NZ736931A - Oxidatively stable polyunsaturated fatty acid containing oil - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is an oil that that is oxidatively stable and less prone to becoming rancid and developing a fishy smell or taste during storage, the oil comprising (i) at least 30 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds; (ii) at least one first antioxidant such a mixed tocopherols; and (iii) less than about 1000 ppm lecithin. The oil may also comprise less than about 750 ppm of a second antioxidant chosen from an ascorbic acid derivative such as ascorbyl palmitate and rosemary extract.

Description

Oxidatively Stable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Containing Oil The invention relates to an oil comprising one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO D APPLICATIONS The present application is a divisional application from New d patent application number 722074, which in turn is a divisional ation from New Zealand patent application number 625334, which in turn claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §I 19(e) to U.S.

Provisional Application No. 61/554,291, filed November 1, 2011, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by nce.

Oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may oxidize and become rancid during storage. This results in unpleasant flavors and odors in the oil as well as in the products in which such oils are incorporated. A PUFA with 4 or more C-C double bonds may be less oxidatively stable than a PUFA with fewer double bonds. Moreover, the presence of metals, such as, iron, may increase the rate at which a PUFA containing oil oxidizes.

Those skilled in the art have ted to decrease the ion of a PUFA ning oil by employing various means including incorporating ascorbic acid derivatives, such as, ascorbyl palmitate in combination with lecithin. There, however, remains a need for more ively stable PUFA containing oils.

It has now been discovered that combining ascorbic acid derivatives, such as, ascorbyl palmitate with lecithin increases the oxidation of an oil comprising 30% of at least one PUFA having 4 or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Accordingly, the following nonlimiting embodiments of the present invention are provided herein. The embodiments described herein may be suitably combined or subdivided to yield suitable subcombinations to comprise, consist of or consist essentially of additional embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE GS Figure 1 is a graph depicting the fishy aroma sensory value over time of oils according to examples 7a, 7b, 7c, 8e, and 8f. 171 Figure 2 is a graph depicting the fishy aroma sensory value over time of oils ing to examples 7a, 7d, 7e, and 8b.

Figure 3 is a graph depicting the fishy aroma y value over time of oils according to examples 7a, 7f, 7g, and 8c.

Figure 4 is a graph depicting the fishy aroma sensory value over time of oils according to examples 7a, 7h, 7i, and 7j.

Figure 5 is a graph depicting the fishy aroma y value over time of oils according to examples 7a and 8a. , 7c, 7k, Figure 6 is a graph depicting the tration of iron (ppb) contained in oils substantially free of lecithin (examples 7a, 7c, 7h, 8a-c, and 80 versus an oil containing mixed tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, and lecithin (example 7b).

Figure 7 is a graph ing the fishy aroma y value over time of oils according to examples 7a, 8d, and 7m.

Disclosed herein is an oil comprising (i) at least 30 wt.% of one ore more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds; (ii) at least one first antioxidant; and (iii) less than about 1000 ppm lecithin.

( Disclosed herein is an oil comprising (i) at least 30 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds; (ii) at least one first antioxidant; and (iii) less than about 750 ppm of a second antioxidant chosen from an ascorbic acid derivative.

Disclosed herein is an oil comprising (i) at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds; (ii) at least one first antioxidant; and (iii) less than about 30 ppb iron. ally the oil comprises at least 30 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds.

Disclosed herein is an oil comprising (i) at least about 30 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 carbon-carbon double bonds; (ii) at least one first antioxidant; and (iii) means for improving oxidative stability, wherein said oil has a fishy aroma ofless than 1.5.

As used herein wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds is sed with respect to the sum weight of the total fatty acids in the oil.

As used herein wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids refers to the weight percentage of the sum of all polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds present in the oil.

As used herein wt.% ofa specific fatty acid or any combination of specific fatty acids is expressed with respect to the sum weight of the total fatty acids in the oil.

The term “essentially free” when used to describe lecithin means less than or equal to about 150 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 5ppm, about 1 ppm, and about 0 ppm.

The term “essentially free” when used to be an ascorbic acid derivative means less than or equal to about 3 ppm, to about 2.5 ppm, to about 2 ppm, to about 1.5 ppm, to about 1 ppm, to about 0.5 ppm, to about 0.

The term “free of” when used to be in or an ascorbic acid tive means there are no detectable quantities present.

The term “lecithin” when used herein includes, for example, sunflower lecithin, soy lecithin, egg lecithin, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the oil described herein ses less than about 1.200 ppm lecithin, less than about 1000 ppm in, less than 750 less than ppm lecithin, less than about 500 ppm lecithin, less than about 250 ppm lecithin, or about 200 ppm lecithin. In one embodiment, the oil described herein is free thin. In another embodiment, the oil described herein is essentially free of lecithin.

In another embodiment, the oil described herein has an iron content of less than about 30 ppb or more particularly less than or equal to about 25 ppb, 20 ppb, 15 ppb, 10 ppb, 5 ppb, 1 ppb, 0.5 ppb, or 0.2 ppb. In another ment, the iron content is 0 ppb.

The term “antioxidant” when used herein includes, for example, ascorbic acid derivatives, tocopherol, green tea extract, and/or mixtures therof.

In one embodiment, the antioxidant is a first antioxidant chosen from tocopherol, green tea extract, and/or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the antioxidant is a second antioxidant chosen from ascorbic acid derivatives.

The term “ascorbic acid derivative” when used herein includes, for example, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, and/or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the ascorbic acid derivative is ascorbyl pamitate.

In a further embodiment, the ascorbic acid derivative is present in the oil described herein in an amount ranging from about 0 ppm to about 50 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 250 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 750 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 250 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 750 ppm, from about 250 ppm to about 750 ppm, from about 250 ppm to 400 ppm, from about 250 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 400 ppm. In yet a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprisesIess than about 750 ppm ascorbic acid derivative, less than about 400 ppm ascorbic acid derivative, less than about 300 ppm ic acid derivative, less than about 250 ppm ascorbic acid derivative, or less than about 50 ppm ascorbic acid derivative. In a still r embodiment, the oil described herein is essentially free of an ic acid derivative. In another embodiment, the oil described herein is essentially free of ascorbyl palmitate. In a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 250 ppm ascorbic acid derivative. In another embodiment, the oil bed herein comprises about 250 ppm ascorbyl ate. In another embodiment, the oil described herein is free of ascorbic acid derivative. In a further ment, the oil is free of ascorbyl palmitate.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein is essentially free of an ascorbic acid derivative and essentially free of lecithin. In a further embodiment, the oildescribed herein is essentially free of ascorbyl palmitate and essentially free of lecithin. In another embodiment, the oil is free of an ascorbic acid derivative and free of lecithin. In yet another embodiment, the oil is free of ascorbyl palmitate and free of lecithin.

In yet another ment, the at least one first antioxidant is a tocopherol. In another embodiment, the at least one first antioxidant is an addition tocopherol. In a still a further ment, the at least one first antioxidant is a mixed tocopherol. In another embodiment, the at least one first antioxidant is dl-oc-tocopherol, d-oc-tocopherol, [3- tocopherol, y— tocopherol 5- tocopherol, a-tocotrienol, B- tocotrienol, y— tocotrienol and S-tocotrienol, or a mixture thereof.

In r embodiment, by the term “tocopherol”, there is meant any isomer of tocopherol (or mixture thereof), including but not d to dl-a-tocopherol (i.e., synthetic tocopherol), d-a-tocopherol (i.e., natural erol), B-, 7—, and 8-tocopherol dl-oc-tocopherol, and a-tocotrienol, [3— tocotrienol, y— ienol and S-tocotrienol.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise tocopherol in an amount ranging from about 900 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1700 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 2000ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 1700 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to about 2400 ppm, or from about 2400 ppm to about 3400 ppm. In a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises less than about 3400 ppm tocopherol, less than about 2400 ppm tocopherol, less than about 2000 ppm tocopherol, less than about 1700 ppm tocopherol, less than about 1400 ppm tocopherol, or less than about 900 ppm tocopherol. In a still further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 900 ppm tocopherol, at least about 1400 ppm tocopherol, at least about 1700 ppm tocopherol, at least about 2000 ppm tocopherol, at least about 2400 ppm tocopherol, or at least about 3400 ppm tocopherol. In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 1400 ppm tocopherol, about 1700 ppm tocopherol, or about 2400 ppm tocopherol.

The term “addition tocopherol” when used herein includes isomers and tives of erol that are added to an oil bed herein. Addition tocopherols, e, for example, a-tocopherol, dl-a-tocopherol, d—a-tocopherol, B-tocopherol, y-tocopherol o.- , EYE-tocopherol, tocotrienol, B-tocotrienol, y-tocotrienol , 6-tocotrienol, D-a-tocopherol, D-B- tocopherol, D-y- tocopherol, Dtocopherol, and/or mixtures thereof.

In a further embodiment, the the oil described herein may comprise an addition tocopherol ranging from about 0 ppm to about 2500 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 1500 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 900 ppm from about 0 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 3500 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 2500 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 1500 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 900 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 700 ppm, from about 800 ppm to about 2500 ppm, from about 800 ppm to about 1500 ppm, from about 800 ppm to about 900 ppm, from about 900ppm to about 2500 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1500 ppm, or from about 1500 ppm to about 2500 ppm. In yet another ment, the oil described herein comprises less than about 2500 ppm addition erol, less than about 1500 ppm addition tocopherol, less than about 900 ppm addition tocopherol, less than about 800 ppm addition tocopherol, or less than about 500 ppm addition tocopherol. In another embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 500 ppm addition tocopherol, about 800 ppm addition erol, or about 1500 ppm addition tocopherol.

