NZ733432B2 - Process for enriching the biomass of microalgae of the schizochytrium genus with dha and with arg and glu amino acids - Google Patents
Process for enriching the biomass of microalgae of the schizochytrium genus with dha and with arg and glu amino acids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ733432B2 NZ733432B2 NZ733432A NZ73343216A NZ733432B2 NZ 733432 B2 NZ733432 B2 NZ 733432B2 NZ 733432 A NZ733432 A NZ 733432A NZ 73343216 A NZ73343216 A NZ 73343216A NZ 733432 B2 NZ733432 B2 NZ 733432B2
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- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- biomass
- dha
- microalgae
- amino acids
- arginine
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004218 vascular function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000024883 vasodilation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 200000000019 wound Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/12—Unicellular algae; Culture media therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
- C12P13/10—Citrulline; Arginine; Ornithine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
- C12P13/14—Glutamic acid; Glutamine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6409—Fatty acids
- C12P7/6427—Polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
Abstract
The present invention relates to a process for enriching a biomass of microalgae of the Schizochytrium genus with DHA and with arginine and glutamic acid amino acids, characterized in that it comprises a step aimed at limiting the rate of growth of the microalga while at the same time maintaining or continuously introducing a source of nitrogen in or into the fermentation medium. continuously introducing a source of nitrogen in or into the fermentation medium.
Description
The present invention relates to a novel fermentative process for enriching the
biomass of microalgae of the Thraustochytrium genus, more particularly Schizochytrium
sp. or Schizochytrium mangrovei, with docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and with arginine and
glutamic acid amino acids, and also to a process for producing the oil extracted from this
microalgal biomass.
Technical field of lipids
Lipids constitute one of the three major families of macronutrients with proteins
and carbohydrates.
Among the lipids, triglycerides and phospholipids in particular stand out:
- Triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides or TAGs) are
glycerides in which the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol are esterified with fatty acids.
They are the main constituent of vegetable oil and of animal fats.
Triglycerides represent approximately 95% of the dietary lipids ingested by
humans. In the organism, they are present mainly in adipose tissues and constitute the
main form of energy storage.
- Phospholipids are amphiphilic lipids, that is to say lipids consisting of a polar
(hydrophilic) head and two aliphatic (hydrophobic) tails.
Phospholipids are structural lipids since they are constituents of cell membranes
for which they provide, inter alia, the fluidity.
Triglycerides and phospholipids are composed predominantly of fatty acids which
are both provided by the diet and, for some of them, synthesized by the organism.
The biochemical classification (based on the number of double bonds contained
in the fatty acid molecule) distinguishes saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
From the physiological point of view, the following are distinguished:
- indispensible fatty acids, required for the development and correct functioning of
the human body, but which our body is not able to produce;
- "conditionally" indispensable fatty acids which are essential for normal growth
and the physiological functions of cells, but which can be produced from their precursor if
it is provided by the diet. They are therefore absolutely required if their essential precursor
is absent;
- non-indispensable fatty acids.
All the indispensable and "conditionally" indispensable fatty acids constitute
essential fatty acids.
The other fatty acids are referred to as non-essential.
The non-indispensable fatty acids include, in particular:
- eicosapentaenoic acid (E PA) of the omega 3 fatty acid family,
- oleic acid, the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid in our diet, and
palmitoleic acid,
- saturated fatty acids, such as lauric acid, myristic acid or palmitic acid.
More particularly, polyunsaturated fatty acids are classified according to the
position of the first double bond, starting from the final methyl function.
Thus, in the nomenclature, for omega x or nx, x corresponds to the position
of the first unsaturation.
Two major families of essential fatty acids are distinguished: omega 6 fatty acids
(or n-6 PUFAs) , of which the precursor and the major representative is linoleic acid (LA),
and omega 3 fatty acids (or n-3 PUFAs), of which the precursor is alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA).
The majority of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of biological interest belong to the
omega 6 family (arachidonic acid or ARA) or omega 3 family (eicosapentaenoic acid or
EPA, docosahexaenoic acid or DHA).
In addition, in the nomenclature, the number of carbons constituting the chain is
also defined: thus, EPA is described as C20:5 and DHA as C22:6.
