NZ721643B2 - Pantograph Machine Equipped with Blades and Hot-Cutting Pre-Shaped Punches and Cutters for Processing Panels, in paticular ICF Panels, with Expanded or Foamed Materials in General - Google Patents
Pantograph Machine Equipped with Blades and Hot-Cutting Pre-Shaped Punches and Cutters for Processing Panels, in paticular ICF Panels, with Expanded or Foamed Materials in GeneralInfo
- Publication number
- NZ721643B2 NZ721643B2 NZ721462A NZ72146212A NZ721643B2 NZ 721643 B2 NZ721643 B2 NZ 721643B2 NZ 721462 A NZ721462 A NZ 721462A NZ 72146212 A NZ72146212 A NZ 72146212A NZ 721643 B2 NZ721643 B2 NZ 721643B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- building
- humidity
- opening
- closing
- hollow duct
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/01—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work
- B26D1/04—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor involving a cutting member which does not travel with the work having a linearly-movable cutting member
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D3/00—Cutting work characterised by the nature of the cut made; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D3/00—Cutting work characterised by the nature of the cut made; Apparatus therefor
- B26D3/006—Cutting work characterised by the nature of the cut made; Apparatus therefor specially adapted for cutting blocs of plastic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F3/00—Severing by means other than cutting; Apparatus therefor
- B26F3/06—Severing by using heat
- B26F3/08—Severing by using heat with heated members
- B26F3/12—Severing by using heat with heated members with heated wires
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
- E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
Abstract
Disclosed is a composition comprising a first antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds Factor P, and a second antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that binds C5, wherein said composition inhibits the alternative complement pathway. Also disclosed is the use of such a composition in the manufacture of a medicament for treating age related macular degeneration and for inhibiting the alternative complement pathway. sition in the manufacture of a medicament for treating age related macular degeneration and for inhibiting the alternative complement pathway.
Description
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL VALVE DEVICE FOR EXPELLING HUMIDITY AND
SATURATED STEAM FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES
Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a multi-functional valve
device for expelling humidity and saturated steam for building
structures. Such device removes the risks of condensation inside
conventional building walls and structures, coated with thermal
coatings (also conventional), without application limits on
multiple thermo-acoustic covers for doors or windows, or can also
be integrated on various types of frames, windows, doors, thermal
caissons and thermal coatings.
The check valve with ball-type shutter, even if known in
hydraulics, according to the knowledge of the Applicant, has never
been used nor is known in the building industry in general. Such
type of valve is extremely reliable, when it is positioned both
vertically, and horizontally, due to its construction simplicity
and the absence of mechanisms.
Its operating principle is based on the free movement of
the "ball" inside the valve body, and on the particular design of.
the valve body with thermal ma-terials (so that the temperature
of the passing fluid is not subjected to strong variations).
Moreover, the design of the ball drive and of the delivery duct
guarantees a completely open passage, free of cloggings or
asperities, that otherwise could stop every type of outflow, both
of steam, and of humidity or water.
Due to the free passage that is created, load losses are
very low. The valve ball has a low inertia and therefore the
opening pressure of the check valve is about half the opening
2
pressure of a known valve, for example of the clapet type; the
duct opening position is obtained without using springs or other
mechanical means.
To obtain both a perfect seal, and a silent closing, the
ball is made of phenolic resin or is coated with nitryl rubber
resistant to clean, soft or sea water, to flowing or rain water,
even with hydrocarbon residuals. The extreme conceptual simplicity
of the valve makes it of a very long life and free from
maintenance.
As is known, the realization of structures-building
envelopes in all its partitions; such as foundations, walls,
floors, roofs, doors, windows and frames, with thermoregulation
functions, which have high performance characteristics and at the
same time a good breathability is always a very sensitive issue
in civil and industrial in the world.
Another very sensitive issue is to rehabilitate and what
structures incorporating such as doors and windows, etc. that can
be healed in less time.
A further object is to provide a device in multi-function
valve for expulsion of moisture and saturated vapor consists of
lightweight thermal materials to facilitate transportation and
installation, as well as its functionality over time.
