising active
ient, and optionally one or more binders, anti-tack agents and/or solvents by conventional
coating techniques such as fluidized bed coating, pan coating.
Intermediate Layer Coating
In some embodiments, the pellets are coated with an intermediate layer, such as a seal
coat. In some embodiments, the seal coat is adapted to prevent ingredients in the extended
release g from interacting with ingredients in the pellet core, to prevent migration of the
ients in the pellet core from diffusing out of the pellet core into the extended release layer,
etc. As bed herein, the seal coat can comprise one or more film forming polymers
including but not limited to hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), copovidone, povidone,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose,
carboxymethyl cellulose or any combination thereof and the like.
The seal coat can further comprise other additives like plasticizers, such as, propylene
glycol, triacetin, polyethylene glycol, tributyl citrate and optionally anti-tacking agents, such as,
magnesium stearate, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, and colloidal silicon dioxide or talc.
Apart from cizers and anti—tacking agents as mentioned above, the seal coat can
optionally n buffers, colorants, opacifiers, tants or bases, which are known to those
skilled in the art.
Sea] coating can be applied to the core using conventional g techniques such as
fluidized bed g, pan coating etc. In some embodiments, the drug coated pellets cores are
coated with a seal coat layer that optionally comprises one or more s, anti-tack agents
and/or solvents by fluidized bed g or pan coating.
In some embodiments, the pellet cores, the intermediate g layer, or both may
comprise one or more binders (e.g., film forming polymers). Suitable binders for use herein
include, e.g.: alginic acid and salts thereof; cellulose derivatives such as
carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose (e.g, Methocel®), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,
hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (e. g., Klucel®), ethylcellulose (e. g., Ethocel®),
and microcrystalline cellulose (e. g, Avicel®); microcrystalline dextrose; amylose; magnesium
aluminum silicate, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
copolymer; crospovidone; povidone, starch; pregelatinized starch; tragacanth, dextiin, a sugar,
such as sucrose (e.g., Dipac®), e, dextrose, molasses, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol (e.g.,
Xylitab®), and lactose; a natural or synthetic gum such as acacia, tragacanth, ghatti gum,
mucilage of isapol husks, polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g, Polyvidone®® CL, Kollidon® CL,
asdone® XL-lO), larch alactan, Veegum®, polyethylene glycol, waxes, sodium
alginate, and the like.
Extended Release Coating
The pellets may be coated with an extended release coating. The extended release
coating is adapted to delay release of the drug from the coated drug cores for a period of time
after introduction of the dosage form into the use environment. In some embodiments, the
extended release coating includes excipients. Examples of non-pH ent extended release
polymers include ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
hydroxypropyl cellulose, ymethyl cellulose, copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl
methacrylate (e. g., Eudragit® RS), etc. es of pH dependent extended release excipients
e methacrylic acid mers, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose e succinate,
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, and cellulose acetate phthalate etc. The extended
e coating may also include a pore , such as povidone, polyethylene glycol,
hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, etc, sugars such as sucrose, mannitol,
lactose, and salts, such as sodium de, sodium citrate, etc, a plasticizer, such as acetylated
citrated esters, acetylated glycerides, castor oil, citrate esters, lsebacate, glyceryl
monostearate, diethyl phthalate, ol, medium chain triglycerides, propylene ,
hylene glycol. The extended release coating may also include one or more additional
excipients, such as lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc etc).
Extended e coating can be applied using conventional coating techniques such as
fluidized bed coating, pan coating etc. The drug coated pellets cores, which optionally comprise
a seal coat, are coated with the extended release coating by fluidized bed coating.
Extended e Excipients (Coating Polymers)
As described herein, exemplary extended release excipients include, but are not limited
to, insoluble plastics, hydrophilic polymers, and fatty compounds. Plastic matrices include, but
are not limited to, methyl acrylate—methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene.
Hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as methyl and
ethyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl celluloses such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl ose, and cross-linked acrylic acid polymers like
ol® 934, polyethylene oxides and mixtures thereof. Fatty compounds include, but are not
limited to, s waxes such as carnauba wax and glyceryl tristearate and wax-type substances
including hydrogenated castor oil or hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, the c material can be a pharmaceutically acceptable acrylic
polymer, including but not limited to, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl
methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl rylates, thyl
methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid),
methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic
acid)(anhyd1ide), polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, ethacrylic acid anhydride), and
yl methacrylate copolymers.
In certain other embodiments, the acrylic polymer is comprised of one or more ammonio
methacrylate copolymers. Ammonio methacrylate mers are well known in the art, and
are described in NF XVII as fully Iized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters
with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
In still other embodiments, the acrylic polymer is an acrylic resin lacquer such as that
which is commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the trade name Eudragit®. In further
embodiments, the acrylic polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquers
commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the trade names Eudragit® RL30D and
Eudragit® RS3OD, tively. Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D are copolymers of
acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar
ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1:20 in Eudragit
RL30D and 1:40 in Eudragit® RS3OD. The mean molecular weight is about 150,000. Eudragit®
8—100 and Eudragit® L—lOO are also suitable for use . The code ations RL (high
permeability) and RS (low permeability) refer to the permeability properties of these agents.
it® RL/RS mixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However,
multiparticulate systems formed to include the same are swellable and permeable in aqueous
solutions and ive fluids.
The polymers described above such as Eudragit® RL/RS may be mixed together in any
desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain an extended release formulation having a desirable
dissolution profile. One skilled in the art will recognize that other acrylic polymers may also be
used, such as, for example, Eudragit® L.
Pore Formers
In some embodiments, the extended release coating includes a pore . Pore formers
le for use in the extended release coating can be organic or inorganic agents, and include
materials that can be dissolved, extracted or leached from the coating in the environment of use.
Examples of pore formers include but are not limited to organic compounds such as mono-,
oligo-, and polysaccharides including sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol, mannose, galactose,
e, ol, pullulan, dextran, polymers soluble in the environment of use such as water—
soluble hydrophilic polymers, such as povidone, crospovidone, polyethylene glycol,
hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, carboxyalkyl
celluloses, cellulose ethers, acrylic , polyvinylpyrrolidone, linked
nylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, carbowaxes, Carbopol®, and the like, diols, polyols,
polyhydric alcohols, polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, or block
polymers f, polyglycols, poly(a-Q) alkylenediols; inorganic compounds such as alkali
metal salts, lithium ate, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium
sulfate, ium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, suitable calcium salts, and the like.
In certain embodiments, plasticizers can also be used as a pore former.
Delayed Release Coating
The pellets can be coated with a delayed release coating. The delayed release coating as
defined in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) refers to an enteric coating to delay the release of
drug until it has passed through the stomach and to e the drug in the desired segments of
small or large intestine. The release mechanism is controlled by the dissolution of the film at
different pHs located in ent regions of the intestine. It provides an initial delay for
releasing the drug with minimum alteration on the release rate iate release or extended
release) once the pellets reach target release zone in the intestine. The period for the initial
delay as well as the following drug release rate can be varied by changing the film thickness
and/or the ratio of polymer combinations. Examples of delayed release polymers include, but
not limited to, polymethacrylates and derivatives (methacrylic acid and ethylacrylate derivatives:
Eudragit® 5, L100 or 8100, or any combination), cellulose esters and derivatives
(hydroxypropylmethyl ose acetate succinate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate,
cellulose e trimellitate, and cellulose acetate phthalate etc.), and polyvinyl derivatives
(polyvinyl acetate phthalate).
The pH-dependent DR film can contain pH—independent, time-release polymers to create
blocks for controlling the rate of drug release. e excipients include, but not limited to,
copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate (e.g., Eudragit® RS or RL, or combination of
the two polymers) and cellulose derivatives (ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,
hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc.) The c polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin
lacquers commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the trade names Eudragit® RL3OD
and Eudragit® RS3 0D, respectively. Eudragit® RL3OD and Eudragit® RS3OD are copolymers of
acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar
ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1:20 in Eudragit®
RL30D and 1:40 in it® RS30D.
A plasticizer in the film includes, but not limited to, acetylated citrated esters, acetylated
glycerides, castor oil, citrate esters, l te, glyceryl monostearate, diethyl ate,
glycerol, medium chain triglycerides, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc. A lubricant in
the film includes, but not limited to, magnesium stearate, talc etc.
Compositions characterized by a delayed release greater than 2 hours may be prepared
using a higher coat weight comprising it L100. In other embodiments, a delayed release
r than 2 hours may be achieved using a mixture of polymers, e. g., Eudragit L100 and
S 100.
Capsules
The extended release (ER) or extended e/delayed release pellets may be uced
into a suitable capsule by using an ulator equipped with pellet dosing chamber. The
capsule sizes may be 00, OOEL, 0, OEL, 1, lEL, 2, 2EL, 3, 4 or 5. A particularly suitable
composition that provides ideal pharmacokinetic properties and plasma concentration profiles is
a pellet-in-capsule composition that comprises a ity of pellets, typically having a diameter
of about 500 pm to 1.2 mm, and preferably about 700 pm to 1000 um, where each pellet
comprises a core comprising brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or vigabatrin and a binder, and an extended release coating
surrounding the core that extends release of the pharrnaceutically active compound so as to
provide the desired pharmacokinetic properties and plasma concentration profiles described
above.
In some embodiments, the pellets in the pellet—in—capsule are in a size 0 or smaller,
preferably a size 1 or smaller capsule. Mean pellet diameters in some embodiments may be in a
range of 500 um to 1200 um, e.g., from 500 pm to 1100 um, from 500 pm to 1000 pm, from
500 um to 900 pm, from 500 um to 800 pm, from 500 pm to 700 pm, from 600 pm to 1100 pm,
from 600 pm to 1000 pm, from 600 pm to 900 pm, from 600 pm to 800 pm, from 600 pm to
700 pm, from 700 pm to 1100 pm, from 700 pm to 1000 pm, from 700 pm to 900 pm, or from
700 pm to 800 pm. In some embodiments the mean particle ers are, ::10%, 6g: 500 pm,
550 mm, 600 um, 650 um, 700 pm, 750 pm, 800 pm, 850 pm, 900 pm, 950 pm, 1000 pm, 1050
0 pm, 1150 pm or 1200 pm.
One suitable composition is a pellet—in—capsule composition n each pellet
comprises a core that comprises a core seed with a mixture of brivaracetam, divalproex sodium,
lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or vigabatrin and a binder coated onto
the core seed, and an extended release coating surrounding the core comprising ethyl cellulose, a
pore forming agent such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or povidone, and a plasticizer. In
some embodiments, the pellets may further se a seal coating between the pellet core and
the extended release coating. The pellets are formulated using methods known in the art, such
as those described in Example 1 below. In a specific embodiment, based on the combined
weight of the pellet core and extended release coating, the brivaracetam, divalproex ,
lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, ic acid, or Vigabatrin is present in amounts
from 20-80 wt %, 45-70 wt %, 40-50 wt %, 45—55 wt %, 50-60 wt %, 55—65 wt %, 60-70 wt %,
65-75 wt %, 70-80 wt %, or 40 to 60 wt %, the binder, which is preferably hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose, copovidone, or mixtures thereof, is t in amounts from 1 to 25 wt %, the
core seed, preferably a sugar sphere (nonpareil) or microcrystalline cellulose seed (e. g,
Celphere®), is present in amounts from 8 to 25 wt %, the ethyl cellulose is present in s
from 10 to 20 wt %, the pore forming agent, preferably povidone, is present in amounts from 1
to 4 wt %, and the plasticizer is present in amounts from 1 to 4 wt %. In another specific
embodiment, based on the ed weight of the pellet core and extended e coating, the
acetam, divalproex sodium, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or
Vigabatrin is present in amounts from 50 to 70 wt %, the binder, which is preferably
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, copovidone, or mixtures thereof, is present in amounts from 1
to 25 wt %, the core seed, preferably a sugar sphere (nonpareil) or microcrystalline cellulose
seed (e.g., Celphere®), is present in amounts from 5 to 15 wt %, the ethyl cellulose is present in
amounts from 1 to 15 wt %, the pore forming agent, preferably povidone, is present in amounts
from 0.25 to 4 wt %, and the plasticizer is t in amounts from 0.25 to 4 wt %. In a red
ment, the AED is 45-70 wt % of the composition.
