NZ723492B - Macrostructure forming surfactants useful as spray drift control agents in pesticide spraying applications - Google Patents
Macrostructure forming surfactants useful as spray drift control agents in pesticide spraying applicationsInfo
- Publication number
- NZ723492B NZ723492B NZ723294A NZ72329412A NZ723492B NZ 723492 B NZ723492 B NZ 723492B NZ 723294 A NZ723294 A NZ 723294A NZ 72329412 A NZ72329412 A NZ 72329412A NZ 723492 B NZ723492 B NZ 723492B
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- sugar
- fuel
- biomass
- less
- Prior art date
Links
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- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000030279 gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940046240 glucomannan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019420 glucose oxidase Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000905 isomalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010439 isomalt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000832 lactitol Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229960003451 lactitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001638 lipofection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000004962 mammalian cells Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012092 media component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004492 methyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010029942 microperoxidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 description 1
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- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002572 peristaltic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004326 stimulated echo acquisition mode for imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229960001367 tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound OCCCC(O)=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a dispersion of at least one alkyl thiophosphoric triamide in at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of: (a) at least one dibasic ester selected from dialkyl methylglutarate, dialkyl ethylsuccinate, dialkyl adipate, dialkyl succinate or dialkyl glutarate; (b) at least one dioxolane compound based solvent system; (c) at least one compound of formula (Ila) = R300C-A-CONR4R6, wherein the variables are as defined in the specification; (d) at least one alkyldimethylamide; (e) at least one alkyl lactate; (f) propylene carbonate; and (g) any combination thereof. The disclosed formulation of alkyl thiophosphoric triamide urease inhibitors provide stable dispersion of alkyl thiophosphoric triamides for even distribution (in low or high concentrations) onto fertilizers containing urea in liquid or solid form. ialkyl glutarate; (b) at least one dioxolane compound based solvent system; (c) at least one compound of formula (Ila) = R300C-A-CONR4R6, wherein the variables are as defined in the specification; (d) at least one alkyldimethylamide; (e) at least one alkyl lactate; (f) propylene carbonate; and (g) any combination thereof. The disclosed formulation of alkyl thiophosphoric triamide urease inhibitors provide stable dispersion of alkyl thiophosphoric triamides for even distribution (in low or high concentrations) onto fertilizers containing urea in liquid or solid form.
Description
PROCESSING BIOMASS FOR USE IN FUEL
CELLS
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.
61/579,568, filed December 22, 2011, the complete disclosure therein incorporated
herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
Cellulosic and lignocellulosic als (e.g., biomass materials) are produced,
processed, and used in large quantities in a number of ations. Often such
materials are used once, and then ded as waste, or are simply considered to be
waste materials, e.g., sewage, bagasse, sawdust, and stover.
A typical biomass material contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin plus
lesser amounts of proteins, extractables and minerals. The complex carbohydrates
contained in the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions can be processed into
fermentable sugars by saccharification, using a cellulolytic , and the sugars
can then be used as an end product or intermediate, or converted by further
bioprocessing, e.g., fermentation, into a variety of products, such as alcohols or
organic acids. The t obtained s upon the microorganism utilized and the
conditions under which the bioprocessing occurs.
SUMMARY
This invention relates to methods of sing (e.g., saccharifying)
carbohydrate-containing als (e.g., biomass materials or biomass-derived
materials) to produce sugar (e.g., glucose) solutions that can be used in fuel cells such
as direct sugar fuel cells, ct sugar fuel cells and biological fuel cells. The
invention also relates to utilizing the carbohydrate-containing material derived sugars
solutions in fuel cells.
The invention also relates to a fuel cell comprising: an electrode ured to
contact a solution, wherein the on comprises a treated cellulosic or
lignocellulosic material, an antimicrobial agent, and a sugar wherein
the sugar is produced by saccharifying the lignocellulosic material and the sugar is
ted in the fuel cell.
The invention also relates to a method for producing electricity, the method
comprising: providing a fuel to a fuel cell, wherein the fuel ses a sugar and an
antimicrobial agent, and wherein the sugar is ed by saccharifying a treated
lignocellulosic material, and further ting the sugar in the fuel cell.
In some implementations, the sugar solution is produced by the
saccharification of a lignocellulosic or cellulosic material, for example by contacting
the material with an enzyme (e.g., a cellulase). In other implementations the
recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic or cellulosic material has been reduced relative to
[Text continued on page 2]
that of the material in its native state prior to saccharification. In some cases, reducing
the recalcitrance of the feedstock includes treating the feedstock with a treatment.
The treatment can be, for e, ionization radiation (e.g., electron beam radiation),
sonication, pyrolysis, oxidation, steam explosion, al treatment, various
mechanical treatments and combinations of any of these treatments. The physical
treatment can comprise any one or more of the treatments disclosed herein, applied
alone or in any desired combination, and applied once or multiple times. When
treating with ionizing radiation, e.g., electron beam radiation, the dosage can be at
least 10 Mrad and less than about 200 Mrad (eg., 50 Mrad to lSOMrad).
In some implementations, the method can include using an additive in the fuel
cell. For example additives can be acids, bases, buffers (e.g., phosphate buffers),
minerals, colloids, emulsions, emulsifiers, particulates, nano-particles, cations, anions,
metal ions (e.g., Fe2+’ Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, K+, Na+), ns, enzymes, peptones,
extracts, surfactants, nutrients, gases (e.g., hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide) sources (e.g., ammonia, urea),
, chemicals, nitrogen
pigments, fragrances, anionic polymers, ic polymers, non-ionic polymers,
oligomers, lipids, fats, surfactants, dispersants, oam agents, iostatic agents,
antimicrobial agents, microorganisms, viscosity modifiers, ing agents (e.g.,
peroxides, chlorates), ng agents, anti-scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, antifouling
agents, precipitating agents, coagulants added in any combination and
sequence.
A typical biomass resource contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin plus
lesser amounts of proteins, extractables and ls. In some implementations,
cellulosic or lignocellulosic material includes paper, paper products, paper waste,
paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines,
printed matter, printer paper, ated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard,
offal, cotton, wood, particle board, ry wastes, sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips,
grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain es, rice
hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw,
wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca,
corn cobs, corn stover, n stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar
sing residues, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure,
, cha, buckwheat, banana, , cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum,
potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, and mixtures of any of
these.
The cellulosic or lignocellulosic material can be mechanically treated to
reduce the bulk density of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material and/or increase its
e area. In some implementations, the method includes mechanically treating the
feedstock before and/or after reducing its recalcitrance. Mechanical treatments
include, for example, g, milling, e.g., milling, pressing, grinding,
shearing and chopping. For example, uting the s al can be
effective treatment applied to the biomass material. Mechanical treatment can reduce
the bulk density of the feedstock and/or increase the surface area of the feedstock. In
some ments, after mechanical treatment the al has a bulk y of less
than 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10,
0.05, or less, e.g., less than 0.025 g/cm3. Bulk density is determined using ASTM
D1 895B.
In one aspect, the ion features utilizing, a sugar solution derived from a
cellulosic or ellulosic material as described above in a fuel cell, e.g., a direct
sugar fuel cell, an indirect sugar fuel cell and/or a biological fuel cell. Optionally the
fuel can be a sugar or an alcohol derived from the saccharification of the cellulosic or
lignocellulosic material.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the
following detailed description, and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
is a diagram illustrating the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to
glucose.
is a flow diagram illustrating conversion of a biomass feedstock for use
in a fuel cell.
is a diagram showing various processes using saccharified feedstock in
fuel cells.
is a diagrammatic view of an example of a direct glucose fuel cell.
is a diagrammatic view of an example of an indirect sugar fuel cell.
is a diagrammatic view of a half-cell of a biological fuel cell.