In one embodiment, the tocopherol is chosen from a-tocopherol, dl-a-tocopherol, d-Ot- tocopherol, B-tocopherol, y-tocopherol , 8-tocopherol, a-tocotrienol, B-tocotrienol, y- ienol , 8-tocotrienol, D—a-tocopherol, D-B- tocopherol, D-y- tocopherol, D—S-tocopherol, and/or es f.

The term “mixed tocopherol” when used herein includes mixtures of isomers and derivatives of addition tocopherols, including, for example, mixtures of dl-a—tocopherol, d-oc- erol, B-tocopherol, y-tocopherol, 8-tocopherol, trienol, B-tocotrienol, y- tocotrienol, 8-tocotrienol, D-a-tocopherol, D—B-tocopherol, D-y-tocopherol, and Dtocopherol.

In one embodiment, the mixed tocopherol is a mixture of D-a-tocopherol, D-B- erol, D—y-tocopherol, and copherol. In another embodiment, the mixed tocopherol is a mixture of from about 9 to about 20% D-a-tocopherol, from about 1 to about 4% DB- tocopherol, from about '50 to about 65% D-y-tocopherol, and from about 20 to about 35% D-S- tocopherol. In yet another embodiment, the mixed tocopherol is a l mixed tocopherol.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises mixed tocopherol in an amount ranging from about 900 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1700 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1400 ppm to about 1700 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 2400 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to about 3400 ppm, from about2000 ppm to about 2400 ppm, or from about 2400 ppm to about 3400 ppm. In a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises less than about 3400 ppm mixed tocopherol, less than about 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol, less than about 2000 ppm mixed tocopherol, less than about 1700 ppm mixed tocopherol, less than about 1400 ppm mixed tocopherol, or less than about 900 ppm mixed tocopherol. In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 1400 ppm mixed tocopherol, about 1700 ppm mixed tocopherol, or about 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol.

The oils described herein may further contain natural tocopherols, in the form of, for example, tocotrienols that the microorganism produces during fermentation and which is tely contained in the crude oil. The amount of natural tocopherols ned in the crude oil can range from, for example, about 25 ppm to about 500 ppm tocotrienols.

The term “green tea extract” includes, for example, green tea extracts containing, for example, polyphenolic compounds (i.e., catechins). 'Examples of polyphenolic compounds that can be present in green tea extracts include epigallocatechin e 25 (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epicatechin (EC), and mixture thereof. In one ment, the green tea extract contains at least one polyphenolic compound in an amount of from about 1% to about 90%, from about 5% to about 85%, from about 10% to about 80%, from about 15% to about 75%, from about 20% to about 70%, from about 25% to about 65%, from about 30% to about 60%, from about 2012/000534 % to about 55%, or from about 40% to about 50% by weight of the green tea extract, exclusive of any carriers.

The term ing reagent” includes, for example, rosemary extract and vanilla. The The rosemary rosemary extract may be extracted from, for example, Rosmarinus oflicinalis. extract may, for example, be organic. The rosemary extract may be obtained by drying leaves of rosemary, which belongs to the Perilla family, pulverizing the dried leaves, and subjecting the resultant pulverized material to extraction with water, hot water, hexane, l, acetone, ethyl acetate, or a mixture of any of these ts. Examples of ents found in rosemary extract include caffeic acid, l, camosic acid, methoxy carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, rosmaridiphenol, rosmaridiquinone, and/or mixtures thereof. Numerous rosemary extracts are also available commercially, and any one or more can be used in the present invention. Suitable rosemary extracts are commercially available from, for example, Kalsec (Kalamazoo, MI, USA) under the trade name of Herbalox®; Vitiva (Markovci, Slovenia) under the trade name Inolens®; Naturex (Avignon, France) under the trade name StabileEnhance®; and Ecom Food ries Corporation (Ontario, Canada) under the product code NR 3401.

In. one embodiment, the flavoring reagent is rosemary extract. In another embodiment, the rosemary extract is extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis.

In yet another embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise ry extract in an amount ranging from about 0 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 3500 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 3000 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 750 ppm, from about 0 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from 50 ppm to about 7,500 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 4000 ppm, from about 500 to about 3500 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 3000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 750 ppm, from about 750 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 750 ppm to about 3500 ppm, from about 750 ppm to about 3000 ppm, from about 750 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to about 3500 ppm, from about 2000 ppm to 3000 ppm, from about 3000 ppm to about 3500 ppm, from about 3500 ppm to about 5000 ppm. In still another embodiment, the oil bed herein comprises less than about 5000 ppm, rosemary extract, less than about 3500 ppm rosemary extract, less than about 3000 ppm rosemary extract, less than about 200 ppm rosemary extract, less than about 750 ppm 2012/000534 rosemary extract, or less than about 500 ppm rosemary extract. In yet still another embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 5000 ppm ry extract, about 3500 ppm rosemary extract, about 3000 ppm rosemary extract, or about 2000 ppm rosemary extract.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3000 ppm rosemary extract, about 1700 mixed tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin. In another embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3000 ppm rosemary extract, about 800 ppm addition tocopherol, and about 250 In yet r ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin. embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3500 ppm rosemary extract and about 1400 ppm mixed erol, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin and yl palmitate. In still a further embodiment, the oil bed herein may comprise about 3500 ppm rosemary extract and about 500 ppm addition tocopherol, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate. In yet still a further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 2000 ppm rosemary extract and about 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin and ascorbyl ate. In another embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 2000 ppm rosemary extract and about 1500 ppm addition tocopherol, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate. In a further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 5000 ppm rosemary extract, about 1700 mixed erol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin. In an even further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 5000 ppm ry t, about 800 ppm addition tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is essentially free of lecithin.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3000 ppm rosemary extract, about 1700 mixed tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is free of lecithin. In another embodiment, the oil described herein may se about 3000 ppm ry extract, about 800 ppm addition tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is free of in. In yet another embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3500 ppm rosemary extract and about 1400 ppm mixed erol, with the proviso that the oil is free of lecithin and ascorbyl ate. In still a further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 3500 ppm rosemary extract and about 500 ppm addition tocopherol, with the proviso that the oil is free of in and ascorbyl palmitate. In yet still a further embodiment, the oil described herein may se about 2000 ppm rosemary extract and about 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol, with the proviso that the oil is free of lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate. In r embodiment, the oil described herein with may comprise about 2000 ppm rosemary extract and about 1500 ppm addition tocopherol, the proviso that the oil is free of lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate. In a further ment, the oil described herein may comprise about 5000 ppm ry extract, about 1700 mixed tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, with the proviso that the oil is free of in. In an even further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 5000 ppm rosemary extract, about 800 ppm addition tocopherol, and about 250 ppm ascorbyl ate, with the proviso that the oil is free of lecithin.

One embodiment is directed to an oil comprising at least about 30%, by weight of fatty acid content in the oil, of at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 carbon-carbon double bonds; at least one first antioxidant; and means for improving oxidative stability.

The p-Anisidine value (p-AV) is determined in accordance with AOCS l Method Cd 18-90. In one embodiment, the oil described herein has a p-AV of less than about 40; less than about 30; or less than about 20.

The peroxide value (PV) is determined in accordance with the AOCS Official Method Cd 8-53. In one embodiment, the oil described herein has a PV less than about 20 meq/kg; less than about 10 meq/kg; or less than about 5 meq/kg.

The Rancimat values are determined by the standard test for oil stability, using a at apparatus operated at 90°C, with airflow set at 10 L/hour (AOCS Cd 12b-92). In one embodiment, the oil bed herein has a RANCIMAT value of less than or equal to about 3,1 to about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 1 1, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19 at suitable storage. In one embodiment, rancimat value is determined after about 3 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 7 months, or 8 months of suitable storage. A person of skill in the understand would tand at what conditions to store the oils described herein. In one embodiment, the oil described herein is stored at room temperature (25°C) in Nylon/Foil/PE Low Density Polyethylene bags ed with vacuum then heat sealed under N2 (Heritage Packaging) or epoxy-phenolic lined aluminium containers (Elemental Container Inc.) WO 66373 The marine/fishy aroma (smell) and marine/fishy aromatics (taste) sensory values were determined according to the method as described in Sensory Evaluation Techniques. Meilgaard et al., CRC Press; 4 edition (December 13, 2006). A panel of 8 — 18 experienced people taste (or smell) a sample. Each of these people determine the value of the sample. Afterwards all the values are averages arithmetically and the result is rounded up or down to the next number. A value of 2 1.5 fishy/marine aroma and 2 2.5 fishy/marine aromatics is expected to be perceivable by the general population.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein has a fishy aroma sensory value ofless than 1.5 after about 3 months, after about 4 months, after about 5 months, after about 6 months, after about 7 , after about 8 months, or after about 9 months of suitable storage. In another ment, the oil described herein has a fishy aroma value ofless than 1.5 at a time period chosen from 0-3 months, at 0-4 months, at 0-5 months, at 0-6 months, at 0-7 months, at 0-8 months, or at 0-9 months. In one embodiment, the suitable e is performed at room temperature (25°C) in Nylon/Foil/PE Low Density Polyethylene bags packaged with vacuum then heat sealed under N2 or epoxy-phenolic lined aluminium containers.