Additional embodiments are illustrated in the Table 1, below, ed “Various
lacosamide ER e Size 1 Formulations.” By means of methods and itions
described herein, formulations can be made that e the desired dissolution characteristics
and target pharmacokinetic profiles described herein. More specifically, therapeutically
effective doses of lacosamide can be administered once nightly in no more than two size 1 (or
smaller, e. g, size 2 or 3) capsules using the manufacturing methods and compositions that have
been described herein to achieve these results. In particular, higher drug loading can be
achieved using compositions and manufacturing methods described herein. In some
embodiments, higher drug g may be achieved, with the required dissolution profile, using
smaller core pellet sizes and concomitantly increased drug layering on smaller cores, but with no
change in the extended release coat. In some embodiments, using alternative manufacturing
approaches described herein, e. g., extrusion and spheronization, even higher drug loads can be
achieved to realize the desired dissolution profile, enabling high lacosamide drug loads with
suitable pharmacokinetic profiles, resulting in compositions that are therapeutically more
effective, and at least as well tolerated, and can be filled in relatively small sized capsules (e. g.,
size 1, 2 or 3), enabling ease of administration to patients.
WO 17569
Table 1: Various Lacosamide ER Ca sule Size 1 Formulations
Extended
Lacosamide Release
Strength Manufacture '
Coating% % Fill in Size
(m Method /w 1 Capsule
-fi‘:t?n:ed 03-05 40-50% 10-3 0% 0.6-1.0 60-70%
-12:;::;d 03-05 40-50% 10-30% 0 60-70%
-1;1):1§n:ed 03-05 45-50% 10-3 0% 06-10 80-90%
100mg Elfintg’ed 03-05 50-55% 10-30% 0.6-1.0 80-90%
55-75% 10-30% 65-75%
. . N/A 55-75% 10-30% 75-85%
pan or fluidized
ed coating
Extrusion
Sphemmzaul’n’ N/A 55-75% 10-30% 80-90%
pan or fluldizeu
Extrusion
Sphemmzanl’n’ N/A 55-75% 10-30% 85-95%
pan or fluidizec
ed coating
For larger capsules, such as size 00 or 00el, strengths of 250 mg, 275 mg, 300 mg, or 325 mg may be
filled.
Additional embodiments are illustrated in Table 2, below, entitled us
Brivaracetam ER Capsule Size 1 Formulations.” By means of methods and itions
described herein, formulations can be made that achieve the desired dissolution characteristics
and target pharmacokinetic profiles described herein. More specifically, therapeutically
ive doses of brivaracetam can be stered once y in no more than two size 1 (or
smaller, e.g., size 2 or 3) capsules using the manufacturing methods and compositions that have
been described herein to achieve these results. In particular, higher drug loading can be
achieved using compositions and manufactuiing methods described herein. In some
embodiments, higher drug loading may be achieved, with the required ution profile, using
r core pellet sizes and concomitantly increased drug layering on smaller cores, but with no
change in the extended release coat. In some embodiments, using alternative manufacturing
approaches described herein, e. g., extrusion and spheronization, even higher drug loads can be
achieved to realize the desired dissolution profile, enabling high brivaracetam drug loads with
le pharmacokinetic profiles, resulting in compositions that are therapeutically more
effective, and at least as well tolerated, and can be filled in relatively small sized capsules (e. g.,
size 1, 2 or 3), enabling ease of administration to patients.
Table 2: Brivaracetam ER Ca sule Size 1 Formulations
acetam % Fill in Size
Strength (mg) I ethod 1 Capsule
0.3—0.5 40-50% 6-30% 60—70%
0.3-0.5 40-50% 6-30% 60-70%
0.3-0.5 45-50% 6-30% 80-90%
03-05 50-55% 6-30% 80-90%
0.2-0.3 50—55% 6-30% 80-90%
| xtrusion
pheronization,
N/A 55—75% 65-75%
pan or fluidized
| xtrusion
pheronization,
75-85%
pan or fluidized
| on
pheronization,
55-75% 80-90%
pan or fluidized
ed coating
| xtrusion
spheronization,
85—95%
The formulation techniques described for lacosamide and brivaracetam could be applied
to other AEDs.
One or both agents of the combination may additionally be prepared as described in US
WO 17569
Pat. No. 268, involving a biocompatible, radable microcapsule delivery system.
Thus, the lacosamide may be formulated as a composition containing a blend of free-flowing
spherical particles obtained by individually microencapsulating quantities of lacosamide, for
e, in different copolymer ents which biodegrade at different rates, therefore
releasing lacosamide into the circulation at a predetermined rates. A quantity of these particles
may be of such a copolymer excipient that the core active ingredient is released quickly after
administration, and thereby rs the active ient for an initial period. A second quantity
of the particles is of such type excipient that delivery of the encapsulated ingredient begins as
the first quantity‘s delivery begins to decline. A third quantity of ingredient may be
encapsulated with a still different excipient which s in delivery beginning as the delivery of
the second quantity beings to decline. The rate of delivery may be altered, for example, by
varying the lactide/glycolide ratio in a poly(D,L-lactide— co-glycolide) encapsulation. Other
polymers that may be used include polyacetal polymers, polyonhoesters, polyesteramides,
polycaprolactone and mers thereof, polycarbonates, polyhydroxybuterate and copolymers
thereof, polymaleamides, copolyaxalates and polysaccharides.
In some embodiments, the lacosamide, brivaracetam, may be provided in a controlled or
extended e form with or without an immediate release component in order to maximize the
eutic benefit of each, while reducing unwanted side effects associated with each. When
these drugs are provided in an oral form t the benefit of controlled or extended e
components, they are released and transported into the body fluids over a period of minutes to
several hours. Thus, compositions may contain a lacosamide and a sustained release
component, such as a coated sustained release matrix, a sustained release matrix, or a ned
release bead matrix, In one example, lacosamide (e. g., 5-80 mg) is formulated Without an
ate release component using a polymer matrix (e.g, Eudragit), Hydroxypropyl methyl
cellulose (HPMC) and a polymer coating (e. g., Eudragit). Such formulations are compressed
into solid tablets or granules or formed into pellets for capsules or tablets. ally, a coating
such as Opadry® or Surelease® is used.
Optionally, the brivaracetam, divalproex sodium, lacosamide, levetiracetam,
oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, or trin is prepared using the OROS® technology, described
for example, in US. Pat. Nos. 6,919,373, 6,923,800, 6,929,803, 6,939,556, and 6,930,128, all of
which are hereby incorporated by reference. This technology employs osmosis to provide
e, controlled drug delivery for up to 24 hours and can be used with a range of compounds,
including poorly soluble or highly soluble drugs. OROS® technology can be used to deliver high
drug doses meeting high drug loading requirements. By targeting specific areas of the
intestinal tract, OROS® technology may provide more efficient drug absorption and
enhanced bioavailability. The osmotic driving force of OROS® and protection of the drug until
the time of release eliminate the variability of drug absorption and metabolism often caused by
gastric pH and motility.
Alternatively, the combination may be prepared as described in US. Pat. No. 5,395,626
features a multilayered controlled release pharmaceutical dosage form. The dosage form
contains a ity of coated particles wherein each has multiple layers about a core containing
an lacosamide and/or the brivaracetam whereby the drug containing core and at least one other
layer of drug active is overcoated with a controlled release barrier layer ore providing at
least two lled releasing layers of a water soluble drug from the multilayered coated
particle.
By way of example, ed release oral formulation can be prepared using additional
methods known in the art. For example, a suitable extended release form of the either active
pharmaceutical ingredient or both may be a matrix tablet composition. Suitable matrix forming
als include, for example, waxes (e. g., carnauba, bees wax, paraffin wax, ceresine, shellac
wax, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols), oils, hardened oils or fats (e.g., ed rapeseed oil,
castor oil, beef tallow, palm oil, and soya bean oil), and polymers (e. g., hydroxypropyl cellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methyl ose, and hylene glycol). Other suitable
matrix tabletting materials are rystalline ose, powdered ose, ypropyl
cellulose, ethyl cellulose, with other carriers, and fillers. Tablets may also contain granulates,
coated powders, or pellets. Tablets may also be multi—layered. Multi—layered tablets are
especially suitable when the active ingredients have markedly different pharrnacokinetic
profiles. Optionally, the ed tablet may be coated or uncoated.
The coating composition typically contains an insoluble matrix r (approximately
-85% by weight of the coating ition) and a water soluble material (e.g., approximately
-85% by weight of the coating composition). ally an enteric polymer (approximately 1
to 99% by weight of the coating composition) may be used or included. Suitable insoluble
matrix polymers include ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetates,
polymethacrylates containing quaternary ammonium groups or other ceutically
acceptable polymers. Suitable water soluble materials include polymers such as polyethylene
glycol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
polyvinyl alcohol, and monomeric als such as sugars (e. g., lactose, sucrose, fructose,
mannitol and the like), salts(e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride and the like), organic
acids (e. g, fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid), and mixtures thereof.
Suitable enteric polymers include hydroxypropyl methyl ose, acetate succinate,
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate
phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, shellac, zein, and polymethacrylates containing carboxyl
groups.
The coating composition may be cized according to the properties of the coating
blend such as the glass transition temperature of the main agent or mixture of agents or the
solvent used for applying the g compositions. Suitable plasticizers may be added from 0 to
50% by weight of the coating composition and include, for example, diethyl phthalate, citrate
esters, hylene glycol, glycerol, acetylated glycerides, acetylated citrate esters,
dibutylsebacate, and castor oil. If desired, the coating composition may include a filler. The
amount of the filler may be 1% to approximately 99% by weight based on the total weight of the
coating composition and may be an ble material such as silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide,
talc, kaolin, alumina, starch, powdered cellulose, MCC, or polacrilin potassium.
The coating composition may be d as a solution or latex in organic solvents or
aqueous solvents or mixtures thereof. If solutions are applied, the solvent may be present in
amounts from approximate by 25—99% by weight based on the total weight of dissolved .
Suitable solvents are water, lower alcohol, lower chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, or mixtures
thereof. If latexes are applied, the solvent is present in amounts from approximately 25-97% by
weight based on the quantity of polymeric material in the latex. The solvent may be
predominantly water.
The pharmaceutical composition bed herein may also include a carrier such as a
solvent, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and tion
delaying . The use of such media and agents for ceutically active substances is
well known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be used in the composition,
for example, l salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, or sulfates, as
well as the salts of organic acids such as acetates, proprionates, malonates, or benzoates. The
composition may also contain s, such as water, saline, glycerol, and ethanol, as well as
substances such as g agents, emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Liposomes, such
as those described in US. Pat. No. 5,422,120, WO 95/13796, WO 91/14445, or EP 524,968 B1,
may also be used as a carrier. In some embodiments, lactose and/or casein are not preferred
components of the composition. In some embodiments of any of the aspects described herein,
the composition does not contain lactose, casein, or both.
onal methods for making controlled e formulations are described in, e.g.,
US. Pat. Nos. 5,422,123, 5,601,845, 5,912,013, and 000, all of which are hereby
incorporated by reference.
If d, the agents may be provided in a kit. The kits include a therapeutically
ive dose of an agent for treating epilepsy or other seizure—related conditions. The dosage
forms may be packaged on blister cards for daily administration convenience and to improve
adherence.
Indications Suitable for Treatment
Any subject experiencing or at risk of experiencing a seizure-related disorder, including
nic seizures in myoclonic epilepsy, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients
with idiopathic generalized epilepsy, partial onset seizures, status epilepticus, acute mania
management, paroxysmal kinesigenic athetosis, phasic spasticity in multiple sclerosis,
Landau-Kleffner me, migraine treatment or prophylaxis, ric migraine, Meige
syndrome, late-onset seizures in patients with Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, severe
myoclonic sy of infancy, tardive dyskinesia, lumbar radiculopathy, late onset myoclonic
epilepsy in Down syndrome, neuropathic pain, atypical pain syndromes, and Alzheimer's disease
may be treated with compounds and methods described herein. Preferably, the methods of the
invention treat ts experiencing or at risk of partial-onset seizures.
A subject of the invention may be experiencing or at risk of experiencing the seizure—
related disorder. The subject may be diagnosed with a seizure-related er.
References to methods of treatment herein can e methods of prevention.