ED DESCRIPTION
ing to during saccharification, a cellulosic or lignocellulosic
substrate is initially yzed by ucanases at random locations producing
oligomeric intermediates. These intermediates are then substrates for exo-splitting
glucanases such as cellobiohydrolase to produce cellobiose from the ends of the
cellulose polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble nked dimer of glucose. y
cellobiase cleaves iose to yield glucose. The glucose, or other sugars, derived
from saccharification can be utilized in a fuel cell as will be described in detail herein.
Referring to a process for manufacturing sugar solutions for
incorporation into a fuel cell system can e, for example, optionally
mechanically treating a cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic feedstock (step 110). Before
and/or after this treatment, the feedstock can optionally be treated with r
physical treatment, for example irradiation, to reduce or further reduce its
itrance (step 112). A sugar solution is formed by saccharifying the feedstock
(step 114) by, for example, the addition of one or more enzymes (step 111).
Optionally, the method may also include transporting, e. g., by pipeline, railcar, truck
or barge, the sugar solution (or the feedstock, enzyme and water, if saccharification is
performed en route) to a manufacturing plant (step 116). For example, the methods of
orting and processing biomass as discussed in U.S. Patent 8,318,453 filed Jan
21, 2009 can be used herein; the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein
by reference. If desired, the steps of measuring lignin content (step 118) and setting or
adjusting process ters based on this measurement (step 120) can be performed
at various stages of the process, for example, as described in U.S. Application
Number 12/704,519, filed on February 11, 2011, the complete sure ofwhich is
incorporated herein by reference. The sugar solution is then incorporated into a fuel
cell or fuel cell system (122). Optionally, products produced in the process can be
further processed and/or modified, for example, if sugars from the process are
fermented to products, the product can be purified, for example by distillation (124).
The products produced in these processes can also be utilized in a fuel cell system.
is a diagram showing processes using saccharified feedstock in fuel
cells. The sugar solution from the saccharified feedstock can be used in a direct sugar
fuel cell, an indirect sugar fuel cell or a biological fuel cell. Glucose and xylose are
often the most abundant sugars available from biomass and sugar solutions derived
from biomass can include a e of xylose and glucose in various ratios. For
e, only glucose can be t or only xylose can be present, especially in
cases when the sugars have been isolated and/or purified. When desired, other ratios
can be ed, for example as a percent of total glucose and xylose, the amount of
glucose can be between 100% and 90%, 90% and 80%, 80% and 70%, 70% and 60%,
60% and 50%, 50% and 40%, 40% and 30%, 30% and 20%, 20% and 10%, 10% and
0%. Although, the glucose and xylose are often abundant biomass derived sugars,
often providing more than 10 wt. % of the sugar to biomass (e.g., more than 20 wt.%,
more than 30 wt.%, more than 40 wt.%, more than 50 wt.%, more than 60 wt.%, or
even more than 70 wt.%) and are useful in these different fuel cells, other sugars and
polysaccharides can also be useful. For e, ose, mannose, galactose and
rhamnose, cellulose, starch, xylan, glucuronoxylan, oxylan, glucomannan and
xylogulcan can be used. Mixtures of any of these sugars can be utilized. In addition
the sugars described herein can be isomerized (e.g., to se) and then used in a
fuel cell. These different fuel cells and their use are discussed in more detail below.
Direct sugar fuel cells, for example e fuel cells, generally include a
cathode electrode, an anode electrode, and a separator (e.g., an anion-exchange
membrane (AEM) or a diffusion layer.) The fuel cell may be acidic or alkaline. In
the example shown in an AEM is sandwiched between an anode electrode and
a cathode electrode, with flow fields being provided between each of the electrodes
and the AEM. In some cases, the cell has a two-cylinder construction in which one
electrode (e. g., the anode) is in the form of an inner cylinder and the other (e.g., the
cathode) is in the form of an outer cylinder.
The active component of the anode may be, for example, PdNi or Pd—Pt, and
the active component of the cathode may be, for example, a combined catalyst of
cobalt rin complex (CoTPP) and spinel (MnC0204) or other suitable catalyst.
In the embodiment of a direct sugar fuel cell shown in a fuel solution
containing glucose and, generally, potassium hydroxide (KOH), is fed into the anode
flow channel, e.g., by a peristaltic pump (not shown), while oxygen is fed to the
cathode flow field. Glucose is oxidized at the anode and the reduced t flows
away through an anode exit channel. The electrons flow from the anode and through a
load. Oxygen is reduced at the cathode and exhaust gas is vented from the cathode
flow field.
Direct sugar fuel cells may or may not completely oxidize the sugar fuel to
carbon e and water while generating electricity. For example, the reaction for
the total oxidation of glucose as shown here may occur.
Anode reaction: C6H1206 +24OH' 9 18H20 + 6C02 + 18e-
Cathode reaction: 602 + 12H20 + 24e- 9 24OH'
Overall reaction: C6H1206 + 602 9 6C02 + 6H20 AH = -2830 KJ/mol
Since the total oxidation of glucose proceeds through many intermediates (e.g.,
gluconic acid, glucaric acid, gamma-gluconolactone, gamma-glucaro lactone, 2-
ketogluconic acid, arabinose, trihydroxyglutaric acid, tartaric acid, hydroxyl malonic
acid and oxalic acid) any of these intermediates can also be used in a fuel cell. Any of
these intermediates, if produced by some of the sed described herein, (e.g.,
saccharification, fermentation) can be useful in generating icity in a fuel cell.
Optionally, any sugar products not used in generating electricity in the direct sugar
fuel cell can be further processed as shown in for e they can be
fermented to an alcohol and the alcohol isolated by distillation. In some cases the fuel
cell can use one sugar, for example e, and does not use other sugars, for
example xylose, and the second sugar can be used in subsequent processes. In some
other instances, a process, for example fermentation, only uses one sugar (e.g.,
e) leaving other sugars which can be then used in a fuel cell. In many cases,
only a partial oxidation of glucose occurs in a direct sugar fuel cell. For example, the
oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid occurs quickly providing 2 electrons and
releasing at most about 200 KJ/mol of energy (e.g., about 7% of the available energy).
In terms of usable energy, the fuel cells convert at least 1% of the fuel to electric
energy (e.g., at least 5%, at least 7%, at least 10%, at least 14%, at least 20%, at least
%, at least 30 %, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least
80%, at least 90%). In some cases between about 1% and 90% of the fuel is converted
to electric energy (e.g., between about 1% and 70%, between about 1% and 50%,
n about 1% and 20 %, between about 1% and 10%, between about 5% and
90%, between about 5% and 70%, between about 5% and 50%, between about 5%
and 25%, between about 5% and 10%, between about 10% and 90%, n about
% and 70%, between about 10% and 50%, between about 10% and 30%, between
about 10% and 20%, between about 20% and 70%).
In addition to sugars and products such as alcohols, the solutions derived from
biomass by the processes described herein can include various solids or dissolved
compounds and/or materials. For example the ons can include enzymes (e.g.,
parts of s, active enzymes, denatured enzymes), amino acids, nutrients, live
cells, dead cells, cellular debris (e.g., lysed cells, yeast extract) salts
, acids, bases,
(e.g., halides, sulfates, and ates, alkai, alkali earth, transition metal salts),
partial hydrolysis products (e.g., cellulous and hemicellulose fragments), lignin, lignin
residues, inorganic solids (e.g., siliceous als, clays, carbon black, metals),
remnants of rified biomass and ations thereof.
s that can be present can be the intact or denatured enzymes utilized in
the processing, or derived from these enzymes (e. g., proteins and amino acids). These
can be dissolved/and or precipitated and suspended solids. For example, the sugar
solutions can have up to about 10 wt.% enzymes (e.g., up to 9 wt. %, up to 8 wt. %,
up to 5 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, between about 0.1 and 5 wt. %, between
about 1 wt. % and 5 wt. %, between about 2 wt. % and 5 wt. %, between about 0.1 wt.
% and 1 wt. %, between about 0.01wt.% and 1 wt.%, between about 0.001 wt.% and
0.1 wt.%).
