NZ721147B2 - Bispecific antigen binding molecules - Google Patents
Bispecific antigen binding molecules Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ721147B2 NZ721147B2 NZ721147A NZ72114712A NZ721147B2 NZ 721147 B2 NZ721147 B2 NZ 721147B2 NZ 721147 A NZ721147 A NZ 721147A NZ 72114712 A NZ72114712 A NZ 72114712A NZ 721147 B2 NZ721147 B2 NZ 721147B2
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- NZ
- New Zealand
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- antigen binding
- bispecific antigen
- fab fragment
- cells
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Abstract
Discloses bispecific antigen binding molecules comprising two Fab fragments specific to a first antigen and a second Fab fragment specific to a second antigen fused to a first Fc domain subunit. One of the Fab fragments is a crossover fab fragment with a VH-CL/VLCH1 arrangment. The bispecific antigen binding molecule does not comprise a single chain Fab fragment. n binding molecule does not comprise a single chain Fab fragment.
Description
Bispecific antigen binding molecules
Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to bispecific antigen binding molecules. In addition, the
present invention relates to polynucleotides encoding such bispecific antigen binding molecules,
and s and host cells comprising such cleotides. The invention further relates to
methods for producing the bispecific antigen binding molecules of the invention, and to methods
of using these bispecific antigen g molecules in the treatment of disease.
ound
Bi- or multispecific antibodies capable of binding two or more antigens are known in the art.
Such multispecific binding ns can be generated by hybridoma cell fusion, al
conjugation or recombinant DNA techniques.
Bispecific dies are of great interest for therapeutic ations, as they allow the
simultaneous binding and inactivation of two or more target antigens, thereby obviating the need
for combination ies. Another promising application of bispecific antibodies is as engagers
of immune effector cells e.g. for cellular cancer immunotherapy. For this purpose, bispecific
antibodies are designed which bind to a surface n on target cells and, for example, to an
activating component of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. The simultaneous binding of such
an antibody to both of its targets will force a temporary interaction between target cell and T cell,
causing activation of any cytotoxic T cyte (CTL) and subsequent lysis of the target cell.
Hence, the immune response is re-directed to the target cells, independently of e antigen
presentation by the target cell or the specificity of the T cell as required for normal MHC-
restricted activation of CTLs. In this context it is important that CTLs are only activated when a
target cell is presenting the bispecific antibody to them, i.e. when the immunological synapse is
mimicked, and not simply upon binding of the antibody to the T cell antigen.
A y of recombinant multispecific antibody formats have been developed in the recent past,
including, for e, tetravalent IgG-single-chain variable fragment (scFv) s (see e.g.
Coloma & Morrison, Nat Biotechnol 15, 159-163 (1997)), tetravalent IgG-like dual-variable
domain antibodies (Wu et al., Nat Biotechnol 25, 1290-1297 (2007)), or bivalent rat/mouse
hybrid bispecific IgGs (see e.g. Lindhofer et al., J Immunol 155, 219-225 (1995)).
Also several bispecific formats wherein the antibody core structure (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM)
is no longer retained have been made. Examples include diabodies (see e.g. Holliger et al., Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 6444-6448 (1995)), tandem scFv molecules (see e.g. Bargou et al.,
Science 321, 974-977 (2008)), and various derivatives thereof.
The multitude of formats that are being developed shows the great potential attributed to
bispecific antibodies. The task of generating bispecific antibodies suitable for a particular
purpose is, r, by no means trivial and subject to a number of considerations. For e,
the valency and geometry of the antibody needs to be appropriately chosen, depending on the
characteristics of the target antigens and the intended effect. As for all eutic antibodies,
efficacy and toxicity have to be balanced, which es i.a. minimization of immunogenicity
and optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of the antibody. Also, the desirablility of Fcmediated
effects has to be considered. Furthermore, the production of bispecific antibody
constructs at a clinically sufficient quantity and purity poses a major challenge, as the
homodimerization of antibody heavy chains and/or the mispairing of antibody heavy and light
chains of ent specificities upon co-expression decreases the yield of the correctly
assembled construct and results in a number of non-functional side products from which the
desired bispecific antibody may be difficult to separate.
Given the increasing number of possible applications of bispecific antibodies, and the difficulties
and disadvantages associated with currently available ific antibodies, there remains a need
for novel, improved or alternative formats of such les; and/or ific antibodies which
at least provide the public with a useful choice.
In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external
documents, or other sources of ation, this is generally for the purpose of providing a
context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated ise,
reference to such external documents is not to be ued as an admission that such documents,
or such sources of information, in any iction, are prior art, or form part of the common
l knowledge in the art.
In the description in this specification reference may be made to subject matter that is not within
the scope of the claims of the current application. That subject matter should be readily
identifiable by a person skilled in the art and may assist in putting into practice the ion as
defined in the claims of this application.
Summary of the Invention
In a first aspect, the invention provides a bispecific antigen binding molecule, sing a first
Fab nt which specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a second antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second
subunit capable of stable association; wherein
a) the bispecific n binding molecule provides monovalent binding to the first and/or
the second antigen,
b) (i) the first Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the second Fab
fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the inus of the first Fc domain
subunit, (ii) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the
first Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first
Fc domain subunit, or (iii) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-
terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-
terminus of the first Fab fragment ,
c) in the first and/or the second Fab fragment one of the following replacements is made: (i)
the variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, or (ii) the nt domains
CL and CH1 are replaced by each other,
provided that not the same replacement is made in the first and the second Fab fragment,
and
d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule does not comprise a single chain Fab fragment
In a second aspect, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide ng the bispecific
antigen binding molecule of the first aspect.
In a third aspect, the ion provides an expression vector comprising the isolated
polynucleotide of the second aspect.In a fourth aspect, the ion provides a host cell
comprising the isolated polynucleotide of the second aspect or the sion vector of the third
aspect, wherein the host cell is not a human cell within a human.
In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a method for producing the bispecific antigen binding
molecule of the first aspect, comprising the steps of a) culturing the host cell of the fourth aspect
under conditions suitable for the expression of the bispecific n binding le and b)
recovering the bispecific antigen g molecule.
In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific
antigen binding le of the first aspect, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Brief Description
Broadly described is a ific antigen binding molecule, comprising a first Fab fragment
which specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a
second antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the bispecific antigen binding molecule es monovalent g to the first and/or the
second antigen,
b) the first Fab fragment, the second Fab fragment and the first Fc domain subunit are fused to
each other, and
c) in the first and/or the second Fab fragment one of the following replacements is made: (i) the
variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, (ii) the constant domains CL and
CH1 are replaced by each other, or (iii) both the variable and constant domains VL-CL and
VH-CH1 are replaced by each other,
provided that not the same replacement is made in the first and the second Fab fragment.
In ular embodiments, the first Fab nt is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its inus to the N-terminus of the first Fc
domain subunit. In a more specific embodiment, the first Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus
of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of the second Fab fragment, which is in
turn fused at the inus of its heavy chain to the inus of the first Fc domain subunit.
In other embodiments, the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the first Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc
domain subunit. In a more specific ment, the second Fab fragment is fused at the C-
terminus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of the first Fab fragment, which
is in turn fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain
subunit. In still other embodiments, the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-
terminus of the first Fc domain t, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-
us of the first Fab fragment. In a more specific embodiment, the second Fab fragment is
fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit,
which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of the first Fab
fragment.
In embodiments wherein either the first Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its heavy
chain to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of the second Fab fragment which is in turn fused at
the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, or the second
Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the heavy chain
of the first Fab fragment which is in turn fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-
terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, additionally the Fab light chain of the first Fab fragment
and the Fab light chain of the second Fab fragment may be fused to each other, optionally via a
peptide linker.
In one embodiment, the ement is made in the first Fab fragment. In some embodiments,
the replacement is a replacement of the variable domains VL and VH by each other. In other
embodiments the ement is a replacement of the constant domains CL and CH1 by each
other.
In one embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule essentially consists of the first Fab
fragment, the second Fab fragment, the Fc domain, and optionally one or more peptide linkers.
In ular embodiments, the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a third Fab
fragment which specifically binds to the first or the second antigen. In one embodiment, the third
Fab fragment is fused to the second Fc domain subunit. In a more specific embodiment, the third
Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the second Fc domain subunit. In en
even more specific embodiment, the third Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its heavy
chain to the N-terminus of the second Fc domain subunit. In one ment, the third Fab
fragment specifically binds to the second antigen. In some embodiments the the second Fab
fragment, the third Fab fragment and the Fc domain are part of an immunoglobulin molecule. In
a specific such embodiment, the globulin molecule is an IgG class immunoglobulin
molecule, more specifically an IgG1 or IgG4 subclass globulin molecule. In one
embodiment, the immunoglobulin molecule is a human immunoglobulin molecule. In one
embodiment, the bispecific n binding molecule essentially consists of a first Fab nt
which specifically binds to the first antigen, an immunoglobulin molecule which specifically
binds to the second antigen, and optionally one or more peptide linkers.
In one embodiment, the same replacement is made in Fab fragments that specifically bind to the
same antigen. In a further embodiment, a replacement is made only in the first Fab fragment. In
one ment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent binding to the
first n. In one embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule does not se a
-chain Fab fragment.
In certain embodiments, the Fc domain comprises a modification promoting the association of
the first and second Fc domain subunit. In a specific such embodiment, an amino acid residue in
the CH3 domain of the first subunit of the Fc domain is replaced with an amino acid residue
having a larger side chain volume, thereby generating a erance within the CH3 domain of
the first subunit which is positionable in a cavity within the CH3 domain of the second subunit,
and an amino acid residue in the CH3 domain of the second t of the Fc domain is replaced
with an amino acid residue having a smaller side chain volume, thereby generating a cavity
within the CH3 domain of the second subunit within which the protuberance within the CH3
domain of the first t is positionable. In one embodiment, the Fc domain is an IgG Fc
domain, ically an IgG1 or IgG4 Fc domain. In one embodiment the Fc domain is human. In
certain embodiments, the Fc domain is engineered to have altered binding affinity to an Fc
receptor and/or altered effector function, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain.
Also described is an isolated polynucleotide encoding a bispecific n binding molecule
described or a fragment thereof. Also described are polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides
described. Further bed is an expression vector comprising the isolated polynucleotide
described, and a host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide or the expression vector
described. In some ments the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, particularly a mammalian cell.
Also described is a method of producing the bispecific n g molecule described,
comprising the steps of a) culturing the host cell described under conditions suitable for the
expression of the bispecific antigen binding molecule and b) recovering the bispecific antigen
binding le. Also described is a bispecific antigen binding molecule produced by the
method described.
Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific antigen binding
molecule described and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Also described are methods of using the bispecific antigen g le and pharmaceutical
composition described. Described is a bispecific antigen binding molecule or a pharmaceutical
composition described for use as a medicament. Desribed is a bispecific antigen binding
molecule or a ceutical composition described for use in the treatment of a disease in an
individual in need thereof. In a specific embodiment the disease is .
Also described is the use of a bispecific antigen binding molecule bed for the manufacture
of a medicament for the treatment of a disease in an individual in need thereof; as well as a
method of treating a disease in an dual, comprising administering to said individual a
therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the bispecific n binding
molecule described in a pharmaceutically acceptable form. In a specific ment the disease
is cancer. In any of the above embodiments the individual preferably is a mammal, particularly a
human.
Brief Description of the gs
FIGURE 1. Illustration of exemplary formats of the bispecific antigen binding molecules
described. (A) “2+1” , with Crossfab fragment of different specificity fused to inus
of a Fab fragment comprised in an antibody (“2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”). (B) “1+1”
format, with Crossfab fragment of different specificity fused to N-terminus of a Fab nt
comprised in an antibody lacking the second Fab fragment (“1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”) .
(C) “2+1” format as in (A), wherein the order of the Crossfab fragment, and the Fab fragment to
which the Crossfab fragment is fused, is inverted (“2+1” IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted”).
(D) “2+1” format, with Crossfab fragment of different specificity fused to C-terminus of an Fc
domain subunit comprised in an antibody (“2+1 IgG ab (C-terminal)”). Black dot: optional
modification in the Fc domain promoting heterodimerization.
FIGURE 2. (A, B) SDS PAGE (4-12% Tris-Acetate (A) or 4-12% Bis/Tris (B), NuPage
Invitrogen, Coomassie-stained) of “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), Fc(hole) P329G LALA /
Fc(knob) wt” (anti-MCSP/anti-huCD3) (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3 and 4), non reduced (A) and
reduced (B). (C) Analytical size exclusion chromatography dex 200 10/300 GL GE
Healthcare; 2 mM MOPS pH 7.3, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% (w/v) NaCl; 50 μg sample ed) of
“1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), Fc(hole) P329G LALA / Fc(knob) wt” (anti-MCSP/antihuCD3
FIGURE 3. (A, B) SDS PAGE (4-12% Bis/Tris, NuPage Invitrogen, Coomassie-stained) of “2+1
IgG Crossfab minal)” MCSP/anti-huCD3) (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4 and 5), non
reduced (A) and reduced (B). (C) Analytical size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200
/300 GL GE Healthcare; 2 mM MOPS pH 7.3, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% (w/v) NaCl; 50 μg
sample injected) of “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (anti-MCSP/anti-huCD3).
FIGURE 4. (A, B) SDS PAGE (4-12% Bis/Tris, NuPage Invitrogen, Coomassie-stained) of “2+1
IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” (anti-CEA/anti-huCD3) (see SEQ ID NOs 3, 8, 9 and 10),
non reduced (A) and reduced (B). (C) Analytical size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200
/300 GL GE Healthcare; 2 mM MOPS pH 7.3, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% (w/v) NaCl; 50 μg
sample injected) of “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” (anti-CEA/anti-huCD3).
FIGURE 5. (A, B) Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SDS gel analysis of “2+1 IgG Crossfab (C-
terminal)” (anti-c-Met/anti-Her3) (see SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13, 14), non reduced (A) and
reduced (B).
FIGURE 6. Simultaneous binding of bispecific constructs to the D3 domain of human MCSP
and human CD3γ(G4S)5CD3ε–AcTev–Fc(knob)–Avi/Fc(hole). (A) Biacore assay setup; (B)
measurement of “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”.
FIGURE 7. Levels of different cytokines measured in the atant of whole blood after
treatment with 1 nM of different CD3-MCSP bispecific ucts (“2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-
terminal)”, “(scFv)2”) or corresponding control IgGs in the presence (A, B) or absence (C, D) of
Colo-38 tumor cells for 24 hours.
FIGURE 8. e expression level of the late activation marker CD25 on cynomolgus CD8+ T
cells from two ent animals (cyno Nestor, cyno Nobu) after 43 hours incubation with the
indicated concentrations of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” bispecific construct (targeting
cynomolgus CD3 and human MCSP), in the presence or absence of human MCSP-expressing
MV-3 tumor target cells (E:T ratio = 3:1). As controls, the reference IgGs (anti-cynomolgus CD3
IgG, anti-human MCSP IgG) or the iologic stimulus PHA-M were used.
FIGURE 9. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of -435 tumor cells upon co-culture
with human pan T cells (E:T ratio = 5:1) and activation for 20 hours by different concentrations
of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” and “(scFv)2” ific molecules and corresponding
IgGs.
FIGURE 10. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of MDA-MB-435 tumor cells upon ure
with human pan T cells (E:T ratio = 5:1), and activation for 21 hours by different
concentrations of the bispecific constructs and corresponding IgGs. The CD3-MCSP bispecific
“2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” and “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” constructs, the )2”
molecule and corresponding IgGs were compared.
FIGURE 11. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of huMCSP-positive MV-3 melanoma cells
upon co-culture with human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1), treated with different CD3-MCSP
bispecific constructs (“2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” and “(scFv)2”) for ~26 hours.
FIGURE 12. Examplary configurations of ific antigen binding molecules described having
a linked light chain. (A) Illustration of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N terminal), linked light chain”
molecule. (B) Illustration of the “1+1 IgG ab (N-terminal), linked light chain” molecule.
(C) Illustration of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), ed, linked light chain” le. (D)
Illustration of the “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted, linked light chain” molecule.
FIGURE 13. CE-SDS analyses. Electropherogram shown as SDS PAGE of “2+1 IgG Crossfab
(N-terminal), linked light chain” (lane 1: reduced, lane 2: duced).
FIGURE 14. Analytical size exclusion chromatography of “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal),
linked light chain” (final product). 20 µg sample “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), linked light
chain” were injected.
FIGURE 15. g (as measured by LDH release) of MCSP-positive MV-3 tumor cells upon
co-culture by human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1), treated with different CD3-MCSP bispecific
constructs for ~ 44 hours. Human PBMCs were isolated from fresh blood of healthy volunteers.
FIGURE 16. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of ositive Colo-38 tumor cells upon
co-culture by human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1), treated with different CD3-MCSP bispecific
constructs for ~22 hours. Human PBMCs were isolated from fresh blood of healthy volunteers.
FIGURE 17. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of MCSP-positive Colo-38 tumor cells upon
ture by human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1), treated with different CD3-MCSP bispecific
constructs for ~22 hours. Human PBMCs were isolated from fresh blood of healthy volunteers.
FIGURE 18. g (as measured by LDH release) of MCSP-positive WM266-4 cells upon co-
culture by human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1), treated with different CD3-MCSP bispecific
constructs for ~22 hours. Human PBMCs were isolated from fresh blood of healthy volunteers.
FIGURE 19. Surface expression level of the early activation marker CD69 (A) and the late
tion marker CD25 (B) on human CD8+ T cells after 22 hours incubation with 10 nM, 80
pM or 3 pM of different CD3-MCSP ific constructs in the presence or absence of human
MCSP-expressing 8 tumor target cells (E:T ratio = 10:1).
FIGURE 20. CE-SDS analyses. (A) Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of 1+1 IgG
ab minal); VL/VH ge (LC007/V9): a) non-reduced, b) reduced. (B)
Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of 1+1 CrossMab; CL/CH1 exchange (LC007/V9): a)
reduced, b) duced. (C) Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of 2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-
terminal), inverted; CL/CH1 exchange (LC007/V9): a) reduced, b) non-reduced. (D)
Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of 2+1 IgG ab (N-terminal); VL/VH exchange
(M4-3 ML2/V9): a) reduced, b) non-reduced. (E) Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); CL/CH1 exchange (M4-3 ML2/V9): a) reduced, b) non-reduced.
(F) Electropherogram shown as SDS-PAGE of 2+1 IgG ab (N-terminal), inverted;
CL/CH1 exchange (CH1A1A/V9): a) reduced, b) non-reduced.
FIGURE 21. Surface expression level of the early activation marker CD69 (A) or the late
activation marker CD25 (B) on human CD4+ or CD8+ T cells after 24 hours incubation with the
indicated concentrations of the CD3/MCSP “1+1 CrossMab”, “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”
and “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” constructs. The assay was med in the presence or
absence of MV-3 target cells, as indicated.
FIGURE 22. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of MKN-45 (A) or LS-174T (B) tumor cells
upon co-culture with human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1) and activation for 28 hours by different
concentrations of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted (VL/VH)” versus the “2+1 IgG
Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted 1)” construct.
FIGURE 23. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of WM266-4 tumor cells upon co-culture
with human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1) and activation for 26 hours by different concentrations of
the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal) (VL/VH)” versus the “2+1 IgG Crossfab minal)
(CL/CH1)” construct.
FIGURE 24. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of MV-3 tumor cells upon co-culture with
human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1) and tion for 27 hours by different concentrations of the
“2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal) (VH/VL)” versus the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)
(CL/CH1)” constructs.
FIGURE 25. Killing (as measured by LDH release) of human MCSP-positive WM266-4 (A) or
MV-3 (B) tumor cells upon co-culture with human PBMCs (E:T ratio = 10:1) and activation for
21 hours by different concentrations of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”, the “1+1
CrossMab”, and the “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”, as indicated.
FIGURE 26. Binding of bispecific ucts to human CD3, expressed by Jurkat cells (A), or to
human CEA, expressed by LS-174T cells (B) as determined by FACS. As a control, the
lent maximum concentration of the nce IgGs and the background staining due to the
labeled 2ndary antibody (goat anti-human FITC-conjugated AffiniPure F(ab’)2 Fragment, Fcγ
Fragment-specific, Jackson Immuno Research Lab # 109098) were assessed as well.
FIGURE 27. Binding of bispecific ucts to human CD3, expressed by Jurkat cells, or to
human MCSP, expressed by WM266-4 tumor cells (B) as determined by FACS.
Detailed Description of the ion
Definitions
Terms are used herein as generally used in the art, unless otherwise defined in the following.
As used herein, the term "antigen binding molecule" refers in its broadest sense to a molecule
that specifically binds an antigenic determinant. Examples of antigen binding molecules are
immunoglobulins and derivatives, e.g. fragments, thereof.
The term “bispecific” means that the antigen binding le is able to specifically bind to two
distinct antigenic inants. Typically, a bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises two
antigen binding sites, each of which is specific for a ent antigenic determinant. In certain
embodiments the bispecific antigen binding molecule is capable of simultaneously binding two
antigenic determinants, particularly two antigenic determinants expressed on two distinct cells.
As used herein, the term "antigenic determinant" is synonymous with "antigen" and "epitope,"
and refers to a site (e.g. a contiguous stretch of amino acids or a conformational configuration
made up of different regions of non-contiguous amino acids) on a polypeptide macromolecule to
which an antigen binding moiety binds, g an antigen binding moiety-antigen complex.