The 5 and 6 thus correspond to the number of unsaturations of the carbon
chain presented respectively by EPA and by DHA.
DHA, of the omega 3 fatty acid family, is a fatty acid that the organism knows
how to synthesize from alpha-linolenic acid, or which is provided by the consumption of
oily fish (t una, salmon, herring, etc.).
DHA plays an important role in the structure of membranes and in the
development and function of the brain and of the retina.
Fish oils are used mainly as a source of omega 3 fatty acids, such as DHA and
EPA, but they are also found in oils of microalgae, from which they are extracted either as
a mixture, or separately, as is the case for example with the oils derived from certain
selected strains, such as those of the genus Schizochytrium, which contain only traces of
EPA but high DHA contents.
Technical field of peptides and amino acids
Peptides and amino acids are conventionally exploited as functional agents or
food supplements in many fields.
In the context of supplying amino acids of interest, it may in fact be advantageous
to have available peptide sources that are rich in arginine and glutamic acid.
Arginine is an amino acid that has many functions in the animal kingdom.
Arginine may be degraded and may thus serve as a source of energy, carbon
and nitrogen for the cell which assimilates it.
In various animals, including mammals, arginine is decomposed into ornithine
and urea. The latter is a nitrogenous molecule that can be eliminated (via excretion in the
urine) so as to regulate the amount of nitrogenous compounds present in the cells of
animal organisms.
Arginine allows the synthesis of nitrogen monoxide (NO) via NO synthetase, thus
participating in the vasodilation of the arteries, which reduces the rigidity of the blood
vessels, increases the blood flow and thus improves the functioning of the blood vessels.
Food supplements which contain arginine are recommended for promoting the
health of the heart, the vascular function, for preventing "platelet aggregation" (r isk of
formation of blood clots) and for lowering the arterial pressure.
The involvement of arginine in the healing of wounds is associated with its role in
the formation of proline, which is another important amino acid in collagen synthesis.
Finally, arginine is a component that is frequently used, in particular by
sportspeople, in energy drinks.
As regards glutamic acid, it is not only one of the elementary bricks used for
protein synthesis, but is also the excitatory neurotransmitter that is the most widespread in
the central nervous system (encephalon + spinal column) and is a GABA precursor in
GABAergic neurons.
Under the code E620, glutamate is used as a flavor enhancer in foods. It is
added to food preparations to enhance their taste.
Besides glutamate, the Codex Alimentarius has also recognized as flavor
enhancers the sodium salt (E621) , the potassium salt (E622), the calcium salt (E623), the
ammonium salt (E624) and the magnesium salt ( E 625) thereof.
Glutamate (or the salts thereof) is often present in ready-made meals (so ups,
sauces, crisps and ready-made dishes). It is also commonly used in Asian cookery.
It is currently frequently used in combination with flavorings in aperitifs (bacon
flavor, cheese flavor). This makes it possible to enhance the bacon, cheese, etc. flavor. It
is rare to find an aperitif not containing any.
It is also found in certain medicament capsules, but not for its taste functions.
Finally, it is the major component of cooking auxiliaries (stock cubes, sauce
bases, sauces, etc.).
Production of lipids, in particular of fatty acids, by microalgae
Microalgae of the genus Schizochytrium are conventionally cultured in fermenters
(heterotrophic conditions: in darkness and in the presence of a carbon source).
It should be noted that the profitable utilization of these microalgae generally
requires controlling the fermentation conditions.
To achieve this result, first processes for fermentation making it possible to obtain
high cell densities (HCDs) have thus been greatly developed in order to obtain maximum
lipid yields and productivities.
The aim of these HCD cultures was to obtain the highest possible concentration
of the desired lipids in the shortest period of time possible.
However, it quickly became apparent to specialists in the field that it is necessary
for example to subject the microalgae to a nutritional stress which limits their growth,
when it is desired to make them produce large lipid stores.
Therefore, growth and production are conventionally uncoupled in fermenting
processes.