During saccharification of a biomass, an optimal pH can often be in the acidic
region and therefore the solutions used, if used directly in a fuel cell system, can have
a pH between about 2 and 5 (e.g., between about 4 and 5). The pH can also be
adjusted up or down after saccharificaion and or rification done at a higher or
lower pH . In some embodiments the solution used in the fuel cell can therefore have
pH values selected from a broad range. For example, the pH can be selected from a
range of about 2 to about 10 (e.g., between about 2 and 5, between about 3 and 5,
between about 3 and 6, n about 4 and 6, between about 5 and 10, between
about 6 and 10 between about 8 and 10).
The sugar solutions derived from the processes described herein and used in
fuel cells systems can include non-sugar suspended or dissolved solids t at
concentrations up to about 50 wt.%, for e between about 1 and 50 wt.%, 2 and
40 wt. %, 3 and 25 wt.%, 5 and 25 wt.%, 40 and 50 wt.%, 30 and 40 wt.%, 10 and 20
wt.%, 1 and 5 wt.%, 10 and 40 wt.%, less than about 50 wt.%, less than about 40
wt.%, less than about 30 wt.%, less than about 20 wt.%, less than about 10 wt.%, less
than about 5 wt.%, less than about 1 wt.%, less than about 0.5 wt.%, less than about
0.01 wt.%. These ons can have high turbidity, for example at least about 5
nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) (e. g., at least abouth NTU, at least about 50
NTU, at least abouthO NTU, at least about 100 NTU at least about 200 NTU, at
least about 300 NTU, at least about 400 NTU and even greater than about 500 NTU).
In some cases the solids are completely or lly removed prior to being use in the
fuel cells. For example the solids can be removed by filtration, centrifuging, ng,
floatation and combinations of these. In some cases the solids are derived from a
previously soluble material that has been precipitated, for example an enzyme that has
been denatured. After removing the solids the turbidity of the solutions can be
reduced by up to about 500 NTU (e.g., reduced by up to about 100 NTU, reduced by
up to about 50 NTU, reduced by up to about 5 NTU).
In addition to being turbid, the sugar solutions produced from the processes
described herein can be colored due to colored impurities. For example some metal
ions and polyphenols and lignin derived products produced or ed during the
processing of a lignocellulosic biomass can be highly colored. The solutions can be
used directly in the fuel cell systems bed herein or can be partially or
completely decolorized prior to being used. For example the colored ties can be
filtered out of the solution, destroyed (e.g., by chemical decomposition) and/or
precipitated out of the solution.
The ionic strength of the biomass derived sugar solutions can be high due to
the source of the biomass as well as the processing of the s as described herein.
The solutions can be used directly or fully, selectively or partially de-ionized prior to
being used in the fuel cell systems described herein.
In some ments the fuel cell can include biomass (e. g., lignocellulosic
biomass, cellulosic s, starch) as well as a rifying enzyme. For example,
sugar can be utilized in a fuel cell system while it is being produced by the action of a
saccharifying enzyme on a biomass material.
In yet other embodiments the sugar solutions used in the fuel cells herein
bed can include an additive. Such additives can modify properties of the
solutions such as the pH, viscosity, chemical ial, surface tension, thermal
properties, color, odor, opacity, ionic strength, conductivity, sterility and/or nutrient
value. For example additives can be acids, bases, buffers (e.g., phosphate s),
minerals, colloids, emulsions, emulsifiers, particulates, nano-particles, cations, anions,
metal ions (e.g., Fe2+’ Fe3+, Mn2+, Cu2+, K+, Na+), vitamins, enzymes, peptones,
extracts, surfactants, nutrients, gases (e.g., hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon
de, carbon dioxide), chemicals, nitrogen sources (e.g., ammonia, urea),
pigments, nces, c polymers, cationic polymers, non-ionic polymers,
oligomers, lipids, fats, surfactants, dispersants, anti-foam agents, iostatic agents,
antimicrobial agents, microorganisms, viscosity modifiers, oxidizing agents (e.g.,
peroxides, chlorates), reducing agents, anti-scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, antifouling
agents, precipitating agents, coagulants added in any ation and
sequence. Additives can be added in ranges from a few parts per million to several
percents. For example 1 to 1000 ppm, 5 to 500 ppm, 5 to 100 ppm, 50 to 100 ppm,
100 to 1000 ppm. 1 to 10 wt.%, 2 to 10 wt.%, 5 to 10 wt.%, 2 to 5 wt.%). In some
embodiments including cations, anions, metal anions the amounts are between 1 to
1000ppm. In some embodiments where acids, bases or buffers are added, the final pH
after addition of the additive can be chosen to be between pH 2 and 10, (e.g., between
about 4 and 8, between about 5 and 7, between about 6 and 8, n about 4 and 5,
between about 7 and 8, between about 8 and 10 and n about 2 and 4).
Additives can also be metered and added in amounts n about 1 uM to 5 M
s (e.g., between about 1 mM and l M, between about 5 mM and 100 mM,
between about 100 mM and 1 molar, between about 10 mM and 100mM).
is a diagrammatic view of an example of an ct sugar fuel cell.
Generally, the indirect sugar fuel cell uses a biological process to convert a primary
fuel to a secondary fuel and the secondary fuel generates a current using a fuel cell.
The primary fuel (1) is brought into contact with a bio-component (2) where it
produces a secondary fuel (3) and waste (4). The secondary fuel is brought into the
fuel cell and comes into contact with the anode (5) where it is oxidized, producing a
reduced product (8), releasing an electron to an external circuit, and providing a
proton. The proton travels in the fuel cell through an ion selective membrane (6) to
the cathode (7). Oxygen is supplied to the cathode where it is d by electrons
supplied from the external circuit and combines with the proton producing water. In
another possible design, the mponent resides within the fuel cell, so that the
production of product and electricity all occur within the fuel cell. In some cases, the
ion selective membrane is also not required. In other cases the oxidant may be
oxidants other than dioxygen (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides and
inorganic peroxides).
The primary fuel used in the ct fuel cell can be sugars (e.g., glucose and
xylose) as well as polysaccharides that can be produced through the saccharification
ofbiomass as usly discussed. The secondary fuel can be a fermentation product
ofthe y fuel. For example, the secondary fuel can be an l or other
fermentation product (e.g., ethanol, methanol, butanol, s, acetic acid, lactic acid
and H2 ). Generally, the primary and secondary fuels can be selected from the
intermediates and products discussed below. The bio-component can be a microbial
material ing but are not d to, any naturally occurring or genetically
modified microorganism or sm, for example, protists, e.g., animal protists (e.g.,
protozoa such as flagellates, amoeboids, es, and sporozoa) and plant protists
(e.g., algae such alveolates, chlorarachniophytes, cryptomonads, euglenids,
glaucophytes, haptophytes, red algae, stramenopiles, and viridaeplantae). Other
examples include seaweed, plankton (e.g. , macroplankton, mesoplankton,
microplankton, nanoplankton, ankton, and femptoplankton), lankton,
bacteria (e.g., gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, and extremophiles),
human cells, mammalian cells, yeast and/or mixtures of these. There may be several
bio-components, for example there may be several bacteria specialized to generate
different products useful for producing a current from different or the same
components ofthe fuel. For example, tation methods and fermenting
organisms discussed herein can be utilized to produce the secondary product.