The present inventive multi-function valve device for
expulsion of moisture and saturated steam, for its particular
constructive characteristics, is capable of ensuring the greatest
assurances standards of reliability and safety over time.
The inventive valve device finds wide application in various
fields of construction, such as, for example, and without
3
limitation, for any type of frame of windows or doors, wood,
aluminum, steel or the like; for the connectors / spacers of any
material; in the cavities of building envelopes in general, made
of brick or other conventional materials, and coated with thermal
coat (External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems).
As said, the inventive device has the function, to evacuate
moisture, the saturated steam and interstitial condensation that
are created in any structure, is monolithic, is hollow, solving
the so-called "sick building syndrome", known previously unsolved
problem.
The inventive valve arrangement is based on the concept of
enclosure, such as dynamic and interactive element of a complex
energy system and hygrometric, which, via multiple valves
multifunction integrated or applied subsequently, regulates the
operation of the building and characterizes functionality,
offering them an exclusive living comfort in all weather
conditions, also very adverse. Legislation and Regulations
Technical reference for such a device is the UNI EN ISO 13788:2003,
Performance hygrometric components and building elements -
Internal surface temperature to avoid critical surface humidity
and interstitial condensation - Calculation, 01/06 / 2003.
To better understand the operation of the inventive device,
we will discuss below the phenomena that it goes to counteract.
In particular, as regards the formation of condensation in the
wall of a building and/or in the various partitions of the building
structure, the primary requirement in order to maintain the
performance of the building envelope is to avoid the risk of
formation and accumulation of condensation, so that the duration
4
and the integrity of the building elements are not compromised,
from the point of view both thermal, both because of the known
structural deterioration.
The condensation can be of two types:
- Surface when it affects the inner surface of the walls, due to
the achievement of high values of relative humidity of indoor air,
which creates in the vicinity of the corners of the walls, the
appearance of condensation;
- Interstitial when, inside the wall, creating the conditions of
temperature and pressure such as to. achieve the conditions of
dew.
The damage caused by the formation of condensation in the
walls and/or in the building structure cause:
- A decay of the performance characteristics of the walls,
with consequent reduction of the degree of insulation of the wall
due to moisture that there is contained;
- A deterioration in the quality of life and comfort of the
rooms bounded by these walls or structure;
The appearance, on the surfaces of wall, of mold and
efflorescence, with the consequent damaging of the finishing coats
interior and exterior of the walls, such as plasterboard, plaster,
etc.
The verification of the formation of condensation inside of
each wall can be determined using the Glaser diagram, which is
the graphical method through which, once known the temperature
and humidity outside and inside, the temperature, the pressure
and the thermal characteristics relating to the individual layers
that make up the wall, they build the curve of the partial
pressures and the curve relative to the saturation pressures,
verifying, the presence of points of intersection between the two
curves.
Where there are points of intersection, this means that in
those points will occur conditions of temperature and pressure
such as to bring the air to a state of saturation, and consequently
in here points you will have condensation, advantageously and
exclusively problem solved precisely by the application of the
device to multi-function valve of the invention.
The condensate is formed in this way. The air contained in
a given environment may contain a certain amount of water - in
the form of water vapor in suspension. The amount of water vapor
that may be contained in the air depends on two variables:
temperature and pressure. This means that, the air may be
contained a maximum amount of water for each value of temperature
and pressure and that, once this limit is reached; it has a state
of saturation of the air. This saturation implies that, for each
increment of a quantity of steam in addition to the maximum limit
value of the content, there is a precipitation of the steam in
the form of condensate, for which it is obvious and necessary to
apply multiple valve devices of the invention for the expulsion
of moisture and saturated steam towards the outside.
It is clear that, in conditions of constant pressure, with
an increase in air temperature corresponds to an increase of the
amount of vapor that may be contained in it. Consequently, the
lower the temperature, the lower the quantity of steam the air
can hold.