Useful antigenic inants can be found, for example, on the es of tumor cells, on the
surfaces of virus-infected cells, on the surfaces of other diseased cells, on the surface of immune
cells, free in blood serum, and/or in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The proteins referred to as
antigens herein (e.g. MCSP, FAP, CEA, EGFR, CD33, CD3, c-Met, Her3) can be any native
form the proteins from any vertebrate source, ing mammals such as primates (e.g. humans)
and rodents (e.g. mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. In a particular embodiment the
antigen is a human protein. Where reference is made to a specific protein , the term
encompasses the “full-length”, unprocessed protein as well as any form of the protein that results
from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally ing variants of the
protein, e.g. splice variants or allelic variants. ary human proteins useful as ns
include, but are not limited to: Melanoma-associated Chondroitin Sulfate glycan (MCSP),
also known as oitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 (UniProt no. Q6UVK1, NCBI Accession no.
NP_001888); Fibroblast Activation n (FAP), also known as Seprase (Uni Prot nos. Q12884,
Q86Z29, Q99998, NCBI Accession no. NP_004451); Carcinoembroynic antigen (CEA), also
known as Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (UniProt no. P06731,
NCBI Accession no. 354); CD33, also known as gp67 or Siglec-3 (UniProt no. P20138,
NCBI Accession nos. NP_001076087, NP_001171079); Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
(EGFR), also known as ErbB-1 or Her1 (UniProt no. P0053, NCBI Accession nos. NP_958439,
NP_958440), CD3, particularly the epsilon subunit of CD3 (UniProt no. P07766, NCBI
Accession no. 724); c-Met, also known as cyte Growth Factor Receptor (UniProt
no. P08581, NCBI Accession nos. NP_000236, NP_001120972) and Her3, also known as ErbB-
3 ot no. P21860, NCBI Accession nos. NP_001973, NP_001005915). In certain
embodiments the bispecific antigen binding molecule described binds to an epitope of an first
antigen or a second antigen that is conserved among the first antigen or second antigen from
different species.
By "specific binding" is meant that the binding is selective for the n and can be
discriminated from ed or non-specific interactions. The y of an antibody to bind to a
specific antigenic determinant can be measured either through an -linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) or other techniques familiar to one of skill in the art, e.g. surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) technique (analyzed on a BIAcore ment) (Liljeblad et al., Glyco J 17,
323-329 (2000)), and traditional binding assays (Heeley, Endocr Res 28, 217-229 ). In one
embodiment, the extent of binding of an antibody to an unrelated protein is less than about 10%
of the binding of the antibody to the antigen as measured, e.g., by SPR. In certain embodiments,
an antibody or a fragement thereof that binds to the n has a dissociation constant (KD) of ≤
1 μM, ≤ 100 nM, ≤ 10 nM, ≤ 1 nM, ≤ 0.1 nM, ≤ 0.01 nM, or ≤ 0.001 nM (e.g. 10-8 M or less, e.g.
from 10-8 M to 10-13 M, e.g., from 10-9 M to 10-13 M).
“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of non-covalent interactions between a single
binding site of a molecule (e.g., a receptor) and its binding partner (e.g., a ligand). Unless
indicated otherwise, as used , “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic g affinity which
reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., an antigen binding moiety and
an n, or a receptor and its ). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can
generally be represented by the dissociation constant (KD), which is the ratio of iation and
association rate constants (koff and kon, respectively). Thus, equivalent affinities may comprise
different rate constants, as long as the ratio of the rate constants remains the same. Affinity can
be measured by well established methods known in the art, including those described herein. A
particular method for measuring affinity is Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR).
The term “valent” as used herein denotes the presence of a specified number of antigen binding
sites in an antigen binding molecule. As such, the term “monovalent binding to an antigen”
denotes the presence of one (and not more than one) n binding site specific for the antigen
in the antigen binding molecule.
An “antigen g site” refers to the site, i.e. one or more amino acid es, of an antigen
binding molecule which provides interaction with the antigen. For example, the antigen binding
site of an antibody comprises amino acid residues from the complementarity determining regions
. A native globulin molecule typically has two antigen binding sites, a Fab
nt typically has a single antigen binding site.
As used , the term "antigen g moiety" refers to a polypeptide molecule that
specifically binds to an antigenic determinant. Antigen binding moieties e antibodies and
fragments thereof as further defined herein. Particular antigen binding moieties include an
n binding domain of an antibody, comprising an antibody heavy chain variable region and
an antibody light chain variable region. In certain embodiments, the antigen binding moieties
may comprise antibody constant regions as further defined herein and known in the art. Useful
heavy chain constant regions include any of the five isotypes: α, δ, ε, γ, or μ. Useful light chain
constant regions include any of the two isotypes: κ and λ.
As used herein, the terms ” and “second” with respect to Fab fragments etc., are used for
ience of distinguishing when there is more than one of each type of moiety. Use of these
terms is not intended to confer a specific order or orientation of the bispecific antigen binding
molecule unless explicitly so stated.
As used herein, the term "single-chain" refers to a molecule sing amino acid rs
linearly linked by peptide bonds. By a single-chain Fab fragment is meant a Fab molecule
wherein the Fab light chain and the Fab heavy chain are connected by a peptide linker to form a
single peptide chain.
The term “immunoglobulin molecule” refers to a protein having the structure of a naturally
occurring antibody. For example, immunoglobulins of the IgG class are heterotetrameric
glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two light chains and two heavy chains that
are disulfide-bonded. From N- to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a variable region (VH), also
called a variable heavy domain or a heavy chain variable domain, followed by a hinge region
(HR) and three nt domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3), also called a heavy chain constant
region. In case of an IgE class immunoglobulin the heavy chain additionally has a CH4 domain.
Hence, an immunoglobulin heavy chain is a polypeptide consisting in N-terminal to C-terminal
direction of the following domains: VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4). Similarly, from N- to C-
terminus, each light chain has a variable region (VL), also called a variable light domain or a
light chain variable , followed by a constant light (CL) domain, also called a light chain
constant region. Hence, an immunoglobulin light chain is a polypeptide consisting in inal
to C-terminal direction of the following domains: VL-CL. The heavy chain of an
immunoglobulin may be assigned to one of five types, called α (IgA), δ (IgD), ε (IgE), γ (IgG),
or μ (IgM), some of which may be further divided into es, e.g. γ1 (IgG1), γ2 (IgG2), γ3
(IgG3), γ4 (IgG4), α1 (IgA1) and α2 (IgA2). The light chain of an immunoglobulin may be
assigned to one of two types, called kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequence
of its constant domain. An immunoglobulin essentially consists of two Fab fragments and an Fc
domain, linked via the immunoglobulin hinge region.
The term "antibody" herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody
structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, and
antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired n-binding activity.
An "antibody nt" refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a
portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples
of antibody nts include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab', H, F(ab')2, diabodies,
linear antibodies, -chain antibody molecules (e.g. scFv), and single-domain antibodies. For
a review of certain antibody fragments, see Hudson et al., Nat Med 9, 129-134 (2003). For a
review of scFv fragments, see e.g. Plückthun, in The cology of Monoclonal Antibodies,
vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994); see also
WO 93/16185; and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,571,894 and 5,587,458. For discussion of Fab and F(ab')2
fragments comprising salvage receptor binding epitope residues and having increased in vivo
half-life, see U.S. Patent No. 5,869,046. Diabodies are antibody fragments with two antigenbinding
sites that may be bivalent or bispecific. See, for example, EP 404,097; WO 1161;
Hudson et al., Nat Med 9, 129-134 ; and ger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90,
6444-6448 (1993). dies and tetrabodies are also described in Hudson et al., Nat Med 9,
129-134 (2003). Single-domain antibodies are antibody fragments comprising all or a portion of
the heavy chain variable domain or all or a portion of the light chain variable domain of an
antibody. In certain embodiments, a single-domain antibody is a human single-domain antibody
tis, Inc., Waltham, MA; see e.g. U.S. Patent No. 6,248,516 B1). Antibody fragments can
be made by various techniques, including but not limited to proteolytic digestion of an intact
antibody as well as production by recombinant host cells (e.g. E. coli or , as described
herein.
A “Fab fragment” refers to a protein consisting of the VH and CH1 domain of the heavy chain
(the “Fab heavy chain”) and the VL and CL domain of the light chain (the “Fab light chain”) of
an immunoglobulin. A Fab fragment being fused to another protein is, in its unmodified form,
fused at its heavy chain C- or N-terminus. Consequently, where the variable domains VH and
VL are replaced by each other, the Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of the CH1 domain or
the inus of the VL domain. Similarly, where the constant domains CH1 and CL are
replaced by each other, the Fab fragment is fused at the inus of the CL domain or the N-
terminus of the VH domain, and where the complete Fab heavy chain (VH-CH1) and Fab light
chain (VL-CL) are replaced by each other, the Fab nt is fused at its light chain C- or N-
terminus.
By “fused” is meant that the components (e.g. a Fab fragment and an Fc domain t) are
linked by peptide bonds, either directly or via one or more peptide linkers.
The term "antigen g domain" refers to the part of an antibody that comprises the area
which specifically binds to and is complementary to part or all of an antigen. An antigen binding
domain may be ed by, for example, one or more dy variable domains (also called
antibody variable regions). Particularly, an antigen g domain comprises an antibody light
chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH).
The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or
light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy
chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar
ures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and three
hypervariable regions (HVRs). See, e.g., Kindt et al., Kuby Immunology, 6th ed., W.H. Freeman
and Co., page 91 (2007). A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding
icity.
The term variable region” or “HVR”, as used herein, refers to each of the regions of an
antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence and/or form structurally defined
loops rvariable loops”). Generally, native four-chain antibodies comprise six HVRs; three
in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3). HVRs generally comprise amino acid
residues from the hypervariable loops and/or from the complementarity determining regions
(CDRs), the latter being of highest sequence variability and/or involved in antigen recognition.
With the exception of CDR1 in VH, CDRs generally comprise the amino acid residues that form
the hypervariable loops. Hypervariable regions (HVRs) are also referred to as “complementarity
determining regions” (CDRs), and these terms are used herein interchangeably in reference to
portions of the variable region that form the antigen g regions. This particular region has
been described by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Sequences of ns
of Immunological st (1983) and by Chothia et al., J Mol Biol 196:901-917 (1987), where
the definitions include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared t
each other. Nevertheless, application of either definition to refer to a CDR of an antibody or
variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term as defined and used herein. The
appropriate amino acid residues which encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above
cited references are set forth below in Table 1 as a comparison. The exact residue numbers which
encompass a ular CDR will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those
skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues se a particular CDR given the
variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
TABLE 1. CDR Definitions1
CDR Kabat Chothia AbM2
VH CDR1 31-35 26-32 26-35
VH CDR2 50-65 52-58 50-58
VH CDR3 95-102 95-102 95-102
VL CDR1 24-34 26-32 24-34
VL CDR2 50-56 50-52 50-56
VL CDR3 89-97 91-96 89-97
1 ing of all CDR definitions in Table 1 is according to the numbering conventions
set forth by Kabat et al. (see below).
2 "AbM" with a ase “b” as used in Table 1 refers to the CDRs as
defined by Oxford Molecular's "AbM" antibody modeling software.
Kabat et al. also defined a ing system for variable region sequences that is applicable to
any antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of "Kabat
numbering" to any variable region ce, without reliance on any experimental data beyond
the sequence itself. As used herein, "Kabat numbering" refers to the numbering system set forth
by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Sequence of Proteins of
Immunological Interest" (1983). Unless otherwise specified, references to the ing of
specific amino acid residue positions in an antibody variable region are according to the Kabat
numbering system.
The polypeptide sequences of the ce listing are not numbered according to the Kabat
numbering system. However, it is well within the ordinary skill of one in the art to convert the
numbering of the sequences of the Sequence Listing to Kabat numbering.
"Framework" or "FR" refers to variable domain residues other than ariable region (HVR)
residues. The FR of a variable domain generally consists of four FR domains: FR1, FR2, FR3,
and FR4. Accordingly, the HVR and FR sequences generally appear in the following sequence in
VH (or VL): FR1-H1(L1)-FR2-H2(L2)-FR3-H3(L3)-FR4.
The ” of an antibody or immunoglobulin refers to the type of nt domain or constant
region possessed by its heavy chain. There are five major classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE,
IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1,
IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. The heavy chain constant s that correspond to the
different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively.
The term “Fc domain” or “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an
immunoblobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. The term
includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions. Although the ries of the Fc
region of an IgG heavy chain might vary slightly, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is
usually defined to extend from Cys226, or from , to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy
chain. However, the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc region may or may not be present.
Unless otherwise specified , numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc region or constant
region is ing to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat
et al., ces of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health e, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1991. A “subunit” of an Fc domain as used herein refers to
one of the two polypeptides forming the dimeric Fc domain, i.e. a polypeptide comprising C-
terminal constant regions of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, e of stable self-association.
For example, a subunit of an IgG Fc domain comprises an IgG CH2 and an IgG CH3 constant
region.
A “modification promoting the association of the first and the second subunit of the Fc domain”
is a manipulation of the peptide ne or the post-translational modifications of an Fc
domain subunit that reduces or prevents the association of a polypeptide comprising the Fc
domain subunit with an identical polypeptide to form a homodimer. A modification promoting
association as used herein particularly includes separate modifications made to each of the two
Fc domain subunits desired to associate (i.e. the first and the second subunit of the Fc domain),
wherein the modifications are complementary to each other so as to promote ation of the
two Fc domain subunits. For example, a modification promoting association may alter the
structure or charge of one or both of the Fc domain subunits so as to make their association
sterically or electrostatically ble, respectively. Thus, (hetero)dimerization occurs between
a polypeptide comprising the first Fc domain subunit and a polypeptide comprising the second
Fc domain subunit, which might be non-identical in the sense that further components fused to
each of the subunits (e.g. Fab fragments) are not the same. In some embodiments the
modification promoting association comprises an amino acid mutation in the Fc domain,
specifically an amino acid substitution. In a particular embodiment, the modification ing
association comprises a separate amino acid mutation, specifically an amino acid substitution, in
each of the two subunits of the Fc domain.
The term tor functions” refers to those biological ties attributable to the Fc region of
an antibody, which vary with the antibody isotype. Examples of antibody effector functions
include: C1q binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), Fc receptor binding,
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular
phagocytosis (ADCP), cytokine secretion, immune complex-mediated antigen uptake by antigen
presenting cells, down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor), and B cell
activation.
As used herein, the terms eer, engineered, engineering”, are considered to include any
manipulation of the peptide backbone or the post-translational modifications of a naturally
ing or recombinant polypeptide or fragment thereof. Engineering es modifications of
the amino acid sequence, of the glycosylation pattern, or of the side chain group of individual
amino acids, as well as combinations of these approaches.
The term “amino acid mutation” as used herein is meant to encompass amino acid substitutions,
deletions, insertions, and cations. Any combination of tution, deletion, insertion, and
modification can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct
possesses the desired characteristics, e.g., reduced binding to an Fc receptor, or increased
association with r e. Amino acid sequence deletions and ions include aminoand
/or carboxy-terminal deletions and insertions of amino acids. ular amino acid mutations
are amino acid substitutions. For the purpose of ng e.g. the binding characteristics of an Fc
region, non-conservative amino acid substitutions, i.e. replacing one amino acid with another
amino acid having different structural and/or chemical properties, are particularly preferred.
Amino acid substitutions include replacement by non-naturally occurring amino acids or by
naturally occurring amino acid tives of the twenty standard amino acids (e.g. 4-
hydroxyproline, 3-methylhistidine, ornithine, rine, oxylysine). Amino acid
mutations can be generated using genetic or chemical s well known in the art. Genetic
methods may include site-directed mutagenesis, PCR, gene synthesis and the like. It is
plated that methods of altering the side chain group of an amino acid by methods other
than genetic engineering, such as chemical modification, may also be useful. Various
designations may be used herein to indicate the same amino acid mutation. For example, a
substitution from e at position 329 of the Fc domain to glycine can be indicated as 329G,
G329, G329, P329G, or Pro329Gly.
As used herein, term "polypeptide" refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids)
linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as e bonds). The term "polypeptide" refers to
any chain of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product.
Thus, es, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, "protein," "amino acid chain," or any other
term used to refer to a chain of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of
"polypeptide," and the term "polypeptide" may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any
of these terms. The term "polypeptide" is also ed to refer to the products of post-expression
modifications of the polypeptide, including without tion glycosylation, acetylation,
phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic
cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A ptide may be derived
from a l ical source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily
translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including
by al synthesis. A polypeptide described may be of a size of about 3 or more, 5 or more,
or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 75 or more, 100 or more, 200 or more, 500 or
more, 1,000 or more, or 2,000 or more amino acids. Polypeptides may have a defined threedimensional
structure, although they do not necessarily have such structure. Polypeptides with a
defined three-dimensional structure are referred to as folded, and polypeptides which do not
possess a defined three-dimensional structure, but rather can adopt a large number of different
conformations, and are referred to as unfolded.
By an "isolated" polypeptide or a variant, or derivative thereof is intended a polypeptide that is
not in its natural milieu. No particular level of purification is required. For example, an isolated
ptide can be removed from its native or natural environment. Recombinantly produced
polypeptides and proteins expressed in host cells are ered isolated for the purpose
description, as are native or recombinant polypeptides which have been separated, fractionated,
or partially or substantially purified by any le technique.
By "isolated" nucleic acid molecule or polynucleotide is intended a c acid molecule, DNA
or RNA, which has been removed from its native environment. For e, a recombinant
polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide contained in a vector is considered isolated for the
purposes of the present description. r examples of an isolated polynucleotide include
recombinant polynucleotides maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or
substantially) polynucleotides in solution. An isolated polynucleotide es a polynucleotide
molecule contained in cells that ordinarily contain the polynucleotide molecule, but the
polynucleotide molecule is present extrachromosomally or at a chromosomal location that is
different from its natural chromosomal location. Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in
vitro RNA transcripts, as well as positive and negative strand forms, and double-stranded forms.
Isolated polynucleotides or nucleic acids according to the t description further include
such molecules ed synthetically. In addition, a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid may be or
may include a regulatory element such as a promoter, ribosome binding site, or a transcription
terminator.
The term “vector” or ssion " is synonymous with "expression construct" and refers
to a DNA molecule that is used to introduce and direct the expression of a specific gene to which
it is operably associated in a target cell. The term es the vector as a self-replicating nucleic
acid ure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has
been introduced. The expression vector described comprises an expression cassette. Expression
vectors allow transcription of large amounts of stable mRNA. Once the expression vector is
inside the target cell, the ribonucleic acid molecule or protein that is encoded by the gene is
produced by the ar transcription and/or translation ery. In one embodiment, the
expression vector described comprises an expression cassette that comprises polynucleotide
sequences that encode bispecific antigen binding molecules described or fragments thereof.
The terms "host cell", "host cell line," and "host cell culture" are used interchangeably and refer
to cells into which exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced, including the progeny of such
cells. Host cells include "transformants" and "transformed " which e the primary
transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard to the number of passages.
Progeny may not be completely identical in nucleic acid content to a parent cell, but may contain
mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened or
selected for in the originally transformed cell are included . A host cell is any type of
cellular system that can be used to generate the bispecific antigen binding molecules described.
Host cells include cultured cells, e.g. mammalian cultured cells, such as CHO cells, BHK cells,
NS0 cells, SP2/0 cells, YO a cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6
cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, insect cells, and plant cells, to name only a few, but also
cells sed within a transgenic animal, transgenic plant or ed plant or animal tissue.
An “activating Fc receptor” is an Fc receptor that following engagement by an Fc domain of an
antibody elicits ing events that stimulate the receptor-bearing cell to perform effector
functions. Human activating Fc receptors include FcγRIIIa ), FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIa
(CD32), and FcαRI (CD89).
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an immune mechanism leading to the
lysis of antibody-coated target cells by immune effector cells. The target cells are cells to which
antibodies or tives thereof comprising an Fc region specifically bind, generally via the
protein part that is N-terminal to the Fc region. As used herein, the term “reduced (or sed)
ADCC” is defined as either a reduction (increase) in the number of target cells that are lysed in a
given time, at a given concentration of antibody in the medium surrounding the target cells, by
the mechanism of ADCC defined above, and/or an increase (reduction) in the concentration of
antibody in the medium surrounding the target cells, ed to achieve the lysis of a given
number of target cells in a given time, by the mechanism of ADCC. The reduction (increase) in
ADCC is relative to the ADCC mediated by the same antibody produced by the same type of
host cells, using the same standard production, purification, formulation and storage s
(which are known to those skilled in the art), but that has not been engineered. For example the
reduction in ADCC mediated by an antibody comprising in its Fc domain an amino acid
substitution that s ADCC, is relative to the ADCC mediated by the same antibody without
this amino acid substitution in the Fc domain. Suitable assays to measure ADCC are well known
in the art (see e.g. PCT publication no. or PCT patent application no.
An "effective amount" of an agent refers to the amount that is necessary to result in a
physiological change in the cell or tissue to which it is administered.
A "therapeutically effective amount" of an agent, e.g. a pharmaceutical composition, refers to an
amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the d therapeutic
or prophylactic result. A therapeutically effective amount of an agent for example eliminates,
decreases, delays, minimizes or prevents adverse effects of a disease.
An “individual” or “subject” is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to,
domesticated animals (e.g. cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and ), primates (e.g. humans and non-
human primates such as monkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g. mice and rats). Particularly, the
individual or subject is a human.
The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit
the biological ty of an active ient contained therein to be effective, and which
contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the
ation would be stered.
A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition,
other than an active ingredient, which is ic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.
As used herein, “treatment” (and tical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating”)
refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of a e in the
individual being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of
clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing
occurrence or recurrence of disease, ation of ms, diminishment of any direct or
indirect pathological consequences of the disease, ting metastasis, decreasing the rate of
disease ssion, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and ion or improved
prognosis. In some embodiments, bispecific antigen binding molecules described are used to
delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of a disease.
The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial
packages of therapeutic products, that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage,
stration, combination therapy, contraindications and/or warnings ning the use of
such therapeutic products.