Administration of the Compositions
Immediate release formulations of an AED such as lacosamide (e.g., ) are
typically administered at low doses (e.g., 100 mg/day) and progressively administered at
increasing dose over time to reach a steady state serum concentration that is therapeutically
ive. According to the manufacturer's recommendation, Vimpat, an immediate release
formulation of lacosamide, is first administered to subjects at a dose of 50 mg twice daily. Doses
are increased weekly by 100 mg/day to a daily dose of 200-400 mg/day. Using a sustained
release formulation (at a constant daily dose of 200 mg, for example), a therapeutically effective
steady state concentration may be achieved substantially sooner, without using a dose ting
regimen or reducing the escalation to one step (e. g. 200 mg/day for 1 week followed by 400
mg/day fter). Furthermore, the slope during each absorption period for the sustained
release formulation is less (i.e. not as steep) than the slope for the ate release form of an
AED such as lacosamide. Accordingly, the dC/dt of the sustained release formulation is reduced
ve to the ate e formulation. Based on this model, a sustained release
formulation of an AED such as lacosamide may be administered to a subject in an amount that is
approximately the full strength dose (or that ively reaches a therapeutically effective dose)
from the onset of therapy and throughout the duration of treatment. Accordingly, a dose
escalation may not be required. Alternatively, the sustained release formulation of an AED such
as lacosamide may be titrated at an rated schedule compared to immediate release
2016/069581
lacosamide (e. g. 200 or 300 mg/day for 1 week followed by 400 or 600 mg/day thereafter; or
150 mg/day for 1 week, followed by 300 mg/day for 1 week, followed by 600 mg/day
thereafter).
The recommended dose of immediate release lacosamide (e. g. VIMPAT®) for the
treatment of partial onset seizures is 100 mg to 200 mg twice daily (200 mg to 400 mg a day,
VIMPAT package ). There is no prescribing information on the time of day VIMPAT
should be taken. Data from published literature suggests that, in partial onset seizures, a greater
number of seizures may occur between 9 AM and 6 PM. Based on the known PK profile of
immediate release lacosamide, it is expected that a BID regimen of immediate release AED such
as lacosamide lacosamide would provide a ile plasma profile that is out of sync with this
seizure pattern (i.e., a g dose may e some coverage for part of the period where
there is a high seizure burden, but the evening dose would occur outside of this window)
resulting in long periods of time throughout the day where there is high seizure tibility
and low plasma concentration. Additionally, an evening dose of TR AED such as lacosamide
would provide higher levels of the AED lacosamide on board during the nighttime hours when
the need for seizure control is reduced. Thus, a sustained release formulation of an AED such as
lacosamide that provides sustained and high plasma levels between 9 AM and 6 PM will provide
better seizure control.
Drug ranges for the drug
The inventors have found surprisingly that a eutically ive dose of an AED
such as lacosamide administered less than 4 hours before bedtime in an extended release form
with the pharmacokinetic characteristics described herein provides a reduction in adverse effects
associated with therapy with the AED.
As described herein, the unit doses of an AED such as lacosamide administered as
described herein are generally higher than the ranges ly prescribed for ate release
compositions of the AED. For example, the ended dose of lacosamide for the treatment
of epilepsy is 100 mg to 200 mg immediate release lacosamide administered twice daily. In
clinical trials, higher doses appeared to provide greater benefit in subjects who were able to
tolerate the high doses, although the higher doses were associated with increased adverse
reactions and a higher rate of dropouts. As bed herein, doses of 50 to 600 mg (or up to
800 mg) of lacosamide may be stered for ent of patients, and methods and
compositions described herein may comprise once-nightly administration of a dose as defined of
up to 400, 500, 600 mg, 700 mg, or 800 mg once nightly, i.e., after 4 pm. and/or within 4 hours
of bedtime. In additional embodiments the administration of such higher doses may be in the
form of l, 2, 3 or 4 capsules of size 00, O, l or 2 in the normal or EL format administered once
nightly.
In some embodiment of any of the aspects described herein, a total daily mide dose
of 50 mg to 600 mg is administered as a once nightly formulation after 4 pm. and/or within 4
hours of bedtime. In some embodiments, the once nightly dose of lacosamide administered
exceeds 300 mg per day. In various specific embodiments, the once nightly dose of lacosamide
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be 50 mg to 75 mg, 70 mg to 95 mg, 90 mg to
115 mg, 110 mg to 135 mg, 130 mg to 155 mg, 150 mg to 175 mg, 170 to 195 mg, 190 mg to
215 mg, 210 mg to 235 mg, 230 mg to 255 mg, 250 mg to 275 mg, 270 mg to 295 mg, 290 mg
to 315 mg, 310 mg to 335 mg, 330 mg to 355 mg, 350 mg to 375 mg, 370 mg to 395 mg, 390
mg to 415 mg, 410 mg to 435 mg, 430 mg to 455 mg, 450 mg to 475 mg, 470 mg to 495 mg,
490 mg to 515 mg, 510 mg to 535 mg, 530 mg to 555 mg, 550 mg to 575 mg, 570 mg to 595
mg, 590 mg to 600 mg, 590 to 620 mg, 600 to 625 mg, 620 to 645 mg, 640 to 665 mg, 650 to
675 mg, 670 to 695 mg, 690 to 725 mg, 700 to 750 mg, 725 to 775 mg, or 750 to 800 mg.
In c embodiments described herein, a subject‘s entire daily dose of an AED such
as lacosamide is administered once, during a period of less than about four, three, two or one
hours before bedtime (i.e., after 4 pm. and/or the time at which the subject wishes to go to sleep
for the night). In some embodiments of any of the above aspects, administration of the
composition to a patient results in a significant reduction in symptoms.
In some embodiments, herein a an AED such as lacosamide composition is administered
to a patient in the morning, i.e., 0 to 3 hours after waking for the day, preferably, 0 to l, O to 2
hours after waking for the day. By the term “waking for the day” we mean the time at which the
subject rises to begin the day’s activities. While for many people, waking for the day is
typically between the hours of 5 am and 9 am, for some it may be earlier or later in the day or
even in the night ing upon an individual’s normal sleep routine.
Suitable plasticizers include medium chain triglycerides, diethyl ate, citrate esters,
polyethylene glycol, glycerol, acetylated glycerides, castor oil, and the like. The pellets are
filled into capsules to provide the desired strength of an AED such as lacosamide. An advantage
of this composition is it provides the desired release properties that make the composition
le for administration during said period before bedtime. A further advantage is that the
extended release coating is sufficiently durable so that the capsule can be opened and the pellets
sprinkled onto food for administration to patients who have difficulty swallowing pills, without
adversely ing the release ties of the ition. When the composition is
administered by sprinkling onto food, it may be sprinkled on a soft food such as applesauce or
chocolate pudding, which is consumed within 30 minutes, and preferably within 15 s. A
yet further advantage of the above described composition is that it has very good batch—to—batch
reproducibility and shelf-life stability.
A suitable pellet-in-capsule composition may have the above in vitro dissolution
properties and/or any of the described pharmacokinetic properties (e.g, in vivo release
profile, Tmax, pAUC0.4, pAUC4.8, Cum/Cmn ratio, max slope, dC/dt, swing, C-ave-day/C-ave-
night ratio, PTF, etc.) to make the composition suitable for administration in said period before
bedtime. The composition may be further characterized by providing a Cmax of 8-21 ng/ml per
mg of lacosamide and an AUCO-inf of 200-5 50 ng*h/mL per mg of lacosamide after oral
administration of a single dose of the capsule to a human subject in a fasted state. A suitable
pellet-in-capsule composition is further characterized by a steady state plasma concentration in
which once nightly oral administration of the capsule to a human subject provides a Cmax of 12
to 36 ng/ml per mg of lacosamide, a Cmin of 6 to 15 ng/ml per mg of lacosamide, and an 4
of 200-550 ng*h/mL per mg oflacosamide.
Other Extended Release Dosage Forms
The person of skill in the art will recognize that other embodiments of ed e
compositions may be envisioned, in addition to the capsule formulation described above. Such
other embodiments e extended release solid dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, gel
caps, powders, pellets, beadlets, etc. Included in such ed release compositions are those
that have the e teristics and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles suitable for
employment in methods described herein. In some embodiments, the person skilled in the art
may , with riate adjustment of design characteristics to achieve the ary
pharmacokinetic profile described herein, the extended release technology described in US.
Patent No. 5,358,721, to Guittard et al., or US. Patent No. 6,217,905, to Edgren et al., each of
which disclose an oral osmotic dosage form of lacosamide, and each of which is incorporated
herein by nce in its entirety. In other embodiments, the person of skill in the art may
employ, again with appropriate adjustment of design characteristics, the technology described in
US. Patent No. 6,194,000, to Smith et al. or US. Patent Appl. Publication Nos. US
2006/0252788, US 2006/0189694, US 2006/0142398, US 2008/0227743 and USZOI 1/0189273,
all to Went et al., each of which disclose the administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist,
optionally in controlled release form, and each of which is incorporated herein by reference in
its entirety.
Manufacturing Considerations
Compositions may be prepared as extended e coated pellets. These compositions
may be prepared, for example, in a ed bed processor. In such examples, the AED, such as
lacosamide, is combined with water and, optionally, other excipients such as s and/or anti-
tacking agents.
The drug layering suspension or solution used in the fluidized bed processor should have
a solids content ranging from 15 to 45% w/w, preferably 20% to 35%, more preferably 25% to
%. Some AEDs, such as lacosamide, have modest solubility in aqueous s (about 20
mg/ml), and the drug loading is expected to be significant, i.e., 10% to 60% of an extended
release pellet composition. To avoid very long processing times, the mide content in the
aqueous sion will be beyond the solubility limit.
Thus for drug layering suspensions for the fluidized bed drug coating, the AED, such as
lacosamide, should have defined particle characteristics to i) provide a suspension with high
solids content to reduce the coating time, ii) provide a suspension that does not clog the spray
nozzles within the fluidized bed coater, iii) provide a uniform suspension to maximize the
homogeneity of the t.
The le size for the AED, such as lacosamide, should be small enough to avoid
clogging the spray nozzles and to be atomized in the fluidized bed apparatus. This may be
achieved with lacosamide which is either amorphous or crystalline with a length that is less than
3 times the width, The particle size should be small enough to pass h the fluidized bed
spray system t clogging and preferably less than 150 urn, more preferably less than 100
um, even more preferably less than 75 um and most preferably less than 50 um in size Passing
the material through a sieve of an appropriate size is the typical method to ensure the material
size, e.g., a 100 mesh sieve will permit material that is less than 149 um to pass through. The
lacosamide particle size may be d by g or other s and equipment known to
the skilled artisan. The suspension to be used in a fluidized bed processor may require agitation
or mixing and temperature control of the suspension to maintain homogeneity during the coating
process.
In such examples, an extended release coating is then added to the drug coated particles
to provide a composition with a release profile as described herein. The ER coated particles
may then be encapsulated to provide dosage forms suitable for administration to a subject in
need thereof
Alternatively, coated particles may be prepared by adding an extended release coating to
granules of lacosamide prepared by mixing lacosamide with excipients, extruding the
ition and spheronizing the extruded composition. The ed release coating may be
added in a fluidized bed sor or by other methods known in the art.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Lacosamide Extended Release Formulations
mide extended release coated pellet compositions designed for nighttime
administration are prepared using the ents and relative s shown in the table
below. For each composition, the drug coating solution is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps and
Copovidone to isopropyl alcohol with continuous stirring. Purified water is added to this
dispersion and ng continued until a clear solution is formed. Drug (lacosamide) is then
added to this binder solution and stirring continued until the drug is completely ved.
Finally, talc is added and dispersed uniformly by stirring.
Celphere beads (screen sizes #35 to #50 i.e., 300 to 500 micron) are loaded in a Wurster
coating unit. The drug coating dispersion is sprayed onto the beads followed by a period of
drying. The resulting drug coated pellets are sieved to retain the on between screens #18
and #24 (approximately 700 pm to 1000 um diameter).
The seal coating solution is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps to isopropyl alcohol with
continuous stirring. Purified water is added to this dispersion and stirring continued until a clear
solution is formed. Talc is added and dispersed uniformly by stirring. The sieved drug coated
pellets are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The seal g dispersion is sprayed over the drug
coated pellets followed by a period of drying to remove the residual solvent and water in the
s. The resulting seal coated pellets are sieved to retain the fraction between screens #18
and #24.