In one ment, the oil described herein has a fishy aromatics sensory value of less than 2.5 after about 3 months, after about 4 months, after about 5 months, after about 6 , after about 7 months, after about 8 months, or after about 9 months of suitable storage. In another embodiment, the oil bed herein has a fishy aroma value of less than 1.5 at a time period chosen from 0-3 months, at 0-4 months, at 0-5 months, at 0-6 months, at 0-7 months, at 0- 8 months, or at 0-9 months. In one embodiment, the suitable storage is performed at room temperature (25°C) in Foil/PE Low Density Polyethylene bags packaged with vacuum then heat sealed under N2 or epoxy-phenolic lined aluminium containers.

In one ment, the at least one €13-22 PUFA having 4 carbon-carbon double bonds is chosen from docasoahexaenoic acid (“DHA”), pentaenoic acid ), arachidonic acid (“ARA”), omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid ("DPA n-3”), and omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid ("DPA n-6"). In some embodiments, the oil comprises omega-3 PUFAs. In further embodiments, the omega-3 PUFAs are chosen from DHA, EPA, DPAn-3, and mixtures thereof.

In some of embodiments the oil is characterized by at least one of the ing fatty acids (or esters thereof), expressed as wt% of the total fatty acid content of the oil. The 2012/000534 embodiments described herein may further comprise about 3% or less of other fatty acids or esters thereof.

In one ment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, or at least about 50 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 4 double bonds. In r embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 30 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, from about 30 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, from about 30 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, from about 40 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, or from about 40 wt.% to about 50 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, or at least about '50 wt.% of DHA.

In another embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 30 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, from about 30 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, from about 30 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, from about 40 wt.% to about 60 wt.%, or from about 40 wt.% to about 50 wt.% of DHA.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 35 wt.% of DHA+EPA, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.% of DHA+EPA, wherein said oil comprises less than about 80 wt.%, less than about 70 wt.%, or less than about 60 wt.% of DHA+ EPA.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 30%, at least about %, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, or at least about 50%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, of at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds.

In another embodiment, the oil bed herein comprises from about 30% to about 60%, from about 30% to about 50%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 40% to about 60%, or from about 40% to about 50%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, of at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds. 0 In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises at least about 30%, at least about %, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, or at least about 50%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, of DHA. In another embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 30% to about 60%, from about 30% to about 50%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 40% to about 60%, or from about 40% to about 50%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, of DHA.

In another embodiment, the oil comprises less than about 80%, less than about 70%, or less than about 60%, by weight totally fatty acid, of at least one C1842 PUFA having 4 carbon— carbon double bonds.

The potency of DHA and EPA is determined in ance with AOCS Official Method Ce 1b-89. In one embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 200 mg DHA/g oil, from about 300mg DHA/g oil, from about 350mg DHA/g oil, from about 400 mg DHA/g oil, or from about 500 mg DHA/g oil. In another embodiment, the oil described herein ses from about 120 mg EPA/g oil or from about 130 mg EPA/g oil. In still a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 200 mg DHA/g oil to about 600 mg DHA/g oil, from about 200 mg DHA/g oil to about 500mg DHA/g oil, from about 200 mg DHA/g oil to about 400 mg DHA/g oil, from about 300 mg DHA/g oil to about 600mg DHA/g oil, from about 300 mg DHA/g oil to about 500 mg DHA/g oil, or from about 300 mg DHA/g oil to about 400 mg DHA/g oil. In a still further ment, the oil bed herein comprises from about 100mg EPA/g oil to about 250 mg EPA/g oil. In a r embodiment, the oil described herein comprises from about 400 mg DHA + EPA/g oil or from about 500 mg DHA+EPA/g oil.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 2% or less of ARA, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil. In a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 3% or less of EPA, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil. In a still further embodiment, the oil described herein comprise about 18% or less or about 12% to about 18%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, of DPA n-6. In yet an even further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 10% or less, by weight of the total fatty acid content ofthe oil, of other fatty acids.

In some embodiments, the oil is substantially free of EPA. As used herein, the term “substantially free of EPA” may refer to an oil in which EPA is less than about 3%, by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil. In some embodiments, the oil comprises, less than about 2% EPA by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, less than about 1% EPA by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, less than about 0.5% EPA by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, less than about 0.2% EPA by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, or less than about 0.01% EPA by weight of the total fatty acid content ofthe oil. In some embodiments, the oil has no able amount of EPA using techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, the oil has no EPA. 2012/000534 In some embodiments, the oil can also be substantially free of ARA. In some embodiments, the ARA is less than about 3% by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil.

In some embodiments, ARA comprises less than about 2% by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, less than about 1% by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, less than about 0.5% by weight of the total fatty acid t ofthe oil, less than about 0.2% by weight of the total fatty acid content of the oil, or less than about 0.01% by weight of the total fatty acid t of the oil. In some ments, the oil has no detectable amount of ARA.

In one embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 2 wt.% or less of ARA.

In a further embodiment, the oil described herein comprises about 3 wt.% or less of EPA. In a still further embodiment, the oil described herein comprise about 18 wt.% or less or about 12 wt.% to about 18 wt.% of DPA n-6. In yet an even further embodiment, the oil described herein may comprise about 10 wt.% or less of other fatty acids.

In some embodiments, the oil is substantially free of EPA. As used herein, the term “substantially free of EPA” may refer to an oil in which EPA is less than about 3 wt.% .

In some embodiments, the oil comprises, less than about 2 wt.% EPA less than about 1 wt.% EPA, less than about 0.5 wt.% EPA, less than about 0.2 wt.% EPA, or less than about 0.01 wt.% EPA. In some embodiments, the oil has no detectable amount of EPA using techniques known in the art.

In some embodiments, the oil has no EPA.

In some embodiments, the oil can also be substantially free of ARA. In some embodiments, the oil comprises less than about 3 wt.% ARA. In some embodiments, the oil comprises less than 2 wt.% ARA, less than about 1 wt.%, less than about 0.5 wt.%, less than about 0.2 wt.%, or less than about 0.01 wt.% ARA. In some embodiments, the oil has no detectable amount of ARA.

The oil describe herein can be used in any application, where such oils are needed. The oil can be used in, for example, food products (including beverages and dietary supplements), animal feed, and/or personal care products. These ts can be in, for e, any form, such as, a liquid, emulsion, gel, and/or solid. These products can be ready to use (ready to consume) products as well as products which need to be further processed (for example by dilution, dissolving, heating, etc). In one embodiment, the oil disclosed herein is an edible oil.

In another embodiment, the oil disclosed herein is an edible oil that is used in food products.

Exemplary food ts, include, but are not limited to nutritional bars, dietary supplements, granola bars, baked goods (e.g., breads, rolls, cookies, crackers, fruit pies, or cakes), pastas, condiments, salad dressings, soup mixes, snack foods, processed fruitjuices, sauces, gravies, syrups, beverages, dry beverage powders, and jams orjellies.

In a further embodiment, the oil described herein is organic. The term “organic” as used herein includes, for example, the standards set by the US. ment of Agriculture (USDA) and the an Union (EU) for including this term in food product ng. The EU standards are set forth, for example, in Regulation EC 834/2007, and in the US the USDA standards are set forth, for example, in the National Organic Program Regulation at 7 C.F.R., Part 205.

In a still further embodiment, the oil described here is natural. The term “natural” as used herein includes, for example, using this term in food product labeling associated with food products that do not contain added color, artificial flavors, or synthetic substances. [7 i] The at least one C1342 PUFA having 4 carbon-carbon double bonds can be obtained from various sources ing, for example, aquatic animals, such as, fish, marine mammals, and ceans (such as krill and other sids); animal s including, for example, animal tissues that include for example brain, liver, and eyes and animal products that e, for example, eggs and milk; microalgae; plant; and/or seed. In one ment, the oil is obtained from fish, microalgae, plant or seed.

In one embodiment, the at least one €13-22 PUFA having 4 carbon-carbon double bonds is ed from microalgae. In another embodiment, the microalgae is from the order Thraustochytriales. The order Thraustochytriales, es, for example, the genera Thraustochytrium (species include arudimentale, aureum, benthicola, globosum, kinnei, motivum, multirudimentale, pachydermum, proliferum, , striatum), the genera Schizochytrium (species e aggregatum, limnaceum, mangrovei, minutum, octosporum), the genera Ulkenia (species include amoeboidea, kerguelénsis, minuta, profunda, radiate, sailens, sarkariana, schizochytrops, visurgensis, sis), the genera Aurantiacochytrium; the genera Oblongichytrium, the genera Sicyoidochytium, the genera Parientichytrium, the genera Botryochytrium, and combinations thereof. For the purposes of this invention, species described within Ulkenia will be considered to be members of the genus Schizochytrium. In yet another ment the microalgae is Thraustochytrium sp. In yet a further embodiment the microalgae is Schizochytrium sp. In a still further embodiment, the microalgae is chosen from tochytrium sp. and Schizochytrium sp.