6
Under normal conditions the air is not saturated, but
contains a certain quantity of steam (g/kg) less than the value
that would correspond to a situation of air saturation. This
relationship between the weight of the vapor contained in the air
and the weight of the vapor contained in the same saturated air
is said "relative humidity", which is expressed as a percentage
of absolute humidity. A value of 80% of relative humidity in the
air, therefore, will be up to indicate that it contains 80% of
the maximum quantity of water vapor that can be contained at that
temperature. It has condensation when in an environment, in the
presence of a certain relative humidity, the temperature decreases
up to reach the saturation value, with the consequent
precipitation of the vapor from the gaseous to the liquid
(condensation), other condition in it becomes necessary to use
the device of the invention for the expulsion of the condensate
to the outside.
The "dew point" or "dew point temperature" indicates the
temperature of the air, at which there will be the formation of
condensate and then water. The considerations made so far,
assuming applies to keep constant one of the two variables, for
example the pressure that is created naturally, by varying the
temperature and vice versa (ie even when the temperature is kept
constant, by varying the pressure) . Consequently that define
"partial pressure" is the pressure at which the steam contained
in the air, at a given temperature, and "saturation pressure" the
pressure value corresponding to a condition of saturation of the
air at a given temperature. The relative humidity expresses the
7
ratio between the relative pressure and the saturation expressed
as a percentage:
Ur = Pr/Ps (in %)
The verification of the condensation of the walls and/or
partitions of the building structure preferably takes place
through the so-called method of Glaser. The phenomenon of the
formation of condensation on the walls as low in the corners and
then spread across the surface of the buildings is created when
you reach high values of relative humidity of indoor air of
'building envelope, thus determining the conditions for the
formation of dew on the inner face of the walls and/or in the
horizontal partitions. The condensation can also affect the inside
of the wall, e.g when within the layers that compose it, occurring
conditions of temperature and pressure such as to induce the
condensation of water vapor, other negative condition in which it
becomes necessary to use the device inventive’s expulsion of water
vapor.
Whereas the water vapor present in an environment tends to
move from an area in which the vapor pressure is higher to another
in which this pressure is lower, a wall that divides two
environments places in different temperature and pressure will
crossed by a flow of steam, that passing through the various
layers of the wall will meet an Obvious resistance. This
resistance will be directly proportional to the thickness of the
wall and to the characteristics of impermeability of the material
of which it is composed, and therefore the value of D, a value
that takes the name of "coefficient of resistance to the passage
of steam", and indicates the resistance to the passage the vapor
8
of a certain material compared to that of air at the same
temperature and pressure.
Another parameter useful for studying the phenomenon of
condensation is the "coefficient of conductivity vapor barrier"
or "permeability", indicated by M, that measures the amount of
steam (kg) which crosses the thickness of 1 square meter for a
difference unitary pressure.
The coefficients of resistance to the passage of sfeam and
permeability are a feature of many building materials and are
related to the density of the materials themselves. They can be
obtained from appropriate tables contained in the Statement and
European Community and ASTM international standards. The process
by which, by relating the parameters relevant to the
characteristics of the materials and the physical parameters of
the layers that make up the wall and/or the building structure,
it leads to the tracking of a diagram for the verification of the
condensate in the wall, takes the procedure name Glaser. The
diagram Glaser allows dimensioning the wall, both as concerns the
thickness of the layers, both as regards the choice of materials
that compose it, according to the characteristics of permeability
of the same. The hygrometric parameters for the individual layers
of the wall that are needed are:
Temperature within each layer;
-Partial pressure of each layer;
-Saturation pressure at various temperatures;
-Resistance to water vapor of the individual layers.
Once these parameters are known, the relative diagram is
built, consisting of a curve of saturation pressures and a curve
9
of partial pressures. Comparing the curve of the partial pressures
with the curve of the saturation pressures within the various
layers of the wall, there may be cases:
• the two curves have no points of intersection, and thus
there is no danger of condensation;
• the two curves have a point of tangency: in this case we
have verified the conditions for the formation of condensate in a
point and then simply a decrease in temperature or an increase in
the relative pressure to cause the appearance of dew: even in this
condition becomes obvious and essential to use the inventive
device for expelling moisture;
• the two curves have more points of intersection: in this
case the section between the start point and the end point of the
area of hypothetical intersection represents the portion of the
masonry in which there is the formation of condensate, other
situation that requires the use of the inventive device for the
expulsion of moisture.
There are different reasons why the humidity can penetrate-
the walls creating the effects already discussed in other sections.