The ER coating solution is prepared by dissolving ethyl cellulose (viscosity 7 cps) in
isopropyl alcohol and d water and stirring until a clear solution is . ne K-90
is then dissolved in this clear solution followed by addition of plasticizer Miglyol 812N with
continuous stirring to form a clear on. The sieved seal coated pellets are loaded in a
Wurster coating unit. The ER coating solution is sprayed over the seal coated pellets followed
by a period of drying to affect the ER coat and remove the residual solvent and water in the
pellets. After drying, magnesium stearate is spread on the top bed of the coated s in the
annulus region followed by recirculation of the pellets in the Wurster unit to blend the
magnesium stearate with the coated pellets. The resulting ER coated pellets are sieved to retain
the on between screens #18 and #24.
The desired weight of the ER coated pellets containing the unit dose are filled into empty
#1 hard n capsule shell (size #1 for 100 mg strength) using an encapsulator equipped with
pellet dosing chamber. For the composition shown in the table below, 237 mg pellets contain
100 mg lacosamide,
2016/069581
TableEx1: Lacosamide ER Com osition
Component Function Combined
W/wof
capsule
Pellet Core
42.17%
(Celphere®)
USP r
Extended Release Coating
1 Removed
upon drying
Example 2: Extended Release Lacosamide formulations
Lacosamide extended e coated pellet compositions designed for once daily
administration are prepared using the components and relative amounts shown below. For each
composition, the drug coating sion is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps to purified water
with continuous stirring until a clear solution is formed. Drug (lacosamide) is then added to this
binder solution with continuous stirring until a well-dispersed drug sion is formed.
Celphere beads (300 to 500 micron) are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The drug
coating dispersion is sprayed onto the beads followed by a period of drying.
The ER coating solution is prepared by dissolving ethyl cellulose (viscosity 7 cps) in
isopropyl alcohol and d water. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is dissolved in the
solution followed by addition of plasticizer, diethyl phthalate. The sieved drug coated pellets
are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The ER coating solution is sprayed over the drug coated
s followed by a period of drying to affect the ER coat and remove the residual solvent and
water in the pellets. The resulting ER coated pellets are sieved.
The d weight of the ER coated s containing the unit dose are filled into empty
#0 hard gelatin capsule shell (200 mg strength) using an encapsulator equipped with pellet
dosing chamber.
Table Ex 2A: ER Lacosamide Form 1 comprises the following:
Component on Combined w/w of
capsule
Active-loaded pellets
mide Active 53.58%
Microcrystalline cellulose spheres Core seeds 13.02%
(Celphere®)
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Binder/Coating polymer 13.40%
Purified water Solvent >—‘
ER-coated pellets
Ethyl cellulose Coating polymer 13.3 3%
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Pore former 3.33%
Diethyl phthalate Plasticizer 3.34%
Isopropyl alcohol Solvent
Purified water Solvent >—-
I: removed during process
Table EX 2B: ER mide Form 2
Component Function Combined W/w of
capsule
Active—loaded pellets
Lacosamide Active 54.49%
Microcrystalline ose spheres Core seeds 13.24%
(Celphere®)
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Binder/Coating polymer 13.63%
Purified water Solvent >—-
ER-coated pellets
Ethyl cellulose Coating polymer 13.56%
Hydroxypropyl methyl ose Pore former 3 .3 9%
Diethyl phthalate Plasticizer 1 70%-
pyl alcohol Solvent >—‘
Purified water Solvent >—‘
I: removed during process
Form 3 is ated as Form 1 + 3-hr DR.
Table Ex 2C: ER Lacosamide Form 3
Component Function Combined w/w of
capsule
Active-loaded pellets
Lacosamide Active 47.42%
Microcrystalline cellulose spheres Core seeds 11.52%
(Celphere®)
ypropyl methyl cellulose Binder/Coating polymer 11.86%
Purified water Solvent
ER-coated pellets
Ethyl cellulose g polymer 1 1.80%
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Pore former 2.95%
Diethyl phthalate Plasticizer 295%
Isopropyl alcohol Solvent
Purified water Solvent
DR—coated pellets
Methacrylic Acid and Ethyl g polymer
Acrylate mer
Triethyl citrate Anti-tack 0.88%
I: removed during process
e 3: ER Lacosamide Formulations with Partial Delayed Release Components
Lacosamide extended release coated pellet compositions designed for nighttime
administration are prepared using the ents and relative amounts shown below. For each
composition, the drug coating suspension is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps to purified water
With continuous stirring until a clear solution is formed. Drug (lacosamide) is then added to
this binder on with continuous stirring until a well—dispersed drug suspension is formed.
Celphere beads (300 to 500 micron) are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The drug
coating dispersion is sprayed onto the beads ed by a period of drying.
The ER coating solution is prepared by ving ethyl cellulose (viscosity 7 cps) in
isopropyl alcohol and purified water, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is dissolved in the
solution followed by addition of plasticizer, diethyl phthalate. The sieved drug coated pellets
are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The ER coating solution is sprayed over the drug coated
s followed by a peiiod of drying to affect the ER coat and remove the residual solvent and
water in the pellets. The ing ER coated pellets are then sieved.
The delayed-release (DR) coating dispersion is ed by mixing water, triethyl citrate,
and talc with methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate mer aqueous dispersion. The sieved
ER coated pellets are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The DR coating solution is sprayed
over the ER coated pellets followed by a period of drying. The resulting DR/ER coated pellets
are then sieved.
The desired weight of the DR/ER coated pellets containing the unit dose are filled into
empty #0 hard gelatin capsule shell (200 mg strength) using an encapsulator equipped with
pellet dosing chamber.
Table Ex 3A: ER Lacosamide Formulation 2 + 2 Hour Delayed Release
Component Function Combined w/w of
Microcrystalline cellulose s Core seeds 11.72%
(Celphere®)
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose USP Binder/Coating 15.06%
polymer/pore former
Ethyl cellulose Coating r 12.00%
Methacrylic Acid and Ethyl Acrylate Coating polymer
Copolymer
1: removed during processing
An ER lacosamide formulation characterized by a longer delayed release, i.e., 4 hours
comprises a higher DR coating level, resulting in an approximate 20% weight se in the ER
pellets.
Table Ex 3B: ER Lacosamide Formulation 4 hour Delayed e
Component on Combined w/w of
capsule
Active-loaded s
Microcrystalline cellulose spheres Core seeds 10.20%
(Celphere®)
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Binder/Coating polymer 10.50%
——I_
ted pellets
Ethyl cellulose Coating r
DR-coated pellets
Methacrylic Acid and Ethyl Acrylate Coating polymer 17.69%
Copolymer
Talc Plasticizer
Triethyl citrate Anti-tack
Purified water Solvent
I: removed during processing
Example 4: Brivaracetam Coated Pellet Formulations
Brivaracetam extended release coated pellet compositions designed for nighttime
administration are prepared using the components and relative amounts shown in the table
below. For each composition, the drug g solution is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps and
Copovidone to pyl alcohol with continuous stirring. Purified water is added to this
dispersion and stirring continued until a clear solution is formed. Drug (brivaracetam) is then
added to this binder solution and stirring continued until the drug is completely dissolved.
Finally, talc is added and dispersed uniformly by stirring.
Celphere beads (screen sizes #35 to #50 i.e., 300 to 500 micron) are loaded in a Wurster
coating unit. The drug coating dispersion is sprayed onto the beads followed by a period of
drying. The resulting drug coated s are sieved to retain the fraction between s #18
and #24 (approximately 700 pm to 1000 um diameter).
The seal coating solution is prepared by adding HPMC 5 cps to isopropyl alcohol with
continuous stirring. Purified water is added to this dispersion and stirring continued until a clear
solution is fonned. Talc is added and dispersed uniformly by stirring. The sieved drug coated
pellets are loaded in a Wurster coating unit. The seal coating dispersion is sprayed over the drug
coated pellets ed by a period of drying to remove the residual t and water in the
s The resulting seal coated pellets are sieved to retain the fraction n screens #18
and #24. Portions of these seal coated pellets are used to make extended release formulations as
described below. Also, a first portion of these seal coated pellets is also retained as an immediate
release form of brivaracetam. For the retained portion, magnesium stearate is spread on the top
bed of the coated pellets in the annulus region followed by recirculation of the pellets in the
Wurster unit to blend the magnesium stearate with the coated pellets to provide immediate
release acetam pellets (“Form A”). The desired weight of the Form A s containing
the unit dose are filled into empty #1 hard gelatin capsule shells (size #1 for 100 mg strength)
using an encapsulator equipped with a pellet dosing r. For the Form A composition
described in the table below, 197 mg pellets contain 100 mg brivaracetam.
The ER coating solution is prepared by dissolving ethyl cellulose (viscosity 7 cps) in
isopropyl alcohol and purified water and ng until a clear solution is formed. Povidone K—90
is then dissolved in this clear solution followed by addition of plasticizer Miglyol 812N with
continuous stirring to form a clear on. The sieved seal coated pellets are loaded in a
Wurster coating unit. The ER coating solution is sprayed over one portion of the seal coated
pellets to provide a faster release composition (about 8% coat weight, “Form B”) and over
another portion of the s to provide a slower release composition (about 17% coat weight,
“Form C”), in each case followed by a period of drying to affect the ER coat and remove the
residual solvent and water in the pellets. After drying, magnesium te is spread on the top
bed of the coated pellets in the annulus region followed by recirculation of the pellets in the
Wurster unit to blend the magnesium stearate with the coated pellets. The resulting ER coated
pellets from each of the sub—batches are sieved to retain the on between screens # 18 and
#24.
The desired weight of the ER coated pellets containing the unit dose are filled into empty
#1 hard gelatin capsule shell (size #1 for 100 mg strength) using an encapsulator equipped with
pellet dosing chamber. For the Form Band Form C pellets shown in the table below, 100 mg
acetam is contained in 216 mg pellets and 250 mg pellets, respectively.
Table Ex 4: Brivaracetam compositions
Component ed w/W of Capsule
Form A Form B Form C
Brivaracetam 50.65% 46.40% 39.97%
Microcrystalline cellulose Core seeds 16.86% 15.45% 14.57%
spheres (Celphere®) -
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Binder/ Coating 22.76% 20.85% 19.67%
USP polymer
Copovidone Binder 3.58% 3.28% 3.09%
Ethyl ose Coating r 6.60% 13.46%
Povidone Pore former 1.00% 2.03%
Medium chain triglycerides Plasticizer 0.79% 1.61%
Talc USP Anti-tack 6.01% 5 50% 5.24%
Magnesium Stearate NF Lubricant 0.13% 0 13% 0.13%
Isopropyl Alcohol Solvent
Solvent ,_‘ ,_i ,_i
Water
Removed upon drying
Example 5: Dissolution of lacosamide formulations
USP method <711> and Ph. Eur. 2.9.3, respectively, refer to an in vitro dissolution test
for pharmaceutical ition. A rotating basket apparatus 1 as described in method <711> of
the Us Pharmacopeoeia (edition 33) and chapter 2.9.3 of the Pharmacopoeia European on
6.8), respectively, with 900 mL dissolution media at 37i0.5°C at a stirring speed of 100 rpm is
used to determine the in vitro release of lacosamide from solid lacosamide formulations.
lly, the dissolution media is 0.1 N HCl; after 2 hours, the media is changed to 0.1 molar
sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 (same volume and temperature). Samples are taken for
analysis at predetermined time points (as shown in the table below). The amount of lacosamide
released at any time is determined via UV ometric detection. The values of replicate
samples from separate dissolution baths (N=6) are averaged for each time point.
The dissolution rates for Formulations l, 2, Form 2.2 (a 50:50 mixture of Form 2 and
Form 2 with an additional 2 hour DR coat), Form 2.4, (a 50:50 mixture of Form 2 and Form 2
with an increased DR coat), Form 2.6 (a 50:50 mixture of Form 2 and Form 2 with an even
r DR coat), Form 3, Form 4, Form 4.2 (a 50:50 mixture of Form 4 and Form 4 with an
additional 2 hour DR coat), Form 4.4, (a 50:50 mixture of Form 4 and Form 4 with an increased
DR coat), and Form 4.6 (a 50:50 mixture of Form 4 and Form 4 with an even greater DR coat)
—104—
are shown in the following Tables and in Figures lA-lC:
Table Ex 5A: Dissolution Table 1
Percent Released
m——6
84 8 70
-—95 94 91 87
Percent Released
Form 4.2 Form 4.4 Form 4.6
m-78
Example 6: Dissolution of brivaracetam ations
The in vitro dissolution s for compositions described herein containing
brivaracetam are performed according to USP <71 l> using a rotating basket apparatus 1 with
900 mL 0.1 molar phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at a ng speed of 100 rpm at 37::0.5°C. The
analytical assay of the samples is performed using GC or another method known in the art.