The term “comprising” as used in this specification means “consisting at least in part of”. When
interpreting each statement in this specification that includes the term “comprising”, features
other than that or those prefaced by the term may also be present. Related terms such as
“comprise” and “comprises” are to be interpreted in the same manner.
Detailed Description of the ments
Described is a bispecific antigen binding le, comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the bispecific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent binding to the first and/or the
second antigen,
b) the first Fab nt, the second Fab fragment and the first Fc domain subunit are fused to
each other, and
c) in the first and/or the second Fab fragment one of the following replacements is made: (i)
the variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, (ii) the constant domains CL
and CH1 are replaced by each other, or (iii) both the le and constant s VL-CL
and VH-CH1 are replaced by each other,
provided that not the same replacement is made in the first and the second Fab nt.
Bispecific antigen binding le formats
The components of the bispecific antigen binding molecule can be fused to each other in a
variety of configurations. Exemplary configurations are depicted in Figure 1.
In ular embodiments, the first Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc
domain subunit (see examples in Figure 1A and 1B). In one such embodiment, the second Fab
fragment is fused to the first Fc domain t via an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a further
such embodiment, the first Fab nt is fused to the second Fab fragment via a peptide linker.
In one embodiment, the first Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-
terminus of the heavy chain of the second Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at the C-terminus
of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit.
In other embodiments, the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the first Fab nt, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc
domain subunit (see example in Figure 1C). In one such embodiment, the first Fab fragment is
fused to the first Fc domain subunit via an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a further such
embodiment, the second Fab fragment is fused to the first Fab fragment via a peptide linker. In
one embodiment, the second Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the N-
terminus of the heavy chain of the first Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at the C-terminus of
its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit.
In some embodiments wherein either the first Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus of its
heavy chain to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of the second Fab fragment which is in turn
fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the inus of the first Fc domain t, or the
second Fab fragment is fused at the inus of its heavy chain to the N-terminus of the heavy
chain of the first Fab fragment which is in turn fused at the C-terminus of its heavy chain to the
N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, additionally the Fab light chain of the first Fab
fragment and the Fab light chain of the second Fab fragment are fused to each other, optionally
via a peptide linker (see examples in Figure 12).
According to these embodiments, two Fab fragments of ent specificity are fused to each
other, one of which is in turn fused to an Fc domain subunit. This configuration allows for a
geometry (e.g. ce, angle between the Fab nts) different from the cal bispecific
immunoglobulin format with the two Fab fragments of the immunoglobulin molecule having
different specificities. For example, the ors found that this configuration is more suitable
than the classical bispecific immunoglobulin format for mimicking an immunological synapse
between a T cell and a target cell, as required if the bispecific antigen binding molecule is to be
used for T cell engagement and re-direction (data not shown).
In other embodiments, the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the inus of
the first Fc domain subunit, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first
Fab nt (see example in Figure 1D). In one such embodiment, the second Fab fragment is
fused to the first Fc domain subunit via an immunoglobulin hinge region. In a further such
embodiment, the first Fab fragment is fused to the first Fc domain subunit via a peptide linker. In
one embodiment, the second Fab fragment is fused at the inus of its heavy chain to the N-
terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-
terminus of the heavy chain of the first Fab fragment. According to these embodiments, two Fab
fragments of different specificity are fused to the two termini of an Fc domain subunit. Again,
this configuration allows for a distinct geometry which might be advantageous for particular
applications. In one embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule essentially consists of
the first Fab fragment, the second Fab fragment, the Fc domain, and optionally one or more
peptide linkers.
The bispecific antigen binding molecule described provides monovalent binding to at least one
of the two antigens it binds to. Monovalent binding is important, for example in cases where
internalization of the target antigen is to be expected ing binding of a high affinity n
binding molecule. In such cases, the presence of more than one antigen g moiety specific
for the target antigen may enhance internalization of the antigen, y reducing its availablity.
Furthermore, lent binding is essential where crosslinking of target antigen is not desired.
For example in bispecific antigen binding les for T cell engagement and re-direction,
bivalent binding to an activating T cell antigen such as CD3 could lead to activation of the T cell
even in the absence of target cells.
In other cases, however, bivalent binding might be desirable, for example to increase binding
affinity, optimize ing to the target site or allow inking of a target antigen.
Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a
third Fab fragment which specifically binds to the first or the second antigen. In one embodiment,
the third Fab fragment is fused to the second Fc domain subunit. In a more specific embodiment,
the third Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the second Fc domain
subunit. In an even more specific embodiment, the third Fab fragment is fused at the C-terminus
of its heavy chain to the inus of the second Fc domain t. In one embodiment, the
third Fab fragment is fused to the second Fc domain subunit via an immunoglobulin hinge region.
In one embodiment, the third Fab fragment ically binds to the second antigen.
In some embodiments the second Fab fragment, the third Fab fragment and the Fc domain are
part of an immunoglobulin molecule. In embodiments where the third Fab fragment specifically
binds to the second antigen, the immunoglobulin molecule is an immunoglobulin le
which specifically binds to the second antigen. In a specific such embodiment, the
immunoglobulin molecule is an IgG class immunoglobulin molecule, more specifically an IgG1
or IgG4 ss immunoglobulin molecule. In one specific embodiment the immunoglobulin
molecule is an IgG4 molecule comprising an amino acid substitution at position S228 (EU
numbering), particularly the amino acid substitution S228P. This amino acid substitution reduces
in vivo Fab arm exchange of IgG4 antibodies (see Stubenrauch et al., Drug Metabolism and
Disposition 38, 84-91 (2010)). In one embodiment, the immunoglobulin le is a human
immunoglobulin molecule. In one embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule
essentially consists of a first Fab fragment which specifically binds to the first antigen, an
immunoglobulin molecule which specifically binds to the second antigen, and optionally one or
more peptide linkers.
According to some of the above embodiments, the light chain of the first Fab fragment and the
light chain of the second Fab fragment are fused to each other, optionally via a peptide linker.
Depending on the configuration of the first and the second Fab fragment, the light chain of the
first Fab fragment may be fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the light chain of the
second Fab fragment, or the light chain of the second Fab fragment may be fused at its C-
terminus to the N-terminus of the light chain of the first Fab fragment. Fusion of the light chains
of the first and the second Fab fragment further reduces mispairing of unmatched Fab heavy and
light chains, and also reduces the number of plasmids needed for expression of some of the
bispecific antigen binding molecules described.
According to any of the above embodiments, components of the bispecific antigen binding
molecule (e.g. Fab fragments, Fc domain subunit) may be linked ly or through various
linkers, particularly peptide linkers comprising one or more amino acids, typically about 2-20
amino acids, that are described herein or are known in the art. Suitable, munogenic
peptide linker include, for example, (G4S)n, (SG4)n, (G4S)n or G4(SG4)n peptide linkers, wherein
n is generally a number between 1 and 10, typically between 2 and 4. A particularly le
peptide linker for fusing the light chains of the first and the second Fab fragment to each other is
(G4S)2. Additionally, peptide linkers may comprise (a portion of) an immunoglobulin hinge
region. An exemplary such linker is EPKSC(D)-(G4S)2 (SEQ ID NOs 72 and 73). Particularly
where a Fab fragment is linked to the N-terminus of an Fc domain subunit, it may be linked via
an globulin hinge region or a portion thereof, with or t an onal peptide
linker.
In certain embodiments the bispecific antigen g molecule comprises a polypeptide wherein
a VL region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CH1 region, which in turn shares a
carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide , which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with an immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In some of
these embodiments, the ific antigen binding molecule further ses an antibody light
chain (VL-CL) and/or a ptide wherein a VH region shares a carboxy al peptide
bond with a CL region. In some of these embodiments, the ific antigen binding le
further comprises a polypeptide wherein a VH region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with a CL region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide ,
which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a Fab light chain (VL-CL).
In other embodiments the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a ptide wherein a
Fab heavy chain 1) shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide , which
in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a VL region, which in turn shares a carboxyterminal
peptide bond with a CH1 region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with an Fc domain subunit ing an immunoglobulin hinge region (HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)).
In some of these embodiments, the bispecific antigen binding molecule further ses an
antibody light chain (VL-CL) and/or a polypeptide wherein a VH region shares a carboxy
terminal e bond with a CL region. In some of these embodiments, the bispecific antigen
binding molecule further comprises a polypeptide wherein a Fab light chain (VL-CL) shares a
carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with a VH region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CL
region.
In certain embodiments the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a polypeptide wherein
a VH region shares a y-terminal peptide bond with a CL region, which in turn shares a
carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with an immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In some of
these embodiments, the bispecific antigen binding molecule r comprises an antibody light
chain (VL-CL) and/or a polypeptide n a VL region shares a y terminal peptide
bond with a CH1 region. In some of these embodiments, the bispecific n g molecule
further comprises a polypeptide wherein a VL region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with a CH1 region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a e linker,
which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a Fab light chain (VL-CL).
In other embodiments the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a ptide wherein a
Fab heavy chain (VH-CH1) shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which
in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a VH region, which in turn shares a carboxyterminal
peptide bond with a CL region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with an Fc domain subunit ing an immunoglobulin hinge region (HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)).
In some of these embodiments, the bispecific antigen binding molecule further comprises an
antibody light chain (VL-CL) and/or a polypeptide wherein a VL region shares a carboxy
terminal peptide bond with a CH1 region. In some of these embodiments, the bispecific antigen
binding molecule further ses a polypeptide wherein a Fab light chain (VL-CL) shares a
carboxy-terminal e bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with a VL region, which in turn shares a y-terminal e bond with a
CH1 region.
In still other embodiments, the ific antigen g molecule comprises a ptide
wherein an immunoglobulin heavy chain ((VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)) shares a carboxyterminal
peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide
bond with a VH region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CL region.
In one embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule further comprises an
immunoglobulin heavy chain ((VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In another embodiment, the
bispecific antigen binding molecule further comprises an Fc domain subunit, optionally
including an antibody hinge region ((HR)-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In some of these embodiments, the
ific antigen binding molecule further comprises an antibody light chain (VL-CL) and/or a
polypeptide n a VL region shares a carboxy al peptide bond with a CH1 region.
Fab fragments
The antigen binding molecule described is bispecific, i.e. it comprises at least two antigen
binding moieties capable of specific binding to two distinct antigenic determinants. In a
particular embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding le is e of simultaneous
binding to two ct antigenic determinants. According to thedescription, the antigen binding
moieties are Fab fragments (i.e. antigen binding s composed of a heavy and a light chain,
each comprising a variable and a constant ). In one embodiment said Fab fragments are
human. In r embodiment said Fab fragments are humanized. In yet another embodiment
said Fab fragments comprise human heavy and light chain constant regions.
According to thedescription, at least one of the Fab fragments is a “Crossfab” fragment, wherein
the variable and/or constant domains of the Fab heavy and light chain are exchanged. Such
modifications prevent mispairing of heavy and light chains from different Fab fragments, thereby
improving the yield and purity of the bispecific antigen binding molecule described in
recombinant production. In other words, the problem of heavy and light chain mispairing in
bispecific antibody production is overcome by the exchange of heavy and light chain variable
and/or constant domains within one or more Fab fragments of the bispecific antigen binding
le, so that Fab fragments of different icity do not have identical domain
ement and uently do not “interchange” light chains.
Possible replacements include the following: (i) the variable domains of the Fab heavy and light
chain (VH and VL) are replaced by each other; (ii) the constant domains of the Fab heavy and
light chain (CH1 and CL) are replaced by each other; or (iii) the Fab heavy and light chain (VHCH1
and VL-CL) are replaced by each other.
To achieve the desired result, i.e. prevention of mispairing of heavy and light chains of different
specificity, not the same replacement must be made in Fab fragments of different specificity. For
example, in a Fab fragment which specifically binds to a first antigen, the heavy and light chain
variable domains may be exchanged, while in a Fab fragment which specifically binds to a
second antigen, the heavy and light chain constant region may be exchanged. As another
e, in a Fab fragment which specifically binds to a first antigen, no replacement may be
made, while in a Fab nt which specifically binds to a second antigen, the heavy and light
chain variable domains may be exchanged.
In a particular embodiment, the same replacement is made in Fab fragments of the same
specificity (i.e. in Fab fragments which specifically bind to the same antigen). A replacement
need not be made in all Fab fragments comprised in the bispecific n binding molecule. For
example in embodiments wherein there are three Fab fragments, it is sufficient to make a
replacement only in the Fab fragment having a different specificity from the other two Fab
fragments. Specifically, in embodiments wherein the bispecific antigen binding molecule
comprises a third Fab fragment which binds to the first antigen, a replacement is made only in
the second Fab fragment. rly, in embodiments wherein the bispecific antigen binding
molecule comprises a third Fab nt which binds to the second antigen, a replacement is
made only in the first Fab fragment.
In particular ments, a replacement is made in the first Fab nt. In one such
embodiment, no further replacement is made. In some embodiments, the replacement is a
replacement of the variable domains VL and VH by each other. In other embodiments the
replacement is a ement of the constant domains CL and CH1 by each other. In still other
embodiments, the replacement is a replacement of both the variable and constant domains VL-
CL and VH-CH1 by each other.
In a particular embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule es monovalent
binding to the first antigen. In one embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding le does not
comprise a single chain Fab fragment.
Described is a bispecific n binding le comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second t capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the ific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent g to the first antigen,
b) the first Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the second Fab
fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain
subunit,
c) in the first Fab fragment the constant s CL and CH1 are replaced by each other, and
d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule optionally comprises a third Fab fragment which
specifically binds to the second antigen and is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fc domain subunit.
Also described is a bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the bispecific antigen binding le provides monovalent binding to the first antigen,
b) the first Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the inus of the second Fab
fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the inus of the first Fc domain
subunit,
c) in the first Fab fragment the variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, and
d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule optionally comprises a third Fab fragment which
specifically binds to the second antigen and is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fc domain t.
Also described is a bispecific antigen binding le, comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the bispecific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent binding to the first antigen,
b) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fab
fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain
subunit,
c) in the first Fab fragment the constant domains CL and CH1 are replaced by each other, and
d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule optionally comprises a third Fab fragment which
specifically binds to the second n and is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fc domain subunit.
Also described is a bispecific antigen binding molecule, comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; n
a) the bispecific antigen binding le provides lent binding to the first antigen,
b) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fab
fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain
subunit,
c) in the first Fab fragment the variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, and
d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule optionally ses a third Fab fragment which
specifically binds to the second n and is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fc domain subunit.
Also bed is a bispecific antigen binding molecule, comprising a first Fab fragment which
specifically binds to a first antigen, a second Fab fragment which ically binds to a second
antigen, and an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable
association; wherein
a) the bispecific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent g to the first antigen,
b) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain
subunit, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fab nt,
c) in the first Fab fragment the constant domains CL and CH1 are replaced by each other, and
d) the ific antigen binding molecule optionally comprises a third Fab fragment which
specifically binds to the second antigen and is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of
the second Fc domain subunit.
Fc domain
The Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding le ts of a pair of polypeptide
chains comprising heavy chain domains of an antibody le. For example, the Fc domain of
an immunoglobulin G (IgG) le is a dimer, each subunit of which comprises the CH2 and
CH3 IgG heavy chain constant domains. The two subunits of the Fc domain are capable of stable
association with each other. The bispecific antigen binding molecule described comprises not
more than one Fc domain.
In one embodiment described the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding molecule is an IgG
Fc domain. In a particular embodiment the Fc domain is an IgG1 Fc domain. In another
embodiment the Fc domain is an IgG4 Fc domain. In a more specific embodiment, the Fc domain
is an IgG4 Fc domain comprising an amino acid tution at position S228 (EU ing),
particularly the amino acid substitution S228P. This amino acid substitution reduces in vivo Fab
arm exchange of IgG4 antibodies (see Stubenrauch et al., Drug Metabolism and Disposition 38,
84-91 (2010)). In a further particular embodiment the Fc domain is human. An exemplary
ce of a human IgG1 Fc region is given in SEQ ID NO: 71.
Fc domain modifications promoting heterodimerization
Bispecific antigen g molecules described comprise different Fab fragments, fused to one
or the other of the two subunits of the Fc domain, thus the two subunits of the Fc domain are
typically sed in two non-identical polypeptide chains. Recombinant co-expression of
these polypeptides and subsequent dimerization leads to several possible combinations of the
two polypeptides. To improve the yield and purity of bispecific antigen binding molecules in
recombinant production, it will thus be ageous to introduce in the Fc domain of the
bispecific n binding molecule a modification promoting the association of the desired
polypeptides.
Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the Fc domain comprises a modification promoting the
association of the first and the second Fc domain subunit. A modification may be present in the
first Fc domain subunit and/or the second Fc domain subunit.
The site of most extensive protein-protein interaction between the two subunits of a human IgG
Fc domain is in the CH3 domain of the Fc domain. Thus, in one embodiment said modification is
in the CH3 domain of the Fc domain.
In a specific embodiment said modification is a so-called “knob-into-hole” modification,
comprising a “knob” modification in one of the two ts of the Fc domain and a “hole”
modification in the other one of the two subunits of the Fc domain.
The knob-into-hole technology is described e.g. in US 5,731,168; US 7,695,936; Ridgway et al.,
Prot Eng 9, 617-621 (1996) and Carter, J Immunol Meth 248, 7-15 (2001). Generally, the
method involves introducing a protuberance (“knob”) at the ace of a first polypeptide and a
corresponding cavity (“hole”) in the interface of a second polypeptide, such that the
protuberance can be positioned in the cavity so as to promote heterodimer formation and hinder
mer formation. Protuberances are constructed by replacing small amino acid side chains
from the interface of the first polypeptide with larger side chains (e.g. ne or tryptophan).
Compensatory cavities of cal or similar size to the protuberances are created in the
interface of the second polypeptide by replacing large amino acid side chains with r ones
(e.g. alanine or threonine).
Accordingly, in a particular ment, in the CH3 domain of the first Fc domain subunit of
the bispecific n binding molecule an amino acid e is replaced with an amino acid
residue having a larger side chain volume, thereby ting a protuberance within the CH3
domain of the first t which is positionable in a cavity within the CH3 domain of the
second subunit, and in the CH3 domain of the second Fc domain subunit an amino acid residue
is replaced with an amino acid e having a smaller side chain volume, thereby generating a
cavity within the CH3 domain of the second subunit within which the protuberance within the
CH3 domain of the first subunit is positionable.
The protuberance and cavity can be made by altering the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides,
e.g. by site-specific mutagenesis, or by e synthesis.
In a specific embodiment, in the CH3 domain of the first subunit of the Fc domain the threonine
residue at position 366 is replaced with a tryptophan residue (T366W), and in the CH3 domain of
the second subunit of the Fc domain the tyrosine residue at position 407 is replaced with a valine
residue (Y407V). In one embodiment, in the second subunit of the Fc domain additionally the
ine residue at position 366 is replaced with a serine residue (T366S) and the leucine
residue at position 368 is replaced with an alanine residue (L368A).
In yet a further embodiment, in the first subunit of the Fc domain additionally the serine residue
at position 354 is replaced with a cysteine residue (S354C), and in the second subunit of the Fc
domain additionally the tyrosine residue at position 349 is replaced by a cysteine residue
(Y349C). Introduction of these two cysteine residues results in formation of a disulfide bridge
between the two subunits of the Fc domain, r stabilizing the dimer (Carter, J Immunol
Methods 248, 7-15 (2001)).
In an alternative embodiment a modification promoting association of the first and the second
subunit of the Fc domain comprises a modification mediating electrostatic ng effects, e.g.
as described in PCT publication . Generally, this method involves replacement
of one or more amino acid residues at the interface of the two Fc domain subunits by charged
amino acid residues so that homodimer formation becomes ostatically unfavorable but
heterodimerization electrostatically favorable.
Fc domain modifications altering Fc receptor g and/or effector function
In certain embodiments, the Fc domain is engineered to have altered binding affinity to an Fc
receptor and/or altered effector function, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain.
Binding to Fc receptors can be easily determined e.g. by ELISA, or by Surface Plasmon
Resonance (SPR) using standard instrumentation such as a BIAcore instrument (GE Healthcare),
and Fc receptors such as may be obtained by recombinant sion. A suitable such binding
assay is described herein. atively, g affinity of Fc domains or bispecific antigen
binding molecules comprising an Fc domain for Fc receptors may be evaluated using cell lines
known to s particular Fc receptors, such as NK cells expressing FcγIIIa receptor.
Effector function of an Fc domain, or a bispecific n g molecule comprising an Fc
, can be measured by methods known in the art. Suitable in vitro assays to assess ADCC
ty of a le of interest are described in PCT publication no. or PCT
patent application no. , orated herein by reference in their entirety.
Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and
Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the le of
interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g. in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al.,
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 652-656 (1998).
In some embodiments binding of the Fc domain to a complement component, specifically to C1q,
is altered. Accordingly, in some embodiments wherein the Fc domain is engineered to have
altered effector function, said altered effector function includes altered CDC. C1q binding assays
may be carried out to determine whether the bispecific antigen binding molecule is able to bind
C1q and hence has CDC ty. See e.g., C1q and C3c binding ELISA in
and . To assess complement activation, a CDC assay may be performed (see,
for example, Gazzano-Santoro et al., J Immunol Methods 202, 163 (1996); Cragg et al., Blood
101, 1045-1052 (2003); and Cragg and Glennie, Blood 103, 743 ).
a) Decreased Fc receptor binding and/or effector function
The Fc domain confers to the bispecific antigen binding molecule favorable pharmacokinetic
properties, including a long serum half-life which butes to good accumulation in the target
tissue and a favorable tissue-blood distribution ratio. At the same time it may, however, lead to
undesirable targeting of the ific antigen binding molecule to cells expressing Fc receptors
rather than to the preferred antigen-bearing cells. Moreover, the activation of Fc receptor
signaling pathways may lead to cytokine release and severe side effects upon systemic
administration.
Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen g
molecule is engineered to have reduced binding affinity to an Fc or and/or reduced effector
function, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain. In one such embodiment the Fc domain
(or the bispecific antigen g molecule sing said Fc domain) exhibits less than 50%,
preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10% and most ably less than 5% of the
binding affinity to an Fc receptor, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain (or a bispecific
antigen binding molecule comprising a non-engineered Fc ), and/or less than 50%,
preferably less than 20%, more preferably less than 10% and most preferably less than 5% of the
effector on, as compared to a gineered Fc domain domain (or a bispecific antigen
binding molecule comprising a non-engineered Fc domain). In one embodiment, the Fc domain
domain (or the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising said Fc domain) does not
substantially bind to an Fc receptor and/or induce effector function. In a particular embodiment
the Fc receptor is an Fcγ receptor. In one embodiment the Fc receptor is a human Fc or. In
one embodiment the Fc receptor is an activating Fc receptor. In a specific embodiment the Fc
receptor is an activating human Fcγ receptor, more ically human FcγRIIIa, FcγRI or
FcγRIIa, most specifically human FcγRIIIa. In one embodiment the effector function is one or
more selected from the group of CDC, ADCC, ADCP, and cytokine secretion. In a particular
embodiment the effector function is ADCC. In one embodiment the Fc domain domain exhibits
substantially similar binding affinity to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), as compared to a nonengineered
Fc domain. Substantially similar binding to FcRn is achieved when the Fc domain (or
the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising said Fc domain) exhibits greater than about
70%, particularly greater than about 80%, more particularly greater than about 90% of the
binding affinity of a non-engineered Fc domain (or the bispecific antigen binding molecule
comprising a non-engineered Fc domain) to FcRn.
In certain embodiments, the Fc domain of the bispecific n binding molecule comprises one
or more amino acid mutation that reduces the binding affinity of the Fc domain to an Fc receptor
and/or effector function. Typically, the same one or more amino acid mutation is present in each
of the two subunits of the Fc domain. In one embodiment the amino acid mutation reduces the
binding affinity of the Fc domain to an Fc receptor. In one embodiment the amino acid mutation
reduces the binding affinity of the Fc domain to an Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold,
or at least 10-fold. In embodiments where there is more than one amino acid mutation that
reduces the binding affinity of the Fc domain to the Fc or, the combination of these amino
acid mutations may reduce the binding affinity of the Fc domain to an Fc receptor by at least 10-
fold, at least 20-fold, or even at least 50-fold. In a ular embodiment the Fc receptor is an
Fcγ receptor. In some embodiments the Fc receptor is a human Fc receptor. In some
embodiments the Fc receptor is an activating Fc receptor. In a specific embodiment the Fc
receptor is an activating human Fcγ receptor, more specifically human FcγRIIIa, FcγRI or
FcγRIIa, most specifically human FcγRIIIa. ably, binding to each of these receptors is
reduced. In some embodiments binding affinity to a complement component, specifically
binding affinity to C1q, is also reduced. In one embodiment binding affinity to neonatal Fc
receptor (FcRn) is not reduced.
In certain embodiments the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen g molecule is engineered
to have d or function, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain. The reduced
effector function can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the ing: reduced
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), reduced antibody-dependent ediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC), d antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), reduced
cytokine secretion, reduced immune complex-mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting
cells, reduced g to NK cells, reduced g to macrophages, reduced binding to
monocytes, reduced binding to rphonuclear cells, d direct signaling inducing
apoptosis, reduced crosslinking of target-bound antibodies, reduced dendritic cell maturation, or
reduced T cell priming. In one embodiment the d effector function is one or more selected
from the group of reduced CDC, reduced ADCC, reduced ADCP, and d cytokine
secretion. In a particular embodiment the reduced effector function is reduced ADCC. In one
embodiment the reduced ADCC is less than 20% of the ADCC induced by a non-engineered Fc
domain (or a bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising a non-engineered Fc domain).
In one ment the amino acid mutation that reduces the binding affinity of the Fc domain to
an Fc receptor and/or effector function is an amino acid substitution. In one embodiment the Fc
domain comprises an amino acid substitution at a on selected from the group of E233,
L234, L235, N297, P331 and P329. In a more specific embodiment the Fc domain comprises an
amino acid substitution at a position selected from the group of L234, L235 and P329. In some
embodiments the Fc domain comprises the amino acid tutions L234A and L235A. In one
such embodiment, the Fc domain is an IgG1 Fc , particularly a human IgG1 Fc domain. In
one embodiment the Fc domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position P329. In a more
specific embodiment the amino acid substitution is P329A or P329G, particularly P329G. In one
embodiment the Fc domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position P329 and a further
amino acid tution at a position selected from E233, L234, L235, N297 and P331. In a more
specific embodiment the further amino acid tution is E233P, L234A, L235A, L235E,
N297A, N297D or P331S. In ular embodiments the Fc domain comprises amino acid
substitutions at positions P329, L234 and L235. In more particular embodiments the Fc domain
comprises the amino acid mutations L234A, L235A and P329G (“P329G LALA”). In one such
embodiment, the Fc domain is an IgG1 Fc , particularly a human IgG1 Fc domain. The
“P329G LALA” combination of amino acid substitutions almost completely abolishes Fcγ
receptor binding of a human IgG1 Fc domain, as described in PCT patent application no.
, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. also
bes methods of preparing such mutant Fc domains and methods for ining its
properties such as Fc receptor binding or effector functions.
IgG4 antibodies exhibit reduced binding affinity to Fc receptors and reduced effector functions as
compared to IgG1 antibodies. Hence, in some embodiments the Fc domain of the bispecific
antigen binding molecules described is an IgG4 Fc domain, particularly a human IgG4 Fc domain.
In one embodiment the IgG4 Fc domain ses amino acid tutions at position S228,
specifically the amino acid substitution S228P. To further reduce its binding affinity to an Fc
receptor and/or its effector function, in one embodiment the IgG4 Fc domain comprises an amino
acid substitution at position L235, specifically the amino acid substitution L235E. In another
embodiment, the IgG4 Fc domain comprises an amino acid substitution at position P329,
specifically the amino acid substitution P329G. In a particular embodiment, the IgG4 Fc domain
ses amino acid substitutions at positions S228, L235 and P329, specifically amino acid
substitutions S228P, L235E and P329G. Such IgG4 Fc domain s and their Fcγ receptor
binding properties are described in PCT patent application no. ,
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In a particular ment the Fc domain exhibiting reduced binding affinity to an Fc receptor
and/or reduced effector function, as compared to a native IgG1 Fc domain, is a human IgG1 Fc
domain comprising the amino acid substitutions L234A, L235A and optionally P329G, or a
human IgG4 Fc domain comprising the amino acid substitutions S228P, L235E and optionally
P329G.
In certain ments N-glycosylation of the Fc domain has been eliminated. In one such
ment the Fc domain comprises an amino acid mutation at position N297, particularly an
amino acid substitution replacing asparagine by e (N297A) or aspartic acid (N297D).
In addition to the Fc domains described hereinabove and in PCT patent application no.
, Fc s with reduced Fc receptor binding and/or effector function also
include those with substitution of one or more of Fc domain residues 238, 265, 269, 270, 297,
327 and 329 (U.S. Patent No. 056). Such Fc mutants include Fc mutants with substitutions
at two or more of amino acid positions 265, 269, 270, 297 and 327, including the so-called
“DANA” Fc mutant with substitution of residues 265 and 297 to alanine (US Patent No.
7,332,581).
Mutant Fc domains can be prepared by amino acid on, substitution, insertion or
cation using genetic or chemical methods well known in the art. Genetic methods may
include site-specific mutagenesis of the ng DNA sequence, PCR, gene synthesis, and the
like. The correct nucleotide changes can be verified for e by sequencing.
b) Increased Fc receptor g and/or effector function
Conversely, there may be situations where it is desirable to in or even enhance Fc receptor
binding and/or effector functions of the bispecific antigen binding molecules, for example when
the bispecific antigen binding molecule is targeted to a highly specific tumor antigen. Hence, in
certain embodiments the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding molecules described is
engineered to have increased binding affinity to an Fc receptor. Increased binding affinity may
be an increase in the binding affinity of the Fc domain to the Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at
least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold. In one embodiment the Fc receptor is an activating Fc receptor.
In a specific embodiment the Fc receptor is an Fcγ receptor, particularly a human Fcγ receptor.
In one ment the Fc receptor is selected from the group of FcγRIIIa, FcγRI and FcγRIIa.
In a particular embodiment the Fc receptor is FcγRIIIa.
In one such embodiment the Fc domain is engineered to have an altered oligosaccharide
structure compared to a non-engineered Fc domain. In a particular such embodiment the Fc
domain comprises an increased proportion of non-fucosylated oligosaccharides, compared to a
non-engineered Fc domain. In a more specific ment, at least about 50%, more particularly
at least about 70%, of the N-linked oligosaccharides in the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen
binding molecule are non-fucosylated. The non-fucosylated oligosaccharides may be of the
hybrid or complex type. In another specific embodiment the Fc domain ses an sed
proportion of bisected oligosaccharides, compared to a non-engineered Fc domain. In a more
ic embodiment, at least about 35%, particularly at least about 50%, more particularly at
least about 70%, of the N-linked oligosaccharides in the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen
binding molecule are bisected. The ed oligosaccharides may be of the hybrid or complex
type. In yet another specific embodiment the Fc domain ses an increased proportion of
bisected, non-fucosylated oligosaccharides, compared to a non-engineered Fc domain. In a more
specific ment, at least about 15%, more particularly at least about 25%, at least about
% or at least about 50%, of the N-linked oligosaccharides in the Fc domain of the bispecific
n binding molecule are bisected, non-fucosylated. The bisected, non-fucosylated
oligosaccharides may be of the hybrid or complex type.
The oligosaccharide structures in the bispecific antigen binding molecule Fc domain can be
ed by methods well known in the art, e.g. by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry as bed
in Umana et al., Nat Biotechnol 17, 176-180 (1999) or Ferrara et al., Biotechn Bioeng 93, 851-
861 (2006). The percentage of non-fucosylated oligosaccharides is the amount of
oligosaccharides lacking fucose residues, relative to all oligosaccharides attached to Asn 297
(e.g. x, hybrid and high mannose structures) and identified in an N-glycosidase F d
sample by MALDI TOF MS. Asn 297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position
297 in the Fc domain (EU ing of Fc region residues); however, Asn297 may also be
located about ± 3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions
294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in globulins. The percentage of bisected,
or bisected non-fucosylated, oligosaccharides is determined analogously.
Modification of the glycosylation in the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding molecule
may result from production of the bispecific antigen binding molecule in a host cell that has been
manipulated to express altered levels of one or more polypeptides having glycosyltransferase
activity.
In one embodiment the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding le is engineered to
have an altered oligosaccharide structure, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain, by
producing the bispecific antigen binding molecule in a host cell having altered activity of one or
more yltransferase. Glycosyltransferases include for example β(1,4)-N-
glucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII), -galactosyltransferase (GalT), β(1,2)-N-
acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI), β(1,2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II ) and
α(1,6)-fucosyltransferase. In a specific embodiment the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen
binding molecule is engineered to se an increased proportion of non-fucosylated
oligosaccharides, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain, by producing the bispecific
n g molecule in a host cell having sed β(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
III I) activity. In an even more specific embodiment the host cell additionally has
increased α-mannosidase II ) activity. The glycoengineering methodology that can be
used for glycoengineering bispecific antigen binding les described has been described in
greater detail in Umana et al., Nat Biotechnol 17, 176-180 (1999); Ferrara et al., Biotechn
Bioeng 93, 851-861 (2006); WO 99/54342 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684; EP 1071700); WO
2004/065540 (U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2004/0241817; EP 1587921), WO 03/011878 (U.S. Pat.
Appl. Publ. No. 2003/0175884), the content of each of which is expressly incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
Generally, any type of cultured cell line, including the cell lines discussed herein, can be used to
generate cell lines for the production of bispecific antigen binding molecules with altered
glycosylation pattern. Particular cell lines include CHO cells, BHK cells, NS0 cells, SP2/0 cells,
YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells,
and other mammalian cells. In certain embodiments, the host cells have been manipulated to
express increased levels of one or more polypeptides having β(1,4)-N-
acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII) activity. In certain embodiments the host cells have
been further manipulated to express sed levels of one or more polypeptides having αmannosidase
II (ManII) activity. In a ic embodiment, the polypeptide having GnTIII
ty is a fusion polypeptide comprising the catalytic domain of GnTIII and the Golgi
localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide. Particularly, said Golgi
localization domain is the Golgi localization domain of mannosidase II. Methods for generating
such fusion polypeptides and using them to produce antibodies with increased effector functions
are disclosed in Ferrara et al., Biotechn Bioeng 93, 851-861 (2006) and , the
entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by nce.
The host cells which contain a coding sequence of a bispecific antigen binding molecule
described and/or a coding ce of a polypeptide having glycosyltransferase activity, and
which express the biologically active gene products, may be identified e.g. by DNA-DNA or
DNA-RNA ization, the presence or absence of r" gene functions, assessing the
level of transcription as measured by the expression of the respective mRNA transcripts in the
host cell, or detection of the gene product as measured by immunoassay or by its biological
activity - methods which are well known in the art. GnTIII or Man II activity can be detected e.g.
by ing a lectin which binds to biosynthesis products of GnTIII or ManII, respectively. An
example for such a lectin is the E4-PHA lectin which binds preferentially to oligosaccharides
containing ing GlcNAc. Biosynthesis products (i.e. specific oligosaccharide structures) of
polypeptides having GnTIII or ManII activity can also be detected by mass spectrometric
analysis of oligosaccharides released from glycoproteins produced by cells expressing said
polypeptides. Alternatively, a functional assay which measures the increased effector function
and/or increased Fc receptor binding, mediated by bispecific antigen binding molecules
produced by the cells engineered with the polypeptide having GnTIII or ManII activity may be
used.
In r ment the Fc domain is ered to comprise an increased proportion of nonfucosylated
oligosaccharides, as ed to a gineered Fc domain, by producing the
bispecific antigen binding molecule in a host cell having sed α(1,6)-fucosyltransferase
activity. A host cell having sed -fucosyltransferase activity may be a cell in which
the α(1,6)-fucosyltransferase gene has been disrupted or ise deactivated, e.g. knocked out
(see Yamane-Ohnuki et al., Biotech Bioeng 87, 614 (2004); Kanda et al., Biotechnol Bioeng
94(4), 680-688 (2006); Niwa et al., J Immunol Methods 306, 151-160 (2006)).
Other examples of cell lines e of producing defucosylated bispecific antigen binding
molecules include Lec13 CHO cells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al., Arch
Biochem Biophys 249, 533-545 (1986); US Pat. Appl. No. US 2003/0157108; and WO
2004/056312, especially at Example 11). The bispecific antigen binding molecules described can
alternatively be glycoengineered to have reduced fucose residues in the Fc domain according to
the techniques disclosed in EP 1 176 195 A1, WO 03/084570, WO 03/085119 and U.S. Pat.
Appl. Pub. Nos. 2003/0115614, 2004/093621, 2004/110282, 2004/110704, 2004/132140, US
Pat. No. 6,946,292 (Kyowa), e.g. by reducing or abolishing the activity of a GDP-fucose
transporter protein in the host cells used for bispecific n binding molecule tion.
Glycoengineered bispecific antigen binding molecules described may also be produced in
expression systems that produce modified glycoproteins, such as those taught in WO
2003/056914 (GlycoFi, Inc.) or in and (Greenovation).
In one embodiment the Fc domain of the bispecific antigen binding molecule is ered to
have increased or function, compared to a non-engineered Fc . The increased
effector on can e, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: increased
complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC), increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), increased
cytokine secretion, increased immune x-mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting
cells, increased binding to NK cells, increased binding to macrophages, increased binding to
monocytes, increased binding to rphonuclear cells, increased direct ing ng
apoptosis, increased crosslinking of target-bound dies, sed dendritic cell maturation,
or increased T cell g.
In one embodiment the increased effector function is one or more selected from the group of
increased CDC, increased ADCC, sed ADCP, and increased cytokine secretion. In a
particular embodiment the increased effector function is increased ADCC. In one embodiment
ADCC induced by an engineered Fc domain (or a bispecific antigen binding molecule
comprising an engineered Fc domain) is a least 2-fold increased as compared to ADCC induced
by a non-engineered Fc domain (or a bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising a non-
ered Fc domain).
Antigens
The bispecific antigen binding molecules described may bind to a variety of antigens. In certain
embodiments the first and/or second antigen is an antigen associated with a pathological
condition, such as an antigen presented on a tumor cell, on a virus-infected cell, or at a site of
inflammation. Suitable antigens include cell surface antigens (for example, but not limited to,
cell surface receptors), antigens free in blood serum, and/or antigens in the extracellular matrix.
In particular embodiments the antigen is a human antigen.
Non-limiting examples of antigens include tumor antigens such as MAGE, MART-1/Melan-A,
gp100, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), adenosine deaminase-binding protein (ADAbp),
cyclophilin b, Colorectal associated n (CRC)-C017-1A/GA733, Carcinoembryonic
Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6, aml1, Prostate Specific
Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1, PSA-2, and PSA-3, te-specific
membrane antigen (PSMA), T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain, MAGE-family of tumor antigens
(e.g., MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A5, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A7,
MAGE-A8, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A10, MAGE-A11, MAGE-A12, MAGE-Xp2 (MAGE-B2),
MAGE-Xp3 (MAGE-B3), MAGE-Xp4 (MAGE-B4), MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, MAGE-C3,
MAGE-C4, MAGE-C5), GAGE-family of tumor antigens (e.g., GAGE-1, , GAGE-3,
, GAGE-5, GAGE-6, , GAGE-8, GAGE-9), BAGE, RAGE, LAGE-1, NAG,
GnT-V, MUM-1, CDK4, tyrosinase, p53, MUC family, HER2/neu, Her3, p21ras, RCAS1, α-
fetoprotein, E-cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin and γ-catenin, p120ctn, gp100 Pmel117, PRAME,
NY-ESO-1, cdc27, adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC), fodrin, Connexin 37, Ig-idiotype,
p15, gp75, GM2 and GD2 osides, Smad family of tumor antigens, lmp-1, P1A, EBV-
encoded r n (EBNA)-1, brain glycogen phosphorylase, SSX-1, SSX-2 (HOM-MEL-
40), SSX-1, SSX-4, SSX-5, SCP-1 and CT-7, and c-erbB-2; ECM ns such as syndecan,
heparanase, integrins, osteopontin, link, cadherins, laminin, laminin type EGF, lectin, fibronectin
and its alternatively spliced domains (e.g. the Extra Domain B), notch, various forms of tenascin
(e.g. tenascin C) and its atively spliced domains (e.g. the A1 or A2 domain of tenascin-C),
and matrixin; Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR),
CD2 (T-cell surface antigen), CD3 (heteromultimer associated with the TCR), CD19, CD22 (B-
cell receptor), CD23 (low affinity IgE receptor), CD25 (IL-2 receptor α chain), CD30 (cytokine
receptor), CD33 (myeloid cell e antigen), CD40 (tumor necrosis factor or), IL-6R
(IL6 receptor), CD20, Melanoma-associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (MCSP), nlike
growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and PDGFβR (β platelet-derived growth factor receptor).
In a ic ment the first and second antigen are selected from the group of Fibroblast
tion Protein (FAP), ma-associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (MCSP),
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Her3, c-Met, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA),
CD33 and CD3.
In a particular embodiment the first n is CD3, particularly human or cynomolgus CD3,
most particularly human CD3. In some embodiments, the first n is the epsilon subunit of
CD3. In one embodiment, the first Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal antibody H2C
(described in PCT publication no. WO2008/119567) for binding an epitope of CD3. In a
particular embodiment, the first Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal antibody SP34
(described in Pessano et al., EMBO J 4, 337-340 (1985)) for binding an epitope of CD3. In
another embodiment, the first Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal antibody V9
(described in Rodrigues et al., Int J Cancer Suppl 7, 45-50 (1992) and US patent no. 6,054,297)
for binding an epitope of CD3. In yet another ment, the first Fab fragment can compete
with onal antibody FN18 (described in Nooij et al., Eur J Immunol 19, 981-984 (1986))
for binding an epitope of CD3. In one embodiment, the first Fab fragment is specific for CD3
and comprises the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 77, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO:
78, the heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 79, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 81, the light
chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 82, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 83. In a further
embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for CD3 comprises a heavy chain variable region
sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to
SEQ ID NO: 80 and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 84, or variants thereof that retain
functionality. In r embodiment, the first Fab fragment is specific for CD3 and comprises
the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 104, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 105, the
heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 106, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 108, the light
chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 109, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 110. In a r
ment, the Fab fragment that is specific for CD3 comprises a heavy chain variable region
ce that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to
SEQ ID NO: 107 and a light chain variable region ce that is at least about 80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 111, or variants thereof that
retain functionality.
In a particular ment described, the bispecific antigen binding le is capable of
simultaneous binding to a target cell antigen, particularly a tumor cell antigen, and CD3. In one
embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule is capable of crosslinking a T cell and a
target cell by simultaneous binding to a target cell antigen and CD3. In an even more particular
embodiment, such simultaneous binding results in lysis of the target cell, particularly a tumor
cell. In one embodiment, such simultaneous binding results in activation of the T cell. In other
embodiments, such aneous binding s in a cellular response of a T lymphocyte,
particularly a cytotoxic T cyte, selected from the group of: eration, differentiation,
cytokine secretion, cytotoxic effector molecule release, xic ty, and sion of
activation markers. In one embodiment, binding of the bispecific antigen binding molecule to
CD3 without simultaneous binding to the target cell antigen does not result in T cell activation.