In another embodiment, the at least one €18-22 PUFA having 4 carbon-carbon double bonds is obtained from , grown either in culture tation or in crop plants, including, for example, s (such as maize, barley, wheat, rice, sorghum, pearl millet, com, rye and oats); beans; soybeans; peppers; lettuce; peas; Brassica species, such as, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, rapeseed, and ; carrot; beets; eggplant; h; cucumber; squash; melons; cantaloupe; sunflowers; safflower; canola; flax; peanut; mustard; rapeseed; chickpea; lentil; white clover; olive; palm; borage; evening primrose; linseed; and tobacco.

In one embodiment the oil described herein is a crude oil. In another embodiment, the oil described herein is a refined oil. In yet a further embodiment, the oil described herein is a final oil. A "crude oil" is an oil that is extracted from the s ofa rganism without further processing. A "refined oil" is an oil that is obtained by treating a crude oil with standard processing of refining, bleaching, and/or deodorizing. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,130,242. A “final oil" is a refined oil that is further blended with a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, a final oil is a refined oil that has been blended with a ble oil chosen from medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), canola oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil. In some embodiments the er oil is high oleic sunflower oil. In other embodiments the sunflower oil is organic. In yet other embodiments the high oleic sunflower oil is organic.

One embodiment is directed to a method for improving the oxidative stability of an oil, comprising adding an effective amount of at least one first antioxidant to an oil sing at least 30%, by weight of fatty acid content in the oil, of at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds The microbial oils described herein can be recovered from microalgae by any suitable means known to those in the art. For example, the oils can be recovered by extracting with ques, such as those described in, for example, International Pub. Nos. , W0 2001/051598, W0 2001/076715, and W0 2001/076385; U.S. Pub. Nos. 2007/0004678 and 2005/012739; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,803. Processes for the enzyme treatment of biomass for the recovery of lipids are disclosed in ational Pub. No. W0 2003/09628; U.S. Pub. No. 2005/0170479; EP Pat. Pub. 0776356 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,696.

In some embodiments, the oil described herein is obtained via the ing steps: generating biomass by fermenting microalgae capable of producing oil that contains at least one €13-22 PUFA having 4 carbon-carbon double bonds; harvesting the biomass; spray drying the biomass; extracting oil from the biomass; refining the oil (to remove free fatty acids and phospholipids); bleaching the oil (to remove any remaining polar nds and idant metals, and to break down lipid oxidation ts); chill filtering the oil (to remove any remaining insoluble fats, waxes, and solids); deodorizing the oil nally under vacuum and in, for example, a packed column, counter current steam stripping izer); adding an idant to the oil; and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, following a controlled growth over a pre—established period, the culture is harvested by centrifugation then pasteurized and spray dried. In certain embodiments, the dried biomass is flushed with nitrogen and packaged before being stored frozen at ~20°C. In certain embodiments, the oil is ted from the dried biomass by mixing the biomass with n-hexane or isohexane in a batch process which disrupts the cells and allows the oil and cellular debris to be separated. In certain embodiments, the solvent is then removed. In one embodiment, the oil described herein is stored at room temperature (25°C) in Nylon/Foil/PE Low Density Polyethylene bags packaged with vacuum then heat sealed under N2 on a Model AGV Multivac. (Multivac Sepp Haggenmfiller GmbH & Co. KG). In another embodiment the oils described herein are stored at room temperature (25°C) in epoxy—phenolic lined aluminium containers. ing on the final use ofthe oil described herein, the oil can comprise further ingredients, which can be useful for the final t and/or for the production process of the final product. Such further ingredients can include, for example, colorants, fragrances, , , non-lecithin emulsifiers, stabilizers, and other ilic materials.

EXAMPLES Materials. The rosemary extract used in examples 3-15 is available from, for example, Ecom Foods Industries Corporation (Ontario, Canada). The high oleic sunflower oil used in examples 3-15 is available, for example, from Humko oils (Memphis, TN) under the trade name TriSun®.

TAPIOIO Sun is ble from Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands). The soy lecithin used in the examples below is available, for example, from Archer Daniels Midland Co. (Decatur, IL) WO 66373 under the trade name Yelkin® Gold. The yl palmitate used in the examples below is ble, for example, from DSM,‘Nutritional Products (Basel Switzerland).

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of high quality crude oil containing at least 30% of at least one PUFA having at least 4 carbon-carbon double bonds. A Shizochytrium sp. deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-10208 (hereinafter referred to as “PTA-10208”) was grown via individual fermentation runs, as described below. Typical media and cultivation conditions are set forth in Table l.

In carbon se) and nitrogen-fed cultures with 1000 ppm Cl' at 225°C at pH 7.0 with % dissolved oxygen during the nitrogen feed and 10% dissolved oxygen thereafter, PTA- 10208 produced a dry cell weight of 95 g/L after 200 hours of culture in a 10 L fermentor volume. The lipid yield was 53.7 g/L; the omega-3 yield was 37 g/L; the EPA yield was 14.3 g/L; and the DHA yield was 21 g/L. The fatty acid t was 57% by ; the EPA content was 27.7% of FAME; and the DHA t was 39.1% of FAME. The lipid productivity was 6.4 g/L/day, and the omega-3 tivity was 4.4 g/L/day under these conditions, with 1.7 g/L/day EPA productivity and 2.5 g/L/day DHA productivity.

In carbon (glucose) and nitrogen—fed es with 1000 ppm Cl' at 225°C at pH 7.5 with % dissolved oxygen during the nitrogen feed and 10% dissolved oxygen thereafter, PTA- 10208 produced a dry cell weight of 56 g/L after 139 hours of culture in a 10 L fermentor volume. The lipid yield was 53 g/L; the omega—3 yield was’34 g/L; the EPA yield was 11.5 g/L; and the DHA yield was 22 g/L. The fatty acid content was 58% by weight; the EPA content was 21.7% of FAME; and the DHA content was 41.7% of FAME. The lipid productivity was 9.2 g/L/day, and the omega-3 productivity was 5.9 g/L/day under these conditions, with 2 g/L/day EPA productivity and 3.8 g/L/day DHA productivity.

In carbon (glucose) and nitrogen-fed cultures with 1000 ppm Cl' at 225°C at pH 7.0 with % ved oxygen during the nitrogen feed and 10% dissolved oxygen thereafter, PTA— 10208 produced a dry cell weight of 93.8 g/L after 167 hours of culture in a 2000 L fermentor volume. The lipid yield was 47.2 g/L; the omega-3 yield was 33.1 g/L; the EPA yield was 10.5 g/L; and the DHA yield was 20.4 g/L. The fatty acid content was 50.6% by weight; the EPA content was 23% of FAME; and the DHA content was 42.6% of FAME. The lipid productivity was 6.8 g/L/day, and the omega—3 productivity was 4.7 g/L/day under these conditions, with 1.5 g/L/day EPA productivity and 2.9 g/L/day DHA productivity.

In carbon (glucose) and nitrogen-fed cultures with 1000 ppm Cl' at 225°C at pH 7.0 with % dissolved oxygen during the nitrogen feed and 10% dissolved oxygen thereafter, PTA- 10208 produced a dry cell weight of 105 g/L after 168 hours of culture in a 2000 L fermentor volume. The lipid yield was 46.4g/L; the omega—3 yield was 33 g/L; the EPA yield was 10.7 g/L; and the DHA yield was 20.3 g/L. The fatty acid t was 43.9% by weight; the EPA content was 24% of FAME; and the DHA content was 43.7% of FAME. The lipid productivity was 6.6 g/L/day, and the omega-3 tivity was 4.7 g/L/day under these conditions, with 1.5 y EPA productivity and 2.9 g/L/day DHA productivity.

In carbon (glucose) and nitrogen-fed cultures with 1000 ppm Cl' at 225°C at pH 7.0 with % dissolved oxygen during the nitrogen feed and 10% ved oxygen thereafter, PTA- 10208 produced a dry cell weight of 64.8 g/L after 168 hours of e in a 2000 L fermentor volume. The lipid yield was 38.7 g/L; the omega-3 yield was 29.9 g/L; the EPA yield was 8.5 g/L; and the DHA yield was 16.7 g/L. The fatty acid content was 59.6% by weight; the EPA content was 23% of FAME; and the DHA content was 42.3% of FAME. The lipid productivity was 5.53 g/L/day, and the omega-3 productivity was 3.8 y under these conditions, with 1.2 g/L/day EPA productivity and 2.3 g/L/day DHA productivity.