Example 7 : ed Release Formulation made by Extrusion Spheronization
Extended release compositions designed for nighttime administration are prepared using
the components and relative amounts shown in the table below and the manufacturing process
described below.
A blend of drug substance, microcrystalline ose and lactose monohydrate is
prepared and a wet mass is prepared in a high shear granulator using an aqueous solution of
povidone. The wet mass is extruded using 1 mm sieve and extruded mass is spheronized using a
spheronizerr The s are dried in a tray drier to yield core pellets. The core pellets are
coated with extended release coating solution in a pan coater. The desired weight of the ER
coated pellets containing the unit dose is filled into empty 1 hard gelatin capsule shell (150 mg
strength) using an ulator equipped with pellet dosing chamber. In vitro dissolution
profiles for the itions are performed using the methods described herein.
Table Ex 7: AED Capsule Compositions
_Function Combined w/w% of Ca n sule
varacetam
Pellet Core
I-ru: substance _2.87%
||iluent 17.31% 0.78%
II-inder 0.59% 71%
Extended Release Coatin_
ICoatin 01 mer 14.83% 5.58%
456%
lllasticizer 1.69% .76%
1 Removed upon drying
Example 8: Pharmacokinetic measurement of the Formulation of Lacosamide ER
compared to IR mide
Objective: The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile,
safety and tolerability of a prototype formulation of ER Lacosamide (as ed in es 1-
3), relative to a 100 mg IR Lacosamide tablet (VlMPAT® ) given as single doses to healthy adult
subjects under fasting ions.
Study : This is a Phase 1, randomized, single dose, open-label, two-period, two-
treatment crossover, fasting pharmacokinetic study in which single 200 mg doses of lacosamide
ER prepared according to Example 1 are compared to single 200 mg doses of marketed
lacosamide IR s (VIMPAT®).
Methods: Subjects are admitted to the unit for the first period of dosing within 21 days of
study screening. There is a 7 day washout between dosing in period 1 and 2. In each dosing
period subjects are dosed on the day after checking into the unit and discharged 72 hours post
dose. A final follow up end of study is conducted within 14 days of dosing in the second period.
After an ght fast, the formulation is administered to the subjects with 240 mL of
water while they are in a sitting position. Blood samples are collected at 0 (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 4,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 hours following each dose.
Plasma samples are assayed for lacosamide by a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass
spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS) method. Pharrnacokinetic parameters are calculated using a non-
compartmental analysis with WinNonlin software on 5.3 or higher, Pharsight
Corporation).
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed on the natural logarithms of Cmax and
AUCOnO determined from the data following a single dose of study drug using linear mixed
s model. The model includes ce, period, and regimen as fixed effects and subject
with sequence as random effect. Ratio of ER to IR for both AUC (relative bioavailability for ER
ation) and Cmax is calculated. (Adverse events are monitored throughout the study. Vital
signs (pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature), clinical laboratory measures
(biochemistry, hematology, and urinalysis) and ECGs are collected at various times during the
study.
The PK results from this study demonstrate the ER form provides an increased Tmax (in
the range of 11 to 19 hours vs about 1.5 hours for VIlVIPAT), a reduced Cmax on a dose
tionate basis (about 2.5 to 3.5 ug/ml for the ER form versus more than 5 [1ng for the IR
form), and an AUCO.00 that is bioequivalent to the IR form (i.e. 80-125% of the IR form on an
equivalent dose basis).
e 9: Simulation of ER and IR lacosamide PK profiles
Dissolution profiles for immediate release and extended release compositions of
lacosamide were used to model plasma concentration profiles with the re e
GastroPlus, version 9.0. Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical properties for lacosamide
were first determined using ADMET Predictor v. 7.2. The GastroPlus model with those
parameters was then tested against published mide data to verify suitability for estimating
plasma profiles for itions described herein. The release profile for Form 4 and an
immediate release form were input into the GastroPlus model and the single dose and multiple
dose plasma concentrations were determined. Linear interpolation was used to determine
intervening data points to generate plasma profiles with uniform time intervals of 0.1 hours. The
plasma concentration curves were then used to determine PK parameters for the compositions,
including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-OO, dC/dt from O to 1.4 hours (Tmax for the 1R composition). Multi—
dose models were also ted to ine the steady state PK parameters for these
compositions.
The study results from the simulation of 400 mg Form 4 administered once daily and 200
mg IR stered twice daily (at 12 hour intervals)are provided in the table below and in
Figure 2A. The IR results are based on the first dose (ie. 200 mg). The Form 4 s were
also based on the first dose, however, the dose was 400 mg. Comparison of the dose normalized
values for Cmax, AUC and dC/dt show the Form 4 AUCOm is 91% of the IR AUC0_00 the ER
Cmax is 65% of the 1R Cmax, and the dC/dt is 0.6% of the 1R dC/dt. The Tmax ofForm 4 is 14.5
hours, while the Tmax for the IR form is 1.4 hours.
Table Ex 9: PK Properties of Lacosamide Compositions
—m- W
cm (pg/m1) “—
WWI/ma
AUC0_m/mg(ug*hr/ml/mg) 91%
dC/dt/mg (ug/ml/hr/mg) 0.6%
Example 10: Steady State Plasma Concentrations for Lacosamide
The steady state plasma lacosamide concentrations for the compositions shown in
Figures 1A—1C were simulated according to the method of Example 9 using GastroPlus, version
9.0. The plasma tration profiles were indexed to a specific dosing schedules as shown
here. The dosing for ER forms was 400 mg once daily. For Form 1, the dosing was simulated at
8 am, for Forms 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, and Form 3, the dosing was ted once nightly at 12 am; for
Forms 4, 4.2, 4.4, and 4.6, the dosing was simulated once nightly at 10 pm. The dosing for the
IR form was 200 mg BID at 8 am and 8 pm.
The plasma profiles at steady state are shown in Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D. As
illustrated in the Figures, the minimum concentrations for all but Form 1 and the IR form occur
during the night between about 12 am and about 4 am; for Form 1, the minimum occurs about 8
am, the time of dosing; and for the IR formulation, the two minimums also occur near the time
of dosing, i.e., 8 am and 8 pm. Conversely all of the ER compositions e a Cmax,SS n
about 10 am and 4 pm (10 to 18 hours after last administration), while the IR ation
provides Cmax,ss at around 9:30 am and 9:30 pm.
Example 11: Steady State Plasma Profiles with Modified Dosing Regimens
The plasma concentration profile for single dose administration of the IR form was dose
adjusted for administration according to the label for VIMPAT, then by superposition, the
dosing of 100 mg BID for 1 week (starting at 8 am on day 1), followed by closing of 150 mg
BID for 1 week, followed by the maintenance dose of 200 mg BID. The multi dose plasma
concentration profiles for Form 4.2 administration and Form 3 as 400 mg QD was plotted as a
function of time starting with the first dose at 10 pm and 12 am, respectively, following the day
l dosing for the IR form.
The results of the simulation are shown in Figure 4. As can be seen in the figure, the IR
stration begins before the controlled release form administration on day l and, using the
administration ol from the VIMPAT label, achieves a steady state profile at 200 mg BID
about 18 days after initiation of y. Conversely, the controlled release forms administered
once nightly with no titration, achieved steady state about 4 days after initiation of therapy.
Therapeutically effective levels are achieved about 14 days earlier for these controlled release
formulation regimens than for the [R regimen.
Example 12: Rotarod Study to Determine the Effects of Lacosamide (LCM) on Motor
Coordination in Mice
A pharrnacokinetic (PK)—pharmacodynamic (PD) study is performed in mice to evaluate
the effects of lacosamide on motor coordination using the rotarod test following single
intravenous (IV) or oral (PO) doses. The ive of this study is to trate that
decreasing the rate of rise of plasma concentration of lacosamide s in a reduction in CNS
side effects.
PK Phase
For the PK phase, male CD—1 mice were ed to treatment groups according to the
study design in Table Ex 12 below. Lacosamide was prepared as a solution in 0.9% saline, at
concentrations indicated in Table Ex 12. IV dosing was done via tail vein injection and oral
delivery was done with oral gavage tube. Dosing levels by each route are as shown in Table Ex
Table Ex 12: Stud Desi nfor Pharmacokinetic Sam lin
Group Route Dose Plasma collection N per collection
concentration times (min) time
(mg/mL)
, 15, 30, 60, 120, 4 mice/ plasma
240, 480, 720 collection time
, 15, 30, 60, 120, 4 mice/plasma
240, 480, 720 tion time
, 15, 30, 60, 120, 4 mice/plasma
240, 480, 720 collection time
, 15, 30, 60, 120, 4 mice/plasma
240, 480, 720 collection time
WO 17569
Results
The Cmax of lacosamide after a single 10 mg/kg IV dose was comparable to the Cmax after
a single 30 mg/kg oral dose (~15 ug/mL), while Cmax values following a single 30 mg/kg IV
dose was comparable to those following a 90 mg/kg oral dose (~40 ug/mL). The Tmax values
varied based on the route of stration (<5 to ~15 min by the IV and oral routes,
respectively), g that the Cmax was reached more slowly in the animals in the PO groups
than the IV groups,
PD Phase
The rotarod (Ugo Basile, Germany) is a device that allows for quantitative measurement
of motor coordination in rodents. Animals are pre-trained prior to testing on the d.
24 hours prior to the test day, mice are trained to run on the accelerating rotarod for at
least 120 sin two consecutive trials. The mice are given up to 12 trials to achieve this
performance criterion. Any mice not meeting this criterion are excluded from the test study.
Mice are randomized to treatment groups (vehicle; IV: 3, 10 30 mg/kg; P0: 10, 30, 90
. On the day of the test, the animals are dosed with test article and placed on the rotarod 5
minutes post-dosing. The rotarod is accelerated from 0-40 rpm over a 5 minute session, using
the built—in function of the ent. The rotarod test is repeated for each mouse at 15, 30 and
60 minutes post-drug administration. Animals that stay on the rotarod are assigned a run-time of
300 s. The time that each animal stays on the rotarod prior to falling is tically
recorded as the animal’s fall latency.
The latency to fall time on the rotarod ed for each animal is reported at each time
point ose. Latency to fall is averaged (:: SEM) across the 10 animals in each treatment
group at each time point. Lacosamide groups are compared against vehicle-treated means to
determine if there is a significant effect of lacosamide treatment on rotarod performance.
RESULTS
By the same route of administration (IV or PO), an increase in dose results in a
corresponding decrease in the latency to fall time on the rotarod, indicative that an increase in
dose results in greater CNS impairment. However, at doses that produce equivalent Cmax by
different routes of administration but different Tmax (e. g. 30 mg/kg IV and 90 mg/kg PO),
administration by P0 which results in a reduced rate of rise results in greater latency to fall on
the rotarod (less ment) compared to administration by IV.
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Example 13: Pharmacokinetic Study of Lacosamide stered By Continuous
Subcutaneous Infusion to Rats for 7 Days
The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the PK profile from a standard regimen
of 200 mg IR lacosamide BID in humans, along with a novel PK profile of 400 mg ER
lacosamide QD, can be replicated in rats using programmable subcutaneous on pumps.
Jugular vein cannulated male and female Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 240-
260 grams are used for this study. Rats are implanted with programmable infusion pumps
(iPRECIO SMP—200).
Simulated IR BID dosing
Rats are assigned to 2 groups consisting of 4 rats each. Both groups are dosed identically
using the same infusion protocol but the blood collection times for each group differ. Animals
are allocated into the treatment groups to ensure similar distribution of body weights across all
groups (+/-10% difference in mean body weight between groups). Two different on rates
are employed over a 12 hour period to achieve a simulated 131D profile and the infusion ol
is repeated every 12 hours for 7 days. The solution in the programmable pump is refilled every 3
days. Approximately 0.10 mL blood is collected from each rat via a r cannula at the time-
points specified in Table EX 13. The actual plasma collection time are recorded for each animal.
The last collection time is the terminal time point for each animal.