For example, to promote the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (in this
instance docosahexaenoic acid or DHA), patent application WO 01/54510 recommends
dissociating cell growth from the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
More particularly, a process for producing microbial lipids is claimed, which
process comprises the steps consisting in:
(a) carrying out fermentation of a medium comprising microorganisms, a carbon
source and a limiting nutritional source, and ensuring conditions sufficient to maintain a
dissolved oxygen content of at least approximately 4% of saturation in said fermentation
medium to increase the biomass;
(b) then providing conditions sufficient to maintain a dissolved oxygen content of
approximately less than or equal to 1% of saturation in said fermentation medium and
providing conditions sufficient to allow said microorganisms to produce said lipids;
(c) and collecting said microbial lipids, in which at least approximately 15% of
said microbial lipids are constituted of polyunsaturated lipids;
and in which a biomass density of at least approximately 100 g/l is obtained over
the course of the fermentation.
In the microalga Schizochytrium sp. strain ATCC 20888, a first growth phase is
thus more particularly performed in the presence of a carbon source and a nitrogen
source but without limiting oxygen, so as to promote the production of a high cell density,
then, in a second phase, the supply of nitrogen is stopped and the supply of oxygen is
gradually slowed (management of the dissolved oxygen pressure or pO from 10% to 4%
then to 0.5%), so as to stress the microalga, slow its growth and trigger production of the
fatty acids of interest.
In the microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii, the higher DHA content is obtained at
low glucose concentration (of the order of 5 g/l) and thus at a low growth rate (Ji ang and
Chen, 2000, Process Biochem., 35(10), 1205-1209).
Consequently, in the event that the formation of products is not correlated with
high cell growth, it is taught that it is prudent to control the rate of cell growth.
In general, those skilled in the art choose to control the growth of the microalgae
by controlling the fermentation conditions (t emperature, pH, etc.) or by regulated feeding
of nutritional components to the fermentation medium (semicontinuous conditions referred
to as "fed batch").
If they choose to control the growth of the microalgae heterotrophically through
the supply of carbon sources, those skilled in the art generally choose to adapt the carbon
source (pure glucose, acetate, ethanol, etc.) to the microalga (C. cohnii, Euglena gracilis,
etc.) as a function of the metabolite produced (f or example a polyunsaturated fatty acid of
DHA type).
Temperature may also be a key parameter. For example, it has been reported
that the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in some species of microalgae, such as
EPA by Chlorella minutissima, is promoted at a lower temperature than that required for
the optimal growth of said microalga.
To optimize the production of triglycerides, those skilled in the art are also led to
optimize the carbon flow toward oil production, by acting on the nutritional environment of
the fermentation medium.
Thus, it is known that oil accumulates when there is a sufficient supply of carbon
but under conditions of nitrogen deficiency.
Therefore, the C/N ratio is the determining factor here, and it is accepted that the
best results are obtained by acting directly on the nitrogen content, with the glucose
content not being a limiting factor.
To optimize oil production, it is therefore essential for those skilled in the art to
control the carbon flow by moving it toward oil production to the detriment of protein
production; the carbon flow is redistributed and accumulates as lipid storage substances
when the microalgae are placed in a nitrogen-deficient medium.
Production of proteins by microalgae
As explained in detail above, to optimize the production of triglycerides, those
skilled in the art are led to optimize the carbon flow toward oil production, by acting on the
nutritional environment of the fermentation medium.
In a study carried out in a microalga of Chlorella type, it has been noted that a
nitrogen deficiency affects cell growth, thereby resulting in a growth rate reduced by 30%
compared with the normal growth rate of the microalga (X iong et al., Plant Physiology,
2010, 154, pp. 1001-1011).
To explain this result, in the abovementioned article Xiong et al. in fact
demonstrate that if the Chlorella biomass is divided into its 5 main components, in
particular carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA (representing 85% of the solids
thereof), then the C/N ratio has no impact on the content of DNA, RNA or carbohydrates,
but it becomes paramount for the content of proteins and lipids.
Thus, Chlorella cells cultivated with a low C/N ratio contain 25.8% proteins and
25.23% lipids, whereas a high C/N ratio makes the synthesis of 53.8% lipids and 10.5%
proteins possible.
To optimize protein production, it is therefore essential for those skilled in the art
to control the carbon flow by moving it toward protein production to the detriment of lipid
production; the carbon flow is redistributed and accumulates as protein storage
substances when the microalgae are placed in a medium that is not nitrogen deficient.