It is important to recognize which are to implement the correct
intervention and solve in this way the problem permanently and
advantageously with the use of the inventive device in quantities
necessary for the expulsion of humidity.
With reference to Figure 1, there is shown a site of
application of the inventive device. In this Figure, the reference
signs represent the following:
Splashing water Slope - Water pressure hygroscopic
Effect of Humidity Humidity Humidity rain due to chemical
factors condensing humidity due to construction Water
Filter lateral infiltration of moisture damage to plants
Humidity geological or environmental humidity rising from the
ground Area on which the inventive device has a full effect
1. Capillary humidity rising from the land
If the insulation (horizontal) is missing or defective
conventional porous building materials absorb humidity coming from
the ground, contrary to the force of gravity, through the
capillary system, in which situation it is essential to apply the
inventive device for the expulsion of humidity in quantities
necessary.
2A. hygroscopic moisture
Each and every wall plaster contain, after drying, a certain
amount of hygroscopic salts (which attract moisture) of its wall
structure but also salts extraneous to it (for example the salts
of the ground). Due to the continuous capillary rise of moisture,
these salts protrude from the wall and from the land up to settle
in the area of evaporation on the plaster or on painting. After a
drying of the internal walls successful, plaster or on painting
remain residues of salts capable of absorbing only a certain
amount of moisture in the air: there is therefore the possibility
that the wall dries within but that the plaster or paint with
excessive levels of salts remain moist and here it becomes
indispensable for the integration of the inventive device
expulsion of constant moisture to the outside.
2B. Residual moisture - degree of humidity of the walls
Of course the purpose of drying the damp walls is not to
eliminate all moisture from the walls. A wall completely dry but
11
also impossible to obtain, it would be contrary to every comfort.
Advantageously, the inventive device regulates the microclimate
of an environment ensuring the comfort, ejecting the excess
moisture in a natural way. Each type of masonry and every kind of
building material has a degree of residual moisture natural.
According to the situations, the temperatures and the use of the
housing there are optimal residual moisture to reach. This matter
is so important and delicate that some countries, such as Austria
and Germany, have issued specific Normative for specific sector
which describe various humidity levels to be achieved, in fact,
the inventive device for expelling moisture advantageously meets
every legislation even more restrictive.
For example, a classic brick building is totally saturated,
e.g totally moist, when 25% of its weight consists of water
(approximately 500 liters of water per cubic meter of the
'building block). In this way the conventional brick is water to
100%. So the maximum residual moisture is established has then
when 5% of the weight of the brick consists of water (this
percentage is then obtained from 20% of 25% = 5%). Also integrated
into the brick inventive device for expelling moisture,
advantageously provides the 'expulsion of excess moisture and
allows perspiration.
3. Lateral infiltration of moisture
In the presence for damage or defects in the insulation
vertical (eg consider the outer walls of a cellar, which are
usually in contact with the ground), moisture can penetrate
laterally through the capillaries until you cross the entire wall.
More often it is the wall and the lower the humidity infiltration
12
by side, the better the results of expulsion of excess moisture
through the valve device for multi-function invention. To have a
house or building structure completely dry (inside and sideways) ,
you can use various devices of the invention advantageously placed
in quantity 'needed, obtained by appropriate calculations to
determine the' exact dumping moisture.
4. Water a slope with pressure
The water that flows from a slope or a level of water in the
soil temporarily high, exert a pressure on the masonry,
penetrating. When it is inside the wall, the water is pushed
upward through the capillary system (hydrostatic pressure):
situation in which it is essential to apply the inventive device
for the expulsion of humidity.
. Splashing water
The rain, bouncing on a flat surface near the outer wall
(concrete slabs, road or other), it hits the base. Obvious
situation in which it is essential, to apply the inventive device
for the expulsion of humidity.
6. Humidity caused by technical faults of construction, damage to
installations
This moisture comes from the lack of, or inadequate
protection against ingress of rainwater (damage to the roof or
roofing material, inadequately sealed fireplace, lack of
protective material from the surface of the roof, chimneys unused.