Table 1: PTA-10208 Vessel Media and Typical Cultivation Conditions Concentration 1 000 80\N U! 9U) O ix) 3* an O"1 O t. . . in CM AC \ON 9—' c, 9N anm “ o H .0a I b) —‘ - \l 0\ (II Post autoclave itamins 01-100. 1-50, or 5-25 iiCaVz-antothenate WW - iotin - LIIUJ 00b.) In_redient nes Glucose V‘W._.n- 50, 10-100, or 20-50 T ical cultivation conditions include either alone or combination would include the followin: -_Ternerature about 17 — about 30°C, about 20 — about 28°C, or about 22 to about 24°C Dissolved oxygen about 2 — about 100% saturation, about 5 — about 50% saturation, or about 7 - about 20% tion Glucose controlled at about 5 — about 50 g/L, about 10 — about 40 g/L, or about 20— about 35 g/L EXAMPLE 2 Fatty Acid Profile of PTA-10208. Two samples of the biomass produced in accordance with Example 1 (PTA-10208 Sample #1 and PTA-10208 Sample #2) were analyzed for total crude oil content by solvent extraction, lipid classes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography/evaporative light ring ion (HPLC/ELSD), triacyl glycerol (TAG) was ed by HPLC/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and fatty acid (FA) s were determined by gas tography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The crude lipid content of each freeze dried biomass was determined using solvent grinding with hexane and compared to the sum of FAME (mg/g) generated by direct sterification, and the ant fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were quantified by GC/FID analysis. FAs in the extracted crude lipid were also quantified by transesterification and fied using GC/FID analysis of the resultant FAME. The weight percent of all neutral lipids (NL) and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in the extracted crude lipid using normal phase HPLC with ELSD and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS (APCI-MS) identification. The method separates and quantifies sterol esters (SE), TAG, FFAs, 1,3-diacylglycerols (1,3—DAG), sterols, 1,2-diacylglycerols (1,2-DAG), and monoacylglycerols (MAG). s are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

The TAG and phospholipids (PL) were isolated from the extracted crude oil (PTA-10208 Sample #1 and PTA-10208 Sample #2). TAG was isolated using low pressure flash chromatography and PL was isolated using solid phase extraction (SPE). The identity of each isolated fraction was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The fatty acid profiles of WO 66373 the isolated TAG and PL ons were determined following direct transesterification using GC-FID as FAME. Results are shown in Table 4.

Individual lipid classes were isolated from a sample of crude oil extracted from PTA-10208'(PTA-10208 Sample #3) using normal HPLC with ELSD and APCI—MS identification.

Experimental Procedures.

Crude Oil Extraction — Crude oil was extracted from s of freeze-dried biomass using solvent grinding. For example, imately 3 grams of biomass was weighed into a Swedish tube. Three ball bearings and 30 mL of hexane were added to the Swedish tube, which was sealed with a neoprene stopper and placed in a shaker for 2 hours. The resultant slurry was filtered using a Buchner funnel and Whatman filter paper. The filtered liquid was collected, the solvent removed under vacuum, and the amount of remaining crude lipid determined gravimetrically. .

Fatty Acid Analysis — The samples of biomass, extracted crude lipid, and isolated lipid classes were analyzed for fatty acid composition as FAME. Briefly, freeze-dried biomass and isolated lipid s were weighed directly into a screw cap test tubes, while samples of the crude oil were dissolved in hexane to give a concentration of approximately 2 mg/mL. Toluene, containing internal standard, and 1.5 N HCl in ol was added to each tube. The tubes were ed, then capped and heated to 100° C for 2 hours. The tubes were allowed to cool, and saturated NaCl in water was added. The tubes were vortexed again and centrifuged to allow the layers to separate. A portion of the organic layer was then placed‘in a GC vial and ed by GC-FID. FAME was quantified using a 3-point calibration curve generated using Nu-Check- Prep GLC Reference Standard-(NuCheck, Elysian, MN). Fatty acids present in the extract were expressed as mg/g and as a weight percent. Fat content in the samples was estimated assuming equal response to the internal standard when analyzed by GC-FID.

HPLC/ELSD/MS Method — Instrument Agilent 1100 HPLC, Alltech 3300 ELSD, Agilent l 100 MSD Column Phenomenex Luna Silica, 250x 4.6 mm, um particle size w/ Guard Column Mobile Phase A — 99.5% Hexanes olv); 0.4% Isopropyl alcohol (Omnisolv); 0.1% Acetic Acid B — 99.9% Ethanol (Omnisolv, 95:5 EthanolzlPA); 0.1% Acetic Acid Gradient - 0min -5min -15min -20min -25min -26min -35min Column Temp. 30°C Flow Rate 1.5 mL/min ch‘lgeteZtilorrieI' VI ature 35°C, Gas flow 1.2 L/min5 L MSD Mass Range 200 — 1200, Fragmentor 225 V; Drying Gas Temperature 350°C; Vaporizer ature 325°C; Capillary Voltage 3500 V; Corona Current 10 pA Solid Phase Extraction ~PL fractions were separated from the crude lipid by solid phase extraction (SPE) using 2 g aminopropyl cartridges (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) placed in a Vac Elut apparatus (Varian Inc, Palo Alto, USA). The cartridge was conditioned with 15 mL of hexane, and ~60 mg of each samplewas dissolved in 1 mL CHC13 and applied to the cartridge.

The column was washed with 15 mL of 2:1 isopropyl alcohol to elute all the neutral lipids, which was discarded. The fatty acids were then eluted with 15 mL of 2% acetic acid (HOAc) in ether, which was discarded. The PL portion was eluted with 15 mL of 6:1 MethanolzChloroform, which was collected, dried under nitrogen, and weighed.

Flash Chromatography — Flash chromatography was used to separate the lipid classes present in the crude oil. imately 200 mg of crude oil dissolved in hexane was injected onto the head of the column. The tography system ed Silica Gel 60 (EMD Chemical, own, NJ) with mobile phase composed of Petroleum Ether and Ethyl Acetate at mL/min (Tables 6—7) or 3 mL/min (Tables 8-13). A step gradient was used to selectively elute each lipid class from the column. The mobile phase gradient started from 100% petroleum ether and finished with 50% ethyl acetate. Fractions were collected in 10 mL test tubes using a Gilson FC 204 large-bed fraction collector (Gilson, Inc., Middleton, WI). Each tube was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the tubes containing individual lipid classes (as judged by single spots on TLC plate with expected retention factor (Rf)) were pooled, concentrated to dryness, and d. The total fraction content was then ined gravimetrically.

TLC Analysis — Thin layer chromatography was conducted on silica gel plates. The plates were eluted using a solvent system consisting of petroleum etherzethyl etherzacetic acid (80:20: 1) and were visualized using iodine vapor. The Rf values of each spot were then compared with reported literature values for each lipid class.

Analysis ofTAG and PLfractions — The isolated TAG and PL fractions were analyzed for fatty acid composition as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The TAG fractions were dissolved in hexane to give a concentration of approximately 1-2 mg/mL. 1 mL aliquots of the solutions were concentrated to dryness under nitrogen. Toluene, containing internal standard, and 1.5 N HCI in methanol was added to each tube. The tubes were vortexed, then capped and heated to 100° C for 2 hours. lntemal standard and HCl methanol were added directly to the tubes containing the PL fraction and heated. The tubes were allowed to cool, and saturated NaCl in water was added. The tubes were ed again and centrifuged to allow the layers to separate. A portion ofthe organic layer was then placed in a GC vial and analyzed by GC-FID.

FAMEs were quantified using a 3-point calibration curve generated using Nu-Check-Prep GLC 5028 Reference Standard (NuCheck, Elysian, MN). Fatty acids t in the extract were . expressed as mg/g and as a % of FAME.

PTA-10208 Sample #1. tty acid profile of the biomass and extracted crude lipid for PTA-10208 Sample #1 was determined using . FAs in the biomass were sterified in situ by weighing 28.6 mg of biomass directly into a FAME tube, while a sample ofthe extracted crude lipid was prepared by weighing 55.0 mg of crude lipid into a 50 mL volumetric flask and transferring 1 ml to a separate FAME tube. The estimated crude lipid content ofthe biomass was determined to be 53.2% (as SUM of FAME) using GC with FID detection, while 52.0% (wt/wt) lipid was extracted from the dry biomass, giving a 97.8% recovery of total lipid. The crude lipid was determined to be 91.9% fatty acids (as SUM of FAME) using . The major fatty acids contained in the crude lipid were C1620 (182.5 mg/g), C20:5 n-3 (186.8 mg/g), and C2226 n-3 (423.1 mg/g).

The lipid class profile of the extracted crude lipid was ined by weighing 55.0 mg of crude lipid into a 50 mL volumetric flask and transferring an aliquot into an HPLC vial for LSD/MS analysis. According to the HPLC/ELSD/MS analysis, the crude lipid contained 0.2% sterol esters (SE), 95.1% TAG, 0.4% s, and 0.5% 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG). 5% of the TAG on included a peak that eluted directly after the TAG peak, but did not give a recognizable mass spectrum.

Isolated TAG from this sample as determined by flash chromatography made up approximately 92.4% of the crude oil. PL was not detected by weight or TLC after SPE WO 66373 isolation. The major fatty acids (>50 mg/g) contained in the TAG were C1620 (189 mg/g), C2025 n-3 (197 mg/g), and C22:6 n—3 (441 mg/g).

PTA-10208 Sample #2. The fatty acid profile of the biomass and extracted crude lipid for PTA-10208 Sample #2 was determined using GC/FID. FAs in the biomass were sterifled in situ by weighing 32.0 mg of biomass directly into a FAME tube, while a sample ofthe extracted crude lipid was prepared by weighing 60.1 mg of crude lipid into a 50 mL volumetric flask and transferring 1 ml to a separate FAME tube. The estimated crude lipid content ofthe biomass was ined to be 52.4% (as SUM of FAME) using GC with FlD detection, while 48.0% (wt/wt) lipid was extracted from the dry s, giving a 91.7% recovery oftotal lipid. The crude lipid was determined to be 95.3% fatty acids (as SUM of FAME) using GC/FID. The major fatty acids contained in the crude lipid were C1620 (217.5 mg/g), C2025 n-3 (169.3 mg/g), and C2226 n-3 (444.1 mg/g).