Some species of microorganisms that can be used to produce the secondary
fuel in the indirect sugar fuel cell are: Clostridium saccharobulylacetonicum,
Clostridium saccharoperbulylacetonicum, Clostridium saccharobulylicum,
idium puniceum, Clostridium beijernckii, Clostridium acetobulylicum,
Clostridium aurantibulyricum, Clostridiumfelsineum, Clostridium bulyricum,
Geobacter species, strains of the genus Sacchromyces spp. e.g., Sacchromyces
cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), Saccharomyces distaticus, Saccharomyces uvarum, strains
ofthe genus Kluyveromyces, e.g., species Kluyveromyces mamianus, Kluyveromyces
fragilis, strains of the genus Candida, e.g., Candida pseudotropicalis, and Candida
cae, Pichia stipitis (a relative of Candida shehatae), strains of the genus
Clavispora, e.g., s pora lusitaniae and Clavispora opuntiae, strains of the
genus Pachysolen, e.g., species Pachysolen tannophilus, and strains of the genus
Bretannomyces, e.g., species nomyces clausem'i (Philippidis, G. P., 1996,
Cellulose bioconversion logy, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and
Utilization, Wyman, C.E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, 179-212).
Commercially available yeasts the may be used for the formation of secondary fuel
include, for example, Red Star®/Lesaffre Ethanol Red able from Red
Star/Lesaffre, USA) FALI® (available from Fleischmann’s Yeast, a division of Burns
Philip Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART® (available from Alltech, now Lalemand),
GERT STRAND® (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden) and FERMOL®
(available from DSM Specialties).
Biological fuel cells are devices capable of directly transforming a chemical
fuel to electrical energy via electrochemical reactions involving biochemical
pathways. Generally this involves enzymes or active parts of enzymes for catalysis.
The enzymes can be within a living organism (e.g., microbial fuel cells) or can be
outside of a living cell (e.g., enzyme fuel cells). shows a diagrammatic view of
a generalized half-cell for a biological fuel cell. A supplied fuel is contacted with a
biological component which oxidizes the fuel and creates waste that is removed. The
electrons released from the fuel are transferred from the biological ent to a
mediator which either diffuses to or is ated with the electrode where the
mediator is oxidized to its original state releasing an electron to an external circuit.
The oxidant side of the fuel cell is not shown. Some ts can be, for example, 02,
supplied by air, or peroxides (e.g., hydrogen de, organic peroxides, inorganic
peroxides). Some ical fuel cells do not require a mediator; in such cells the
on is transferred directly from the biological component to the electrode. In
some biological fuel cells the anode reaction with oxygen is catalyzed by a biological
component. Some biological fuel cells have been described, for example by Derek
Lovely in “The e electric: sion of organic matter to electricity”, Current
Opinions in Biotechnology, 2008, Volume 19, pages 1-8, or in US. patent No.
8,283,076 filed May 18, 2007; the entire disclosure in these references are
incorporated by reference herein.
The fuel used in the biological fuel cell can be the saccharification products
from biomass as usly discussed. Especially in cases where organisms are
utilized (e.g., microbial fuel cells) other nutrients and media components can be added
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to the fuels, for example ions (e.g., , potassium, iron, magnesium, manganese,
zinc, copper), phosphates, sulfates, ammonia, urea, amino acids, proteins, Vitamins,
buffers, organic acids, nic acids, organic bases, inorganic bases, nt rich
extracts(e.g., yeast extracts, meat extracts and vegetable extracts). Additionally the
temperature and pH can be lled. For example temperatures between 10 and 70
°C can be used (e.g., between about 10 and 60 °C between about 10 and 50 °C,
between about 10 and 40 °C, between about 20 and 70 °C, n about 20 and 60
°C, between about 20 and 50 °C, between about 20 and 40 °C, between about 30 and
70 °C, between about 30 and 60 °C, between about 30 and 50 °C, between about 30
and 40 oC). The pH can be between about 3 and 10 (e.g., n about 3 and 9,
n about 3 and 8, between about 3 and 7, between about 3 and 6, between about
3 and 5, n about 4 and 9, between about 4 and 8, between about 4 and 7,
between about 5 and 9, between about 5 and 8, between about 5 and 7).
Examples of organisms that can be useful in biological fuel cells are species of
geobacter, proteus vulgaris, Desulphovibrio desulphuricans, E. coli, Actinobacillus
succinogenes, hovibrio vulgaris, Shewanella putrefaciens and erax
ferrireducens.
Examples of enzymes that can be useful in biological fuel cells are glucose
oxidase, alcoholdehydrogenase, aldehydedehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase,
oxidoreductase, diaphorase, flavor-oxido-reductase, laccase, microperoxidase, glucose
dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, peroxidases, reconstituted enzymes from this list and
combinations thereof.
MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
Biomass feedstock (e.g., cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic material) can be
mechanically treated prior to or after other treatments. Methods of ically
treating the carbohydrate-containing material include, for example, milling or
grinding. Milling may be performed using, for example, a hammer mill, ball mill,
colloid mill, conical or cone mill, disk mill, edge mill, Wiley mill, grist mill or other
mills. Grinding may be performed using, for example, a cutting/impact type grinder.
Some exemplary grinders include stone grinders, pin grinders, coffee grinders, and
burr rs. Grinding or milling may be provided, for example, by a reciprocating
pin or other element, as is the case in a pin mill. Other mechanical treatment methods
include mechanical ripping or tearing, other methods that apply pressure to the fibers,
and air attrition g. Suitable mechanical treatments further include any other
technique that continues the disruption of the internal structure of the material that
was initiated by the previous processing steps.
Mechanical feed preparation systems can be configured to produce streams
with specific characteristics such as, for e, specific maximum sizes, specific
length-to-width, or specific surface areas ratios. al preparation can increase the
rate of reactions, improve the movement of material, improve the irradiation profile of
the material, improve the radiation uniformity of the material, or reduce the
sing time required by opening up the materials and making them more
accessible to processes and/or reagents, such as reagents in a solution.
The bulk density of feedstocks can be controlled (e.g., increased). In some
situations, it can be desirable to prepare a low bulk density material, e.g., by
ying the al (e.g., densification can make it easier and less costly to
transport to another site) and then reverting the material to a lower bulk density state
(e.g. , after transport). The material can be densified, for example from less than about
0.2 g/cc to more than about 0.9 g/cc (e.g., less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.5
g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.5 to more than
about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.8 g/cc, less than about 0.2 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc). For e, the material can be ed by the methods
and equipment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff and International
Publication No. (which was filed October 26, 2007, was published
in English, and which designated the United States), the full disclosures of which are
incorporated herein by reference. Densified materials can be processed by any of the
methods described , or any material processed by any of the methods described
herein can be subsequently densified.
In some embodiments, the material to be processed is in the form of a fibrous
material that includes fibers provided by shearing a fiber source. For example, the
ng can be performed with a rotary knife cutter.
For example, a fiber source, e.g., that is recalcitrant or that has had its
recalcitrance level reduced, can be sheared, e.g., in a rotary knife cutter, to provide a
first fibrous material. The first fibrous material is passed h a first , e.g.,
having an average opening size of 1.59 mm or less (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), provide a
second fibrous material. If desired, the fiber source can be cut prior to the shearing,
e.g., with a shredder. For example, when a paper is used as the fiber source, the paper
can be first cut into strips that are, e.g., 1/4- to 1/2-inch wide, using a shredder, e.g., a
counter-rotating screw shredder, such as those manufactured by Munson (Utica, N.Y.).
As an alternative to shredding, the paper can be reduced in size by cutting to a desired
size using a guillotine cutter. For example, the guillotine cutter can be used to cut the
paper into sheets that are, e.g., 10 inches wide by 12 inches long.
In some ments, the shearing of the fiber source and the passing of the
resulting first fibrous material through a first screen are performed rently. The
shearing and the passing can also be performed in a batch-type process.
For example, a rotary knife cutter can be used to concurrently shear the fiber
source and screen the first fibrous material. A rotary knife cutter includes a hopper
that can be loaded with a shredded fiber source prepared by shredding a fiber source.
In some implementations, the feedstock is physically treated prior to
saccharification and/or fermentation. Physical treatment processes can include one or
more of any of those described herein, such as mechanical treatment, chemical
treatment, irradiation, sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis or steam ion. Treatment
methods can be used in ations of two, three, four, or even all of these
logies (in any order). When more than one treatment method is used, the
methods can be applied at the same time or at different times. Other processes that
change a molecular structure of a biomass ock may also be used, alone or in
combination with the processes sed .