Armed with this teaching, in order to produce biomasses that are rich in proteins
and thus in amino acids which constitute them, those skilled in the art are therefore led to
work the fermentation conditions by instead promoting a low C/N ratio, and thus:
- supply a large amount of nitrogen source to the fermentation medium while
keeping constant the carbon source feedstock, which will be converted into
proteins, and
- stimulate the growth of the microalga.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for producing a biomass of microalgae
of the Thraustochytrium genus of which the lipid fraction is rich in DHA and of which the
content of arginine and glutamic acid amino acids relative to total amino acids is high.
This process is based on the control of the growth rate of the microalga, this
control being exerted so as to reduce it to its minimum, while at the same time maintaining
or continuously introducing a nitrogen source in or into the fermentation medium.
This result can for example be obtained by reducing or exhausting trace
elements in the fermentation medium or by limiting O transfer.
In one preferential embodiment of the process in accordance with the invention, it
is thus chosen to limit the growth rate of the microalga by limiting the oxygen supply.
For the purposes of the invention, the limitation of the growth rate is assessed by
the ratio between the actual growth rate of the microalga (µ ) with regard to its optimal
growth rate (µmax), where "µ" is the speed of growth expressed in g of biomass formed
per g of biomass and per hour, that is to say (h ).
More particularly, the process of the invention is a process for enriching a
biomass of microalgae of the Thraustochytrium genus with DHA and with arginine and
glutamic acid amino acids, characterized in that it comprises a step consisting in
maintaining or adding a nitrogen source in or to the fermentation medium as soon as the
value of the ratio of the growth rates µ/µmax of the microalgae becomes less than 0.2.
Preferably, the microalgae are of the genus Schizochytrium sp. or Schizochytrium
mangrovei.
More specifically, the microalgae may be a strain selected from the strains CNCM
I-4469 and CNCM I-4702 deposited with the Collection Nationale de Cultures de
Microorganismes [French National Collection of Microorganism Cultures] of the Institut
Pasteur on April 14, 2011 and November 22, 2012, respectively.
Optionally, the process may also comprise harvesting the biomass, optionally
preparing a cell extract or lysate from this biomass, then optionally extracting a crude oil
rich in DHA and in arginine and glutamic acid amino acids.
The process according to the present invention may be characterized in that the
biomass obtained comprises:
- at least 45% of DHA by weight of total fatty acids; and
- at least 10% of arginine and at least 25% of glutamic acid by weight relative to
total amino acids, preferably at least 15% of arginine and at least 40% of glutamic acid by
weight relative to total amino acids.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Within the context of the invention, the applicant company has chosen to explore
an original route for optimizing the production of DHA and of arginie and glutamic acid
amino acids by proposing a novel way of conducting fermentation.
The applicant company has thus found, which goes against the technical
preconceptions on the subject, that it is possible to produce by fermentation microalgal
biomasses:
- rich in lipids (more than 25% by dry weight of biomass, preferably at least
%), the predominant fatty acid of which is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
- rich in arginine and glutamic acid amino acids ( m ore than 35% by weight of
the total amino acids, preferably at least 55%) ,
without it being essential, as described in the prior art, to maximize the C/N ratio
(consumed carbon to consumed nitrogen, mole/mole).
The applicant company has thus found that it is possible to modify the lipid and
amino acid composition of the biomass produced by fermentation, through the
maintaining, which is not conventional for a lipid production, of the nitrogen feed
throughout the fermentation even when the growth rate µ/µmax is less than 0.2.
Indeed, the applicant company has understood that, when the µ/µmax ratio
becomes less than 0.2, following a limitation of a nutritive substrate other than the
nitrogenous or carbon-based substrates, it is possible to move the metabolic productions
toward the production of arginine and glutamic acid amino acids, while at the same time
retaining a considerable DHA production.
In one embodiment, the limitation which makes it possible to reduce the growth
rate can be the limitation of the oxygen supply (OTR, oxygen transfer rate).
In particular, the OTR during the fermentation phase is preferably from 30 to 35
mmol/l/h.
The growth limitation can also be induced by exhausting trace elements or
minerals, preferably chosen from phosphate, magnesium or potassium.