Missing roof drainage etc) and/or pipeline damage (damage or
clogging the gutters, clogging of drains, pipes, broken pipes,
etc) situation where it is essential to implement the inventive
device for expelling of humidity.
13
7. Moisture due to rain
If the rain falling directly on the walls, the moisture
penetrates the plaster is not waterproof or not plastered walls
in a situation where it is essential to implement the inventive
device for expelling of humidity.
8. Water infiltration
Surface waters that are formed due to the precipitation can
penetrate freely into the gaps between the ground and the wall of
the building, so the walls below ground level (such as those of
the cellars) often become very damp: the situation in which it is
essential apply the inventive device for the expulsion of
humidity.
9. Moisture due to construction, humidity caused by the new
plaster
The humidity is moisture construction remains "incorporated"
into the wall or building structure when it is usually built in
traditional materials such as brick, concrete block, etc. It
evaporates slowly over about a year and a half or three years. In
a recently plastered wall, the natural evaporation of the specific
humidity of the plaster occurs in 1 or 2 years, and depends on
the material and its thickness of the plaster. The complete
process of drying of the plaster walls and instead can take place
in a period of time greater than that reported for the two cases
separately: the situation in which it is essential to apply the
inventive device for the expulsion and evaporation of humidity,
in times rapid to obtain a building structure before wetness.
. Humidity caused by disturbances geological or technical
14
Certain electromagnetic fields, electrostatic and/or other
fields of different nature, brick, concrete block and by their
very nature, can increase the humidity in the capillary wall.
Basically, there are two types of disturbances:
Geological factors: are formed due to the presence of sources
of water in the subsoil, underground streams that flow quickly,
tectonic fractures, etc.;
Disturbing Factors Technical transmitters are caused by
television, radio, radar, cell- phones or other types of
transmitters (producing the so-called "electro-smog" as certain
preventive measures can reduce these waves), by electric
conductors or insulated metal (pipes etc.) or by supports of
lightning rods not isolated.
Even in this case the valve device multi-function invention
plays a fundamental role in water evacuation and vapor diffusion.
11. Humidity Condensation
The warm, moist air condenses on cooler wall surfaces. This
creates the moisture from condensation. The causes are often due
to a faulty thermal insulation due to thin outer walls (they
create a bridge cold-hot), excessive humidity in the rooms (eg
bathroom, bedroom, kitchen, laundry room, or rooms where there
are aquariums many plants, etc.) airtight windows that do not
allow moist air to escape, no ventilation, heating defective
organic paint (emulsion paint), which is a breeding ground for
mold, damp walls (which in winter cools faster than dry) :
situation in which it is essential to implement the inventive
device for expelling of humidity.
12. Humidity caused by chemical factors
The different building materials have different chemical
characteristics and quality. An example is the old wall that is
slightly acidic and the cement plasters which are strongly
alkaline (pH values = different). These effects cause a chemical
transport of humidity electrochemical wall that _ attracts other
humidity and/or maintain high humidity. Rusty materials (steel
<'>pipes, iron frames etc.) Have a similar effect on the moisture
in the walls. A complete drying of the walls is only possible
situation where it is essential to implement the inventive device
for expelling of humidity.
There is a specific cycle to block the infiltration of rising
damp. The walls of the old buildings are often subject to ingress
of moisture from the ground up. At the origin of the phenomenon
is the porosity of the construction materials, which determines
the capacity of the material to absorb water and to transport it
to rising damp.
The action of water on the masonry involves a whole series
of harmful consequences which manifests itself in the form of
spots of humidity on the walls, efflorescence of water-soluble
salts and then prejudicial to the building, friability of the
bricks making up the wall, chalking of the material junction and
plaster, flaking and detachment of parts of the coating mural,
development of sponginess in the wall and the wooden parts used
for the construction, proliferation of molds and microorganisms.
The most effective way to combat the phenomenon of rising
damp is to use some devices of the present invention, for the
evacuation of water and steam.
16
The process consists essentially in the introduction of some
inventive devices by injection through holes in the masonry
inclined channeled downwards, by natural gravity or better under
pressure.
The problem of condensation of water vapor in building
structures, whether it takes place on the surfaces of structures,
whether it takes place within the same, is a risk in two ways:
one linked to the preservation of buildings and that related to
health environments.