Mechanical ents that may be used, and the characteristics of the
mechanically treated feedstocks, are described in further detail in U.S. Serial No.
13/276,192, filed October 18, 2011, the full disclosure of which is hereby
orated herein by reference.
In addition to this size reduction, which can be performed initially and/or later
during processing, mechanical treatment can also be advantageous for ng up,”
sing,” breaking or shattering the feedstock materials, making the cellulose of the
materials more susceptible to chain scission and/or disruption of crystalline structure
during the structural modification treatment.
The biomass can be in a dry form, for example with less than about
% moisture content (e.g., less than about 20 %, less than about 15 %, less than
about 10 % less than about 5 %, less than about 4%, less than about 3 %, less than
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about 2 % or even less than about 1 %). The biomass can also be delivered in a wet
state, for example as a wet solid, a slurry or a suspension with at least about 10 wt%
solids (e.g., at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 30 wt. %, at least about 40 wt.%, at
least about 50 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 70 wt.%).
The processes disclosed herein can utilize low bulk density als, for
example cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstocks that have been physically pretreated
to have a bulk density of less than about 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65,
0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, 0.05 or less, e.g., less than about 0.025 g/cm3.
Bulk density is determined using ASTM D1895B. Briefly, the method involves filling
a measuring cylinder ofknown volume with a sample and obtaining a weight of the
sample. The bulk density is calculated by dividing the weight of the sample in grams
by the known volume of the cylinder in cubic centimeters. If desired, low bulk
density materials can be densified, for example, by methods described in US. Pat. No.
7,971,809 to Medoff, the full disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In some cases, the biomass can be screened through a mesh or ated plate
with a desired g size, for e, less than about 6.35 mm (14 inch, 0.25 inch),
(e.g., less than about 3.18 m (1/8 inch, 0.125 inch), less than about 1.59 mm (1/16
inch, 0.0625 inch), is less than about 0.79 mm (1/32 inch, 0.03125 inch), e.g., less
than about 0.51 mm (1/50 inch, 0.02000 inch), less than about 0.40 mm (1/64 inch,
0.015625 inch), less than about 0.23 mm (0.009 inch), less than about 0.20 mm (1/128
inch, 0.0078125 inch), less than about 0.18 mm (0.007 inch), less than about 0.13 mm
(0.005 inch), or even less than about 0.10 mm (1/256 inch, 0.00390625 inch)).
Screening of biomass material can also be by a manual method, for example
by an operator or mechanoid (e.g., a robot equipped with a color, reflectivity or other
sensor) that s unwanted material. Screening can also be by magnetic
ing wherein a magnet is disposed near the conveyed material and the magnetic
material is d magnetically.
Optionally, prior to further processing, the biomass material can be heated, for
example by IR radiation, microwaves, combustion (e.g., gas, coal, oil, biomass),
resistive heating and/or inductive heating. Heating can be, for example, for the
purpose of drying the material. In the case of drying the material, this can also be
facilitated, with or without g, by the movement of a gas (e.g., air, oxygen,
nitrogen, He, C02, Argon) over and/or through the biomass.
Optionally, the biomass can be cooled prior to or after mechanical treatment.
Cooling material is described in US Pat. No. 7,900,857 to , the disclosure of
which in incorporated herein by reference.
RADIATION TREATMENT
In some cases, the feedstock may be irradiated to modify its structure and
thereby reduce its recalcitrance. Irradiation may, for example, reduce the average
molecular weight ofthe feedstock, change the crystalline structure ofthe feedstock,
change the fimctionalization ofthe feedstock (e.g., by oxidation) and/or increase the
surface area and/or porosity of the feedstock.
Various other irradiating devices may be used in the methods disclosed herein,
ing field ionization sources, electrostatic ion tors, field ionization
generators, thermionic emission sources, microwave rge ion sources,
recirculating or static accelerators, dynamic linear accelerators, van de Graaff
accelerators, and folded tandem accelerators. Such devices are disclosed, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,931,784 to Medoff, the complete disclosure ofwhich is
incorporated herein by reference.
A beam of ons can be used as the radiation source. A beam of ons
has the advantages of high dose rates (e.g., l, 5, or even 10 Mrad per second), high
throughput, less containment, and less confinement equipment. Electron beams can
also have high electrical efficiency (e.g., 80%), allowing for lower energy usage
relative to other radiation methods, which can translate into a lower cost of operation
and lower greenhouse gas emissions corresponding to the r amount of energy
used. Electron beams can be ted, e.g., by electrostatic generators, cascade
generators, transformer tors, low energy accelerators with a scanning system,
low energy accelerators with a linear e, linear accelerators, and pulsed
accelerators.
Electrons can also be more efficient at causing s in the molecular
structure of carbohydrate-containing als, for example, by the ism of
chain scission. In addition, electrons having energies of 0.5-10 MeV can penetrate
low density materials, such as the biomass materials described herein, e.g., materials
having a bulk density of less than 0.5 g/cm3, and a depth of 03-10 cm. Electrons as
an ionizing radiation source can be useful, e.g., for relatively thin piles, layers or beds
of materials, e.g., less than about 0.5 inch, e.g., less than about 0.4 inch, 0.3 inch, 0.25
2012/070624
inch, or less than about 0.1 inch. In some embodiments, the energy of each electron
ofthe electron beam is from about 0.3 MeV to about 2.0 MeV (million on volts),
e.g., from about 0.5 MeV to about 1.5 MeV, or from about 0.7 MeV to about 1.25
MeV. Methods of irradiating materials are discussed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/01000577 A1, filed October 18, 2011, the entire disclosure ofwhich is herein
orated by reference.
on beam irradiation devices may be procured commercially from Ion
Beam Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium or the Titan Corporation, San Diego,
CA. Typical electron energies can be 0.5 MeV, 1 MeV, 2 MeV, 4.5 MeV, 7.5 MeV,
or 10 MeV. l electron beam irradiation device power can be 1 KW, 5 KW, 10
KW, 20 KW, 50 KW, 60 KW, 70 KW, 80 KW, 90 KW, 100 KW, 125 KW, 150 KW,
175 KW, 200 KW, 250 KW, 300 KW, 350 KW, 400 KW, 450 KW, 500 KW, 600
KW, 700 KW, 800 KW, 900 KW or even 1000 KW.
Tradeoffs in considering electron beam irradiation device power specifications
include cost to operate, capital costs, depreciation, and device footprint. Tradeoffs in
considering exposure dose levels of electron beam irradiation would be energy costs
and environment, safety, and health (ESH) ns. Typically, tors are
housed in a vault, e.g. of lead or concrete, ally for production from X-rays that
are generated in the process. Tradeoffs in considering electron energies include
energy costs.
The electron beam irradiation device can produce either a fixed beam or a
scanning beam. A scanning beam may be advantageous with large scan sweep length
and high scan speeds, as this would effectively replace a large, fixed beam width.
r, available sweep widths of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m or more are available.
In some embodiments, two or more radiation sources are used, such as two or
more ionizing radiation sources. For example, samples can be treated, in any order,
with a beam of electrons, followed by gamma radiation and UV light having
wavelengths from about 100 nm to about 280 nm. In some embodiments, samples are
treated with three ionizing radiation sources, such as a beam of electrons, gamma
radiation, and energetic UV light. The biomass is conveyed through the irradiation
zone (354 in where it can be ated, for example by ons. It is
generally preferred that the bed of biomass material has a relatively uniform
thickness, as previously described, while being irradiated.
Effectiveness of changing the molecular/supermolecular structure and/or
ng the recalcitrance of the carbohydrate-containing biomass depends on the
electron energy used and the dose applied, while exposure time depends on the power
and dose.