In one embodiment, the bispecific antigen binding molecule is capable of re-directing xic
activity of a T cell to a target cell. In a particular embodiment, said re-direction is independent of
MHC-mediated peptide antigen presentation by the target cell and and/or specificity of the T cell.
Particularly, a T cell according to any of the embodiments described is a cytotoxic T cell. In
some embodiments the T cell is a CD4+ or a CD8+ T cell, particularly a CD8+ T cell.
In one embodiment, the first antigen is c-Met, particularly human c-Met. In one embodiment, the
first Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal antibody 5D5 (described e.g. in US patent no.
7,476,724, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) for binding an epitope of c-
Met. In one embodiment, the first Fab fragment is specific for c-Met and comprises the heavy
chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 63, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 64, the heavy chain
CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 65, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 67, the light chain CDR2 of
SEQ ID NO: 68, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 69. In a further embodiment, the Fab
fragment that is specific for c-Met comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence that is at
least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 66
and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or 100% cal to SEQ ID NO: 70, or variants thereof that retain
functionality.
In particular ments the second antigen is a tumor-associated antigen, specficially an
antigen presented on a tumor cell or a cell of the tumor stroma. In one such embodiment the
second antigen is selected from the group of Fibroblast tion Protein (FAP), Melanomaassociated
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan , Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
(EGFR), Her3, CD33, and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA).
In one embodiment the second antigen is Melanoma-associated Chondroitin e
Proteoglycan (MCSP). In another embodiment second and optionally the third Fab fragment can
compete with monoclonal dy LC007 (see SEQ ID NOs 18 and 22) for binding to an
epitope of MCSP. In one embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for MCSP comprises the
heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 15, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 16, the heavy
chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 17, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 19, the light chain CDR2
of SEQ ID NO: 20, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 21. In a further embodiment, the
Fab fragment that is specific for MCSP comprises a heavy chain variable region ce that is
at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% cal to SEQ ID NO: 18
and a light chain variable region ce that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22, or ts f that retain
functionality. In another ment second and optionally the third Fab fragment can compete
with onal antibody M4-3 ML2 (see SEQ ID NOs 99 and 103) for binding to an epitope of
MCSP. In one embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for MCSP comprises the heavy
chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 96, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 97, the heavy chain
CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 98, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 100, the light chain CDR2 of
SEQ ID NO: 101, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 102. In a further embodiment, the
Fab fragment that is specific for MCSP comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence that is
at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 99
and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 103, or variants thereof that retain
functionality.
In yet another embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or variants thereof
that retain functionality. In a further embodiment the bispecific n binding molecule
comprises the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
3, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5,
or variants thereof that retain functionality. In yet another embodiment the bispecific antigen
binding le comprises the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 and the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or ts thereof that retain functionality. In still another
embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises the polypeptide ce of SEQ
ID NO: 4, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, the ptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
1 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, or variants thereof that retain functionality.
In a further embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the ptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86, or variants thereof
that retain functionality. In still a further embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule
comprises the ptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
87, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89 and the ptide ce of SEQ ID NO:
90, or variants thereof that retain functionality. In a r embodiment the ific antigen
binding molecule comprises the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92 and the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, or variants thereof that retain functionality. In still another
ment the bispecific antigen g molecule ses the polypeptide sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 87, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID
NO: 93 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94, or variants thereof that retain
functionality.
In one embodiment the second antigen is Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA). In another
embodiment the second and optionally the third Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal
antibody CH1A1A for binding to an epitope of CEA. See PCT publication ,
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the Fab fragment that is
specific for CEA comprises the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 39, the heavy chain CDR2 of
SEQ ID NO: 40, the heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 41, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID
NO: 43, the light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 44, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 45.
In a further embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for CEA comprises a heavy chain
variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 42 and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 46, or
variants thereof that retain onality.
In yet another embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, or variants thereof
that retain functionality. In still another embodiment the bispecific antigen binding molecule
ses the polypeptide ce of SEQ ID NO: 9, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87 and the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
95, or variants thereof that retain functionality.
In one embodiment the second antigen is Her3. In another embodiment the second and optionally
the third Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal antibody Mab 205.10 for g to an
epitope of Her3. See PCT publication no. , incorporated herein by reference in
its ty. In one embodiment, the Fab nt that is specific for Her3 comprises the heavy
chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 55, the heavy chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 56, the heavy chain
CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 57, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 59, the light chain CDR2 of
SEQ ID NO: 60, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 61. In a further embodiment, the Fab
fragment that is specific for Her3 comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence that is at
least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 58
and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 62, or variants thereof that retain
functionality.
In yet another embodiment the bispecific n binding molecule comprises the polypeptide
sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, the polypeptide
ce of SEQ ID NO: 13 and the ptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or variants
thereof that retain functionality.
In one embodiment the second n is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In another
embodiment the second and optionally the third Fab fragment can compete with monoclonal
antibody GA201 for binding to an epitope of EGFR. See PCT publication ,
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the Fab fragment that is
specific for EGFR comprises the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 23, the heavy chain CDR2
of SEQ ID NO: 24, the heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 25, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID
NO: 27, the light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 28, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 29.
In a further embodiment, the Fab nt that is specific for EGFR comprises a heavy chain
variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26 and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30, or
ts thereof that retain functionality.
In one embodiment the second antigen is fibroblast activation protein (FAP). In another
embodiment the second and optionally the third Fab nt can compete with monoclonal
antibody 3F2 for binding to an epitope of FAP. See PCT publication ,
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one ment, the Fab fragment that is
specific for FAP comprises the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 31, the heavy chain CDR2 of
SEQ ID NO: 32, the heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 33, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID
NO: 35, the light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 36, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 37.
In a further embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for FAP comprises a heavy chain
variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
100% cal to SEQ ID NO: 34 and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 38, or
variants thereof that retain functionality.
In one embodiment the second antigen is CD33. In one embodiment, the Fab fragment that is
specific for CD33 comprises the heavy chain CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 47, the heavy chain CDR2
of SEQ ID NO: 48, the heavy chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 49, the light chain CDR1 of SEQ ID
NO: 51, the light chain CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 52, and the light chain CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 53.
In a further embodiment, the Fab fragment that is specific for CD33 comprises a heavy chain
variable region sequence that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or
100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 50 and a light chain variable region sequence that is at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% cal to SEQ ID NO: 54, or
variants thereof that retain functionality.
Polynucleotides
Also described are isolated polynucleotides encoding a bispecific antigen g molecule as
described herein or a fragment thereof. The polynucleotides ng bispecific antigen g
molecules described may be expressed as a single polynucleotide that encodes the entire
bispecific antigen binding molecule or as le (e.g., two or more) cleotides that are
co-expressed. Polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides that are co-expressed may associate
through, e.g., ide bonds or other means to form a functional bispecific antigen binding
molecule. For e, the light chain portion of a Fab fragment may be encoded by a separate
polynucleotide from the portion of the ific antigen binding molecule comprising the heavy
chain portion of the Fab fragment, an Fc domain subunit and optionally (part of) another Fab
fragment. When co-expressed, the heavy chain polypeptides will associate with the light chain
polypeptides to form the Fab fragment. In another example, the portion of the bispecific antigen
binding molecule comprising one of the two Fc domain subunits and optionally (part of) one or
more Fab fragments could be encoded by a separate polynucleotide from the portion of the
bispecific antigen binding molecule comprising the the other of the two Fc domain subunits and
optionally (part of) a Fab fragment. When ressed, the Fc domain subunits will associate to
form the Fc domain.
In one embodiment, an isolated polynucleotide described encodes the first Fc domain subunit,
the heavy chain of the second Fab fragment and the heavy chain of the first Fab fragment. In a
more specific embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a VL
region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CH1 region, which in turn shares a
carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a e linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with an immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In another
specific embodiment the ed polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a Fab heavy
chain (VH-CH1) shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn
shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a VL region, which in turn shares a carboxyterminal
peptide bond with a CH1 region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with an Fc domain subunit ing an immunoglobulin hinge region (HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)).
In yet another specific embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a
VH region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CL region, which in turn shares a
y-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with an immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)). In still
r specific embodiment the isolated polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a Fab
heavy chain (VH-CH1) shares a y-terminal peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in
turn shares a y-terminal peptide bond with a VH region, which in turn shares a carboxyterminal
peptide bond with a CL region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond
with an Fc domain subunit ing an globulin hinge region (HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)).
In yet another specific embodiment, the ed polynucleotide encodes a ptide wherein
an immunoglobulin heavy chain ((VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-(CH4)) shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with a peptide linker, which in turn shares a y-terminal peptide bond with a
VH , which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CL region.
In further embodiments, an isolated polynucleotide described encodes the second Fc domain
subunit and optionally the heavy chain of a third Fab fragment. In a specific embodiment, the
isolated cleotide encodes an immunoglobulin heavy chain ((VH-CH1-HR-CH2-CH3-
(CH4)). In another specific embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide encodes an Fc domain
subunit, optionally including an antibody hinge region ((HR)-CH2-CH3-(CH4)).
In still further ments, an isolated polynucleotide described encodes one or more light
chain comprised in the bispecific antigen binding molecule. In a ic embodiment, the
isolated polynucleotide encodes an immunoglobulin light chain (VL-CL). In another specific
embodiment, the ed polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a VL region shares a
carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CH1 region. In yet another specific embodiment, the
isolated polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a VH region shares a carboxy-terminal
peptide bond with a CL region. In still another specific embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide
encodes a polypeptide wherein a VH region shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a CL
region, which in turn shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a Fab light chain (VL-CL). In
yet another specific embodiment, the ed polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide wherein a
Fab light chain (VL-CL) shares a carboxy-terminal peptide bond with a VH , which in turn
shares a y-terminal peptide bond with a CL region.
In another embodiment, described is an isolated polynucleotide encoding a bispecific antigen
binding molecule described or a nt thereof, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a
sequence that encodes a le region sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs 18, 22, 26, 30, 34,
38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 80, 84, 99, 103, 107 and 111. In another embodiment,
described is an isolated polynucleotide encoding a bispecific n g molecule or
nt thereof, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that encodes a polypeptide
sequence as shown in SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95. In another embodiment, described is an isolated polynucleotide
encoding a bispecific antigen binding molecule described or a fragment thereof, wherein the
polynucleotide comprises a sequence that encodes a variable region sequence that is at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence in
SEQ ID NOs 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 80, 84, 99, 103, 107 or 111. In
r embodiment, described is an isolated polynucleotide encoding a bispecific antigen
binding le or nt thereof, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that
encodes a polypeptide sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%
identical to an amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 85,
86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 or 95. Also described is an isolated polynucleotide ng a
bispecific antigen binding molecule described or a fragment thereof, wherein the polynucleotide
comprises a sequence that encodes the variable region ce of SEQ ID NOs 18, 22, 26, 30,
34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 80, 84, 99, 103, 107 or 111 with conservative amino acid
substitutions. Also described is an isolated polynucleotide encoding a bispecific antigen binding
molecule or fragment thereof, n the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that encodes the
polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 or 95 with conservative amino acid substitutions.
In n embodiments the polynucleotide or c acid is DNA. In other embodiments, a
polynucleotide described is RNA, for e, in the form of messenger RNA . RNA
described may be single stranded or double stranded.
Recombinant Methods
Bispecific antigen binding les described may be obtained, for example, by solid-state
peptide synthesis (e.g. Merrifield solid phase sis) or recombinant production. For
recombinant production one or more polynucleotide encoding the bispecific antigen binding
molecule (fragment), e.g., as described above, is isolated and inserted into one or more vectors
for r cloning and/or expression in a host cell. Such polynucleotide may be readily isolated
and sequenced using conventional procedures. In one embodiment a vector, preferably an
expression vector, comprises one or more of the polynucleotides described.. s which are
well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression s containing the
coding sequence of a bispecific antigen binding molecule (fragment) along with appropriate
transcriptional/translational control signals. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA
ques, synthetic techniques and in vivo recombination/genetic recombination. See, for
example, the techniques described in is et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY
, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (1989); and l et al., CURRENT
PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience,
N.Y (1989). The expression vector can be part of a plasmid, virus, or may be a nucleic acid
fragment. The expression vector includes an expression cassette into which the polynucleotide
encoding the bispecific antigen binding molecule (fragment) (i.e. the coding region) is cloned in
operable association with a promoter and/or other transcription or translation control elements.
As used , a "coding region" is a portion of nucleic acid which consists of codons translated
into amino acids. Although a "stop codon" (TAG, TGA, or TAA) is not translated into an amino
acid, it may be considered to be part of a coding region, if present, but any flanking sequences,
for example promoters, ribosome binding sites, transcriptional terminators, s, 5' and 3'
untranslated regions, and the like, are not part of a coding region. Two or more coding regions
can be present in a single polynucleotide construct, e.g. on a single vector, or in separate
polynucleotide constructs, e.g. on separate (different) vectors. Furthermore, any vector may
contain a single coding region, or may comprise two or more coding regions, e.g. a vector
described may encode one or more polypeptides, which are post- or nslationally separated
into the final proteins via proteolytic cleavage. In addition, a vector, polynucleotide, or c
acid described may encode heterologous coding s, either fused or unfused to a
polynucleotide encoding the bispecific antigen binding molecule (fragment) described, or t
or derivative thereof. Heterologous coding regions include without limitation specialized
elements or , such as a secretory signal e or a heterologous functional domain. An
operable association is when a coding region for a gene product, e.g. a polypeptide, is associated
with one or more regulatory sequences in such a way as to place expression of the gene product
under the influence or control of the regulatory sequence(s). Two DNA fragments (such as a
polypeptide coding region and a promoter associated therewith) are "operably associated" if
induction of promoter function results in the transcription of mRNA encoding the desired gene
t and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA fragments does not interfere with
the ability of the expression regulatory sequences to direct the expression of the gene product or
interfere with the ability of the DNA template to be ribed. Thus, a promoter region would
be operably associated with a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide if the promoter was capable of
effecting transcription of that nucleic acid. The promoter may be a cell-specific promoter that
directs ntial transcription of the DNA only in predetermined cells. Other transcription
control elements, besides a promoter, for example enhancers, operators, repressors, and
ription termination signals, can be operably associated with the cleotide to direct
cell-specific transcription. le promoters and other transcription control regions are
disclosed herein. A variety of transcription control regions are known to those skilled in the art.
These include, without tion, transcription control regions, which function in vertebrate
cells, such as, but not limited to, promoter and enhancer segments from cytomegaloviruses (e.g.
the immediate early promoter, in ction with intron-A), simian virus 40 (e.g. the early
promoter), and retroviruses (such as, e.g. Rous a virus). Other transcription control
regions e those derived from rate genes such as actin, heat shock protein, bovine
growth hormone and rabbit â-globin, as well as other sequences e of lling gene
expression in eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable transcription control regions include tissuespecific
promoters and enhancers as well as inducible promoters (e.g. promoters inducible
tetracyclins). Similarly, a variety of translation control elements are known to those of ry
skill in the art. These include, but are not limited to ribosome binding sites, ation initiation
and termination codons, and elements d from viral systems (particularly an internal
ribosome entry site, or IRES, also referred to as a CITE sequence). The sion cassette may
also include other features such as an origin of replication, and/or chromosome ation
elements such as retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs), or adeno-associated viral (AAV)
inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).
Polynucleotide and nucleic acid coding regions described may be associated with additional
coding regions which encode secretory or signal peptides, which direct the secretion of a
polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide described. For example, if ion of the bispecific
antigen binding molecule is desired, DNA encoding a signal sequence may be placed am
of the nucleic acid encoding a bispecific antigen binding molecule described or a fragment
thereof. According to the signal hypothesis, proteins secreted by mammalian cells have a signal
e or secretory leader sequence which is cleaved from the mature protein once export of the
growing protein chain across the rough endoplasmic reticulum has been initiated. Those of
ordinary skill in the art are aware that polypeptides ed by vertebrate cells generally have a
signal peptide fused to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, which is cleaved from the translated
polypeptide to produce a ed or "mature" form of the polypeptide. In certain embodiments,
the native signal peptide, e.g. an immunoglobulin heavy chain or light chain signal peptide is
used, or a functional derivative of that sequence that retains the ability to direct the secretion of
the polypeptide that is operably associated with it. Alternatively, a heterologous mammalian
signal e, or a functional derivative thereof, may be used. For example, the ype leader
sequence may be substituted with the leader sequence of human tissue plasminogen activator
(TPA) or mouse β-glucuronidase. Exemplary amino acid sequences of secretory signal peptides
are given in SEQ ID NOs 74-76.
DNA ng a short protein sequence that could be used to facilitate later purification (e.g. a
histidine tag) or assist in labeling the bispecific antigen binding molecule may be included within
or at the ends of the bispecific antigen binding molecule (fragment) encoding polynucleotide.
Also described is a host cell comprising one or more polynucleotides bed .. In
certain embodiments described is a host cell comprising one or more vectors described.. The
cleotides and vectors may incorporate any of the features, singly or in combination,
described herein in relation to polynucleotides and vectors, respectively. In one such
embodiment a host cell comprises (e.g. has been transformed or transfected with) a vector
comprising a polynucleotide that s (part of) a bispecific antigen binding molecule
described. As used herein, the term "host cell" refers to any kind of cellular system which can be
engineered to generate the bispecific antigen binding molecules bed or fragments thereof.
Host cells suitable for replicating and for supporting expression of bispecific antigen binding
les are well known in the art. Such cells may be transfected or transduced as appropriate
with the particular expression vector and large quantities of vector ning cells can be grown
for seeding large scale fermenters to obtain sufficient quantities of the bispecific antigen g
molecule for clinical applications. Suitable host cells include prokaryotic microorganisms, such
as E. coli, or various eukaryotic cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), insect cells, or
the like. For example, polypeptides may be produced in bacteria in particular when glycosylation
is not . After expression, the polypeptide may be isolated from the bacterial cell paste in a
soluble fraction and can be further purified. In addition to yotes, otic microbes such
as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for polypeptide-encoding
vectors, including fungi and yeast strains whose glycosylation pathways have been “humanized”,
resulting in the production of a polypeptide with a partially or fully human glycosylation pattern.
See Gerngross, Nat Biotech 22, 414 (2004), and Li et al., Nat Biotech 24, 210-215 (2006).
Suitable host cells for the expression of (glycosylated) polypeptides are also derived from
multicellular organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates). Examples of invertebrate cells include
plant and insect cells. Numerous baculoviral strains have been identified which may be used in
conjunction with insect cells, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Plant
cell cultures can also be utilized as hosts. See e.g. US Patent Nos. 5,959,177, 6,040,498,
6,420,548, 7,125,978, and 6,417,429 (describing PLANTIBODIESTM technology for producing
antibodies in transgenic plants). Vertebrate cells may also be used as hosts. For example,
ian cell lines that are adapted to grow in sion may be useful. Other examples of
useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7);
human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293T cells as described, e.g., in Graham et al., J Gen Virol
36, 59 (1977)), baby r kidney cells (BHK), mouse sertoli cells (TM4 cells as described,
e.g., in Mather, Biol Reprod 23, 1 (1980)), monkey kidney cells (CV1), African green
monkey kidney cells (VERO-76), human al carcinoma cells (HELA), canine kidney cells
(MDCK), buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A), human lung cells (W138), human liver cells (Hep
G2), mouse mammary tumor cells (MMT 060562), TRI cells (as described, e.g., in Mather et al.,
Annals N.Y. Acad Sci 383, 44-68 (1982)), MRC 5 cells, and FS4 cells. Other useful mammalian
host cell lines include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, including dhfr- CHO cells (Urlaub et
al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77, 4216 (1980)); and a cell lines such as YO, NS0, P3X63
and Sp2/0. For a review of certain mammalian host cell lines suitable for protein tion, see,
e.g., Yazaki and Wu, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 248 . Lo, ed., Humana Press,
Totowa, NJ), pp. 255-268 (2003). Host cells e cultured cells, e.g., mammalian cultured
cells, yeast cells, insect cells, bacterial cells and plant cells, to name only a few, but also cells
comprised within a transgenic , transgenic plant or cultured plant or animal tissue. In one
embodiment, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, preferably a mammalian cell, such as a e
Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell, a human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell or a lymphoid cell (e.g., Y0,
NS0, Sp20 cell).
Standard technologies are known in the art to express foreign genes in these systems. Cells
expressing a polypeptide comprising either the heavy or the light chain of an antigen binding
domain such as an antibody, may be engineered so as to also express the other of the antibody
chains such that the expressed product is an antibody that has both a heavy and a light chain.
In one embodiment, described is a method of producing a ific antigen binding molecule
bed, wherein the method comprises culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide
encoding the bispecific antigen binding molecule, as bed herein, under conditions le
for expression of the bispecific antigen binding le, and recovering the bispecific antigen
binding molecule from the host cell (or host cell culture medium).
The components of the bispecific antigen binding molecule are genetically fused to each other.
Bispecific antigen binding molecule can be designed such that its components are fused directly
to each other or indirectly through a linker sequence. The composition and length of the linker
may be determined in accordance with s well known in the art and may be tested for
efficacy. Examples of linker ces between different components of bispecific antigen
binding molecules are found in the sequences described herein. Additional sequences may also
be included to incorporate a ge site to te the individual components of the fusion if
desired, for example an endopeptidase recognition sequence.
In certain embodiments the Fab fragments forming part of the bispecific antigen binding
molecules comprise at least an antibody variable region capable of g an antigenic
determinant. Variable regions can form part of and be derived from naturally or non-naturally
occurring antibodies and fragments thereof. Methods to produce polyclonal antibodies and
monoclonal antibodies are well known in the art (see e.g. Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies, a
laboratory manual", Cold Spring Harbor tory, 1988). Non-naturally occurring antibodies
can be ucted using solid phase-peptide synthesis, can be produced recombinantly (e.g. as
described in U.S. patent No. 4,186,567) or can be obtained, for example, by screening
combinatorial ies comprising variable heavy chains and variable light chains (see e.g. U.S.