More particularly, the applicant company has found that it is necessary to supply
nitrogen, preferentially in aqueous ammonia form (used for example in pH regulation), or
that it is necessary to maintain the nitrogen supply, until the end of the culture, provided
that µ is less than 20% of µmax.
In one preferred embodiment, the initial nitrogen supply is added to by the
regulation of the pH, the nitrogen consumed thus being compensated for by that of the
regulation of the pH. This makes it possible to obtain a C/N ratio (consumed carbon to
consumed nitrogen, mole/mole) at the end of the culture of less than 20, for example of
between 10 and 15, and preferably of approximately 15.
The strains to be used in the methods of the present invention are of the
Thraustochytrium genus, more particularly Schizochytrium mangrovei or Schizochytrium
sp. Such strains are known to those skilled in the art.
In the course of their research, the applicant company has identified several
microalgal strains of great interest which produce DHA. The applicant company is
especially quite particularly interested in two strains that it has identified.
The first strain is a strain of Schizochytrium sp., deposited in France on April
14th, 2011 with the Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes [French National
Collection of Microorganism Cultures] ( CNCM) of the Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur
Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, under number I-4469 and also in China with the
China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) of the University of Wuhan, Wuhan
430072, P.R. China under number M 209118. This strain mainly produces DHA and to a
lesser extent palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. It was characterized by partial sequencing
of the gene encoding 18S RNA (SEQ ID No 1):
1 GAGGGTTTTA CATTGCTCTC aTTCCaATAG CAaGACGCGA AGCGCCCCGC ATTGATATTT
61 CTCGTCACTA CCTCGTGGAG TCCACATTGG GTAATTTACG CGCCTGCTGC CTTCCTTGGA
121 TGTGGTAGCC GTCTCTCAGG CTCCCTCTCC GGAGTCGAGC CCTAACTCCC CGTCACCCGT
181 TATAGTCACC GTAGGCCAAT ACCCTACCGT CGACAACTGA TGGGGCAGAA ACTCAAACGA
241 TTCATCGCTC CGAAAAGCGA TCTGCTCAAT TATCATGACT CACCAAGAGA GTTGGCTTAG
301 ACCTAATAAG TGCGGCCCTC CCCGAAAGTC GGGCCCGTAC AGCACGTATT AATTCCAGAA
361 TTACTGCAGG TATCCGTATA AAGGAACTAC CGAAGGGATT ATAACTGATA TAATGAGCCG
421 TTCGCAGTTT CACAGTATAA TTCGCTTATA CTTACACATG CATGGCTTAG TCTTTGAGA
which made it possible to identify it as being a strain of Schizochytrium sp. type.
This strain will be subsequently denoted "CNCM I-4469" in the present application.
Moreover, the second strain is a strain of Schizochytrium mangrovei. It produces
DHA and palmitic acid in relatively equal proportions. It was deposited by the applicant
company in France on November 22nd, 2012 with the Collection Nationale de Cultures de
Microorganismes (CNCM) of the Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris
Cedex 15, under number CNCM I-4702. It was characterized by sequencing of the genes
encoding 18 S rRNA (SEQ ID No 2):
1 GGTTTTACAT TGCTCTCATT CCGATAGCAA AACGCATACA CGCTTCGCAT CGATATTTCT
61 CGTCCTACCT CGTGGAGTCC ACAGTGGGTA ATTTACGCGC CTGCTGCTAT CCTTGGATAT
121 GGTAGCCGTC TCTCAGGCTC CCTCTCCGGA GTCGAGCCCT AACTCTCCGT CACCCGTTAT
181 AGTCACCGTA GTCCAATACA CTACCGTCGA CAACTGATGG GGCAGAAACT CAAACGATTC
241 ATCGACCAAA AWAGTCAATC TGCTCAATTA TCATGATTCA CCAATAAAAT CGGCTTCAAT
301 CTAATAAGTG CAGCCCCATA CAGGGCTCTT ACAGCATGTA TTATTTCCAG AATTACTGCA
361 GGTATCCATA TAAAAGAAAC TACCGAAGAA ATTATTACTG ATATAATGAG CCGTTCGCAG
421 TCTCACAGTA CAATCGCTTA TACTTACACA GCAG
which made it possible to identify it as being a strain of Schizochytrium
mangrovei type. This strain will be subsequently denoted "CNCM I-4702" in the present
application.