The lipid class profile of the ted crude lipid was determined by weighing 60.1 mg of crude lipid into a 50 mL volumetric flask and transferring an t into an HPLC vial for HPLC/ELSD/MS analysis. According to the HPLC/ELSD/MS analysis, the crude lipid contained 0.2% SE, 95.7% TAG, 0.3% sterols, and 0.7% 1,2-DAG. 5.1% of the TAG fraction included a peak that eluted directly after the TAG peak, but did not give a recognizable mass um.

Isolated TAG from this sample made up approximately 93.9% of the crude oil. PL was not detected by weight or TLC after SPE isolation. The major fatty acids (>50mg/g) contained in the TAG were C1620 (218 mg/g), C2025 n-3 (167 mg/g) and C22:6 n-3 (430 mg/g).

PTA-10208 Sample #3. A sample of crude oil from the microorganism deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-10208 (Sample PTA-10208 #3) was analyzed using HPLC/ELSD/MS. A total of 98.38% of lipids were recovered, with the sterol ester (SE) fraction ting for 0.32%, the TAG fraction accounting for 96.13%, the 1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG) fraction accounting for 0.22%, the 1,2-DAG fraction accounting for 0.78%, and the sterol fraction accounting for 0.93%.

Table 2: Fatty Acid Profiles of PTA-10208 ses and Extracted Crude Lipids (mg/g) -Sample #l Sample #l Sample #2 Sample #2 Sample #1 Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #2 Biomass Crude Li id Biomass Crude Li id Biomass Crude Li id Biomass Crude Li id . FAME FAME FAME FAME . FAME FAME FAME a... a... (m l “um-mum ——_—————m Sample#1 Sample#1 #2 Sample_#2 Samp1e#l Sample#1 #2 Sample #2 Biomass Crude Li-id Biomass CrudeLi-id Biomass Crude Li-id Biomass Crude Liid C16:0 105.04. 182.47 11772 217.49 C20:4n-5 0.63 _m -m In. 3 —4.77 m i .

I!!! mm m mm mmm-m .114- .111- m 1 : -m mu.114- c22:5n6 1584 1027 C20:l n-9 m- mm C225 n-3 20.44 35.13 C1814 n-3 C2226 n-3 246.98 423.10 245.96 Sum of C20.2 n-6_ m (m 527.15 907.18 518.71 m- m Table 3: Fatty Acid Profiles of PTA-10208 Biomasses and Extracted Crude Lipids (%) Sample #1 Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #2 Sample #1 Sample #1 Sample #2 Sample #2 Biomass Crude Li id Biomass Crude Li m Biomass Crude Li uid Biomass Crude Li a id Fatty Acid % FAME % FAME % FAME % FAME % FAME % FAME % FAME % FAME C2024n6 —-—---- m—0.12 mmaxim-- m ' . —m —mm m-m. mmu —mm m-m mm o. 27 0 - .22 m m m m m m —mmmm—— —— WO 66373 Table 4: Fatty Acid Profiles of PTA-10208 Isolated TAG -Samplefll amSple#l Sample#2 #2- Sample#l Sample#1 Sample #2 Sample #2 Fatty Acidl AME (mg/g)°/oFAME FAME(mg/g)/°/oFAME-I AME (mg/g)°/FAMEEFAME (mg/on) %FAME —m In —_— ”.82 —mil Ill! _Im- 0.07 .09 Cl8: l n--7mm“ C20.-5n3 I97. 14 20.90 166.68 —3m-—o —«—» —_mmm -_:-m. /\O Sum of C20.3 n--6 *r:>Z23B on 943 l 1 92l.03 EXAMPLE 3 A crude oil can be obtained in accordance with the procedures set forth in examples 1 and 2. A crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. A refined oil can be further blended with high oleic sunflower oil (“HOSO”) to achieve a final oil with a combined DHA + EPA content of at least about 400 mg/g oil. Typical characteristics ofa final oil ing to this example are set forth in Table 13.

Table 13: Characteristics ofa Final Oil with combined DHA + EPA content of at least about 400 m--/ oil __m_ in-120 ax- 0-25 _ -—_I_ZZZZZZZZ i'_‘-l>- Zand IiiiiiXO-l--.-MAX 004 Other ingredients contained in the oil include 1200 ppm sunflower lecithin; 2000 ppm rosemary extract; 2000 ppm mixed tocopherols; and 300 ppm yl palmitate. The 2000 ppm mixed tocopherol came from 1700 ppm of added tocopherols (includes 1100 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for e, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70, and from the mixed erols contained in the 3000 ppm of TAP 1010 Sun that was added to the oil. TAP1010 Sun provided 300 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, 300 ppm mixed tocopherols, and 1200 ppm sunflower lecithin.

EXAMPLE 4 Final Oil containing er Lecithin, Rosemary Extract, Mixed Tocopherols, and yl Palmitate. A crude oil can be obtained in accordance with the procedures set forth in examples 1 and 2. A crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. A refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve a final oil with combined DHA + EPA t of at least about 500 mg/g oil. Typical characteristics of the final oil according to this example are set forth in Table 14.

Table 14: Characteristics of a Final Oil with combined DHA + EPA content of at least about 500 m-~/ oil ZaX- 0-02 Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 1600 ppm sunflower lecithin; 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 2400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate. The 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol came from 2000 ppm of added tocopherols (which includes 900 ppm that was added in upstream sing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70, and from the mixed tocopherols contained in the 4000 ppm of TAP 1010 Sun that was added to the oil. TAP] 010 Sun provided 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, 400 ppm mixed tocopherols, and 1600 ppm sunflower lecithin.

EXAMPLE 5 Final Oil ning ry Extract, Mixed T0c0pherols, and Ascorbyl Palmitate. A crude oil obtained in accordance with the procedures set forth in es 1 and 2. A crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. A refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve a final oil with combined DHA + EPA content of at least about 500 mg/g oil. The characteristics of the final oil according to this e are similar to the characteristics set forth in Table 14.

Other ients contained in the final oil include 3000 ppm Rosemary Extract; I700 ppm mixed erols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

EXAMPLE 6 The potency; fishy/marine aroma (smell); and fishy/marine aromatics (taste) of the final oils according to es 4 and 5 were compared. The results of this comparison are set forth in Table 15.

The potency was obtained via the following protocol AOCS Ce 1b-89(modified). The marine/fishy aroma (smell) and marine/fishy aromatics (taste) sensory values were determined according to the method as bed in Sensory tion Techniques, ard et al., CRC Press; 4 edition (December 13, 2006). A panel of 8 — 18 enced people tasted and/or smelled a sample of the final oils according to examples 4 and 5. Each ofthese people determined the value of the sample. Afterwards all the values were averaged arithmetically and the result was rounded up or down to the next . A value of2 1.5 fishy/marine aroma and 2 2.5 fishy/marine aromatics is expected to be perceivable by the general population.

The‘fmal oils of each of examples 4a-d and 5 were packaged in 100g epoxy-phenolic lined aluminium containers ntal Container Inc., part number MC 12532) with 25 mm natural poly plug inserts (Elemental ner Inc., part number 024PLUG) and stored at 25 °C.

Table 15 Time Example Example Example Example gel 0f Example (months) 4a 4b 4c 4d x223 es 5 -____-_-_(mg/g) “—__—“.5-(mg/g) ———--E--E-— “nu-Inn“ -—----‘- Fishy/marine__----- aroma ---_—-- --_—--- _—_--—— “—“un—n -_-----_ Fishy/marine—___--- aromatics _—___-- “—_-_—_ EXAMPLE 7 A crude oil can be obtained from Schizochytrium Sp via the ses described in, for example, W0 91/007498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and W02011/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. A refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve a final oil with a DHA content of at least about 350 mg/g oil. Typical characteristics of final oil according to this example are set forth in Table 16.

Table 16: Characteristics of Final Oil with DHA content of at least about 350 mg/g ax 8 /o lron Example 73. Other ients contained in the final oil include 900 ppm mixed tocopherols that was added during upstream processing. The mixed tocopherols are available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the lands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 7b. Other ingredients ned in the final oil include 900 ppm mixed tocopherols that was added during upstream processing; 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate; and 2800 Vitablend (Wolvega, ppm soy lecithin. The mixed tocopherols are available from, for example, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 900 ppm mixed , Example 7c. tocopherols that was added during upstream processing; 750 ppm ascorbyl palmitate; and 2800 ppm soy lecithin. The mixed tocopherols are available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the lands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 7d. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 3500 ppm Rosemary Extract; l400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 50 ppm ascorbyl palmitate. The 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name endTM L70.

Example 7e. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm Soy in; 3500 ppm Rosemary Extract; 1400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 750 ppm yl palmitate. The 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols includes 900 ppm that was added upstream, which is ble from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 71‘. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm Soy Lecithin; 3500 ppm Rosemary Extract; 3400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 50 ppm yl palmitate. The 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for e, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 7g. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm Soy Lecithin; 3500 ppm Rosemary Extract; 3400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 750 ppm ascorbyl palmitate. The 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing) is ble from, for example, end ga, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 7h. Other ients contained in the final oil include 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols (ineludes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for e, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 500 ppm Rosemary Extract. ' 31 Example 7i. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 500 ppm Rosemary Extract; l400ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, end (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 50 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

Example 7j. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 500 ppm Rosemary Extract; l400ppm mixed tocopherols des 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70 ; and 750 ppm ascorbyl ate.

