NZ717918B2 - Liquid protein formulations containing ionic liquids - Google Patents
Liquid protein formulations containing ionic liquids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ717918B2 NZ717918B2 NZ717918A NZ71791814A NZ717918B2 NZ 717918 B2 NZ717918 B2 NZ 717918B2 NZ 717918 A NZ717918 A NZ 717918A NZ 71791814 A NZ71791814 A NZ 71791814A NZ 717918 B2 NZ717918 B2 NZ 717918B2
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- New Zealand
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- viscosity
- protein
- antibody
- liquid pharmaceutical
- formulation
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- 125000002755 pyrazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001422 pyrrolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003039 tetrahydroisoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(NCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin hydride Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- LXZZYRPGZAFOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L transplatin Chemical compound [H][N]([H])([H])[Pt](Cl)(Cl)[N]([H])([H])[H] LXZZYRPGZAFOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PYIHTIJNCRKDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-L trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C PYIHTIJNCRKDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 108010071767 ublituximab Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011345 viscous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Concentrated, low-viscosity, low-volume liquid pharmaceutical formulations of antibodies comprising 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (BMI-Mes) have been developed. Such formulations can be rapidly and conveniently administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, rather than by lengthy intra-venous infusion. ngthy intra-venous infusion.
Description
LIQUID PROTEIN FORMULATIONS CONTAINING IONIC LIQUIDS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to and the benefit ofUS Provisional ation
No. 62/030,521, filed July 29, 2014, entitled “Low- Viscosity Protein Formulations
Containing hobic Salts; ” U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/026,497, filed
July 18, 2014, entitled “Low- Viscosity Protein Formulations Containing GRAS
Viscosity-Reducing Agents; ” U.S. ional ation No. 62/008,050, filed June
, 2014, entitled “Low- Viscosity Protein Formulations ning Ionic Liquids; ”
U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/988,005, filed May 2, 2014, entitled “Low—
Viscosity Protein Formulations Containing Organophosphates,” U.S. Provisional
ation No. 61/946,436, filed February 28, 2014, entitled “Concentrated, Low—
Viscosity mab Formulations; ” US Provisional Application No. 61/943,197,
filed February 21, 2014, entitled “Concentrated, Low~ Viscosity, olecular~
Weight-Protein Formulations; ” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/940,227, filed
February 14, 2014, entitled “Concentrated, Low- Viscosity High~Molecular~Weight
Protein Formulations; " and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61,876,621, filed
September 11, 2013, entitled “Concentrated, Low-Viscosity, High-Molecular- Weight
n Formulations, ” the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated hereby by
reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention is generally in the field of injectable low-viscosity
pharmaceutical formulations of highly concentrated proteins and methods of making
and using thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE ION
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important n-based therapeutics for
ng various human diseases such as cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, and
autoimmune diseases. More than 20 InAb products have been approved by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and approximately 20% of all
biopharmaceuticals currently being evaluated in clinical trials are mAbs erty et
al, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58:686-706, 2006; and Buss et al., Curr. Opinion in
Pharmacol. 12:615-622, 2012).
mAb-based therapies are usually administered repeatedly over an extended
2014/055245
period of time and require several mg/kg dosing. Antibody solutions or suspensions
can be administered via parenteral routes, such as by intravenous (IV) infusions, and
subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) injections. The SC or IM routes reduce the
treatment cost, increase patient compliance, and improve convenience for patients and
healthcare providers during administration ed to the IV route. To be effective
and pharmaceutically acceptable, parenteral formulations should preferably be e,
stable, inj ectable (e.g., via a syringe), and non-irritating at the site of injection, in
ance with FDA guidelines. Because ofthe small volumes required for
subcutaneous (usually under about 2 mL) and intramuscular (usually under about 5
mL) injections, these routes of administration for high—dose protein therapies require
concentrated protein solutions. These high concentrations often result in very viscous
formulations that are difficult to administer by ion, cause pain at the site of
injection, are often imprecise, and/or may have decreased chemical and/or al
stability.
These characteristics result in manufacturing, storage, and usage requirements
that can be challenging to achieve, in particular for formulations having high
concentrations of high-molecular-weight proteins, such as mAbs. All protein
therapeutics to some extent are t to physical and al instability, such as
aggregation, denaturation, crosslinking, deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, and
clipping (Wang 9161]., J. Pharm. Sci. 96:1-26, 2007). Thus, optimal formulation
development is paramount in the development of cially viable protein
pharmaceuticals.