Moreover, the fermenting processes according to the present invention are
carried out under heterotrophic culturing conditions. These conditions adapted to the
microalgae under consideration and also the culture media are well known to those skilled
in the art.
The carbon source necessary for the growth of the microalga is preferably
glucose.
Preferably, the glucose supply is such that the glucose concentration during the
fermentation is maintained at a concentration of 20 g/l or more. At the end of fermentation,
the glucose concentration is at least 5 g/l.
The nitrogen source may be extracts of yeast, urea, sodium glutamate,
ammonium sulfate, aqueous ammonia with pH regulation, used alone or in combination.
Generally, the culturing step comprises a preculturing step to revive the strain,
then a step of culturing or fermentation proper. The latter step corresponds to the step of
production of the lipids of interest, in particular of DHA.
Preferably, the pH is regulated during the fermentation at a pH of between 5 and
7, preferably approximately 6.
Preferably, the temperature during the fermentation is 26-30°C, preferably
approximately 28°C.
The fermentation time is preferably at least 50 hours, preferably between 65 and
90 hours, even more preferably between 70 and 85 hours.
The fermentation process according to the present invention makes it possible to
obtain (or is carried out in such a way as to obtain) a biomass comprising at least 45% of
DHA by weight of total fatty acids. In addition, the process guarantees a lipid content by
weight relative to the biomass of at least 25%. Thus, the biomass is indeed enriched with
DHA.
Moreover, the fermentation process according to the present invention makes it
possible to obtain (or is carried out in such a way as to obtain) a biomass comprising at
least 40% of proteins by weight relative to the biomass. In addition, the proportion of
glutamic acid relative to the total amino acids is at least 25%. The arginine proportion is at
least 10%.
For the CNCM I-4702 strain, the results obtained with the fermentation process
according to the invention are a biomass comprising approximately 47% of DHA by weight
of total fatty acids, with a lipid content by weight relative to the biomass of approximately
%, and approximately 53% of proteins with a proportion of glutamic acid of
approximately 40% and of arginine of approximately 16%.
For the CNCM I-4469 strain, the results obtained with the fermentation process
according to the invention are a biomass comprising approximately 52% of DHA by weight
of total fatty acids, with a lipid content by weight relative to the biomass of approximately
26%, and approximately 43% of proteins with a proportion of glutamic acid of
approximately 26% and of arginine of approximately 10%.
When reference is made to a percentage by weight, it is understood to be by dry
weight.
Aside from the biomass, the present invention also relates to a cell extract or
lysate prepared from this biomass. In particular, this extract or lysate is prepared from the
biomass recovered after fermentation. This extract or lysate is rich in DHA and in arginine
and glutamic acid amino acids.
The cells may be ruptured to extract the lipid content in various ways, including
mechanical, chemical and enzymatic ways.
An oil can subsequently be extracted from the cell lysate.
Thus, the method for producing lipids of interest, preferably DHA, and arginine
and glutamic acid amino acids, comprises the fermenting process according to the
present invention, harvesting the biomass, preparing a cell extract or lysate and extracting
a crude oil comprising the lipids of interest, preferably DHA and optionally arginine and
glutamic acid amino acids.
The term "approximately" is intended to mean the value + or - 10% of said value,
preferably + or - 5% of said value.
The invention will be understood more clearly from the following examples which
are intended to be illustrative and nonlimiting.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Conditions for culturing the CNCN I-4702 strain
The protocol comprises preculturing for inoculation of the fermenter at 0.1 g/l of
biomass for the Schizochytrium mangrovei CNCM I-4702 strain.
Preculturing
The preculturing (100 ml of medium) in a 500 ml baffled Erlenmeyer flask lasts for
24 h at 28°C.
All of the components of the medium are sterilized by filtration.
Table I
Preculture medium % (g/g)
Anhydrous glucose
Yeast extract
6.42
Monosodium glutamate
1.25
NaCl
MgSO .7(H O)
0.05
0.01
CaCl .2(H O)
0.05
NaHCO
KH PO
Stock solution vitamins B1, B6, B12
Stock solution trace elements
Culturing
The medium is sterilized in 3 parts.