It is rare to come across in the formation of mold, or watch
the disintegration of plaster and masonry precisely because of
these phenomena. In relatively recent years, the need to contain
the heat loss has favored the adoption of indiscriminate frames
endowed with excellent air tightness that, in the absence of
mechanical ventilation, however, has resulted in a significant
reduction of the natural ventilation with consequent additional
burden of the problem under examination caused by the moisture
present in ambient air.
It is then very widespread use in kitchens of filtering hoods,
with no connections to ducts of the fumes expulsion, that the
advantage of the compositional freedom of the kitchen furnishing
contrast the disadvantage of placing large quantities of steam in
the environment as a result the cooking of food.
The formation of condensation, a phenomenon typical of poorly
insulated structures (thermal bridging) , can also occur even in
the presence of well-isolated structures where, however, the
placement of the insulating layer, is misplaced with respect to
the permeability of the remaining layers.
17
It should also be taken not to confuse condensation with
those due to the presence of water infiltrations, for example for
capillary rise from the ground, to driving rain, for breaking
water pipe, etc.
As stated above, you can see the complexity of dealing with
the phenomenon, the resolution of which depends, however, on the
exact understanding of the causes which determine it.
Said inventive device inserted in windows and/or frames in
masonry super insulate exclusively and advantageously solves the
aforementioned problems and known allowing a perfect breathability
without energy consumption thanks to its special shape more later
described.
As can be noted from the treatment of mixtures of dry air
and water vapor, the condensation of water vapor occurs when the
partial pressure of the same reaches the saturation pressure, the
latter a function of temperature (condensation temperature or
dew) ; at the same temperature, the higher the content of steam,
and therefore the higher the relative humidity, the greater the
risk of condensation (the condensation can occur even in the
presence of modest cooling ambient air).
In order to verify the occurrence or not of the condensate
must therefore always check that the temperature, surface and/or
internal to the wall, is greater than the relative condensing
temperature (e.g the partial pressure of steam is greater than
the saturation pressure) . In the specific case, the analysis of
the physical phenomenon relates to the molecular diffusion of a
gas (water vapor) in a solid and is expressible by the Fick's law;
simplifications deriving there from, together with the can
18
consider the vapor water a perfect gas, mean that the
determination of the flow of steam that spreads inside a solid,
it may be expressed in terms of the pressure gradient that occurs
due to variations in temperature and therefore the density (or
other terms to vary the concentration of water vapor in the air) ;
the treatment of the problem then becomes quite similar from the
point of view of physical and analytical to what was seen for the
transmission of heat. The new physical parameter that
characterizes the components is then the vapor permeability or
diffusivity, which is a coefficient that represents the amount of
steam that passes per unit time through a unit thickness of the
material, due to a difference unitary pressure.
Oftentimes in literature, values of the resistance to the
flow of steam are expressed in dimensionless form by means of the
parameter μ, given by the ratio between the resistance to the flow
of vapor of the material under examination and the reference
assumed equal to the resistance to vapor diffusion to offer 'air
for the same thickness; course for the air that is μ = 1.
For example, a resistance μ = 10 of a brickwork filled devoid
of plaster, means that the test material has a permeability value
less than that of air; convenience in the adoption of the
values μ aforesaid, having to dealing with very small values of
the permeability, is in the greater simplicity in calculations,
and then in the lower risk of. committing errors with the units
of measurement.
As regards the surface resistances to the passage of vapor,
they can be held completely negligible compared to the resistance
offered by the other building components, therefore the partial
19
pressure of the steam on the inner and outer faces of the component
are assumed equal to the partial pressure of the vapor of air
contacting surface.
The flow of steam takes place when you create a pressure
differential; the direction of the flow goes from the warmer
environment to the colder ones (the higher vapor content of the
first corresponds to a higher pressure) , and then generally
occurs from the inside to the external environments in both summer
and winter.
In general it is noted that the internal condensation does
not take place in the walls homogeneous, but in those multilayer.