In some ments, the irradiating (with any radiation source or a
combination of sources) is performed until the material receives a dose of at least
about 0.05 Mrad, e.g., at least about 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15, 20,
, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 Mrad. In some
ments, the irradiating is performed until the material receives a dose of
between 0.1 - 100 Mrad, 1 - 200, 5 — 200, 10 — 200, 5 — 150, 50 - 150, 100 - 200, 100
- 150, 80 - 120, 5 — 100, 5 — 50, 5 — 40,10 — 50,10 — 75,15 — 50, 20 — 35 Mrad.
In some embodiments, the irradiating is performed at a dose rate of between
.0 and 1500.0 ds/hour, e.g., between 10.0 and 750.0 kilorads/hour or between
50.0 and 350.0 kilorads/hours. In other embodiments the irradiation is med at a
dose rate ofbetween 10 and 10000 kilorads/hr, between 100 and 1000 d/hr, or
between 500 and 1000 kilorads/hr.
In some implementations, it is desirable to cool the material during ation.
For example, the material can be cooled while it is being conveyed, for e by a
screw extruder or other conveying equipment.
Radiation can be applied while the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic material is
exposed to air, oxygen-enriched air, or even oxygen itself, or blanketed by an inert
gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. When maximum oxidation is desired, an
oxidizing environment is utilized, such as air or oxygen and the distance from the
radiation source is optimized to ze reactive gas formation, e.g., ozone and/or
oxides of nitrogen.
SONICATION, PYROLYSIS, OXIDATION, STEAM EXPLOSION
If desired, one or more sonication, pyrolysis, oxidative, or steam explosion
ses can be used in addition to or instead of irradiation to reduce the
recalcitrance of the feedstock. These processes are described in detail in U.S. Serial
No. 12/429,045, the full disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.
SACCHARIFICATION
The treated biomass materials can be saccharified, generally by combining the
material and a cellulase enzyme in a fluid medium, e.g., an aqueous solution. In some
cases, the material is , d, or cooked in hot water prior to saccharification,
as bed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/01000577 A1, filed October 18, 2011.
The saccharification process can be partially or completely performed in a
tank (e.g., a tank having a volume of at least 4000, 40,000, or 500,000 L) in a
manufacturing plant, and/or can be partially or completely performed in transit, e.g.,
in a rail car, tanker truck, or in a supertanker or the hold of a ship. The time required
for complete saccharification will depend on the process conditions and the
carbohydrate-containing material and enzyme used. If rification is performed
in a cturing plant under controlled conditions, the cellulose may be
substantially entirely converted to sugar, e.g., glucose in about 12-96 hours. If
saccharification is performed partially or completely in transit, saccharification may
take longer.
It is generally preferred that the tank contents be mixed during
saccharification, e.g., using jet mixing as described in International App. No.
, filed May 18, 2010, which was published in h as WC
2010/135380 and designated the United States, the full sure ofwhich is
orated by reference herein.
The addition of surfactants can enhance the rate of saccharification. Examples
of surfactants include non-ionic surfactants, such as a Tween® 20 or Tween® 80
polyethylene glycol surfactants, ionic surfactants, or amphoteric surfactants.
It is generally preferred that the concentration of the sugar solution resulting
from saccharification be relatively high, e.g. than 40%, or greater than 50, 60,
, greater
70, 80, 90 or even r than 95% by weight. Water may be removed, e.g., by
evaporation, to increase the concentration of the sugar solution. This reduces the
volume to be shipped, and also inhibits microbial grth in the solution.
Alternatively, sugar solutions of lower concentrations may be used, in which
case it may be desirable to add an crobial additive, e.g., a broad spectrum
antibiotic, in a low concentration, e.g., 50 to 150 ppm. Other suitable antibiotics
include amphotericin B, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxacin, gentamicin,
ycin B, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin, puromycin, streptomycin.
Antibiotics will inhibit growth of microorganisms during transport and storage, and
can be used at appropriate concentrations, e.g., between 15 and 1000 ppm by weight,
e.g., between 25 and 500 ppm, or between 50 and 150 ppm. If desired, an antibiotic
can be included even if the sugar concentration is relatively high. Alternatively, other
additives with anti-microbial or preservative properties may be used. Preferably the
crobial additive(s) are food-grade.
A relatively high tration solution can be obtained by limiting the
amount ofwater added to the carbohydrate-containing material with the . The
concentration can be controlled, e.g., by controlling how much saccharification takes
place. For example, concentration can be sed by adding more carbohydrate-
containing material to the solution. In order to keep the sugar that is being produced
in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those discussed above. Solubility
can also be increased by increasing the temperature of the solution. For example, the
solution can be maintained at a ature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
SUGARS
In the processes described , for example after saccharification, sugars
(e.g., glucose and xylose) can be isolated. For example sugars can be isolated by
precipitation, crystallization, chromatography (e.g., ted moving bed
chromatography, high pressure chromatography), centrifugation, extraction, any other
isolation method known in the art, and combinations f.
TATION
Yeast and Zymomonas bacteria, for example, can be used for fermentation or
conversion of sugar(s) to alcohol(s). Other rganisms are discussed below. The
optimum pH for fermentations is about pH 4 to 7. For e, the optimum pH for
yeast is from about pH 4 to 5, while the optimum pH for Zymomonas is from about
pH 5 to 6. Typical fermentation times are about 24 to 168 hours (e.g., 24 to 96 hrs)
with temperatures in the range of 20°C to 40°C (e.g., 26°C to 40°C), however
thermophilic microorganisms prefer higher temperatures.
In some embodiments, e.g., when anaerobic organisms are used, at least a
n of the fermentation is conducted in the absence of oxygen, e.g., under a
blanket of an inert gas such as N2, Ar, He, C02 or mixtures thereof. Additionally, the
WO 96452
mixture may have a constant purge of an inert gas flowing through the tank during
part of or all of the fermentation. In some cases, anaerobic condition, can be achieved
or ined by carbon dioxide production during the fermentation and no additional
inert gas is needed.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the tation process can be interrupted
before the low molecular weight sugar is completely converted to a product (e.g.,
ethanol). The intermediate fermentation products include sugar and carbohydrates in
high concentrations. The sugars and carbohydrates can be isolated via any means
known in the art. These intermediate fermentation products can be used in
preparation of food for human or animal consumption. Additionally or alternatively,
the intermediate fermentation products can be ground to a fine particle size in a
stainless-steel laboratory mill to produce a flour-like substance.
Jet mixing may be used during fermentation, and in some cases
saccharification and fermentation are performed in the same tank.
Nutrients for the microorganisms may be added during saccharification and/or
fermentation, for example the food-based nutrient packages bed in U.S. Pat.
App. Pub. 052536, filed July 15, 2011, the complete disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
Mobile fermenters can be utilized, as described in Intemational App. No.
(which was filed July 20, 2007, was published in English as
and designated the United States), the contents ofwhich is
incorporated herein in its entirety. Similarly, the rification equipment can be
mobile. Further, saccharification and/or fermentation may be performed in part or
entirely during transit.
DISTILLATION
After fermentation, the resulting fluids can be distilled using, for e, a
“beer ” to separate l and other alcohols from the majority of water and
residual solids. The vapor exiting the beer column can be, e.g.
, 35% by weight
ethanol and can be fed to a rectification column. A mixture of nearly azeotropic
(92.5%) ethanol and water from the rectification column can be d to pure
(99.5%) ethanol using vapor-phase lar sieves. The beer column bottoms can
be sent to the first effect of a effect evaporator. The rectification column reflux
condenser can provide heat for this first effect. After the first effect, solids can be
separated using a centrifuge and dried in a rotary dryer. A portion (25%) of the
centrifuge effluent can be recycled to fermentation and the rest sent to the second and
third ator effects. Most of the evaporator condensate can be returned to the
process as fairly clean condensate with a small portion split off to waste water
ent to prevent build-up of low-boiling nds.