The glucose is sterilized with the KH PO for an addition just before T .
2 4 0
The remainder of the salts are sterilized in the fermenter with 0.75 ml/l of Clearol
FBA 3107. The trace elements and vitamins are sterilized by filtration.
The volume at T represents 75% of the final volume. The pH is adjusted at T
using aqueous ammonia, then it is regulated at 6, still with aqueous ammonia.
Table II
Culture medium % (W /W)
KH PO 0.80
(NH ) SO 0.33
4 2 4
Na SO 0.67
NaCl 0.27
CaCl .2(H O) 0.03
MgSO .7( H O) 1.00
Anhydrous glucose 6.00
Stock solution vitamins B1, B6, B12 0.20
Stock solution trace elements 0.27
A fed batch of glucose (co ncentration: 500 g/l) is supplied continuously starting
from T at a constant rate (to be adjusted according to calculations) so as not to be at a
concentration lower than 20 g/l. At the end, the glucose will be exhausted without
descending below 5 g/l at the time fermentation is stopped.
The culturing is carried out at 28°C and lasts from 70 to 85 hours with a fixed and
constant OTR (oxygen uptake rate) of 20 to 30 mmol of O /l/h.
Stock solutions
vitamins g/l
B1 45
Trace elements g/l
B6 45 MnCl .2H O 8.60
CoCl .6H O 0.2
B12 0.25 2 2
NiSO .6H O 7.50
Na MoO .2H O 0.15
2 4 2
ZnSO .7H O 5.70
CuSO .5H O 6.50
FeSO .7H O 32.00
Zinc acetate 0.01
EDTA Brought to pH > 3
Two fermentation conditions are implemented:
- As a control: "standard" conditions, in which the C/N ratio (consumed
carbon to consumed nitrogen) is maximized so as to produce essentially
lipids by interrupting the nitrogen supply but not that of the carbon-based
substrate, this being without limitation of O . These conditions are thus
nitrogen deficient.
Suppression of the nitrogen supply takes place when one or more salts are
exhausted. Actual growth is then impossible or very limited: the cell
multiplication rate drops to the benefit of the lipid enrichment of the cells
present. The overall mass of the cells increases but the number of cells
changes little since the growth rate falls.
- According to the invention: Conditions which make it possible to produce
lipids rich in DHA with amino acids rich in arginine and glutamic acid by
limiting the growth rate by limiting O transfer such that µ drops to µ/µmax
<0.2 rapidly, while at the same time maintaining the supply of glucose and
nitrogen preferentially through regulation of the pH with aqueous ammonia.
Figure 1 presents the change in the proportion of arginine and glutamic acid
among the amino acids as a function of the C/N calculated at the end of culture.
It appears that the process promotes the production of arginine and glutamic acid
amino acids provided that the C/N ratio is less than 15 (# µ/µmax < 0.2).
Table III below reflects, for the CNCN I-4702 strain, the fatty acid and amino acid
composition of the biomass produced according to the "conventional" operating conditions
and the operating conditions in accordance with the invention.
Table III
Use of the process of
Conventional culture
the invention
Lipids relative to Biomass
(g/g) 0.60 0.35
Proteins relative to Biomass according to N
6.25 (g /g) 0.12 0.53
DHA / Fatty acids (g /g) 0.24 0.47
Aspartic Acid relative to TAA (g/g) 0.12 0.05
Threonine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.06 0.03
Serine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.06 0.03
Glutamic Acid relative to tAA (g /g) 0.11 0.40
Glycine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.05 0.03
Alanine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.07 0.04
Valine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.06 0.03
Isoleucine relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.05 0.03
Leucine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.08 0.04
Tyrosine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.04 0.02
Phenylalanine relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.04 0.03
Lysine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.07 0.04
Histidine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.02 0.01
Arginine relative to TAA (g /g) 0.06 0.16
Proline relative to TAA (g/g) 0.05 0.03
Cystine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.02 0.01
Methionine relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.03 0.02
Tryptophan relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.02 0.01
The glutamic acid proportion relative to the sum of the amino acids is multiplied
by 3.75 and the arginine proportion relative to the sum of the amino acids is multiplied by
2.75.