Table Ex 13A: Stud Desi n and on Protocol for Simulated BID dosin
Number Dose Dose Concentrati Plasma
of Period2 rate/ratl on in pump Flow rate Collection
animals (mg/h/rat) (mg/mL) Times (hours)
0-2 h 1, 4, 8, 14, 20,
84,144,158
2_12 h
0-2 h r 2, 6, 12, 18, 24,
98, 156, 168
2-12h
1. Lacosamide dose tes are based on average animal body weight of 250 g
2. Pump infusion protocol is repeated every 12 hours for a total of 7 days
Simulated ER QD dosing
Rats are assigned to three groups consisting of 4 rats each. All three groups are dosed
cally using the same infusion protocol but blood collection times for each group will be
different. The iPRECIO pump is programmed to provide two different infusion rates over a 24
hour period to achieve a simulated QD profile and the infusion protocol will be repeated every
24 hours for 7 days. The pump is refilled every 3 days. Animals are allocated into the treatment
groups to ensure similar distribution of body weights across both groups (+/-10% ence in
mean body weight between ). Approximately 0.10 mL blood is collected from each rat
via a jugular cannula at the time-points specified in Table Ex 13B. The actual plasma tion
time is recorded for each . The last collection time point is the terminal point for each
animal.
Table Ex 13B: Stud Desi n and Infusion Protocol for Simulated D dosin
Number Dose Dose Concentrati Plasma
of Period2 rate/rat1 on in pump Flow rate Collection
animals (mg/h/rat) ) Times (hours)
0-12h 0.30 3,9,15,21,30,
42’ 96’ 156
12—24 h 0.15
0-12 h 0.30 6, 12, 18, 24, 36,
48, 144, 168
12-24 h 0.15
l. Lacosamide dose estimates are based on average animal body weight of 250 g
2. Pump infusion protocol is repeated every 12 hours for a total of 7 days
The following parameters are calculated:
0 Individual and mean plasma concentrations over time (ng/mL)
o The plasma lacosamide concentration at each time point tabulated for each animal by
group, and the mean (and SD) concentration for each group
0 The mean (and SD) concentrations for each group plotted as a function of time.
Descriptive PK parameters, such as but not limited to, AUC0.24h (11g >< h/mL), 4
(i.e. AUC,ss, ng x h /mL), Cm,SS (ng/mL), Cmin’ss (ug/mL) and Cum,ss (ug/mL) are calculated for
individual animals and the mean (and SD) is tabulated by group.
RESULTS
The PK parameters (Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, AUC) of 200 mg IR lacosamide BID and 400 mg
ER lacosamide QD in humans can be replicated in rats using mmable subcutaneous
infusion pumps,
Example 14. Comparison of the effect of Lacosamide administered as an IR or an ER
infusion profile on motor coordination and CNS oral effects in ratsThe primary
objective of this study is compare the CNS side effects of lacosamide when delivered as a
subcutaneous on in rats to simulate a once-a day extended release (ER) dosing profile or a
twice a day (BID) immediate release (1R) dosing profile in humans. The example investigates
reducing the rate of rise of plasma trations with the ER profile compared to the IR profile
s in d CNS impairment. CNS side effects are measured as an impairment of motor
coordination in rodents using the rotarod. Performance of rodents in a battery of
ehavioral tests conducted during the infusion pefiod are used as secondary endpoints as
measures of CNS impairment.
Groups of rats are ted subcutaneously with programmable pumps that administer
lacosamide as an on for 7 days. The infusion protocols are designed to produce
pharmacokinetic profiles of lacosamide similar to that of IR lacosamide stered twice-a-
day (BID) to humans (IR profile) or an extended release profile stered once-a—day (QD)
to humans (ER profile) at varying doses administered as IR BID or ER QD.
The 400 mg/day ER and [R (BID) doses in humans are predicted to yield -state
plasma Cmax and Cmin of 102-1 1 .Zug/mL and 5.1-7.1pg/mL. In this study, dosing for rats
designed to achieve these plasma levels is referred to as 400 mg/day human equivalent dose
(“HE ”). For the 600 mg/day HED (300 mg BID dose) and 800 mg/day HED (400 mg BID
dose) the targeted Cmax values to be achieved arel4.5 ug/mL and 18.4 pg/mL, respectively.
Rats are pre—trained on the rotarod prior to testing and assigned to groups based on their
body weights. Groups of rats are implanted with pumps and tested on the rotarod prior to
initiation of lacosamide infusion, and at time points that correspond to the Cmax, Cmm during the
initial infusion phase and at steady state.
Following the period of acclimation, rats are surgically implanted with subcutaneous
programmable pumps (iPRECIO), per the manufacturer’s ctions. Prior to tation,
pumps are pre—programmed and filled with sterile 0.9% saline ing to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Implantation is done under anesthesia by using c techniques.
Three days following pump implantation surgery, rats are pre-trained on the rotarod and
assigned to treatment groups based on their body weights.
Infusion of lacosamide commences on day four post-pump implantation surgery.
Baseline measurements are made on the rotarod on Day 4. Immediately thereafter, saline in the
iPRECIO pumps is Withdrawn and the pump is refilled with lacosamide solution (25 mg/mL in
0.9% saline). Pumps are refilled during the 7 day period as ary, through the access port of
the iPRECIO pump.
Twenty four hours prior to the first test day (on day 3 post—pump implantation), rats are
trained to run on the accelerating rotarod for at least 120 s in two consecutive trials, The rats are
given up to 12 trials to achieve this performance criterion. Any rats not meeting this criterion
are excluded from the test study. Once rats achieve this criterion, they are considered fully
trained and returned to their home cage. The acceleration on the rotarod is the same as that used
during test day (0-40 rpm over a 5 mins).
On the test day at the specified time point, rats are placed on the rotarod and the rotarod
is accelerated from 0-40 rpm over a 5 minute session, using the built-in function of the
equipment. Each rat is run only once at each time point. A rat that has been incorrectly placed
on the d and falls off in less than 5 seconds may be re—run at the discretion of the
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2016/069581
experimenter, who is blinded to the identity of the treatment groups. Animals that stay on the
rotarod for the entire session are assigned a run-time of 300 seconds. The time that each animal
stays on the rotarod prior to falling is automatically recorded as the animal’s fall latency.
A series of additional tests are conducted to characterize the CNS adverse events for the
IR and ER profiles. These include ehavioral tests to assess an assortment of cognitive
and motor on.
RESULTS
By a given infusion protocol, time spent on the rotarod can decrease in a dose—dependent
manner, such that the impairment produced by the 800 mg/day HED is greater than that
produced at the 400 mg/day HED when comparing data at Cmax.
Surprisingly, for a given dose level, comparison of time spent on the rotarod for rats
treated with the IR versus ER infusion protocol at Cmax show that rats in the IR profile have a
significantly d time spent on the rotarod (i.e. greater impairment) ed to those in the
ER group. These results show that at similar plasma Cmax concentrations, slowing the rate of rise
of the plasma lacosamide concentration via an ER profile results in a significantly reduced
impairment on the rotarod.
Similar results are observed with other secondary endpoints tested. Overall, when
assessed by multiple measures, the results demonstrate a consistent benefit in reducing CNS
impairment by reducing the rate of rise of plasma concentrations with the ER profile compared
to the 1R profile.
Example 15. Comparison of the Effect of Lacosamide Administered as an IR or an ER
Profile on Motor nation in Rats
The primary objective of this study was to compare the CNS side effects of lacosamide
when delivered as a continuous infusion to rats to simulate an extended e (ER) plasma
profile or as a bolus to te an immediate release (IR) plasma profile. It is hypothesized that
ng the rate of rise of plasma concentrations with the ER profile compared to the IR profile
results in d CNS impairment. CNS side effects were measured as an impairment of motor
coordination in rodents using the d. The d (Ugo Basile, Italy) is a device that allows
for tative measurement of motor coordination in rodents. Animals experiencing CNS side
effects such as dizziness would fall off the rotarod faster than normal animals.
Rats were pre-trained on the rotarod prior to g and animals that did not meet the
training criterion (at least 120 seconds time on rotarod in two consecutive trials) were excluded
from the study. An acceleration protocol was used for training and test sessions, wherein the
rotarod was rated from 0-40 rpm over a 5 minute session. All rats were then surgically
implanted subcutaneously with programmable pumps (iPRECIO, Durect Corporation,
—114—
Cupertino, CA), per the manufacturer’s instructions, under anesthesia and using c
techniques.
Three days following pump tation surgery, all rats were tested on the rotarod to
obtain ne performance values. Rats were assigned to treatment groups such that the mean
time spent on the rotarod was similar for each group. Four groups of rats were ed in this
study, with 8-10 rats per group:
e IP via programmable pump
Lacosamide 1P viaprogrammable pump
To reproduce the plasma profile of ER lacosamide (ER e, group 2), rats were
administered lacosamide as a continuous on into the intraperitoneal (IP) space. The
infusion protocol was designed to produce a linear rise of lacosamide plasma tration with
a Tmax of 18 hours. The total pump infusion duration was 18 hours. Control animals (group 1)
were infused with vehicle (20% N—methy1pyrrolidone, NMP) using the same infusion
protocol. To reproduce the ate release (IR) profile (group 4), rats were implanted with
programmable pumps containing vehicle (20% NMP) and were given an IP bolus of lacosamide
with an expected Tmax of 0.5 hours. Control animals (group 3) were implanted with pumps
containing vehicle and were given an 1P bolus of vehicle. The slope of the rate of rise of plasma
concentration of the ER profile was designed to be 310% of the slope of the IR profile, while
keeping the target Cmax for both the ER and IR profiles similar (~20 ug/mL).
Immediately following the 18 hour pump infusion for the ER groups, or 1 hour after IP
injection for the IR groups, rats were placed on the rotarod and the rotarod was accelerated from
0-40 rpm over a 5 minute session, using the built-in function of the equipment. Animals that
stayed on the rotarod for the entire session were ed a run—time of 300 seconds. The time
that each animal stayed on the rotarod prior to falling was tically recorded. Immediately
after the rotarod test, the rats were euthanized and blood was collected to determine the
lacosamide plasma concentration.
In order to fully elucidate the plasma concentration-time profile of lacosamide
administered by the ER and IR protocols, two groups ofPK satellite rats (n=4 each) were
administered lacosamide using identical protocols to groups 2 and 4 above to reproduce the ER
and IR profiles, respectively. Blood was collected at varying time points and the plasma
lacosamide trations were determined. No rotarod g was performed on the PK
satellite rats.
RESULTS
Pharmacokinetic analysis of the PK ite groups demonstrated that the ER infusion
protocol resulted in a slow and linear rate of rise of plasma lacosamide concentration with a
median Tmax of 15 hours, whereas the [P bolus resulted in a rapid rise in plasma lacosamide
concentration with a median Tmax of 0.75 hours. The Cmax for the ER and IR profiles in the PK
satellite rats were similar (19 and 22 ug/mL, respectively). The ER profile resulted in a 98%
reduction in the rate of the rise (slope) of mide plasma concentration compared to IR (1.4
ug/mL/h for the ER profile ed to 62 ug/mL/h for the IR profile, Table X). While the ER
and IR profiles produced similar Cmax values, due to the 18 hour infusion time required to
produce the ER profile, rats administered lacosamide by the ER profile received ~6-fold higher
dose and had 12-fold higher exposure (AUC0.13h) compared to rats administered mide by
the [R profile (Table 15).
Table 15. Lacosamide pharmacokinetic ters from PK satellite rats
Parameter Group 2 (ER) Group 4 (IR)"< ER/IR Ratio
*Slope ated from initiation of drug administration
** AUC calculated based
on 18 hour infusion for ER profile
To confirm that plasma concentrations were similar between the rats treated with
lacosamide by the ER and IR profile and tested on the rotarod (groups 2 and 4, respectively),
plasma lacosamide concentrations were ined for these groups subsequent to rotarod
testing. Analysis of the plasma taken immediately after rotarod testing demonstrated that
lacosamide levels were similar for group 2 (ER profile) and group 4 (IR profile), approximately
19 ug/mL for both groups, and also similar to lacosamide levels in the PK satellite rats (Table
Surprisingly, when dosed to achieve the same Cmax, comparison of time spent on the
rotarod showed that rats dosed with the 1R profile had greater impairment when compared to
vehicle controls than those dosed with the ER profile. Specifically, when ed to the
baseline rotarod values, rats treated with lacosamide using the ER profile (group 2) showed an
increase in time on the rotarod of 45% after drug treatment, ed to a 27% increase in
rotarod values for vehicle treated rats (group 1), see Figure 9. The percent change from ne
in time on the rotarod was not statistically different (p>0.05) between the lacosamide ER group
(group 2) and the vehicle ER group (group 1). In contrast, rats administered an IP bolus of
lacosamide to produce the IR profile (group 4) showed a 55% reduction in time on the rotarod
from baseline values, whereas the matched vehicle controls (group 3) showed a 54% se.