INTERMEDIATES AND PRODUCTS
Using the processes bed herein, the biomass al can be converted to
one or more products, such as energy, fuels, foods and materials. Specific examples
ofproducts include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, sugars (e.g., glucose, xylose,
arabinose, mannose, galactose, fructose, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and
polysaccharides), alcohols (e.g., monohydric alcohols or ic alcohols, such as
ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol or n-butanol), hydrated or
hydrous alcohols (e.g., containing greater than 10%, 20%, 30% or even greater than
40% water), biodiesel, organic acids, hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane,
ene, pentane, n-hexane, biodiesel, bio-gasoline and mixtures thereof), co-
products (e.g., proteins, such as cellulolytic proteins (enzymes) or single cell
ns), and mixtures of any of these in any combination or relative concentration,
and optionally in combination with any additives (e.g., fuel additives). Other
examples include carboxylic acids, salts of a carboxylic acid, a mixture of carboxylic
acids and salts of carboxylic acids and esters of carboxylic acids (e.g., methyl, ethyl
and n-propyl esters), ketones (e.g., acetone), aldehydes (e.g., acetaldehyde), alpha and
beta unsaturated acids (e.g., acrylic acid) and olefins (e.g., ethylene). Other ls
and alcohol derivatives include propanol, propylene glycol, tanediol, 1,3-
ediol, sugar alcohols (e.g., erythritol, glycol, glycerol, sorbitol ol, arabitol,
l, mannitol, dulcitol, fucitol, iditol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, xylitol and other
polyols), and methyl or ethyl esters of any of these alcohols. Other products include
methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate, lactic acid, citric acid, formic acid, acetic acid,
propionic acid, c acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, c acid, 3-
hydroxypropionic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, glutaric
acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, glycolic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and
mixtures thereof, salts of any of these acids, mixtures of any of the acids and their
2012/070624
respective salts. Many of the products obtained, such as ethanol or nol, can be
ed as a fuel for powering cars, , tractors, ships or trains, e.g., as an internal
combustion fuel or as a fuel cell feedstock. Many of the products obtained can also
be utilized to power aircraft, such as planes, e.g., having jet engines or helicopters. In
on, the products described herein can be utilized for electrical power generation,
e.g., in a tional steam generating plant or in a fuel cell plant.
Other intermediates and products, including food and pharmaceutical
products, are described in U.S. App. No. 12/417,900 filed April 3, 2009, the full
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
CARBOHYDRATE CONTAINING MATERIALS IOMASS MATERIALS
As used herein, the term “biomass materials” is used interchangeably with the
term "carbohydrate-containing materials”, and includes lignocellulosic, cellulosic,
starchy, and microbial materials. Any of the methods described herein can be
practiced with mixtures of any biomass materials described herein.
Lignocellulosic materials include, but are not limited to, wood, particle board,
forestry wastes (e.g., sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips), grasses, (e.g., switchgrass,
miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass), grain residues, (e.g., rice hulls, oat hulls,
wheat chaff, barley hulls), agricultural waste (e.g., silage, canola straw, wheat straw,
barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs,
corn stover, n stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair), sugar processing
residues (e.g., e, beet pulp, agave bagasse),
, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage,
and mixtures of any of these.
In some cases, the lignocellulosic material includes s. Ground or
hammermilled comcobs can be spread in a layer of vely uniform thickness for
irradiation, and after irradiation are easy to disperse in the medium for further
processing. To facilitate harvest and collection, in some cases the entire corn plant is
used, including the corn stalk, corn kernels, and in some cases even the root system of
the plant.
Advantageously, no additional nutrients (other than a nitrogen source, e.g.,
urea or ammonia) are ed during fermentation of comcobs or cellulosic or
lignocellulosic materials containing significant amounts of comcobs.
Comcobs, before and after comminution, are also easier to convey and
disperse, and have a lesser tendency to form explosive mixtures in air than other
cellulosic or lignocellulosic materials such as hay and grasses.
Cellulosic materials include, for example, paper, paper products, paper waste,
paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded , coated papers, filled papers, nes,
printed matter (e.g., books, gs, manuals, labels, ars, greeting cards,
brochures, ctuses, newsprint), printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock,
cardboard, oard, materials having a high oc-cellulose content such as cotton,
and mixtures of any of these. For e paper products as bed in U.S. App.
No. ,365 (“Magazine Feedstocks” by Medoff et al., filed February 14, 2012),
the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Cellulosic materials can also include lignocellulosic materials which have
been de-lignified.
Starchy materials include starch itself, e.g., corn starch, wheat , potato
starch or rice starch, a derivative of starch, or a material that includes starch, such as
an edible food product or a crop. For example, the starchy material can be arracacha,
buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, regular household
potatoes, sweet potato, taro, yams, or one or more beans, such as favas, lentils or peas.
Blends of any two or more starchy materials are also starchy materials. Mixtures of
starchy, cellulosic and or lignocellulosic materials can also be used. For example, a
s can be an entire plant, a part of a plant or ent parts of a plant, e.g., a
wheat plant, cotton plant, a corn plant, rice plant or a tree. The starchy materials can
be treated by any of the methods described herein.
Microbial materials include, but are not limited to, any naturally occurring or
genetically modified microorganism or organism that contains or is capable of
providing a source of carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose), for example, protists, e.g.,
animal protists (e.g., protozoa such as flagellates, amoeboids, ciliates, and sporozoa)
and plant protists (e.g., algae such alveolates, chlorarachniophytes, cryptomonads,
ids, glaucophytes, haptophytes, red algae, stramenopiles, and viridaeplantae).
Other examples include seaweed, plankton (e.g., macroplankton, mesoplankton,
microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, and femptoplankton), phytoplankton,
ia (e.g., gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, and extremophiles),
yeast and/or mixtures of these. In some instances, microbial biomass can be obtained
2012/070624
from natural s, e.g., the ocean, lakes, bodies of water, e.g., salt water or fresh
water, or on land. Alternatively or in addition, ial biomass can be obtained
from culture s, e.g., large scale dry and wet culture and fermentation systems.
In other embodiments, the s materials, such as cellulosic, starchy and
lignocellulosic feedstock materials, can be obtained from transgenic microorganisms
and plants that have been modified with respect to a wild type variety. Such
modifications may be, for example, through the ive steps of selection and
breeding to obtain desired traits in a plant. Furthermore, the plants can have had
genetic material removed, modified, silenced and/or added with respect to the wild
type variety. For example, genetically modified plants can be produced by
recombinant DNA methods, where c modifications include introducing or
modifying specific genes from parental varieties, or, for example, by using transgenic
breeding wherein a specific gene or genes are introduced to a plant from a different
species of plant and/or bacteria. Another way to create genetic variation is through
mutation breeding wherein new s are artificially created from endogenous genes.
The ial genes can be created by a variety ofways including treating the plant or
seeds with, for example, chemical mutagens (e.g., using alkylating agents, epoxides,
alkaloids, peroxides, formaldehyde), irradiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,
beta particles, alpha particles, protons, deuterons, UV radiation) and temperature
shocking or other external stressing and subsequent selection techniques. Other
s ofproviding modified genes is through error prone PCR and DNA shuffling
followed by insertion of the desired modified DNA into the desired plant or seed.
Methods of introducing the desired c variation in the seed or plant e, for
example, the use of a bacterial carrier, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation,
electroporation, gene splicing, gene silencing, lipofection, microinjection and viral
carriers. Additional genetically modified materials have been described in U.S.
Application Serial No 13/3 96,3 69 filed February 14, 2012 the full disclosure of which
is incorporated herein by reference.