Patent. No. 5,969,108 to McCafferty).
Any animal species of dy, antibody nt, antigen binding domain or variable region
can be used in the bispecific antigen binding molecules described. Non-limiting antibodies,
antibody fragments, antigen binding domains or variable regions useful herein can be of murine,
primate, or human origin. If the bispecific antigen binding molecule is intended for human use, a
chimeric form of antibody may be used wherein the constant regions of the dy are from a
human. A humanized or fully human form of the antibody can also be prepared in ance
with methods well known in the art (see e. g. U.S. Patent No. 5,565,332 to Winter).
Humanization may be ed by various methods including, but not limited to (a) grafting the
non-human (e.g., donor antibody) CDRs onto human (e.g. recipient antibody) framework and
constant regions with or without retention of critical framework residues (e.g. those that are
important for retaining good antigen binding affinity or antibody functions), (b) grafting only the
non-human icity-determining regions (SDRs or a-CDRs; the residues critical for the
antibody-antigen interaction) onto human ork and constant regions, or (c) transplanting
the entire non-human variable domains, but "cloaking" them with a human-like section by
replacement of surface residues. Humanized antibodies and methods of making them are
reviewed, e.g., in Almagro and Fransson, Front Biosci 13, 1619-1633 (2008), and are further
described, e.g., in Riechmann et al., Nature 332, 323-329 (1988); Queen et al., Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 86, 10029-10033 (1989); US Patent Nos. 5,821,337, 7,527,791, 6,982,321, and
7,087,409; Jones et al., Nature 321, 522-525 (1986); Morrison et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 81,
6851-6855 ; Morrison and Oi, Adv Immunol 44, 65-92 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science
239, 1534-1536 (1988); Padlan, Molec Immun 31(3), 169-217 (1994); ri et al., Methods
36, 25-34 (2005) (describing SDR (a-CDR) grafting); Padlan, Mol Immunol 28, 8 (1991)
(describing “resurfacing”); Dall’Acqua et al., Methods 36, 43-60 (2005) (describing “FR
shuffling”); and Osbourn et al., Methods 36, 61-68 (2005) and Klimka et al., Br J Cancer 83,
252-260 (2000) (describing the “guided selection” approach to FR shuffling). Human antibodies
and human le regions can be ed using various techniques known in the art. Human
antibodies are bed generally in van Dijk and van de Winkel, Curr Opin Pharmacol 5, 368-
74 (2001) and Lonberg, Curr Opin Immunol 20, 450-459 (2008). Human variable s can
form part of and be derived from human onal antibodies made by the hybridoma method
(see e.g. Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)). Human antibodies and human variable regions may also be
prepared by administering an immunogen to a transgenic animal that has been modified to
produce intact human antibodies or intact antibodies with human variable regions in response to
antigenic challenge (see e.g. Lonberg, Nat Biotech 23, 1117-1125 (2005). Human antibodies and
human variable regions may also be generated by isolating Fv clone variable region sequences
selected from human-derived phage display libraries (see e.g., Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in
Molecular Biology 178, 1-37 (O’Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, NJ, 2001); and
McCafferty et al., Nature 348, 552-554; Clackson et al., Nature 352, 624-628 (1991)). Phage
typically display antibody fragments, either as single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments or as Fab
nts.
In certain embodiments, the Fab fragments useful herein are ered to have enhanced
binding affinity according to, for e, the s disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.
2004/0132066, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The ability of
the bispecific antigen binding molecule described to bind to a specific antigenic determinant can
be measured either through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other techniques
familiar to one of skill in the art, e.g. surface plasmon nce technique zed on a
BIACORE T100 system) (Liljeblad, et al., Glyco J 17, 323-329 (2000)), and ional binding
assays (Heeley, Endocr Res 28, 9 ). Competition assays may be used to identify an
antibody, antibody fragment, antigen binding domain or variable domain that competes with a
reference antibody for binding to a particular antigen. In certain embodiments, such a competing
antibody binds to the same e (e.g. a linear or a conformational epitope) that is bound by the
reference antibody. ed exemplary methods for mapping an epitope to which an antibody
binds are provided in Morris (1996) “Epitope Mapping Protocols,” in Methods in Molecular
Biology vol. 66 (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ). In an exemplary ition assay, immobilized
antigen is incubated in a solution comprising a first labeled antibody that binds to the n and
a second unlabeled antibody that is being tested for its ability to e with the first antibody
for binding to the antigen. The second antibody may be present in a hybridoma supernatant. As a
control, immobilized antigen is incubated in a on comprising the first labeled antibody but
not the second unlabeled antibody. After tion under conditions permissive for binding of
the first antibody to the antigen, excess unbound antibody is removed, and the amount of label
associated with immobilized antigen is measured. If the amount of label associated with
immobilized antigen is substantially reduced in the test sample ve to the control sample,
then that indicates that the second antibody is competing with the first dy for binding to
the antigen. See Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ch.14 (Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY).
ific antigen binding molecules prepared as described herein may be purified by art-known
ques such as high performance liquid chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gel
electrophoresis, affinity chromatography, size ion chromatography, and the like. The
actual conditions used to purify a particular protein will depend, in part, on factors such as net
charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity etc., and will be apparent to those having skill in the art.
For affinity chromatography purification an antibody, ligand, receptor or antigen can be used to
which the bispecific antigen binding molecule binds. For example, for affinity chromatography
purification of bispecific antigen binding molecules described, a matrix with protein A or protein
G may be used. Sequential Protein A or G affinity chromatography and size exclusion
chromatography can be used to e a bispecific n binding molecule essentially as
described in the Examples. The purity of the bispecific antigen binding molecule can be
determined by any of a y of well known analytical methods including gel electrophoresis,
high pressure liquid chromatography, and the like. For example, the heavy chain fusion proteins
expressed as described in the Examples were shown to be intact and ly assembled as
demonstrated by reducing SDS-PAGE (see e.g. Figure 3). Three bands were resolved at
approximately Mr 25,000, Mr 50,000 and Mr 75,000, corresponding to the predicted molecular
weights of the bispecific antigen binding molecule light chains, heavy chain and heavy chain/Fab
heavy chain fusion protein, respectively.
Assays
Bispecific antigen binding molecules bed herein may be fied, screened for, or
terized for their al/chemical properties and/or biological activities by various assays
known in the art.
Affinity assays
The affinity of the bispecific antigen binding molecule for an Fc receptor or a target antigen can
be ined in accordance with the methods set forth in the Examples by surface plasmon
resonance (SPR), using standard instrumentation such as a BIAcore instrument (GE Healthcare),
and receptors or target proteins such as may be obtained by recombinant expression.
Alternatively, g of bispecific antigen binding molecules for different receptors or target
antigens may be evaluated using cell lines expressing the particular receptor or target antigen, for
example by flow cytometry (FACS). A specific illustrative and exemplary embodiment for
measuring binding affinity is described in the following and in the Examples below.
According to one embodiment, KD is measured by surface n resonance using a
BIACORE® T100 machine (GE Healthcare) at 25 °C.
To analyze the interaction between the Fc-portion and Fc ors, gged recombinant Fcreceptor
is captured by an anti-Penta His antibody n) immobilized on CM5 chips and the
bispecific constructs are used as analytes. Briefly, carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips
(CM5, GE Healthcare) are activated with N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide
hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to the supplier’s instructions.
Anti Penta-His antibody is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0, to 40 μg/ml before
injection at a flow rate of 5 μl/min to e approximately 6500 response units (RU) of
coupled protein. Following the injection of the ligand, 1 M ethanolamine is injected to block
unreacted groups. Subsequently the Fc-receptor is captured for 60 s at 4 or 10 nM. For kinetic
measurements, old serial dilutions of the bispecific construct (range n 500 nM and
4000 nM) are ed in HBS-EP (GE Healthcare, 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA,
0.05 % Surfactant P20, pH 7.4) at 25 °C at a flow rate of 30 μl/min for 120 s.
To ine the affinity to the target antigen, bispecific ucts are captured by an anti
human Fab specific antibody (GE Healthcare) that is immobilized on an activated CM5-sensor
chip surface as described for the anti Penta-His antibody. The final amount of coupled protein is
is approximately 12000 RU. The bispecific constructs are captured for 90 s at 300 nM. The
target antigens are passed through the flow cells for 180 s at a concentration range from 250 to
1000 nM with a flowrate of 30 μl/min. The dissociation is monitored for 180 s.
Bulk refractive index differences are corrected for by subtracting the se obtained on
reference flow cell. The steady state response was used to derive the dissociation constant KD by
non-linear curve fitting of the Langmuir binding isotherm. Association rates (kon) and
dissociation rates (koff) are calculated using a simple one-to-one Langmuir binding model
RE® T100 Evaluation Software version 1.1.1) by aneously fitting the association
and dissociation sensorgrams. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is calculated as the
ratio koff/kon. See, e.g., Chen et al., J Mol Biol 293, 865-881 (1999).
ty assays
Biological activity of the bispecific antigen binding molecules described can be measured by
various assays known in the art, ing those described in the es. Biological activities
may for example include the induction of proliferation of T cells, the induction of ing in T
cells, the induction of sion of activation markers in T cells, the ion of cytokine
secretion by T cells, the inhibition of signaling in target cells such as tumor cells or cells of the
tumor stroma, the inhibition of proliferation of target cells, the induction of lysis of target cells,
and the induction of tumor regression and/or the improvement of survival.
Compositions, Formulations, and Routes of Administration
Also described are pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the bispecific antigen
binding molecules described herein, e.g., for use in any of the below therapeutic methods. In one
embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprises any of the bispecific antigen binding
molecules described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a
pharmaceutical composition comprises any of the bispecific antigen binding molecules described
herein and at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., as described below.
Further described is a method of producing a bispecific antigen binding molecule described in a
form suitable for administration in vivo, the method comprising (a) obtaining a bispecific antigen
binding molecule bed, and (b) formulating the bispecific antigen binding molecule with at
least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, whereby a preparation of bispecific antigen
binding molecule is formulated for administration in vivo.
Pharmaceutical compositions bed comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or
more bispecific antigen binding le dissolved or sed in a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier. The phrases "pharmaceutical or cologically acceptable" refers to
molecular es and compositions that are generally non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and
concentrations employed, i.e. do not produce an adverse, ic or other untoward reaction
when stered to an animal, such as, for example, a human, as appropriate. The preparation
of a pharmaceutical composition that contains at least one bispecific antigen binding molecule
and optionally an additional active ingredient will be known to those of skill in the art in light of
the present disclosure, as exemplified by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack
Printing Company, 1990, incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, for animal (e.g., human)
administration, it will be understood that preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general
safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biological Standards or corresponding
authorities in other countries. Preferred compositions are lyophilized ations or s
solutions. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents,
buffers, dispersion media, coatings, tants, antioxidants, vatives (e.g. antibacterial
agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives,
antioxidants, proteins, drugs, drug stabilizers, polymers, gels, binders, excipients, disintegration
agents, lubricants, ning agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and
combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example,
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289-1329,
incorporated herein by reference). Except r as any conventional carrier is incompatible
with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is
contemplated.
The composition may se different types of carriers depending on whether it is to be
administered in solid, liquid or aerosol form, and whether it need to be sterile for such routes of
administration as injection. Bispecific antigen binding molecules described (and any additional
therapeutic agent) can be administered intravenously, intradermally, intraarterially,
eritoneally, intralesionally, intracranially, intraarticularly, intraprostatically,
intrasplenically, intrarenally, intrapleurally, intratracheally, intranasally, intravitreally,
intravaginally, intrarectally, intratumorally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously,
subconjunctivally, intravesicularlly, mucosally, intrapericardially, intraumbilically,
cularally, orally, topically, locally, by inhalation (e.g. aerosol inhalation), ion,
infusion, continuous on, localized perfusion bathing target cells directly, via a catheter, via
a , in cremes, in lipid compositions (e.g. liposomes), or by other method or any
ation of the forgoing as would be known to one of ry skill in the art (see, for
example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990,
incorporated herein by reference). Parenteral administration, in particular intravenous injection,
is most commonly used for administering polypeptide molecules such as the bispecific antigen
binding molecules described.
Parenteral compositions include those designed for administration by injection, e.g.
aneous, ermal, esional, intravenous, intraarterial intramuscular, hecal or
eritoneal ion. For injection, the bispecific antigen binding molecules described may
be formulated in aqueous ons, preferably in physiologically compatible s such as
Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solution may contain
formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the
bispecific antigen binding molecules may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable
vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. Sterile able solutions are prepared by
orating the bispecific antigen g molecules described in the required amount in the
appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated below, as required. Sterility
may be readily accomplished, e.g., by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. Generally,
dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various ized active ingredients into a sterile
vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and/or the other ingredients. In the case of
sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable ons, suspensions or emulsion, the
preferred methods of ation are vacuum-drying or freeze-drying techniques which yield a
powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterilefiltered
liquid medium thereof. The liquid medium should be suitably buffered if necessary and
the liquid t first rendered isotonic prior to injection with sufficient saline or glucose. The
composition must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage, and ved
against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It will be
appreciated that endotoxin contamination should be kept minimally at a safe level, for example,
less that 0.5 ng/mg protein. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not
limited to: buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including
ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium
chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; phenol,
butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol;
cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues)
polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic
polymers such as nylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine,
histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including
glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol,
trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein
complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). Aqueous injection
suspensions may contain compounds which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as
sodium carboxymethyl ose, sorbitol, dextran, or the like. Optionally, the suspension may
also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to
allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. Additionally, suspensions of the
active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic
solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as
ethyl cleats or triglycerides, or liposomes.
Active ingredients may be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation
techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for e, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatinmicrocapsules
and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug
delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles
and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990). Sustained-release
preparations may be ed. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include
semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the polypeptide, which
matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. In particular
ments, ged absorption of an able composition can be brought about by the
use in the compositions of agents delaying tion, such as, for example, aluminum
monostearate, gelatin or combinations thereof.
In addition to the compositions described previously, the bispecific antigen binding molecules
may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be
administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by
intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the bispecific antigen g les may be
formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an on in an
acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly e derivatives, for example, as a
sparingly soluble salt.
Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bispecific antigen g molecules described may
be ctured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, emulsifying, encapsulating,
entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in
conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients
or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the proteins into preparations that can be used
ceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
The bispecific antigen binding molecules may be formulated into a composition in a free acid or
base, neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are salts that substantially retain the
biological activity of the free acid or base. These include the acid addition salts, e.g., those
formed with the free amino groups of a proteinaceous composition, or which are formed with
inorganic acids such as for example, hydrochloric or oric acids, or such organic acids as
acetic, oxalic, ic or mandelic acid. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be
derived from inorganic bases such as for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or
ferric hydroxides; or such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine or
procaine. Pharmaceutical salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous and other protic solvents than
are the corresponding free base forms.
Therapeutic Methods and Compositions
Any of the bispecific antigen binding molecules bed herein may be used in therapeutic
methods. Bispecific antigen binding molecules described can be used for example in the
treatment of cancers.
For use in therapeutic methods, bispecific antigen binding molecules described would be
formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion tent with good medical practice. s
for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular
mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder,
the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of stration,
and other factors known to l practitioners.
Described are bispecific antigen binding molecules described for use as a medicament.Also
described arebispecific antigen g molecules described for use in treating a disease. In
certain embodiments, bispecific antigen binding molecules described for use in a method of
treatment are described. In one embodiment, described is a bispecific antigen binding molecule
as described herein for use in the treatment of a e in an individual in need thereof. In
n embodiments, described is a bispecific antigen g molecule for use in a method of
treating an dual having a disease comprising administering to the individual a
therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antigen binding molecule. In certain
embodiments the disease to be d is a proliferative disorder. In a particular embodiment the
disease is cancer. In certain embodiments the method further comprises administering to the
individual a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., an
anti-cancer agent if the disease to be d is . An “individual” according to any of the
above embodiments is a mammal, preferably a human.
Also described is the use of a bispecific antigen binding le described in the manufacture
or preparation of a medicament. In one embodiment the medicament is for the treatment of a
disease in an individual in need thereof. In a further embodiment, the medicament is for use in a
method of ng a e sing administering to an individual having the disease a
therapeutically effective amount of the medicament. In certain embodiments the disease to be
treated is a proliferative disorder. In a particular embodiment the e is . In one
ment, the method further comprises administering to the individual a therapeutically
effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., an anti-cancer agent if the
disease to be treated is cancer. An “individual” according to any of the above embodiments may
be a mammal, ably a human.
Also described is a method for treating a disease. In one embodiment, the method comprises
administering to an individual having such disease a therapeutically effective amount of a
bispecific antigen binding molecule described. In one embodiment a composition is administered
to said invididual, sing the ific antigen binding molecule described in a
pharmaceutically acceptable form. In n embodiments the disease to be treated is a
proliferative disorder. In a particular embodiment the disease is cancer. In certain embodiments
the method further comprises administering to the individual a therapeutically ive amount
of at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., an anti-cancer agent if the e to be treated
is cancer. An “individual” according to any of the above embodiments may be a mammal,
preferably a human.
In certain embodiments the disease to be treated is a proliferative disorder, particularly cancer.
Non-limiting examples of cancers include bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer,
pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer,
endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, colon , colorectal , rectal cancer, gastric
cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer, skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, bone cancer, and
kidney cancer. Other cell eration disorders that can be treated using a bispecific antigen
binding molecule described include, but are not limited to neoplasms located in the: abdomen,
bone, breast, digestive system, liver, pancreas, peritoneum, endocrine glands (adrenal,
parathyroid, pituitary, testicles, ovary, thymus, thyroid), eye, head and neck, nervous system
(central and peripheral), lymphatic system, pelvic, skin, soft tissue, spleen, thoracic region, and
urogenital system. Also included are ncerous conditions or lesions and cancer metastases.
In certain embodiments the cancer is chosen from the group ting of renal cell cancer, skin
cancer, lung cancer, ctal cancer, breast , brain cancer, head and neck cancer. A
skilled artisan y recognizes that in many cases the bispecific antigen binding molecule may
not provide a cure but may only provide partial benefit. In some embodiments, a physiological
change having some benefit is also considered therapeutically beneficial. Thus, in some
embodiments, an amount of bispecific antigen binding molecule that provides a physiological
change is ered an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount". The subject,
patient, or individual in need of treatment is lly a mammal, more specifically a human.
In some embodiments, an effective amount of a bispecific antigen binding le described is
administered to a cell. In other embodiments, a eutically effective amount of a bispecific
antigen binding molecule described is administered to an individual for the treatment of disease.
For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of a bispecific n binding
molecule bed (when used alone or in combination with one or more other additional
therapeutic agents) will depend on the type of e to be treated, the route of administration,
the body weight of the patient, the type of bispecific antigen binding molecule, the severity and
course of the disease, whether the bispecific n binding le is administered for
preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous or concurrent therapeutic interventions, the patient's
clinical history and response to the ific antigen binding molecule, and the discretion of the
attending physician. The practitioner responsible for administration will, in any event, determine
the concentration of active ingredient(s) in a composition and appropriate dose(s) for the
individual subject. Various dosing schedules including but not limited to single or multiple
administrations over various oints, bolus administration, and pulse infusion are
contemplated herein.
The bispecific antigen binding molecule is suitably administered to the patient at one time or
over a series of treatments. Depending on the type and ty of the disease, about 1 µg/kg to
mg/kg (e.g. 0.1 mg/kg – 10 mg/kg) of ific antigen g molecule can be an initial
candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate
administrations, or by continuous infusion. One typical daily dosage might range from about 1
µg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated
administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment would
generally be sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. One exemplary
dosage of the bispecific antigen binding molecule would be in the range from about 0.005 mg/kg
to about 10 mg/kg. In other non-limiting examples, a dose may also comprise from about 1
microgram/kg body , about 5 microgram/kg body weight, about 10 microgram/kg body
weight, about 50 microgram/kg body weight, about 100 microgram/kg body , about 200
microgram/kg body weight, about 350 microgram/kg body weight, about 500 microgram/kg
body weight, about 1 milligram/kg body weight, about 5 milligram/kg body weight, about 10
milligram/kg body weight, about 50 milligram/kg body weight, about 100 milligram/kg body
weight, about 200 milligram/kg body weight, about 350 milligram/kg body weight, about 500
milligram/kg body weight, to about 1000 mg/kg body weight or more per administration, and
any range derivable therein. In non-limiting es of a derivable range from the numbers
listed , a range of about 5 mg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight, about 5
microgram/kg body weight to about 500 milligram/kg body weight, etc., can be administered,
based on the numbers described above. Thus, one or more doses of about 0.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg,
.0 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg (or any combination thereof) may be administered to the patient. Such
doses may be stered intermittently, e.g. every week or every three weeks (e.g. such that
the patient es from about two to about twenty, or e.g. about six doses of the bispecific
antigen binding molecule). An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses
may be stered. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this
therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and .
The bispecific antigen binding molecules described will generally be used in an amount effective
to e the ed purpose. For use to treat or prevent a disease condition, the bispecific
antigen binding les described, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, are administered
or d in a therapeutically effective amount. Determination of a therapeutically effective
amount is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed
disclosure provided .
For systemic administration, a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from in
vitro assays, such as cell culture assays. A dose can then be ated in animal models to
achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the IC50 as determined in cell culture.
Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
Initial dosages can also be estimated from in vivo data, e.g., animal models, using techniques that
are well known in the art. One having ordinary skill in the art could readily optimize
administration to humans based on animal data.
Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the
bispecific antigen binding molecules which are sufficient to maintain therapeutic effect. Usual
patient dosages for administration by injection range from about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg/day, lly
from about 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day. Therapeutically effective plasma levels may be achieved by
administering multiple doses each day. Levels in plasma may be ed, for e, by
HPLC.
In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the
bispecific antigen binding molecules may not be related to plasma concentration. One having
skill in the art will be able to optimize therapeutically effective local dosages without undue
experimentation.
A therapeutically effective dose of the bispecific antigen binding molecules bed herein will
generally provide therapeutic benefit without g substantial ty. ty and
therapeutic efficacy of a bispecific antigen binding molecule can be determined by standard
pharmaceutical procedures in cell culture or experimental animals. Cell culture assays and
animal studies can be used to determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of a population) and the
ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of a population). The dose ratio between toxic
and therapeutic s is the therapeutic index, which can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50.
Bispecific n binding molecules that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. In one
embodiment, the ific antigen binding molecule described exhibits a high therapeutic index.
The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range
of dosages suitable for use in humans. The dosage lies preferably within a range of circulating
concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this
range depending upon a variety of s, e.g., the dosage form ed, the route of
administration utilized, the condition of the subject, and the like. The exact formulation, route of
administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's
condition (see, e.g., Fingl et al., 1975, in: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1, p.
1, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
The attending physician for ts treated with bispecific antigen binding molecules described
would know how and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration due to toxicity, organ
dysfunction, and the like. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust
treatment to higher levels if the al response were not adequate (precluding toxicity). The
magnitude of an administered dose in the ment of the disorder of interest will vary with
the severity of the condition to be treated, with the route of administration, and the like. The
severity of the condition may, for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard stic
evaluation methods. r, the dose and perhaps dose frequency will also vary according to the
age, body weight, and response of the individual patient.
Other Agents and Treatments
The bispecific antigen binding molecules described may be administered in ation with
one or more other agents in therapy. For instance, a bispecific antigen binding molecule
described may be co-administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent. The term
"therapeutic agent” encompasses any agent administered to treat a symptom or disease in an
individual in need of such treatment. Such additional therapeutic agent may comprise any active
ingredients suitable for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with
complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. In certain embodiments, an
additional therapeutic agent is an immunomodulatory agent, a cytostatic agent, an inhibitor of
cell adhesion, a cytotoxic agent, an activator of cell apoptosis, or an agent that increases the
sensitivity of cells to apoptotic inducers. In a particular embodiment, the additional therapeutic
agent is an anti-cancer agent, for e a microtubule disruptor, an antimetabolite, a
topoisomerase tor, a DNA intercalator, an alkylating agent, a al therapy, a kinase
tor, a receptor antagonist, an tor of tumor cell apoptosis, or an giogenic agent.
Such other agents are suitably present in combination in s that are effective for the
purpose intended. The effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of ific
n binding molecule used, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed
above. The bispecific antigen binding molecules are generally used in the same dosages and with
administration routes as described herein, or about from 1 to 99% of the dosages described
herein, or in any dosage and by any route that is empirically/clinically determined to be
appropriate.
Such combination ies noted above encompass combined administration (where two or
more therapeutic agents are included in the same or separate compositions), and separate
administration, in which case, administration of the bispecific antigen binding molecule
described can occur prior to, simultaneously, and/or following, administration of the additional
therapeutic agent and/or adjuvant. Bispecific antigen binding molecules described can also be
used in combination with radiation y.
Articles of Manufacture
Also described is, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment,
prevention and/or sis of the disorders described above. The article of manufacture
comprises a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. le
containers include, for e, bottles, vials, syringes, IV solution bags, etc. The containers
may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a
composition which is by itself or combined with another composition effective for treating,
preventing and/or diagnosing the condition and may have a e access port (for example the
container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a
hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in the composition is a bispecific antigen
binding molecule described. The label or package insert indicates that the composition is used
for treating the condition of choice. Moreover, the article of manufacture may comprise (a) a first
container with a composition contained therein, wherein the ition comprises a bispecific
antigen binding molecule described; and (b) a second container with a composition contained
therein, wherein the composition comprises a further cytotoxic or otherwise therapeutic agent.
The e of manufacture in this embodiment may further comprise a package insert indicating
that the compositions can be used to treat a particular condition. Alternatively, or additionally,
the article of manufacture may further comprise a second (or third) container comprising a
ceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection ,
phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's on and dextrose solution. It may further include other
materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents,
s, needles, and syringes.
Examples
The following are examples of methods and compositions described. It is understood that various
other ments may be practiced, given the general ption provided above.
l methods
inant DNA Techniques
Standard methods were used to manipulate DNA as described in ok et al., Molecular
cloning: A laboratory manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New
York, 1989. The molecular biological reagents were used according to the manufacturers’
instructions. General information regarding the nucleotide sequences of human immunoglobulins
light and heavy chains is given in: Kabat, E.A. et al., (1991) ces of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, 5th ed., NIH Publication No. 91-3242.
DNA Sequencing
DNA sequences were determined by double strand sequencing.
Gene Synthesis
Desired gene segments where required were either generated by PCR using appropriate
templates or were synthesized by Geneart AG (Regensburg, Germany) from synthetic
oligonucleotides and PCR products by automated gene synthesis. In cases where no exact gene
sequence was available, oligonucleotide primers were designed based on sequences from closest
homologues and the genes were ed by RT-PCR from RNA originating from the riate
tissue. The gene segments flanked by singular restriction endonuclease cleavage sites were
cloned into standard cloning / sequencing s. The plasmid DNA was purified from
transformed bacteria and concentration determined by UV spectroscopy. The DNA sequence of
the ned gene fragments was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Gene segments were
designed with suitable restriction sites to allow sub-cloning into the respective expression
vectors. All constructs were designed with a 5’-end DNA sequence coding for a leader peptide
which s proteins for ion in eukaryotic cells. SEQ ID NOs 74-76 give exemplary
leader peptides.
Isolation of primary human pan T cells from PBMCs
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were prepared by Histopaque density
centrifugation from enriched lymphocyte preparations (buffy coats) ed from local blood
banks or from fresh blood from healthy human donors. Briefly, blood was d with sterile
PBS and carefully layered over a aque gradient (Sigma, H8889). After centrifugation for
minutes at 450 x g at room temperature (brake switched off), part of the plasma above the
PBMC containing interphase was discarded. The PBMCs were transferred into new 50 ml
Falcon tubes and tubes were filled up with PBS to a total volume of 50 ml. The mixture was
centrifuged at room temperature for 10 minutes at 400 x g (brake switched on). The supernatant
was discarded and the PBMC pellet washed twice with sterile PBS (centrifugation steps at 4°C
for 10 minutes at 350 x g). The ing PBMC tion was d automatically (ViCell)
and stored in RPMI1640 medium, containing 10% FCS and 1% L-alanyl-L-glutamine
(Biochrom, K0302) at 37°C, 5% CO2 in the incubator until assay start.
T cell enrichment from PBMCs was performed using the Pan T Cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi
Biotec #130156), ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the cell pellets were
d in 40 µl cold buffer per 10 million cells (PBS with 0.5% BSA, 2 mM EDTA, sterile
filtered) and incubated with 10 µl Biotin-Antibody Cocktail per 10 million cells for 10 min at
4°C. 30 µl cold buffer and 20 µl Anti-Biotin magnetic beads per 10 million cells were added, and
the mixture incubated for another 15 min at 4°C. Cells were washed by adding 10-20x the
current volume and a subsequent fugation step at 300 x g for 10 min. Up to 100 n
cells were ended in 500 µl buffer. Magnetic separation of unlabeled human pan T cells
was performed using LS columns (Miltenyi Biotec #130401) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. The resulting T cell population was d automatically (ViCell)
and stored in AIM-V medium at 37°C, 5% CO2 in the incubator until assay start (not longer than
24 h).
ion of primary human naive T cells from PBMCs
Peripheral blood mononuclar cells (PBMCs) were prepared by Histopaque density centrifugation
from enriched lymphocyte preparations (buffy coats) obtained from local blood banks or from
fresh blood from healthy human donors. T-cell enrichment from PBMCs was performed using
the Naive CD8+ T cell isolation Kit from Miltenyi Biotec (#130244), according to the
manufacturer’s instructions, but skipping the last isolation step of CD8+ T cells (also see
description for the isolation of primary human pan T cells).
Isolation of primary cynomolgus PBMCs from heparinized blood
eral blood mononuclar cells (PBMCs) were prepared by density centrifugation from fresh
blood from healthy cynomolgus donors, as follows: Heparinized blood was diluted 1:3 with
sterile PBS, and Lymphoprep medium (Axon Lab #1114545) was diluted to 90% with sterile
PBS. Two volumes of the diluted blood were layered over one volume of the diluted density
gradient and the PBMC fraction was ted by centrifugation for 30 min at 520 x g, without
brake, at room temperature. The PBMC band was transferred into a fresh 50 ml Falcon tube and
washed with e PBS by centrifugation for 10 min at 400 x g at 4°C. One low-speed
centrifugation was performed to remove the platelets (15 min at 150 x g, 4°C), and the resulting
PBMC population was automatically counted (ViCell) and immediately used for further assays.
Target cells
For the assessment of MCSP-targeting bispecific antigen binding molecules, the following tumor
cell lines were used: the human melanoma cell line WM266-4 (ATCC 676), derived
from a metastatic site of a malignant melanoma and expressing high levels of human MCSP; and
the human melanoma cell line MV-3 (a kind gift from The Radboud University Nijmegen
Medical Centre), expressing medium levels of human MCSP.
For the ment of rgeting bispecific antigen binding molecules, the following tumor
cell lines were used: the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45 (DSMZ #ACC 409), expressing
very high levels of human CEA; the human female Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cell line
LS-174T (ECACC #87060401), expressing medium to low levels of human CEA; the human
lioid pancreatic carcinoma cell line Panc-1 (ATCC 469), expressing (very) low
levels of human CEA; and a murine colon carcinoma cell line MC38-huCEA, that was
engineered in-house to stably express human CEA.
In addition, a human T cell leukaemia cell line, Jurkat (ATCC #TIB-152), was used to assess
binding of ent bispecific constructs to human CD3 on cells.
Example 1
ation, purification and characterization of bispecific antigen binding molecules
The heavy and light chain le region DNA sequences were subcloned in frame with either
the constant heavy chain or the constant light chain pre-inserted into the respective recipient
mammalian expression vector. The antibody expression was driven by an MPSV promoter and a
synthetic polyA signal sequence is located at the 3’ end of the CDS. In addition each vector
contained an EBV OriP sequence.
The molecules were produced by co-transfecting HEK293 EBNA cells with the mammalian
expression vectors. Exponentially growing HEK293 EBNA cells were transfected using the
calcium phosphate method. Alternatively, HEK293 EBNA cells growing in suspension were
transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI). For preparation of “1+1 IgG Crossfab” constructs,
cells were transfected with the corresponding expression vectors in a 1:1:1:1 ratio (“vector
second heavy chain” : r first light chain” : “vector light chain Crossfab” : “vector first
heavy chain-heavy chain ab”). For preparation of “2+1 IgG ab” constructs cells
were transfected with the corresponding expression s in a 1:2:1:1 ratio (“vector second
heavy chain” : “vector light chain” : “vector first heavy chain-heavy chain Crossfab” : “vector
light chain Crossfab”. For preparation of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), linked light chain”
construct, cells were transfected with the corresponding expression vectors in a 1:1:1:1 ratio
(“vector heavy chain” : “vector light chain” : “vector heavy chain (CrossFab-Fab-Fc)” : “vector
linked light chain”). For preparation of the “1+1 CrossMab” construct, cells were transfected
with the corresponding expression vectors in a 1:1:1:1 ratio (“vector first heavy chain” : “vector
second heavy chain” : “vector first light chain” : “vector second light chain”).
For transfection using m phosphate cells were grown as adherent monolayer cultures in T-
flasks using DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10 % (v/v) FCS, and transfected when
they were between 50 and 80 % confluent. For the transfection of a T150 flask, 15 million cells
were seeded 24 hours before transfection in 25 ml DMEM culture medium supplemented with
FCS (at 10% v/v final), and cells were placed at 37°C in an incubator with a 5% CO2 atmosphere
overnight. For each T150 flask to be transfected, a solution of DNA, CaCl2 and water was
prepared by mixing 94 µg total plasmid vector DNA divided in the corresponding ratio, water to
a final volume of 469 µl and 469 µl of a 1 M CaCl2 solution. To this solution, 938 µl of a 50 mM
HEPES, 280 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM Na2HPO4 solution at pH 7.05 were added, mixed ately
for 10 s and left to stand at room temperature for 20 s. The suspension was d with 10 ml of
DMEM supplemented with 2 % (v/v) FCS, and added to the T150 in place of the ng
medium. Subsequently, onal 13 ml of transfection medium were added. The cells were
incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for about 17 to 20 hours, then medium was replaced with 25 ml
DMEM, 10 % FCS. The conditioned culture medium was harvested approximately 7 days dia
exchange by centrifugation for 15 min at 210 x g, sterile filtered (0.22 m filter),
supplemented with sodium azide to a final concentration of 0.01 % (w/v), and kept at 4°C.
For transfection using polyethylenimine (PEI) HEK293 EBNA cells were cultivated in
suspension in serum free CD CHO e medium. For the production in 500 ml shake ,
400 million HEK293 EBNA cells were seeded 24 hours before transfection. For transfection
cells were centrifuged for 5 min at 210 x g, and supernatant was replaced by 20 ml pre-warmed
CD CHO medium. sion vectors were mixed in 20 ml CD CHO medium to a final amount
of 200 μg DNA. After addition of 540 μl PEI, the mixture was vortexed for 15 s and
subsequently incubated for 10 min at room ature. Afterwards cells were mixed with the
DNA/PEI on, transferred to a 500 ml shake flask and incubated for 3 hours at 37°C in an
tor with a 5% CO2 atmosphere. After the tion time 160 ml F17 medium was added
and cells were cultivated for 24 hours. One day after ection 1 mM valproic acid and 7%
Feed 1 (Lonza) were added. After a cultivation of 7 days, supernatant was collected for
cation by centrifugation for 15 min at 210 x g, the solution was sterile filtered (0.22 μm
filter), supplemented with sodium azide to a final concentration of 0.01 % w/v, and kept at 4°C.
The secreted proteins were purified from cell culture supernatants by Protein A affinity
chromatography, followed by a size exclusion tography step.
For affinity chromatography supernatant was loaded on a HiTrap nA HP column (CV = 5
ml, GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 25 ml 20 mM sodium phosphate, 20 mM sodium citrate,
pH 7.5 or 40 ml 20 mM sodium phosphate, 20 mM sodium citrate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, pH
7.5. Unbound protein was removed by g with at least ten column volumes 20 mM sodium
phosphate, 20 mM sodium citrate, 0.5 M sodium chloride pH 7.5, followed by an additional
wash step using six column volumes 10 mM sodium phosphate, 20 mM sodium citrate, 0.5 M
sodium de pH 5.45. Subsequently, the column was washed with 20 ml 10 mM MES,
100 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0, and target protein was eluted in six column volumes 20 mM
sodium citrate, 100 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM glycine, pH 3.0. Alternatively, target protein
was eluted using a gradient over 20 column volumes from 20 mM sodium citrate, 0.5 M sodium
chloride, pH 7.5 to 20 mM sodium citrate, 0.5 M sodium chloride, pH 2.5. The n solution
was neutralized by adding 1/10 of 0.5 M sodium phosphate, pH 8. The target protein was
concentrated and filtrated prior to loading on a HiLoad Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare)
equilibrated with 25 mM potassium phosphate, 125 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM glycine
solution of pH 6.7. For the purification of 1+1 IgG Crossfab the column was equilibrated with 20
mM histidine, 140 mM sodium chloride solution of pH 6.0.
The protein concentration of purified protein samples was determined by measuring the optical
density (OD) at 280 nm, using the molar extinction coefficient calculated on the basis of the
amino acid sequence. Purity and molecular weight of the bispecific ucts were analyzed by
SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of a reducing agent (5 mM 1,4-dithiotreitol) and
staining with Coomassie (SimpleBlue™ SafeStain from Invitrogen), using the NuPAGE® Pre-
Cast gel system (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s ctions (4-12% Tris-
Acetate gels or 4-12% Bis-Tris). Alternatively, purity and molecular weight of molecules were
analyzed by CE-SDS analyses in the presence and absence of a reducing agent, using the Caliper
LabChip GXII system (Caliper Lifescience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
The ate content of the protein samples was ed using a Superdex 200 10/300GL
analytical size-exclusion chromatography column (GE Healthcare) in 2 mM MOPS, 150 mM
NaCl, 0.02% (w/v) NaN3, pH 7.3 running buffer at 25°C. Alternatively, the aggregate t of
dy samples was analyzed using a TSKgel G3000 SW XL analytical size-exclusion column
(Tosoh) in 25 mM K2HPO4, 125 mM NaCl, 200 mM L-arginine monohydrocloride, 0.02% (w/v)
NaN3, pH 6.7 running buffer at 25°C.
The “2+1 IgG Crossfab (C-terminal)” construct (see SEQ ID NOs 11, 12, 13 and 14) was
prepared using plasmid vectors having a genomic gene zation, including intron sequences,
a CMV promoter and a polyadenylation signal from the gene of bovine growth hormone. The
bispecific construct was transiently expressed in F cells by simultaneous transfection of
ed plasmids via ction using different plasmid ratios. Cell were grown in F17 medium.
Supernatant was collected 5-7 days after transfection. Harvested cell-culture supernatant was
sterile filtrated through a 0.2 μm pore-size membrane (Millipore) prior to purification. For
purification, the bispecific molecule was ed on a MabSelectSure resin (GE Healthcare),
washed with 1x PBS and eluted with 20 mM sodium-citrate at pH 3.0. The molecule was further
purified by size exclusion chromatography using a SuperdexTM 200 GL ham Bioscience)
column equilibrated with 20 mM histidine, 140 mM NaCl, pH 6.0. Characterization (antibody
integrity assessment) of the bispecific molecule was done using Capillary electrophoresis (CESDS
) analysis, using microfluidic Labchip technology (Caliper). 5 µl of protein solution was
prepared for CE-SDS analysis using the HT Protein Express Reagent Kit according to the
manufacturer’s instructions and analysed on a p GXII system using a HT Protein Express
Chip.
Figures 2-5 show the results of the SDS PAGE and analytical size exclusion chromatography
and Table 2 shows the , aggregate content after Protein A and final monomer content of the
preparations of the different ific constructs. antly, the bispecific IgG Crossfab
constructs described showed a 10 to 20 fold reduced aggregate t after Protein A affinity
chromatography as compared to corresponding bispecific constructs comprising a single chain
Fab fragment instead of a Crossfab fragment (data not shown).
Figure 13 shows the result of the CE-SDS analyses of the anti-CD3/anti-MCSP bispecific “2+1
IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), linked light chain” construct (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 4, 5 and 85). 2 µg
sample was used for analyses. Figure 14 shows the result of the analytical size exclusion
chromatography of the final product (20 µg sample ed).
Figure 20 shows the results of the CE-SDS analyses of the 1+1 IgG Crossfab minal);
VL/VH exchange (LC007/V9), the 1+1 CrossMab; CL/CH1 exchange /V9), the 2+1 IgG
Crossfab (N-terminal), ed; CL/CH1 ge (LC007/V9), the 2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-
terminal); VL/VH exchange (M4-3 ML2/V9), the 2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); CL/CH1
exchange (M4-3 ML2/V9), and the 2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted; CL/CH1 exchange
(CH1A1A/V9), and Table 2 shows the yields, aggregate content after Protein A and final
monomer content of the preparations of the different bispecific constructs.
TABLE 2. Yields, aggregate content after Protein A and final and monomer content.
Construct Yield Aggregates after HMW LMW r
[mg/l] n A [%] [%] [%] [%]
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); 12.8 2.2 0 0 100
VL/VH exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); 3.2 5.7 0.4 0 99.6
VL/VH exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/cyCD3)
1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); 9.8 0 0 0 100
VL/VH exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), 0.34 13.04 4.4 0 95.6
ed; VL/VH exchange
uCD3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (C-terminal); 15 14
CL/CH1 exchange
(c-Met/Her3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), 0.54 40 1.4 0 98.6
linked light chain; VL/VH
exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3)
1+1 IgG ab (N-terminal); 6.61 8.5 0 0 100
VL/VH exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3)
1+1 CrossMab; CL/CH1 6.91 10.5 1.3 1.7 97
exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), 9.45 6.1 0.8 0 99.2
inverted; CL/CH1 exchange
(MCSP (LC007)/huCD3
2+1 IgG Crossfab minal); 36.6 0 9.5 35.3 55.2
VL/VH exchange
(MCSP (M4-3 ML2)/huCD3)
2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal); 2.62 12 2.8 0 97.2
CL/CH1 exchange
(MCSP(M4-3 uCD3)
2+1 IgG ab (N-terminal), 12.7 43 0 0 100
inverted; CL/CH1 exchange
(CEA/huCD3)
Example 2
Simultaneous g of bispecific constructs to both target antigens
Simultaneous binding to of the “2+1 IgG Crossfab minal)” construct (SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4,
) to human MCSP and human CD3ε was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (Figure 6).
All surface n resonance (SPR) experiments are performed on a Biacore T100 at 25°C
with HBS-EP as running buffer (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005%
Surfactant P20, Biacore, Freiburg/Germany).
Analysis of simultaneous g of the bispecific construct to the tumor antigen and the human
CD3ε was performed by direct coupling of 1650 resonance units (RU) of biotinylated D3 domain
of MCSP on a sensor chip SA using the standard coupling procedure. The assay setup is shown
in Figure 6A.