For the IR groups, the difference in percent change from baseline between the mide
treated (group 4) and vehicle (group 3) groups was statistically significant (p=0.026).
These results shows that at similar plasma Cmax concentrations, slowing the rate of rise of
the plasma lacosamide concentration via an ER profile results in a significantly reduced
impairment on the rotarod. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that, by reducing the rate of
rise, it is le to administer a higher dose of lacosamide and provide greater exposure
without inducing significant impairment.
Example 16. ison of the Effect of Brivaracetam Administered as an IR or an ER
e on Motor Coordination in Rats
The primary objective of this study is to compare the CNS side effects of brivaracetam
when delivered as a continuous infusion to rats to simulate an extended release (ER) plasma
profile or as a bolus to simulate an immediate release (IR) plasma profile. It is hypothesized that
reducing the rate of rise of plasma concentrations with the ER profile compared to the IR profile
results in reduced CNS impairment. CNS side effects are measured as an impairment of motor
coordination in s using the rotarod. The rotarod (Ugo Basile, Italy) is a device that allows
for quantitative measurement of motor coordination in rodents. Animals experiencing CNS side
effects such as dizziness would fall off the rotarod faster than normal animals.
Rats are pre-trained on the d prior to testing and animals that did not meet the
ng criterion (at least 120 seconds time on rotarod in two consecutive trials) are excluded
from the study. An acceleration protocol is used for training and test sessions, n the
rotarod is rated from 0—40 rpm over a 5 minute session. All rats are then surgically
implanted subcutaneously with programmable pumps (iPRECIO, Durect Corporation,
Cupertino, CA), per the manufacturer’s instructions, under esia and using aseptic
ques.
Three days following pump implantation surgery, all rats are tested on the rotarod to
obtain ne performance values. Rats are assigned to treatment groups such that the mean
time spent on the rotarod was similar for each group. Four groups of rats are utilized in this
study, with 8-10 rats per group:
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2016/069581
Vehicle IP via programmable pump
Brivaracetam IP viaprogrammable pump
To reproduce the plasma profile of ER brivaracetam (ER , group 2), rats are
stered acetam as a continuous infusion into the intraperitoneal (IP) space. The
infusion protocol is designed to produce a linear rise of acetam plasma concentration with
a Tmax of >10 hours. Control animals (group 1) are infiised with vehicle using the same infusion
protocol. To uce the immediate release (IR) profile (group 4), rats are implanted with
programmable pumps containing e and are given an IP bolus of brivaracetam that results
in a Tmax of <1 hour. l animals (group 3) were implanted with pumps containing vehicle
and were given an IP bolus of vehicle. The slope of the rate of rise of plasma concentration of
the ER profile is designed to be 310% of the slope of the IR profile, while keeping the target
Cmax for both the ER and [R profiles similar.
Approximately 30 minutes following the Tmax for the ER or IR profile, rats are placed on
the rotarod and the rotarod is accelerated from 0—40 rpm over a 5 minute session, using the built—
in function of the equipment. Animals that stay on the rotarod for the entire session are assigned
a run-time of 300 seconds. The time that each animal stays on the d prior to falling is
automatically recorded Immediately after the rotarod test, the rats are euthanized and blood is
ted to determine the brivaracetam plasma concentration.
In order to fully elucidate the plasma concentration-time profile of acetam
administered by the ER and [R protocols, two groups ofPK satellite rats are administered
brivaracetam using identical protocols to groups 2 and 4 above to reproduce the ER and IR
s, respectively. Blood is collected at varying time points and the plasma brivaracetam
concentrations are determined. No rotarod testing is performed on the PK satellite rats.
RESULTS
Pharmacokinetic analysis of the PK satellite groups demonstrate that the ER infusion
protocol results in a slow and linear rate of rise of plasma brivaracetam concentration which is
<10% of the rate of rise of the 1R profile. The Cmax for the ER and IR profiles in the PK satellite
rats are similar.
When dosed to achieve the same Cmax, comparison of time spent on the rotarod shows
greater impairment for rats dosed with the 1R profile than those dosed with the ER profile (when
each are compared to vehicle controls). Specifically, in rats treated using the ER profile, the
change from baseline in time on the rotarod is not different between brivaracetam treated and
vehicle animals. In contrast, rats administered an IF bolus of brivaracetam to produce the IR
profile have greater reduction in time on the rotarod than matched vehicle controls.
These results show that at similar plasma Cmax concentrations, slowing the rate of rise of
the plasma acetam concentration via an ER profile results in a significantly reduced
impairment on the rotarod. Furthennore, these s demonstrate that, by reducing the rate of
rise, it is possible to administer a higher dose of brivaracetam and provide greater exposure
without inducing significant impairment.
Example 17: Lacosamide Coated Pellet Formulations
Lacosamide extended release coated pellet compositions, Formulations A, B, C, D, were
prepared using the components and relative amounts shown in the table below. For each
composition, the drug g suspension was prepared by combining the active pharmaceutical
ient with Hypromellose USP in purified water. This suspension was applied onto
microcrystalline cellulose spheres in a Wurster fluidized bed processor to provide immediate
release cores shown in the table below. An extended e g solution was prepared by
dissolving ethyl cellulose, Hypromellose USP, and diethyl phthalate in isopropyl alcohol and
purified water. The extended release coating was then applied to the immediate release cores in
a Wurster ed bed processor to ing extended release pellets described in the table
below. For Formulations B, C, and D, an additional delayed release coating was added; the
delayed release coating suspensions were prepared by combining the methyacrylic acid and
methyl methacrylate copolymer(s) with triethyl citrate, talc, isopropyl alcohol and purified
water. These coating suspensions were then applied to the extended release coated pellets in a
Wurster fluidized bed sor to the levels indicated in the table below. The coated pellets
were subsequently machine encapsulated into size 00 hard gelatin capsules at a strength of 200
mg lacosamide
Table 17: Compositions of Lacosamide MR Capsules, 200 mg, Formulation A-D
F—ormulation
A—mountper Amount per Amount per Amount per
unit unit unit unit
CI—omonen’tFunctionalit m1 e m1 e m1 caIsule m1 caIsule
Immediate-release core
Lacosamide Active 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
Pharmaceutical
Ingredient
Hypromellose, USP 50.01 50.01 50.01 50.01
Microcrystalline ose Ineit spherical 48.58 48.58 48.58 48.58
Spheres, NF core
ed Water, USP1 Coating solvent - - - -
Extended-release membrane
Amount per Amount per Amount per Amount per
C—omuonent Functionalit
Ethylcellulose, NF Rate-controlling 2597 25. 95 20.76 31.14
polymer
——————
——————
Delayed-release membrane
Methacrylic Acid and Rate-controlling
Methyl rylate polymer
mer (1:1), NF
rylic Acid and Rate-controlling 25. 84 22.45 26.41
Methyl Methacrylate polymer
Copolymer (1 :2), NF
Triemylcmatem —————
mom —————
_-----[sopropyl Alcohol, USP1 Coating solvent
——————
——————
1:Removed during process
Example 18: Dissolution profiles of Lacosamide Compositions
The dissolution profiles for the lacosamide formulations prepared according to Example
17 above were determined as described in USP method <71 l> of the US Pharmacopeoeia
(edition 33 and chapter 2.9.3 of the Pharmacopoeia European (edition 6.8). Briefly, a rotating
basket apparatus as described in the aforementioned references was used with 900 mL of
dissolution media at 37 .0::O.5°C at a stirring speed of 100 rpm to ine the in Vitro e
of the lacosamide. Initially, the dissolution media was simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2); after two
hours at pH 1.2, the media was changed to simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8); after four hours at
pH 6.8, the media was changed to phosphate buffer (pH 7 .5) for the final 18 hours. Samples
were taken at the time points shown in the table below and the amount of lacosamide ed
was determined by UV spectrometric detection. The mean dissolution percentages for each
formulation at the specified times are provided in the table below and in Figure 5.
Table 18: ution profiles for mide Compositions
2 O
4 O
6 4
9 42
WO 17569 2016/069581
24 105 101 105 89
Example 19: Simulation of Lacosamide Plasma Concentration s
Dissolution profiles for the lacosamide compositions shown in Example 18 above were
used to model plasma concentration s with the software package GastroPlus, version 9.0
as described in Example 9 above for single doses at 400 mg. The plasma concentration curves
were then used to determine PK ters for the compositions, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0_OQ,
AUC0.4, AUC4.g, and dC/dt from O to 1.4, 2, 3, 4 hours. These parameters were also determined
from the plasma concentration curve for the immediate release mide formulation of
Example 9, adjusted to a single dose of 400 mg. The plasma concentration curves based on the
models from GastroPlus are shown in Figure 6. As shown in the table below, when compared to
the immediate release formulations, the modified release formulations all provide delayed Tmax
values and provides AUC equivalence to IR. The pAUC0-4 values are substantially lower than
the [R pAUC0-4 value; the pAUC4-g and pAUC0-3 values for Formulation B, Formulation C, and
Formulation D are also much lower than the corresponding values for IR and Formulation A.
The dC/dT values over each of the time periods shown in the table are 50% or less than the
corresponding [R value, and over the first 1.2, 2, or 3 hours after administration of a single dose
of the compositions or an equivalent dose of the IR formulation, the dC/dT for the formulations
of the compositions are less than 33% of the corresponding values. The dC/dT values for
Formulation B, Formulation C, and ation D are all less than 5% of the corresponding IR
value.
Table 19A: Single Dose PK Parameters
IR Form. A Form. B Form. C Form. D
Tmax (h) 14-4
cm (Hg/ml) -——-fi 5-5
Aucm (ug*hr/m|) 156-0
mm-——— 82%
-———
pAUC0_4 (pg*hr/m|) 35.01 699 0.00 0.19 0.00
onal AUC (%) 0%
pAUC4_g (pg*hr/m|) 31.73 25.42 12. 89 1.57
FractionaIAUC(%) 7% 1%
pAUC0_8 (ug*hr/m|) 66.74 32.42 2.93 13.08 1.57
FractionalAUC (%) 35% 17% 2% 7% 1%
dc/dT 0 to 1.4 hr (ug/mI/hr)“mm-m
dC/eIT 0 to 2 hr /hr) “mm-m
chr o to 3 hr (ug/mI/hr)“mm
dC/dr o to 4 hr /hr) -——-m-m
Multi-dose plasma concentration profiles for the IR and modified release formulations
each dosed once daily at 400 mg per day were also generated from GastroPlus. Additionally, a
multi-dose plasma concentration profile for the 1R formulation dosed at 200 mg BID was
generated from GastroPlus. These multi-dose plasma tration profiles were extended to 6
days to provide a steady state profile for the final day; the steady state profiles were used to
determine the steady state PK parameters for the compositions, including Tmams, Cmaxss, Cumss,
AUC0.24, swing and PTF. As shown in the table below, each of the formulations of Example 17
provide a Tmax,SS that is substantially greater than the 1R Tmams. The Tum,SS for Formulation B
and Formulation D are both r than 12 hours, consistent with suitability for night time
administration once daily. The swing values and PTF values for the formulations of the Example
17 are greater than the swing provided by the BID and QD dosing regimens for IR.
Table 19B: Steady State PK Parameters
-—_lmm
max,“ (h)
Cmax.ss (Hg/ml) 13-7 10-6 ”El-m
cm (pg/ml)
AUCo-24 (ug*hr/m|)
%oflR-QD 100% 98% 90% 95% 77%
cmamS/D (ng/mI/mg) 34.1 26.4 24.4 27.1 20.0
cmms/D (ng/mI/mg) 9.5 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.2
AUC0_24/D (ng*hr/m|/mg) 475.6 465.1 426.5 453.0 365.3
SWing (Cmax,ss'cmin,ss)/Cmin,ss
(%) 83% 260% 122% 112% 143% 95%
((Cmax‘SS—CminISS)/(AUC0.24/tau) 59% 124% 75% 73% 84% 64%
e 20: Steady State Lacosamide Plasma Profiles with Modified Dosing Regimens
The steady state plasma concentration profiles prepared in the previous example were
based on once daily, oral dosing of the modified e lacosamide itions at 8:00 am. By
adjusting the dosing time the Cmax)SS and Cmin,ss were also d as shown in Figures 7A to 7D.