Example 7k. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 500 ppm Rosemary Extract; m mixed erols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name endTM L70; and 50 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

Example 7L. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 500 ppm Rosemary t; m mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 750 ppm ascorbyl ate.

Example 7m. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2800 ppm soy lecithin; 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 2400ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for e, Vitablend (Wolvega, the lands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

EXAMPLE 8 . Final Oil containing Rosemary Extract and [Mixed Tocopherols. A crude oil can be obtained from Schizochytrium sp via the processes described in, for example, WO 91/007498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and W020] 1/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, ing, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be further d with H080 to achieve final oil with DHA content of at least about 350 mg/g oil. The characteristics of this oil are similar to the characteristics set forth in Table 16.

Example 83. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 3400ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 500 ppm ry Extract. Table 17 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not contain ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin.

Table 17 Amount: 96.1% Fat with oil comprising at least one C.3-22 106% polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 to EPA 1.10% 6 carbon-carbon double bonds 17-54% DPA 0.57% DHA 44.74% Total about 65.01 wt-% 3,400 --m High oleic acids Example 8b. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 1400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 3500 ppm ry Extract. Table 18 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not n ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin.

Table 18 : 967% Fat with oil comprising at least oneClg- 20:4 n-6 1.06% 22 saturated fatty acids 205 “-3 ”2% having 4 to 6 carbon-carbon 22.5 n-6 17 46% double bonds 22:5 n-3 0.57% 22:6 n-3 44.46% Total about 64.67 wt—% Tocoherol 1,400 O m Rosemar extract 3,500 . .m High oleic acids Example 80. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 3400ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the lands) under the trade name Tocoblen'dTM L70; and 3500 ppm Rosemary Extract. Table 19 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not n ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin.

Table 19 oil comprising at least one Cum; polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 to 6 carboncarbon double bonds Total about 64.99 wt-% Tocopherol 3,400 ppm 3,500 - m .

High oleic acids e 8d. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2400ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract. Table 20 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not contain ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin.

Table 20 Amount: 959% Fat with oil comprising at least one €18-22 20:4 n-6 1.06% polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 20:5 n-3 1.09% to 6 carbon-carbon double bonds 22. 5 n-6 17.49% 22:5 n-3 0.56% 22:6 n-3 44.51% Total about 64.71 wt-% 2,400 ..m 2,000 ..m High oleic acids Other ingredients ned in the final oil include 2400ppm mixed . Example 8e. erols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, end (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 0 ppm Rosemary t. Table 2] summarizes the oil according to this example that does not contain yl palmitate, lecithin, or rosemary extract. oil comprising at least one €18-22 20:4 n-6 1.06% polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 to 6 EPA 1.09% -carbon double bonds DPA 17.47% DPA 0.56% 44-48% Total about 64.66 wt-% Toco herol 2,400 n n m Rosemar extract Hih oleic acids Example 8f. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 900ppm mixed tocopherols (that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract. Table 22 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not contain ascorbyl palmitate or in.

Table 22 oil comprising at least one €18-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 to 6 carbon-carbon double bonds 44-51% Total about 64.7] wt-% Tocopherol m_ Rosemary extract 2,000 1' ,' Hi-h oleic acids Example 8g. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend ga, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 2000 ppm Rosemary t. Table 23 summarizes the oil according to this example that does not contain ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin.

Table 23 Amount: 972% Fat with oil comprising at least one €13-22 20:4 n-6 1.06% polyunsaturated fatty acids having 4 to 6 EPA 20:5 n-3 1.12% carbon—carbon double bonds 22:5 n-6 17.46% DPA 22:5 n-3 0.56% 22:6 n-3 44.44% Total about 64.64 wt-% 2,400 --m 2,000 nm Table 24a Marine/fishy aroma Rancimat Examples sensory value Value n14 . 6Mths RT. “0-98MtthT 1.28MtthT “12 I 6Mths RT Table 24b T1me.

Ex44007mw33.a Ex.337m“b EX.337n“C Ex.337&md EX3301 a,e Ex33Jamf E Ex7h E E k (monthS\l .../J HA ”w ency ”M 55 x3317%“4. %..u4. 75 flM3301.fifl53. 1 4. .44000”$537.

F1shy/ 00.1 7.5.7. 111 26.7. 1 a2 x.3301117%m5123g ] 7. manne aroma 2345 1111 26.55 11111 227.52 3.1.1. .5 . 1222 15 222 .5 n2 12222 5050.2 2222 22.25. 001 7.7.2 22122222222 223.514.44.537. 0 7. .1 «2 021.1 7.4.55 1 5. 1 6. 2222 22222 0.27.6.6. 222222 0.0.25 .J 212 1.9.4. 1 5 0» 23 6.0. 1222011222222 54.7.1.21.4.55 222 24.6. 1222222122222333 73223497323991JB 222223 1.3.6760. 222222122232333 3.25556451303224.

WO 66373 Table 24c Time Ex. EX EX “‘7“ 5“” ----Ex‘8 mg (months) 7m» 7mii>7m<iii> DHA n 363 364 377 373 430 430 426 427 426 430 potency n 365 367 368 370 430 425 430 432 429 425 430 111.: “mu—Minn nm-mm "Minimum "m m mariiie n-----Fish/ III mu“!!! III aroma u-—---—- ----“ “--_ - — “——-—— - “um-mm -----mm _--—mm ,marfige _--——mFish flcs—----II_ In “-_—-— In _---—— - n---- n-———— The at values are determined by the rd test for oil stability, using a rancimat apparatus operated at 90°C, with airflow set at 10 L/hour (AOCS Cd 12b-92). The potency was obtained via the following protocol AOCS Ce lb-89(modified). The marine/fishy aroma (smell) and /fishy aromatics (taste) sensory values were determined according to the method as bed in Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Meilgaard et (1]., CRC Press; 4 edition (December 13, 2006). A panel of 8 — 18 experienced people tasted and/or smelled a sample a sample ofthe final oils ing to examples 7a-m and 8a-g. Each of these people determined the value of the sample. Afterwards all the values were averaged arithmetically and the result was rounded up or down to the next number. A value ofz 1.5 fishy/marine aroma and 2 2.5 fishy/marine aromatics is expected to be perceivable by the general population.

The final oils of examples 7a-m and 8a-g were packaged in in Nylon/Foil/PE Low Density Polyethylene bags packaged with vacuum then heat sealed under N2 on a Model AGV Multivac. (Multivac Sepp Haggenmuller GmbH & Co. KG) and stored at 25°C.

EXAMPLE 10 Final Oil containing Sunflower Lecithin, Rosemary Extract, Mixed Tocopherols, and Ascorbyl ate. A crude oil can be ed from Schizochytrium sp via the processes described in, for example, WO 91/007498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and W020] 1/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via g, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve a final oil with DHA content of at least about 350 mg/g oil. Typical Characteristics of the final oil according to this example are set forth in Table 25.

Table 25: Characteristics of Final Oil with DHA content of at least about 350 mg/g oil Chemical Characteristics _ DHA Content m__/ oil Min. 350 Examples e. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 1600 ppm Sunflower Lecithin; 2000 ppm Rosemary t; 2400ppm mixed tocopherols; and 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate. The 2400 ppm mixed tocopherols came from 2000 ppm of added tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the lands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70, and from the mixed tocopherols ned in the 4000 ppm of TAP 1010 Sun that was added to the oil. TAP1010 Sun provided 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, 400 ppm mixed tocopherols, and 1600 ppm sunflower lecithin.

EXAMPLE 11 Final Oil containing Rosemary t, Mixed Tocopherols, and Ascorbyl Palmitate. A crude oil can be obtained from Schizochytrium sp via the processes described in, for example, W0 91/007498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and WO20l 1/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, ing, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve final oil with DHA content of at least about 400 mg/g oil. The characteristics ofthe final oil according to this e are similar to the characteristics set forth in Table 26.

Examples lla-b. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 3000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 1700ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

EXAMPLE 12 The potency; arine aroma (smell); and fishy/marine aromatics (taste) of the final oils according to examples lOa-e and 1 la-b were compared. The results of this comparison are set forth in Table 27.

The potency was ed via the following protocol AOCS Ce lb-89(modified).

The marine/fishy aroma (smell) and marine/fishy aromatics (taste) sensory values were determined ing to the method as described in sensory Evaluation Techniques, Meilgaard et al., CRC Press; 4 edition (December 13, 2006). A panel of 8 — 18 enced people tasted and/or smelled a sample of the final oils ing to examples lOa-e and l la-b. Each of these people determined the value of the sample. Afterwards all the values were averaged arithmetically and the result were rounded up or down to the next number. A value of 2 1.5 fishy/marine aroma and 2 2.5 fishy/marine ics is expected to be perceivable by the general population.

The final oils of each of examples lOa-d and 1 la were packaged in 100g epoxy- ic lined ium containers (Elemental Container Inc., part number MC 12532) with 25 mm natural poly plug inserts (Elemental Container Inc., part number 024PLUG) and stored at 25 The final oils of each of examples lOeand 1 1b were packaged in 300g ealed nylon-foil bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE) lining (manufactured by Heritage Packaging) and stored at room temperature (25°C).