In particular it is noted that if the layer facing the warm
environment is richer in water vapor has a higher thermal
conductivity, in which case the partial pressure of water vapor
PV reaches high values in the areas of the wall that (a due to
the low thermal resistance) are located at relatively low
temperatures and accordingly with values of the saturation
pressure PS modest: these areas are considered therefore at high
risk of condensation (PV-PS).
The problem, as will be seen, can be addressed by providing
an insulating layer towards the cold side (thermal coat-external
thermal insulation), thus raising the temperature value and then
the saturation pressure: situation in which it is essential to
integrate the inventive device in quantities necessary for the
expulsion of moisture.
To assess the risk of condensation you can take the road
through analytical Fick's law determining the amount of vapor may
be condensed, or you can solve the problem graphically using the
Glaser diagram, this diagram is to represent together with the
trend in temperature inside the structure but also the
corresponding values of the saturation pressure; comparing the
latter with the values of the partial pressures is able to
determine the application of the inventive device to avoid any
risk of condensation.
The above and other objects and advantages of the invention,
as will appear from the following description, are achieved with
a device in multi-function valve for expulsion of humidity,
saturated steam and breathability for building structures such as
the one described in claim 1. Preferred embodiments and non-
trivial variations of the present invention are the subject of
the dependent claims.
It is understood that all appended claims form an integral
part of the present description.
The present invention will be better described by some
preferred embodiments, given as an example and not limitative,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-Figure 1 is a partial side sectional view of an installation of
the device of the present invention;
-Figure 2 illustrates schematically a possible field of
application of the device of the present invention;
-Figures 3 and 4 are · respectively a side view in cross section
and an perspective exploded view of a first preferred embodiment
of the device of the present invention;
-Figures 5 and 6 are respectively a side view in cross section
and an perspective exploded view of a second preferred embodiment
of the device of the present invention;
21
-Figures 7 and 8 are respectively a side view in cross section
and an perspective exploded view of a third preferred embodiment
of the device of the present invention; and
- Figures 9 to 13 are view of other preferred, but not limiting,
embodiments of the inventive valve, in as many preferred, but not
limiting, applications.
Referring to Figures 1 and 3 to 8, are shown and described
various preferred embodiment, but not limiting, of the device in
multi-function valve for expulsion of moisture and saturated steam
for building structures of the present invention. Be immediately
obvious that it will be possible to make what is described numerous
variations and modifications (for example related to shape, sizes,
arrangements and parts with equivalent functionality) without
departing from the scope of the invention as appears from the
attached claims.
As illustrated, the device 1 to multi-function valve allows
the expulsion of moisture and saturated vapor by exploiting the
difference in pressure existing inside of the ducts 2, or the
like, in building structures in all its partitions' and elements
that compose it as doors and windows etc.; for this purpose, the
device 1 comprises essentially:
- At least a first sealing element 3 provided with a first
conduit cable 5 for communication with the atmosphere the outside
of device 1;
- At least one second sealing element 7 operatively coupled,
to the first sealing element 3 and provided with a head containment
receptacle 9, wherein the second sealing element 7 is further
22
equipped with a second conduit cable 13 for communication with
the atmosphere to 'exterior of the device 1; and
- At least one element of opening / closure member 11, 11',
of the device 1, which element of opening / closure member 11,
11', 15 is adapted to assume a closed position of the device 1 in
which it is in , contact with the first sealing element 3 (Figure
1) closing the first hollow duct 5, and is also adapted to assume
an open position of the device 1 in which it is not in contact
with the first sealing element 3 (Figures 3 and 4) and puts in
communication the first hollow duct 5 and the second conduit cable
13, and therefore allows you to download humidity and saturated
vapor in the atmosphere outside the device 1 when the pressure
inside the building structure causes the thrust, element opening
in the opening/closure 11, 11', 15.
In particular, the element for opening / closure member 11,
11', 15 can be formed, preferably but not exclusively, by at least
one ball element 11 (Figures 1, 3 and 4), or by at least one
elongated cylindrical element 11' provided with at least a central,
annular enlargement 12 (Figures 5 and 6).