The “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct was captured for 60 s at 200 nM. Human
CD3γ(G4S)5CD3ε–AcTev–Fc(knob)–Avi/Fc(hole) was subsequently passed at a concentration of
2000 nM and a flow rate of 40 μl/min for 60 s. Bulk refractive index differences were corrected
for by subtracting the response obtained on a nce flow cell where the recombinant CD3ε
was flown over a surface with immobilized D3 domain of MCSP without captured bispecific
uct.
As shown in Figure 6B, the construct was able to bind the tumor antigen and the CD3
simultaneously. The binding level (RU) after injection of human CD3ε was higher than the
binding level achieved after injection of the construct alone reflecting that both tumor antigen
and the human CD3ε are bound to the bispecific construct.
Example 3
T cell activation by bispecific constructs in the presence and absence of target cells
Cytokine release
The purified “2+1 IgG Crossfab minal)” construct (SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4, 5) and the
“(scFv)2”molecule, both ing human MCSP and human CD3, were analyzed for their y
to induce T cell-mediated de novo secretion of cytokines in the presence or absence of tumor
target cells.
y, 280 µl whole blood from a healthy donor were plated per well of a deep-well 96-well
plate. 30 000 Colo-38 tumor target cells, expressing human MCSP, as well as the two bispecific
constructs and IgG controls were added at 1 nM final concentration. The cells were incubated for
24 h at 37°C, 5% CO2 and then centrifuged for 5 min at 350 x g. The supernatant was transferred
into a new deep-well 96-well-plate for the subsequent is. The CBA analysis was
med according to manufacturer’s instructions for FACS CantoII, using the combination of
the ing CBA Flex Sets: human granzyme B (BD 4), human IFN-γ Flex Set (BD
#558269), human TNF Flex Set (BD #558273), human IL-10 Flex Set (BD #558274), human IL-
6 Flex Set (BD #558276), human IL-4 Flex Set (BD #558272), human IL-2 Flex Set (BD
#558270).
Figure 7 shows the levels of the different cytokine measured in the atant. The main
cytokine secreted in the presence of Colo-38 tumor cells was IL-6, followed by IFN-γ. In
addition, also the levels of granzyme B strongly increased upon activation of T cells in the
presence of target cells. In general, both bispecific constructs induced high levels of cytokine
secretion in the presence of target cells (Figure 7, A and B), but not in the absence of target cells
(Figure 7, C and D). There was no icant ion of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) upon
activation of T cells in the presence (or absence) of target cells.
Expression of surface activation markers
In another experiment, purified “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (SEQ ID NOs 4, 5, 6, 7),
targeting cynomolgus CD3 and human MCSP, was analyzed for its potential to up-regulate the
surface activation marker CD25 on CD8+ T cells in the presence of tumor target cells. Briefly,
human MCSP-expressing MV-3 tumor target cells were harvested with Cell Dissociation Buffer,
washed and resuspendend in DMEM containing 2% FCS and 1% GlutaMax. 30 000 cells per
well were plated in a round-bottom 96-well plate and the respective antibody dilution was added
at the indicated concentrations (Figure 8). The bispecific construct and the ent IgG controls
were ed to the same molarity. Cynomolgus PBMC or cells, isolated from blood of
two y animals, were added to obtain a final E:T ratio of 3:1. After incubation for 43 h at
37°C, 5% CO2, the cells were centrifuged at 350 x g for 5 min and washed twice with PBS,
containing 0.1% BSA. Surface staining for CD8 (Miltenyi Biotech 80-601) and CD25
(BD #557138) was performed according to the er’s suggestions. Cells were washed twice
with 150 µl/well PBS containing 0.1% BSA and fixed for 15 min at 4°C, using 100 µl/well
fixation buffer (BD #554655). After centrifugation, the samples were resuspended in 200 l
PBS with 0.1% BSA and analyzed using a FACS I machine (Software FACS Diva).
As depicted in Figure 8, the bispecific construct induces concentration-dependent up-regulation
of CD25 on CD8+ T cells only in the presence of target cells. The anti cyno CD3 IgG (clone FN-
18) is also able to induce up-regulation of CD25 on CD8+ T cells, without being crosslinked to
tumor target cells (see data obtained with cyno Nestor). There is no hyperactivation of cyno T
cells with the maximal concentration of the bispecific construct (in the absence of target cells).
In another experiment, the CD3-MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), linked light chain” (see
SEQ ID NOs 1, 4, 5 and 85) was ed to the CD3-MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”
(see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4 and 5) for its potential to up-regulate the early activation marker CD69
or the late activation marker CD25 on CD8+ T cells in the ce of tumor target cells. Primary
human PBMCs (isolated as described above) were incubated with the indicated concentrations of
bispecific constructs for at least 22 h in the ce or absence of MCSP-positive Colo38 target
cells. Briefly, 0.3 million primary human PBMCs were plated per well of a flat-bottom 96-well
plate, containing the MCSP-positive target cells (or medium). The final effector to target cell
(E:T) ratio was 10:1. The cells were incubated with the indicated concentration of the bispecific
constructs and controls for the indicated incubation times at 37°C, 5% CO2. The effector cells
were stained for CD8, and CD69 or CD25 and analyzed by FACS CantoII.
Figure 19 shows the result of this experiment. There were no significant differences detected for
CD69 (A) or CD25 up-regulation (B) between the two 2+1 IgG Crossfab molecules (with or
without the linked light chain).
In yet another ment, the CD3-MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (see SEQ ID NOs 1,
3, 4, 5) and “1+1 IgG Crossfab minal)” (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4, 86) constructs were
compared to a bispecific CD3-MCSP IgG-like construct having one antigen binding arm
replaced by a Crossfab fragment (“1+1 CrossMab”; see SEQ ID NOs 4, 87, 88, 89) for their
potential to up-regulate CD69 or CD25 on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in the ce of tumor target
cells. The assay was performed as described above, in the presence of absence of human MCSP
expressing MV-3 tumor cells, with an incubation time of 24 h.
As shown in Figure 21, the “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” and “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-
terminal)” ucts induced more pronounced upregulation of activation markers than the “1+1
CrossMab” molecule.
Example 4
Re-directed T cell cytotoxicity ed by cross-linked bispecific constructs
targeting CD3 on T cells and MCSP on tumor cells (LDH release assay)
Bispecific constructs were analyzed for their potential to induce T cell-mediated apoptosis in
tumor target cells upon crosslinkage of the construct via binding of the antigen binding moieties
to their respective target antigens on cells.
In one experiment purified “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct (SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4, 5),
targeting human CD3 and human MCSP, and the ponding “(scFv)2” molecule were
compared. Briefly, huMCSP-expressing MDA-MB-435 human melanoma target cells were
harvested with Cell Dissociation Buffer, washed and resuspendend in AIM-V medium
(Invitrogen # 091). 30 000 cells per well were plated in a round-bottom 96-well plate and
the respective dilution of the construct was added at the indicated concentration. All constructs
and controls were ed to the same molarity. Human pan T effector cells were added to
obtain a final E:T ratio of 5:1. As a ve control for the activation of human pan T cells, 1
µg/ml PHA-M (Sigma #L8902) was used. For normalization, maximal lysis of the target cells (=
100%) was determined by incubation of the target cells with a final concentration of 1% Triton
X-100. Minimal lysis (= 0%) refers to target cells co-incubated with effector cells, but t
any construct or antibody. After an ght incubation of 20 h at 37°C, 5% CO2, LDH release
of apoptotic/necrotic target cells into the supernatant was measured with the LDH detection kit
(Roche Applied Science, #11 644 793 001), according to the manufacturer’s ctions.
As depicted in Figure 9, the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct induces apoptosis in
target cells comparable to the )2” molecule.
In a further experiment the purified “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4, 5),
the “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3, 4) and the “(scFv)2” molecule were
analyzed for their potential to induce T cell-mediated apoptosis in tumor target cells upon
inkage of the construct via binding of both target antigens, CD3 and MCSP, on cells.
-expressing MDA-MB-435 human melanoma cells were used as target cells, the E:T
ratio was 5:1, and the tion time 20 h. The s are shown in Figure 10. The “2+1 IgG
Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct induces apoptosis in target cells comparably to the “(scFv)2”
molecule. The comparison of the mono- and nt “IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” formats
shows that the bivalent one is more potent in this assay.
In yet another experiment, purified “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (SEQ ID NOs 4, 5, 6, 7)
targeting cynomolgus CD3 and human MCSP, and the corresponding “(scFv)2“ construct were
compared, using MCSP-expressing human melanoma cell line (MV-3) as target cells. y,
MV-3 cells were harvested with Cell iation Buffer, washed and resuspendend in DMEM
containing 2% FCS and 1% GlutaMax. 30 000 cells per well were plated in a round-bottom 96-
well plate and the tive dilution of construct or reference IgG was added at the
concentrations ted. The bispecific construct and the different IgG controls were adjusted to
the same molarity. Cynomolgus PBMC or cells, isolated from blood of healthy
cynomolgus, were added to obtain a final E:T ratio of 10:1. After incubation for 26 h at 37°C,
% CO2, LDH release of apoptotic/necrotic target cells into the atant was measured with
the LDH detection kit (Roche Applied Science, #11 644 793 001), according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
As depicted in Figure 11, the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct is more potent in terms
of EC50 than the “(scFv)2“ molecule.
In another set of experiments, the CD3-MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), linked light
chain” (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 4, 5 and 85) was compared to the CD3-MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab
(N-terminal)” (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4 and 5). Briefly, target cells (human Colo-38, human MV-
3 or WM266-4 melanoma cells) were harvested with Cell Dissociation Buffer on the day of the
assay (or with trypsin one day before the assay was started), washed and resuspended in the
appropriate cell culture medium 640, including 2% FCS and 1% Glutamax). 20 000 - 30
000 cells per well were plated in a flat-bottom 96-well plate and the respective antibody dilution
was added as indicated (triplicates). PBMCs as effector cells were added to obtain a final
effector-to-target cell (E:T) ratio of 10:1. All constructs and controls were adjusted to the same
molarity, incubation time was 22 h. Detection of LDH release and normalization was done as
described above.
Figure 15 to 18 show the result of four assays performed with MV-3 melanoma cells (Figure 15),
Colo-38 cells (Figure 16 and 17) or WM266-4 cells (Figure 18). As shown in Figure 15, the
construct with the linked light chain was less potent compared to the one without the linked light
chain in the assay with MV-3 cells as target cells. As shown in Figure 16 and 17, the construct
with the linked light chain was more potent compared to the one without the linked light chain in
the assays with high MCSP expressing 8 cells as target cells. Finally, as shown in Figure
18, there was no icant difference between the two constructs when high MCSP-expressing
WM266-4 cells were used as target cells.
In another experiment, two CEA-targeting “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” constructs
were compared, wherein in the Crossfab fragment either the V regions , see SEQ ID
NOs 3, 8, 9, 10) or the C regions 1, see SEQ ID NOs 9, 10, 87, 95) were exchanged. The
assay was performed as bed above, using human PBMCs as or cells and human
CEA-expressing target cells. Target cells (MKN-45 or LS-174T tumor cells) were harvested with
trypsin-EDTA (LuBiosciences -096), washed and resuspendend in RPMI1640
(Invitrogen #42404042), including 1% Glutamax (LuBiosciences #35050087) and 2% FCS. 30
000 cells per well were plated in a round-bottom 96-well plate and the bispecific constructs were
added at the indicated trations. All constructs and controls were adjusted to the same
molarity. Human PBMC effector cells were added to obtain a final E:T ratio of 10:1, incubation
time was 28 h. EC50 values were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5 software.
As shown in Figure 22, the construct with the CL/CH1 exchange shows slightly better activity
on both target cell lines than the construct with the VL/VH exchange. Calculated EC50 values
were 115 and 243 pM on MKN-45 cells, and 673 and 955 pM on LS-174T cells, for the
CL/CH1-exchange construct and the VL/VH-exchange construct, respectively.
rly, two MCSP-targeting “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” constructs were compared,
wherein in the Crossfab fragment either the V regions (VL/VH, see SEQ ID NOs 3, 91, 92, 93)
or the C regions (CL/CH1, see SEQ ID NOs 87, 91, 93, 94) were exchanged. The assay was
performed as described above, using human PBMCs as effector cells and human MCSP-
expressing target cells. Target cells -4) were harvested with Cell iation Buffer
(LuBiosciences #13151014), washed and resuspendend in RPMI1640 (Invitrogen #42404042),
including 1% Glutamax (LuBiosciences #35050087) and 2% FCS. 30 000 cells per well were
plated in a round-bottom 96-well plate and the constructs were added at the indicated
concentrations. All constructs and controls were adjusted to the same molarity. Human PBMC
effector cells were added to obtain a final E:T ratio of 10:1, tion time was 26 h. EC50
values were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5 software.
As depicted in Figure 23, the two constructs show comparable activity, the construct with the
CL/CH1 exchange having a slightly lower EC50 value (12.9 pM for the -exchange
construct, compared to 16.8 pM for the VL/VH-exchange construct).
Figure 24 shows the result of a similar assay, performed with human MCSP-expressing MV-3
target cells. Again, both constructs show comparable ty, the construct with the CL/CH1
exchange having a slightly lower EC50 value (approximately 11.7 pM for the CL/CH1-exchange
construct, compared to approximately 82.2 pM for the VL/VH-exchange construct). Exact EC50
values could not be calculated, since the killing curves did not reach a plateau at high
concentrations of the compounds.
In a further experiment, the SP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3,
4, 5) and “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (see SEQ ID NOs 1, 3, 4, 86) constructs were
compared to the SP “1+1 CrossMab” (see SEQ ID NOs 4, 87, 88, 89). The assay was
performed as bed above, using human PBMCs as effector cells and WM266-4 or MV-3
target cells (E:T ratio = 10:1) and an incubation time of 21 h.
As shown in Figure 25, the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” construct is the most potent
molecule in this assay, followed by the “1+1 IgG Crossfab minal)” and the “1+1
ab”. This ranking is even more pronounced with MV-3 cells, expressing medium levels
of MCSP, compared to high MCSP sing WM266-4 cells. The calculated EC50 values on
MV-3 cells were 9.2, 40.9 and 88.4 pM, on WM266-4 cells 33.1, 28.4 and 53.9 pM, for the “2+1
IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)”, the “1+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” and the “1+1 CrossMab”,
respectively.
Example 5
g of bispecific constructs to the respective target antigen on cells
Binding of the different bispecific constructs to CD3 on Jurkat (ATCC 52) cells, and the
respective tumor antigen MCSP on WM266-4 cells or CEA on LS174-T cells, was determined
by FACS. Briefly, cells were harvested, counted and checked for viability. 0.15 – 0.2 million
cells per well were plated in a round-bottom 96-well plate and incubated with the indicated
concentration of the bispecific constructs and controls for 30 min at 4°C. For a better comparison,
the constructs were normalized to same molarity. Cells were washed with PBS containing 0.1%
BSA once. After incubation with a FITC-or PE-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 min at 4°C,
bound constructs were detected using a FACSCantoII (Software FACS Diva). A FITC- or PE-
conjugated AffiniPure F(ab’)2 Fragment goat anti-human IgG Fcγ nt Specific (Jackson
Immuno Research Lab # 109098 / working solution 1:20, or #109170 / working
solution 1:80, respectively) was used. Unless otherwise indicated, cells were fixed with 100
µl/well fixation buffer (BD 5) for 15 min at 4°C in the dark, centrifuged for 6 min at 400
x g and kept in 200 µl/well PBS containing 0.1% BSA until analysis. EC50 values were
calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5 software.
Figure 26 shows the binding of CD3/CEA “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” bispecific
constructs with either a VL/VH (see SEQ ID NOs 3, 8, 9, 10) or a CL/CH1 exchange (see SEQ
ID NOs 9, 10, 87, 95) in the ab fragment to human CD3, expressed by Jurkat cells, or to
human CEA, expressed by LS-174T cells. As a control, the equivalent maximum concentration
of the corresponding IgGs and the background staining due to the labeled 2ndary antibody (goat
anti-human FITC-conjugated AffiniPure F(ab’)2 Fragment, Fcγ Fragment-specific, Jackson
Immuno Research Lab # 6-098) were ed as well. Both constructs show good
binding to human CEA, as well as to human CD3 on cells. The calculated EC50 values were 4.6
and 3.9 nM (CD3), and 9.3 and 6.7 nM (CEA) for the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted
)” and the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted (CL/CH1)” constructs, respectively.
Figure 27 shows the binding of CD3/MCSP “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” (see SEQ ID NOs
1, 3, 4, 5) and “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” (see SEQ ID NOs 4, 87, 89, 90)
ucts to human CD3, expressed by Jurkat cells, or to human MCSP, expressed by WM266-
4 cells. While binding of both construct to MCSP on cells was ably good, the binding of
the “inverted” construct to CD3 was reduced compared to the other construct. The calculated
EC50 values were 6.1 and 1.66 nM (CD3), and 0.57 and 0.95 nM (MCSP) for the “2+1 IgG
Crossfab (N-terminal), inverted” and the “2+1 IgG Crossfab (N-terminal)” constructs,
respectively.
* * *
gh the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and
e for purposes of clarity of understanding, the descriptions and examples should not be
construed as ng the scope of the invention. The sures of all patent and ific
literature cited herein are expressly incorporated in their entirety by reference.
Claims (28)
1. A bispecific n binding molecule, comprising a first Fab fragment which specifically binds to a first n, a second Fab fragment which specifically binds to a second antigen, and 5 an Fc domain composed of a first and a second subunit capable of stable ation; wherein a) the bispecific antigen binding molecule provides monovalent binding to the first and/or the second antigen, b) (i) the first Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the inus of the second Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain 10 subunit, (ii) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the inus of the first Fab fragment, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the first Fc domain subunit, or (iii) the second Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N- us of the first Fc domain subunit, which is in turn fused at its C-terminus to the N- terminus of the first Fab fragment , 15 c) in the first and/or the second Fab fragment one of the following replacements is made: (i) the variable domains VL and VH are replaced by each other, or (ii) the constant domains CL and CH1 are replaced by each other, provided that not the same replacement is made in the first and the second Fab fragment, 20 d) the bispecific antigen binding molecule does not comprise a single chain Fab fragment.
2. The bispecific antigen g molecule of claim 1, wherein the ement is made in the first Fab fragment.
3. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of claim 1 or 2, wherein the replacement is a replacement of the variable domains VL and VH by each other. 25
4. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of claim 1 or 2, n the replacement is a replacement of the constant domains CL and CH1 by each other.
5. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the preceding , essentially consisting of the first Fab fragment, the second Fab fragment, the Fc domain, and optionally one or more peptide linkers.
6. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising a third Fab fragment which specifically binds to the first or the second antigen.
7. The bispecific antigen g molecule of claim 6, wherein the third Fab fragment is fused to the second Fc domain subunit. 5
8. The bispecific n binding molecule of claim 6 or 7, wherein the third Fab fragment is fused at its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the second Fc domain subunit.
9. The bispecific antigen binding le of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the third Fab fragment specifically binds to the second antigen.
10. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 10 same replacement is made in Fab fragments that specifically bind to the same antigen.
11. The bispecific n binding le of any one of the preceding claims, providing monovalent binding to the first antigen.
12. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a replacement is made only in the first Fab fragment. 15
13. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the ing claims, wherein the Fc domain comprises a modification promoting the association of the first and second Fc domain subunit, wherein (a) in the CH3 domain of the first subunit of the Fc domain an amino acid residue is ed with an amino acid e having a larger side chain volume, thereby generating a protuberance 20 within the CH3 domain of the first subunit which is positionable in a cavity within the CH3 domain of the second subunit, and in the CH3 domain of the second subunit of the Fc domain an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a smaller side chain , thereby generating a cavity within the CH3 domain of the second subunit within which the protuberance within the CH3 domain of the first subunit is positionable; or 25 (b) at the interface of the two Fc domain subunits one or more amino acid residues is/are replaced by charged amino acid residues so that homodimer formation s electrostatically unfavorable but heterodimerization electrostatically favorable.
14. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Fc domain is an IgG Fc domain.
15. The bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Fc domain is an IgG1 or IgG4 Fc domain.
16. The bispecific antigen binding le of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Fc domain is human. 5
17. The bispecific antigen binding le of any one of the preceding claims, wherein (i) the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces the g affinity of the Fc domain to an Fc receptor and/or or function, wherein said amino acid substitution is at a on selected from the group of E233, L234, L235, N297, P331 and P329 (EU numbering); or (ii) the Fc domain is engineered to comprise an increased proportion of non-fucosylated 10 oligosaccharides, as compared to a non-engineered Fc domain..
18. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of claims 1 to 17.
19. An expression vector sing the ed polynucleotide of claim 18.
20. A host cell comprising the ed polynucleotide of claim 18 or the expression vector of 15 claim 19, wherein the host cell is not a human cell within a human.
21. A method for producing the bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of claims 1 to 17, comprising the steps of a) culturing the host cell of claim 20 under conditions suitable for the expression of the bispecific antigen binding le and b) recovering the bispecific antigen binding molecule. 20
22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific antigen binding molecule of any one of claims 1 to 17 and a pharmaceutically able carrier.
23. A bispecific antigen binding molecule as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17, substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
24. An isolated polypeptide as claimed in claim 18, substantially as herein described with 25 reference to any example thereof.
25. An expression vector as claimed in claim 19, substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
26. A host cell as claimed in claim 20, substantially as herein described with nce to any e thereof.
27. A method as claimed in claim 21, ntially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
28. A pharmaceutical composition as claims in claim 22, substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11178371.8 | 2011-08-23 | ||
EP11178371 | 2011-08-23 | ||
EP12168189.4 | 2012-05-16 | ||
EP12168189 | 2012-05-16 | ||
NZ62028512 | 2012-08-21 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ721147A NZ721147A (en) | 2020-02-28 |
NZ721147B2 true NZ721147B2 (en) | 2020-05-29 |
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