Table 27 Time Example Example Example Example er Example Example Example (months) 10a 10b l0c 10d lOaFd lOe 1 la 1 lb DHA potencyn———____m (mg/g) ————————m nnnun—nn Fishy/marine—_------ aroma -- ____—--- n—nnn—nn marinen—m— aromaticsmm“ ' _—--—__- EXAMPLE 13 Final Oil containing Sunflower Lecithin, Rosemary Extract, Mixed Tocopherols, and Ascorbyl Palmitate. A crude oil can be obtained from Schizochytrium Sp via the processes described in, for example, WO 498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and W020] 1/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be blended with H080 to achieve a final oil with DHA content of at least about 400 mg/g oil. Typical characteristics ofthe final oil ing to this example are set forth in Table 28.

Table 28: Characteristics ofa Final Oil with DHA t of at least about 400 mg/g oil Chemical Characteristics DHA Content mg/g oil Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 2400 ppm mixed tocopherols; 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate; and 1600 ppm sunflower lecithin.

The 2400 ppm mixed tocopherol came from 2000 ppm of added tocopherols des 900ppm that was added upstream), which is ble from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70, and from the mixed tocopherols ned in the 4000 ppm of TAP 1010 Sun that was added to the oil. TAPlOlO Sun provided 400 ppm ascorbyl palmitate, 400 ppm mixed tocopherols, and 1600 ppm sunflower lecithin.

EXAMPLE 14 Final Oil containing Rosemary Extract, .Mixed Tocopherols, and Ascorbyl Palmitate. A crude oil can be obtained from Schizochytrium sp via the processes described in, for example, W0 91/007498, W0 67, WO 03/105606, and W02011/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be further blended with H080 to achieve final oil with DHA content of at least about 400 mg/g oil. The characteristics of final oil according to this example are similar to the characteristics set forth in Table 28. e 14a. 'Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 1700ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900ppm that was added upstream), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate. e 14b and 14c. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 3000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 1700ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900ppm that was added upstream), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 250 ppm ascorbyl palmitate.

Example 14d. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 5000 ppm Rosemary Extract; 1700ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added upstream), which is ble from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70; and 250 ppm yl ate.

EXAMPLE 15 Final Oil containing Organic Rosemary Extract and Mixed Tocopherols. A crude oil can be obtained from chytrium sp via the processes described in, for example, WO 498, WO 94/08467, WO 03/105606, and W020] 1/153246. The crude oil can be further processed via refining, bleaching, and deodorizing to obtain refined oils. The refined oil can be further blended with organic HOSO, which is available from, for e, Adams Vegetables Oils, Inc, (Arbuckle, California) to achieve a final oil with DHA content of at least about 400 mg/g oil. l characteristics ofthe final oil according to this example are set forth in Table Table 29: teristics of a Final Oi_l with DHA contentof at least about 400 mg/g oil Chemical teristics DHA Content m-./ oil ZZ ZZma:><>< ' ' om No U! ZZZ man:><><x be com Example 15a. Other ingredients contained in the final oil include 750 ppm Rosemary Extract, which is available from, for example, Vitiva ( Markovic, Slovenia) under the trade name Inolens® 4 organic and Naturex, (Avignon, France) under the trade name organic StabilEnhance® OSR-4 ; and 1700 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added during upstream processing), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

Example 15b. Other ients contained in the final oil include 2000 ppm Rosemary Extract, which is available from, for example, Vitiva ( Markovic, Slovenia) under the trade name Inolens® 4 organic and Naturex, (Avignon, France) under the trade name organic StabilEnhance® OSR—4 ; and 2400 ppm mixed tocopherols (includes 900 ppm that was added upstream), which is available from, for example, Vitablend (Wolvega, the Netherlands) under the trade name TocoblendTM L70.

EXAMPLE 16 The potency; arine aroma (smell); and arine aromatics ) ofthe final oils according to examples 13, 14, and 15 were compared. The results of this comparison are set forth in Table 30.

The potency was ed via the following protocol AOCS Ce 1b-89(modified). The marine/fishy aroma (smell) and marine/fishy aromatics (taste) sensory values were determined according to the method as bed in Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Meilgaard et al., CRC Press; 4 edition (December 13, 2006). A panel of 8 - 18 enced people tasted and/or smelled a sample of the oils according to examples 13, 14, and 15. Each of these people determined the value of the sample. Afterwards all the values were averaged arithmetically and the result was rounded up or down to the next number. A value of ≥ 1.5 marine aroma and ≥ 2.5 fishy/marine aromatics is expected to be perceivable by the general population.

The final oils of each of examples 13 and 14a-d were packaged in 300g heat-sealed nylon-foil bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE) lining (manufactured by Heritage Packaging) and stored at 25 °C.

The final oils of each of examples 15a-b were packaged in 100g epoxy-phenolic lined aluminium containers (Elemental Container Inc., part number MC 12532) with 25 mm natural poly plug s (Elemental Container Inc., part number 024PLUG) and stored at 25 °C.

Table 30 A reference herein to a patent document or other matter which is given as prior art is not to be taken as an admission that that document or matter was known or that the information it contains was part of the common l dge as at the priority date of any of the .

Throughout the description and claims of the specification, the word "comprise" and variations of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises", is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.

Claims (37)

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. An oil comprising: (i) at least 30 wt.% of one or more polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) having at least 4 double bonds, wherein the PUFA is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid 5 (EPA), omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA n-3), omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA n- 6), and mixtures thereof; (ii) at least one first antioxidant, wherein the at least one first antioxidant is a erol, and wherein the oil comprises tocopherol in an amount g from about 900 ppm to about 3400 ppm; 10 (iii) an ascorbic acid derivative in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 400 ppm; (iv) less than about 150 ppm lecithin; and (v) a peroxide value (PV) less than 5 meq/kg, for instance less than 2 meq/kg, for instance less than 1 meq/kg.

2. The oil according to claim 1, wherein said oil comprises less than about 30 ppb iron. 15

3. The oil according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said oil has a fishy aroma sensory value of less than 1.5.

4. The oil according to any one of the preceding , wherein said oil further comprises a flavoring reagent.

5. The oil according to claim 4, wherein said flavoring reagent is rosemary extract. 20

6. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ascorbic acid tive is present in an amount ranging from about 100 ppm to 300 ppm.

7. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said second antioxidant is yl ate.

8. The oil according to any one of the ing , wherein said oil has a fishy 25 aromatics sensory value of less than 2.5.

9. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil has an Anisidine Value (AnV) less than 20, for instance less than 10.

10. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said tocopherol is a mixed tocopherol.

11. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, n said tocopherol is an addition tocopherol.

12. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil is an organic oil.

13. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil is a natural oil. 5

14. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil and/or said at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds is obtained from at least one microalgae, fish, plant, seed, or combinations thereof.

15. The oil according to claim 14, wherein said microalgae is Thraustochytriales.

16. The oil according to claim 14, wherein said microalgae is chosen from 10 Thraustochytrium sp., Schizochytrium sp., and combinations thereof.

17. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds is obtained from a plant.

18. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 double bonds is obtained from fish. 15

19. A final oil comprising the oil of any one of the preceding claims and at least one further oil.

20. The final oil according to claim 19, wherein said further oil is ed from a vegetable oil.

21. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil is an edible oil. 20

22. Use of an oil according to any one of the ing claims for preparing a food product.

23. Use of an oil ing to any one of the preceding claims as an additive to a food

24. Process for preparing a food product, comprising incorporating the oil according to any 25 one of the preceding claims into said food product.

25. A food product sing the oil according to any one of the preceding .

26. An oil according to any one of the preceding claims, n said oil comprises at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.% of DHA, wherein said oil comprises less than about 80 wt.%, less than about 70 wt.%, or less than about 30 60 wt.% of DHA.

27. An oil ing to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil comprises at least about 35 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least about 45 wt.%, at least about 50 wt.% of DHA+EPA, wherein said oil comprises less than about 80 wt.%, less than about 70 wt.%, or less than about 60 wt.% of DHA+ EPA. 5

28. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, n said oil has a rancimat value that is less than about 19.

29. The oil according to any preceding claim, n said oil has a fishy aroma sensory value of less than 1.5 at a time period chosen from 0 to 3 months, at 0 to 4 months, at 0 to 5 months, at 0 to 6 months, at 0 to 7 months, at 0 to 8 months, or at 0 to 9 months. 10

30. The oil according to any preceding claim, wherein said oil has a fishy aromatics sensory value of less than 2.5 at a time period chosen from 0 to 3 months, at 0 to 4 months, at 0 to 5 months, at 0 to 6 months, at 0 to 7 months, at 0 to 8 months, or at 0 to 9 months.

31. The oil according to any one of the preceding , wherein said oil comprises less than about 10 ppm of lecithin. 15

32. The oil according to any one of the ing claims, wherein said oil ses tocopherol in an amount ranging from about 1000 ppm to 3000 ppm.

33. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil comprises an addition tocopherol ranging from about 300 ppm to about 1000 ppm.

34. The oil according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said oil comprises 20 rosemary extract ranging from 500 ppm to 5000 ppm.

35. An oil according to claim 1 substantially as before described, with reference to any of the es.

36. A process for preparing a food product according to claim 24 substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to any of the Examples. 25

37. A food product according to claim 25 substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to any of the Examples.