According to a third preferred embodiment, also not
limitative, illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, the element of opening
/ closure member 11, 11', 15 can be constituted by at least one
tiny hole 15 (and preferably a plurality of small holes 15 , as
illustrated) of longitudinal section progressively increasing
from the first hollow duct 5 and the seat 9 and end up in the
second conduit cable 13, in order to exploit a Venturi effect for
the opening / closing of the device 1: in this case, in fact ,
only in the presence of elevated pressure is able to overcome the
23
resistance of the inlet section of the holes 15 to the passage of
the flow of air containing moisture and saturated steam, in a
manner equivalent to an open operation of the device 1. If the
pressure is not high enough, the small section of entry will
prevent the outflow of air, operating substantially as closing
element of the device 1 of the invention.
According to a variation, not shown, moreover, the inventive
device 1 can further comprise a capsule equipped with self-heating
filaments connected to an external plant for reducing the voltage
to heat the framework in which the device 1 is housed.
Moreover, the multi-functional valve device 1 of the
invention can be individually applied in all manufactured building
products, such as frames, doors, windows, bricks, ICF connectors
and/or spacers and everything that is an integral part of the
whole, exclusively transpiring building envelope.
Claims (10)
1. Multi-functional valve device (1) for expelling humidity and saturated steam, characterized in that it is adapted to operate through small pressure difference existing inside building structures and outside of it wherein it is adapted to be placed in building structure, said device (1) comprising; - at least one first holding element (3) equipped with a first hollow duct (5) for communicating with the interior of the building structure; - at least one second holding element (7) operatively coupled with the first holding element (3) and equipped with a containing seat (9), said second holding element (7) being further equipped with a second hollow duct (13) for communicating with outside of the building structure; and - at least one opening/closing element (11, 11',15) of the device (1), said opening/closing element (11, 11',15) composed of at least one ball-shaped element (11) or at least one elongated cylindrical element (11’) equipped with at least one central annular enlargement with grooves (12) or at least one small hole (15) with a progressively increasing longitudinal section starting from said first hollow duct (5) and said seat (9) and ending in said second hollow duct (13) in order to exploit a Venturi effect for opening/closing the device (1), said opening/closing element (11, 11',15) being adapted to assume a closing position of the device (1) in which it is in contact 25 with the first holding element (3) closing the first hollow duct (5), said opening/closing element (11, 11', 15) being adapted to also assume an opening position of the device (1) in which it is not in contact with the first holding element (3) and communicates the first hollow duct (5) and the second hollow duct (13).
2. Device (1) according to claim 1, characterised in that said opening/closing element (11, 11', 15) is made of phenolic resin or resin coated with nitryl rubber resisting to clean, soft or sea waters, to flowing or rain waters, also with hydrocarbon residuals.
3. Device (1) according to claim 1, characterised in that it further comprises a capsule equipped with selfheating filaments connected to an external plant for reducing the voltage - to heat the framework /windows, doors in which the device (1) is housed.
4. Device (1), according to claim 1, characterized in that the building structure comprises manufactured building products, such as foundations, floors, roofs, walls, frames, doors, windows, bricks^ ICF connectors and/or spacers and recesses.
5. Device (I), according to claim 4, characterized by the fact that the manufactured building product is coated with thermal coating.
6. Device (1), according to claim 1 and 7 characterized in that the building structure is monolithic or hollow. 26
7. Device (1), according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that comprises at least one activated carbono filter to filter the condensed water making it potable.
8. Device (1), according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that comprises a conductor that conducts the condensed water to a recipient.
9. Use of a multi-functional valve device (1) as described in claims 1 to 8 characterized for being installed into a frame of the window and/or door or inside the double or triple glazing.
10. Use, according to claim 9, characterized for forming a permanent channel eliminating the necessity of open the window or door for changing air at the same time that eliminates external noise.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT001129A ITTO20111129A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2011-12-09 | PANTOGRAPH MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH PRE-SHAPED BLADES AND CUTTERS FOR HOT CUTTING AND CUTTERS, FOR PANEL PROCESSING, IN PARTICULAR ICF PANELS, WITH EXPANDED OR EXTRUDED MATERIALS IN GENERAL. |
NZ62724012 | 2012-12-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ721462A NZ721462A (en) | 2018-02-23 |
NZ721643B2 true NZ721643B2 (en) | 2018-05-24 |
Family
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