High protein concentrations pose challenges ng to the physical and
chemical stability of the protein, as well as difficulty with manufacture, storage, and
delivery ofthe protein formulation. One problem is the tendency of proteins to
aggregate and form particulates during processing and/or storage, which makes
manipulations during further processing and/or delivery difficult. Concentrationdependent
degradation and/or aggregation are major challenges in developing protein
formulations at higher concentrations. In addition to the ial for non-native
n aggregation and particulate formation, reversible self-association in aqueous
soiutions may occur, which contributes to, among other things, increased viscosity
that complicates delivery by injection. (See, for example, Steven J. Shire et al, J.
Pharm. Sci. 93:1390—1402, 2004.) Increased viscosity is one of the key challenges
encountered in concentrated protein compositions affecting both tion processes
and the ability to readily deliver such compositions by conventional means. (See, for
example, J. Jezek at (.11., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 7—1117, 2011.)
Highly Viscous liquid formulations are difficult to manufacture, draw into a
syringe, and inject subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The use of force in
manipulating the viscous formulations can lead to excessive frothing, which may
further denature and inactivate the therapeutically active protein. High viscosity
solutions also require larger diameter needles for injection and produce more pain at
the inj ection site.
Currently available commercial mAb products administered by SC or IM
injection are usually formulated in aqueous buffers, such as a phosphate or L—histidine
buffer, with excipients or tants, such as mannitol, sucrose, lactose, trehalose,
POLOXAMER® (nonionic ck copolymers composed of a central hobic
chain oxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains
of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide))) or POLYSORBATE® 80 - -- -
(PEG(80)sorbitan monolaurate), to prevent aggregation and improve stability.
ed antibody concentrations formulated as described above are typically up to
about 100 mg/mL (Wang et al., J Pharm. Sci. 9621-26, 2007).
U.S. Patent No. 7,758,860 describes reducing the Viscosity in formulations of
low-molecular-weight proteins using a buffer'and a viscosity—reducing nic salt,
such as calcium chloride or magnesium chloride. These same salts, however, showed
little effect on the viscosity of a high-molecular-weight dy (lMA-63 8)
' formulation. As described in U.S. Patent No. 7,666,413, the viscosity of s
formulations ofhigh-moleculafiweight proteins has been reduced by the addition of
such salts as arginine hydrochloride, sodium thiocyanate, ammonium anate,
ammonium e, um de, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, or sodium
acetate in a concentration of greater than about 100 mM or, as described in U.S.
Patent No. 7,740,842, by addition of organic or inorganic acids. However, these salts
do not reduce the Viscosity to a desired level and in some cases make the formulation
so acidic that it is likely to cause pain at the site of inj ection.
U.S. Patent No. 7,666,413 describes reduced-viscosity formulations containing
specific salts and a tituted anti-IgE mAb, but with a m antibody
concentration of only up to about 140 mg/mL. U.S. Patent No. 7,740,842 describes
E25 antinIgE mAb formulations containing e/acetic acid buffer with antibody
trations up to 257 mg/mL. The addition of salts such as NaCl, CaClg, or MgClz
was demonstrated to decrease the dynamic viscosity under hear conditions;
however, at low-shear the salts produced an undesirable and dramatic increase in the
dynamic viscosity. onally, inorganic salts such as NaCl may lower solution
viscosity and/or decrease aggregation (EP 1981824).
Non-aqueous antibody or protein formulations have also been described.
W02006/O71693 describes a non-aqueous suspension of up to 100 mg/mL mAb in a
formulation having a viscosity enhancer inylpyrrolidone, PVP) and a solvent
l benzoate or PEG 400). WO2004/089335 describes 100 mg/mL non~aqueous
lysozyrne suspension formulations containing PVP, urol, benzyl benzoate,
benzyl alcohol, or PEG 400. U82008/0226689A1 describes 100 mg/mL human
growth hormone (hGH) single phase, three vehicle component (polymer, surfactant,
and a solvent), non-aqueous, viscous formulations. U.S. Patent-No. 6,730,328
describes ueous, hydrophobic, non—polar vehicles of low reactivity, such as
perfluorodecalin, for protein formulations. These formulations are non-optimal and
have high viscosities that impair processing, manufacturing and ion; lead to the
presence of multiple vehicle components in the formulations; and present potential
regulatory challenges associated with using polymers not yet approved by the FDA.