The C-ave-day and C-ave night averages were determined over the periods of 9 am to 6 pm and
11 pm to 8 am, respectively, for various administration times to determine the optimum
administration times for each of the compositions, i.e., the time at which C-ave-day is 50% to
100% greater than C-ave-night. As shown in the table below, Formulation A provides a
substantially higher C-ave-day than C-ave-night when administered in the morning hours (e.g., 6
am to 9 am); similarly Formulation B and Formulation D provide a substantially higher C-ave-
day than night when administered in the evening hours (eg, 8 pm to 11 pm). None of the
formulations from e 17 provided a C-ave-day that met the 50% to 100% ia when
administration times were between 9 am and 8 pm. Formulation C met the criteria when
stered late at night (i.e., at or after midnight). Importantly, each of the Fonnulations of
Example 17 could be dosed at a predetermined administration time to provide a C-ave-day that
is greater than C—ave—night by 50% to 100%, Furthermore, once daily dosing at these
predetermined administration times typically led to steady state peak trations from about
am to about 2 pm as shown in Figure 8. These periods of increased exposure are thus
designed to be synchronous with an increased partial onset seizure frequency during the
late morning to mid-day hours.
Table 20: Does Daily Dosing Within the Time Period Provide day increase of 50-
100% over C—ave-night?
Example 21: Single dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Lacosamide Compositions
Objective: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic
profile, safety and tolerability of prototype modified release formulations of mide (as
prepared in Example 17 above), relative to IR Lacosamide tablets (VIMPAT® ) given as single
doses to healthy adult subjects under fasting ions,
Study design: This was a Phase 1, randomized, single dose, open-label, three-period,
two—parallel group, balanced crossover, g pharmacokinetic study in which single 400 mg
doses of lacosamide ER ed according to Example 17 were compared to single 400 mg
doses of marketed lacosamide IR tablets T®). Within each group, as illustrated in Table
21A below, individuals were randomly assigned to a “sequence” and received two of the
modified release formulations and the immediate release formulation over the three treatment
periods.
Methods: Subjects were screened within 14 days of the first dose of the first treatment
. Qualified subjects entered the clinic one day prior to the first dose (first treatment
period) and were confined within the clinic until completion of the 7 day safety follow-up after
the third dose (third ent period). Each treatment period of 7 days consisted of dosing on
the first day, followed by sampling, starting from the time of dose. In each treatment period, the
subjects were administered a single, oral dose at approximately 8:00 (after an overnight fast of at
least 10 hours). Safety monitoring and study drug tolerability assessments se events, vital
signs, clinical laboratory parameters) were ted throughout the study for all subj ects.
cokinetic blood samples were collected to measure plasma lacosamide concentrations.
While confined to the clinic (once day before first dose through the study completion)
subjects followed a standard meal le. At each dosing time, the study drug (either one of
the 4 formulations prepared according to Example 17 or IR lacosamide) was administered as a
single dose containing 400 mg lacosamide with 240 mL of noncarbonated, room-temperature
water. Subjects were required to refrain from drinking water for the hour prior to receiving the
dose and for one hour after receiving the dose. Subjects were allowed to eat 4 hours after
dosing. Subjects were required to remain in a sitting or semi-supine position for at least 2 hours
after each study drug administration in each treatment period (other than any protocol—required
assessments conducted by the site staff); thereafter subjects were allowed to engage in non-
strenuous activities. Following each treatment period dose, subjects were required to te
study ments and scheduled blood draws from day 1 h day 7.
Plasma lacosamide trations were measured for the following time points in each
treatment period: se (0), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 48, and 72 hours post dose. Adverse events were reported for each subject
throughout each treatment period. Clinical laboratory tests (hematology, clinical chemistry, and
urinalysis) were completed for each subject at check-in, day 2 (36 hour time point), during and
on the last day of each treatment period. Vital signs were collected at screening, check—in, prior
to study drug dosing and 6, 8, 24, 36, and 72 hours post dose and at the end of each treatment
. Electrocardiograms were recorded and assessed at screening and baseline and at 2 hours,
12 hours, at day 1 prior to dose for each treatment period and at the end of study.
Table 21A: Treatment Sequences
GROUP 1
—Treatment Period A Treatment Period B Treatment Period C
—124—
GROUP 1
Sequence 4
Sequence 5
Sequence 6
GROUP 2
Sequence 7
Sequence 8
Sequence 9
Sequence 10
Sequence 1 l
Sequence 12
*1, 2, 3, 4, and IR refer to Formulation A, ation B, Formulation C, Formulation D, and
the [R lacosamide tablets, respectively
Twenty-four subjects meeting the study criteria were randomly assigned to the 12
sequences of the two el study . Of these, 22 completed the three treatment periods.
The two ts not completing the study were exited from the study before Treatment Period
C for reasons unrelated to study drugs.
Samples for mide concentration measurement were quantified using a validated
liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS) method.
Results: Plasma concentrations for the four test formulations, when compared to the 1R
lacosamide tablets, confirmed delayed Tmax and reduced Cmax, generally tent with the
Plus s of Example 19. A graph of the mean lacosamide plasma concentrations vs
time for the four test formulations and IR is shown in Figure 10.
The safety results from this study are shown in Table 218 below. The lacosamide compositions
ed ing to Example 17 had fewer adverse events than an equivalent dose of the IR
lacosamide composition. Of the adverse events observed, hypoaesthesia oral was observed in 11
of 24 (45.8%) of the subjects receiving the IR lacosamide and only 1 of 12 (8.3%) of the
subjects receiving Formulation B; similarly, dizziness was observed in 8 of 24 ) of
subjects receiving the 1R lacosamide and only 1 of 12 (8.3%) subjects receiving Formulation A,
1 of 12 (8.3%) subjects receiving Formulation B, 1 of 12 (8.3%) subjects receiving Formulation
C, and 1 of 10 (10.0%) subjects receiving Formulation D. For a given adverse event, no more
than one subject in any of the experimental formulations reported the event.
Table 21B. Incidence of Subjects with Adverse Events within 24 hours after dosing
System Organ Class
Preferred Term
Subjects with At Least One 4 (33.3%) 2 (16.7%) 1 (10.0%) 15 (62.5%)
Adverse Event within 24 Hours
Not Coded 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (8.3%)
Hypoaesthesia Nose 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Paresthesia bital 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Ear and labyrinth disorders 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) 2 (8.3%)
Ear discomfort 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Tinnitus 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Eye disorders 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 1 (10.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Diplopia 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Vision blurred 0 (0.0%) O (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 1 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Gastrointestinal disorders 1 (8.3%) 2 (16.7%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 13 (54.2%)
Dry mouth 0 (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
gia 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Hypoaesthesia oral 0 (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 11 )
Nausea 1 (8.3%) O (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) O (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Paraesthesia oral 0 (0.0%) O (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (8.3%)
General disorders and O (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
administration site conditions
Fatigue 0 (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
System Organ Class Form. B Form. C Form. D IR Form
Preferred Term (N=12) (N=12) (N=10) (N=24)
Feeling hot 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Musculoskeletal and tive 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
tissue disorders
Myalgia o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
s system disorders 1 (8.3%) 1 (8.3%) 2 (16.7%) 1 (10.0%) 10 (41.7%)
Altered state of ousness o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Disturbance in attention 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Dizziness 1 (8.3%) 1 (8.3%) 1 (8.3%) 1 (10.0%) 8 (33.3%)
Headache o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Hypoaesthesia 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (8.3%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Somnolence o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 2 (8.3%)
Respiratory, thoracic and 1 (8.3%) O (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
mediastinal disorders
Pharyngeal paraesthesia 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) o (0.0%) 1 (4.2%)
Rhinorrhoea 1 (8.3%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Sneezing 1 (8.3%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) o (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
1: For each formulation, adverse events are tabulated once based on their first occurrence post dose
administration.
WO 17569
Claims (23)
1. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human patient, comprising administering to said human patient orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of said pharmaceutical composition, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of said at least one ents modifies the release of said drug to provide an extended release form, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a 4 that is less than 4% of AUC0-mf for said drug as ined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a t of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a pAUC4.g that is less than 14% of AUCO.inf for said drug as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
3, The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said drug is selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, racetam, and ceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing.
4. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said drug is mide,
5. The method of one of claims l-4, wherein said therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg of said drug.
6, The method of one of claims 1-4, wherein said therapeutically effective dose is 400 to 800 mg of said drug.
7. The method of one of claims l-4, wherein said eutically effective dose is 450 to 800 mg of said drug.
8. The method of one of claims l-7, wherein at least one of said at least one excipients modifies the release of said drug to provide a delayed release form.
9. The method of one of claims l-8, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a Tmax,SS of 10 to 20 hours, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted pharmacokinetic study.
10. The method of one of claims 1-9, n said plasma concentration profile for said drug is further characterized by an AUCO_inf that provides AUC equivalence to IR.
11. The method of one of claims 1-10, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a pAUC4-g that is less than 8% of AUCo.-mf for said drug as ined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
12. The method of one of claims 1-11, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a , single dose, human pharmacokinetic study, and wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a steady state plasma concentration profile for said drug upon once daily dosing of said pharmaceutical composition characterized by a swing of 40% to 200%, as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted human pharmacokinetic study.
13. The method of one of claims 1-12, wherein said pharmaceutical ition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a TmaX of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less than 2.2 ng/ml/hr per mg of said drug over the first 2 hours after dosing, both as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
14. The method of one of claims 1-13, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours and a dC/dT of less than 1 ug/ml/hr over the first 2 hours after , both as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
15. The method of one of claims 1-14, wherein said composition is administered at a predetermined administration time, which ermined administration time is a time ined from a fasted, human pharmacokinetic study of said pharmaceutical composition and said predetermined time is a time at which once daily dosing of the pharmaceutical composition to a human subject of said pharmacokinetic study provides a C—ave—day that is 20% to 100% r than C-ave-night, wherein C-ave-day is the average plasma concentration of said drug determined over the period from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm and C-ave—night is the average plasma concentration of said drug determined over the period from 11:00 pm to 8:00 am,
16. The method of one of claims 1-15, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a dissolution profile terized by three or more of the ing: (a) less than 10% release at 1 hour, (b) less than 15% release at 2 hours, (c) less than 25% release at 4 hours, (d) at least 35% release at 9 hours, (e) at least 65% at 12 hours, wherein said dissolution is carried out in 900 mL simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37:0.50C for the first two hours, followed by 900 mL simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) at 37::0.5°C for the subsequent four hours, followed by 900 mL phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 37i0.5°C for the subsequent 18 hours, n all dissolution is med in a USP Apparatus 1 (Basket), with a rotational speed of 100 rpm, and wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a Tmax of 8 to 20 hours as detennined by closing said pharmaceutical composition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human cokinetic study.
17. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a human t, comprising administering to said human patient orally, once daily, a therapeutically effective dose of said pharmaceutical composition, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises (i) a drug selected from the group consisting of brivaracetam, divalproex, lacosamide, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, vigabatrin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing, and (ii) at least one excipient, wherein at least one of said at least one excipients modifies the release of said drug to e an extended release form, wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a plasma concentration profile for said drug characterized by a pAUC4.g that is less than 8% of nf for said drug as determined by dosing said pharmaceutical ition to a subject of a fasted, single dose, human pharmacokinetic study.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein said drug is selected from the group ting of brivaracetam, lacosamide, levetiracetam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein said drug is mide.
20. The method of one of claims 17-19, wherein said therapeutically effective dose is 300 to 900 mg of said drug.
21. The method of one of claims 17-19, wherein said therapeutically effective dose is 400 to 800 mg of said drug.
22. The method of one of claims 17-19, wherein said therapeutically effective dose is 450 to 800 mg of said drug.
23. The method of one of claims 17-22, wherein at least one of said at least one excipients -l30- WO 17569
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US62/273,187 | 2015-12-30 |
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