The lipid composition is reduced, but the DHA content of the fatty acids is almost
multiplied by two.
Example 2: Conditions for culturing the CNCN I-4469 strain
The conditions for culturing this microalga are the same as those of example
1(with the exception of the level of inoculum chosen in preculture, of about 5 g/l for
Schizochytrium sp.).
According to, two culture conditions implemented "conventionally" and according
to the invention.
Table IV below reflects the fatty acid and amino acid composition of the biomass
produced according to the "conventional" operating conditions and the operating
conditions in accordance with the invention.
Table IV
Use of the process of the
Conventional culture
invention
0.46 0.26
Lipids relative to Biomass ( g /g)
Proteins relative to Biomass according to N
6.25 (g /g) 0.21 0.43
DHA / Fatty acids (g/g) 0.42 0.52
Aspartic Acid relative to TAA ( g/g) 0.12 0.08
Threonine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.05 0.04
Serine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.05 0.04
Glutamic Acid relative to tAA (g /g) 0.15 0.26
Glycine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.05 0.05
Alanine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.08 0.06
Valine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.06 0.05
Isoleucine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.04 0.03
Leucine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.08 0.06
Tyrosine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.04 0.03
Phenylalanine relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.04 0.03
Lysine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.06 0.05
Histidine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.02 0.02
Arginine relative to TAA (g /g) 0.06 0.10
Proline relative to TAA (g/g) 0.04 0.07
Cystine relative to TAA (g/g) 0.02 0.01
Methionine relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.02 0.02
Tryptophan relative to TAA
(g/g) 0.02 0.01
For the Schizochytrium sp. strain, the effects are identical but smaller. Moreover,
an increase of 75% in the proportion of proline among the amino acids is also noted.
The arginine and glutamic acid amino acid contents increase respectively by 60%
and 75%, while the protein content doubles.
The DHA content in the fatty acids increases by 23%.
C:\Users\gw\AppData\Roaming\iManage\Work\Recent\35269841NZ Process for enriching the biomass of microalgae of the thraustochytrium genus with DHA and with ARG and GLU amino acids\Marked up claims
1OR -(21898896.1).docx-3/09/2021
Claims (7)
1. A process for enriching a biomass of microalgae of the Schizochytriumgenus with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and with arginine and glutamic acid amino acids, characterized in that it comprises a step aimed at limiting the growth rate of the microalga while at the same time maintaining or continuously introducing a nitrogen source in or into the fermentation medium as soon as the value of the ratio of the growth rates µ/µmax of the microalgae becomes less than 0.2.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the microalgae are of the Schizochytrium sp. or Schizochytrium mangrovei species.
3. The process as claimed in either of the preceding claims, characterized in that the microalgae are a strain selected from the strains CNCM 1-4469 and CNCM 1-4702 deposited with the Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes [French National Collection of Microorganism Cultures] of the lnstitut Pasteur on April 14, 2011 and November 22, 2012, respectively.
4. The process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the limitation of the growth rate of the microalga is obtained by reducing or exhausting trace elements in the fermentation medium or by limiting the O transfer, preferably by limiting the O transfer.
5. The process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it also comprises harvesting the biomass, optionally preparing a cell extract or lysate from this biomass, then optionally extracting a DHA-rich crude oil.
6. The process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the biomass obtained comprises at least 45% of DHA by weight of total fatty acids.
7. The process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the biomass obtained comprises at least 40% of proteins by weight of biomass (g/g) expressed in N.6.25, including at least 10% of arginine and at least 25% of glutamic acid by weight relative to total amino acids
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1550598A FR3031984B1 (en) | 2015-01-27 | 2015-01-27 | PROCESS FOR ENRICHING THE BIOMASS OF MICROALGUES OF THE GENUS TRAUSTOCHYTRIUM IN DHA AND IN AMINO ACIDS ARG AND GLU |
FR1550598 | 2015-01-27 | ||
PCT/FR2016/050159 WO2016120558A1 (en) | 2015-01-27 | 2016-01-26 | Process for enriching the biomass of microalgae of the thraustochytrium genus with dha and with arg and glu amino acids |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ733432A NZ733432A (en) | 2021-10-29 |
NZ733432B2 true NZ733432B2 (en) | 2022-02-01 |
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