SACCHARIFYING AGENTS
le olytic enzymes include cellulases from s in the genera
Bacillus, Caprinus, Myceliophthora, Cephalosporium, Scytalidium, Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium,
WO 96452
Chrysosporium and Trichoderma, ally those ed by a strain selected from
the species ASpergilluS (see, e.g., EP Pub. No. 0 458 162), Humicola nS
(reclassified as Scytalidium thermophilum, see, e.g., US. Pat. No. 4,435,307),
CaprinuS cinereuS, Fusarium oxySporum, Myceliophthora thermophila, MeripiluS
giganteuS, Thielavia terrestriS, Acremonium Sp. (including, but not limited to, A.
perSicinum,A. acremonium,A. brachypenium,A. dichromosporum, A. 0bclavatum,A.
toniae, A. roseogriseum, A. incoloratum, and A. m). Preferred strains
include Humicola insolenS DSM 1800, Fusarium oxySporum DSM 2672,
Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65, Cephalosporium Sp. RYM-202,
Acremom'um Sp. CBS 478.94, Acremom'um Sp. CBS 265.95, Acremom'um persicinum
CBS 169.65, Acremonium acremonium AHU 9519, Cephalosporium Sp. CBS 535.71,
Acremom'um brachypenium CBS , Acremonium dichromosporum CBS 683.73,
Acremom'um obclavatum CBS , Acremom'um pinkertoniae CBS 157.70,
Acremom'um roseogriseum CBS , Acremonium incoloratum CBS 146.62, and
Acremoniumfuratum CBS 299.70H. Cellulolytic enzymes may also be obtained from
Chrysosporium, preferably a strain of Chrysosporium lucknowense. Additional
strains that can be used include, but are not limited to, Trichoderma (particularly T.
viride, T. reesei, and T. ii), alkalophilic Bacillus (see, for example, US. Pat.
No. 3,844,890 and EP Pub. No. 0 458 162), and Streptomyces (see, e.g., EP Pub. No.
0 458 162).
FERMENTATION AGENTS
The microorganism(s) used in fermentation can be naturally-occurring
rganisms and/or engineered microorganisms. These fermentation agents can
be used, for example, to convert a primary fuel to a secondary fuel to be used for
energy generation in an indirect fuel cell. Of the fermentation agents can be used to
convert sugars or intermediates not used in fuel cells bed in the methods herein.
Examples of microorganism can be a bacterium (including, but not limited to, e.g., a
olytic bacterium), a fungus, (including, but not limited to, e.g., a yeast), a plant,
a protist, e.g., a oa or a fungus-like protest (including, but not limited to, e.g., a
slime mold), or an alga. When the organisms are compatible, mixtures of organisms
can be utilized.
Suitable fermenting microorganisms have the ability to convert carbohydrates,
such as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, e, galactose, oligosaccharides or
polysaccharides into fermentation ts. ting microorganisms include
s of the genus omyces spp. (including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae
(baker’s yeast), S. distaticus, S. uvarum), the genus Kluyveromyces, (including, but
not limited to, K. marxianus, K. fragilis), the genus Candida (including, but not
limited to, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. brassicae), Pichia stipitis (a relative of
Candida shehatae), the genus Clavispora ding, but not limited to, C. niae
and C. opuntiae), the genus Pachysolen ding, but not d to, P. tannophilus),
the genus Bretannomyces (including, but not limited to, e.g. B. clausenii (Philippidis,
G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol:
Production and Utilization, Wyman, C.E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC,
2)). Other suitable microorganisms include, for example, Zymomonas mobilis,
Clostridium spp. (including, but not limited to, Clostridium thermocellum
(Philippidis, 1996, supra), Clostridium saccharobulylacetonicum, idium
felsineum,Clostridium saccharobulylicum, Clostridium Puniceum, Clostridium
beijernckii, Clostridium acetobulylicum, and Clostridium aurantibulylicum),
Moniliella pollinis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Aureobasidium sp., Trichosporonoides sp.,
Trigonopsis ilis, Trichosporon sp., Moniliellaacetoabutans sp., a
variabilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustilaginomycetes sp., Pseudozyma tsukubaensis,
yeast species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, ula and Pichia,
and fungi of the dematioid genus Torula.
Many such microbial strains are publicly available, either commercially or
through depositories such as the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection,
Manassas, Virginia, USA), the NRRL (Agricultural Research Sevice Culture
Collection, Peoria, Illinois, USA), or the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von
Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany), to name a
few.p
Commercially available yeasts include, for example, Red Star®/Lesaffre
Ethanol Red (available from Red esaffre, USA), FALI® (available from
Fleischmann’s Yeast, a division of Burns Philip Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART®
(available from Alltech, now Lalemand), GERT STRAND® (available from Gert
Strand AB, Sweden) and FERMOL® able from DSM Specialties).
Other than in the examples herein, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all
ofthe numerical ranges, s, values and tages, such as those for amounts
of materials, elemental contents, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of
amounts, and others, in the following portion of the specification and attached claims
may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” even though the term “about” may not
expressly appear with the value, amount, or range. Accordingly, unless indicated to
the ry, the numerical ters set forth in the following specification and
attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired
properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as
an attempt to limit the ation of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the
claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number
ofreported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the
broad scope of the invention are approximations, the cal values set forth in the
specific examples are reported as ely as possible. Any numerical value,
however, inherently contains error necessarily resulting from the standard deviation
found in its underlying respective testing ements. Furthermore, when
numerical ranges are set forth herein, these ranges are inclusive of the recited range
end points (i.e., end points may be used). When percentages by weight are used
herein, the numerical values reported are relative to the total weight.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is
intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed n. For e, a range of “l to
” is ed to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited
minimum value of l and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum
value equal to or greater than 1 and a m value of equal to or less than 10. The
terms “one,” “a,” or “an” as used herein are intended to include “at least one” or “one
or more,” unless otherwise indicated.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that
is said to be orated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent
that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements,
or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent
necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting
material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or n thereof, that is
said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with ng
definitions, ents, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be
incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material
and the existing disclosure material.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with
references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in
the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without
departing from the scope of the ion encompassed by the appended .
Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires
otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”,
will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but
not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
Claims (15)
1. A fuel cell sing: an electrode configured to contact a solution, wherein the solution comprises a treated lignocellulosic material, an antimicrobial agent, and a sugar wherein the sugar is produced by saccharifying the lignocellulosic material and the sugar is ted in the fuel cell.
2. A method for producing electricity, the method comprising: providing a fuel to a fuel cell, n the fuel comprises a sugar and an antimicrobial agent, and wherein the sugar is produced by saccharifying a treated lignocellulosic al, and further fermenting the sugar in the fuel cell.
3. The fuel cell of claim 1 or the method of claim 2, wherein the treatment of the lignocellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of sonication, pyrolysis, irradiation, oxidation, steam explosion and combinations thereof.
4. The fuel cell of claim 1 or 3 of the method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the sugar is produced by contacting the lignocellulosic material with an .
5. The fuel cell or the method of claim 4, wherein the enzyme is a cellulase.
6. The fuel cell or the method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the sugar is fermented to an l.
7. The fuel cell or the method of claim 3, wherein treating the lignocellulosic material comprises irradiation of the lignocellulosic material with ionizing radiation.
8. The fuel cell or the method of claim 7, wherein irradiation comprises irradiation of the material with a dose of at least 10 Mrad.
9. The fuel cell or the method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the ionizing radiation comprises an electron beam.
10. The fuel cell or the method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the antimicrobial agent is selected from the group consisting of amphotericin B, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, loxacin, gentamicin, hygromycin B, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin, puromycin, omycin and mixtures thereof.
11. The fuel cell or the method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the antimicrobial agent is added in a tration of 15 to 1000ppm.
12. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell is a direct sugar fuel cell.
13. The fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell is an indirect sugar fuel cell.
14. The fuel cell of any one of claims 1-13, further comprising an additive.
15. The fuel cell of claim 14, wherein the additive is selected from the group sing: a viscosity modifier, an anti-scale agent, an anti-fouling agent, an antifoam agent and a corrosion inhibitor.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US61/581,395 | 2011-12-29 | ||
US61/648,105 | 2012-05-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ723492B true NZ723492B (en) |
Family
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