Alternative non-aqueous protein or antibody formulations have been described
using organic solvents, such as benzyl benzoate (Miller et al., ir 26: 1067-
1074, 2010), benzyl acetate, ethanol, or methyl ethyl ketone (Srinivasan et all, Pharm.
Res. 30:1749-1757, 2013). In both instances, viscosities of less than 50 centipoise
(cP) were achieved upon formulation at protein rations of at least about 200
mg/mL. U.S. Patent No. 6,252,055 describes mAb formulations with concentrations
g fi'om 100 mg/mL up to 257 mg/InL. Formulations with concentrations greater
than about 189 mg/InL demonstrated dramatically increased viscosities, low recovery
rates, and difficulty in processing. U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2012/0230982 describes antibody formulations with concentrations of 100 mg/mL to
200 mg/mL. None ofthese formulations are low enough viscosity for ease of
injection.
Du and Klibanov (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 108:632-636, 2011)
described reduced viscosity of concentrated aqueous solutions of bovine serum
albumin with a maximum concentration up to 400 mg/mL and bovine gamma
globulin with a maximum concentration up to 300 . Guo et al.
(Pharmaceutical Research 2-3109, 2012) described low—viscosity aqueous
solutions of four model mAbs achieved using hydrophobic salts. The mAb
formulation employed by Guo had an initial viscosity, prior to adding salts, no greater
than 73 cP. The viscosities of many ceutically important mAbs, on the other
hand, can exceed 1,000 cP at therapeutically relevant trations.
It is not a trivial matter to control aggregation and ity in high-
tration mAb solutions (EP 2538973). This is evidenced by the few mAb
products currently on the market as high~concentration formulations (> 100 mg/mL)
(EP 2538973).
The references cited above demonstrate that while many groups have
attempted to prepare low-viscosity formulations ofmAbs and other therapeutically
important proteins, a truly useful formulation for many proteins has not yet been
achieved. y, many ofthe above reports employ agents for which safety and
toxicity profiles have not been fully established. These formulations would ore
face a higher regulatory burden prior to approval than formulations containing
compounds known to be safe. Indeed, even if a compound were to be shown to
ntially reduce viscosity, the compound may tely be unsuitable for use in a
formulation intended for injection into a human.
Many pharmaceutically important high-molecular-weight proteins, such as
mAbs, are currently administered via IV infusions in order to deliver therapeutically
effective amounts ofprotein due to problems with high viscosity and other properties
of concentrated solutions of large proteins. For example, to e a therapeutically
effective amount of many high-molecular-weight proteins, such as mAbs, in volumes
less than about 2 mL, protein concentrations greater than 150 mg/mL are often
required.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide concentrated, low—
ity liquid formulations of pharmaceutically important proteins, especially high-
molecular-weight ns, such as mAbs.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide concentrated low-
viscosity liquid ations of proteins, especially high-molecular—weight proteins,
such as mAbs, capable of delivering therapeutically effective amounts ofthese
proteins in volumes useful for SC and 1M ions.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide the concentrated liquid
formulations of proteins, especially high-molecular-weight proteins, such as mAbs,
with low viscosities that can improve inj lity and/or patient compliance,
ience, and comfort.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide methods for making and
storing trated, low-viscosity ations of proteins, especially high-
molecular—weight proteins, such as mAbs.
It is an additional obj ect of the present invention to provide methods of
administering low-viscosity, concentrated liquid formulations of proteins, especially
high-molecular-weight proteins, such as mAbs.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide methods for
processing reduced-viscosity, high-concentration biologics with concentration and
filtration techniques known to those skilled in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE ION
Concentrated, low-Viscosity, lume liquid ceutical formulations
of proteins have been developed. Such formulations can be rapidly and conveniently
stered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, rather than by lengthy
intravenous infusion. These formulations include low-molecular-weight and/or high-
molecular—weight proteins, such as mAbs, and viscosityureducing ionic liquids.
The concentration ofproteins is between about 10 mg/mL and about 5,000
mg/mL, more preferably from about 100 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/rnL. In some
embodiments, the concentration of proteins is between about 100 mg/mL to about 500
mg/mL, more preferably from about 300 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL. ations
containing proteins and viscosity-reducing ionic liquids are stable when stored at a
temperature of 4° C, for a period of at least one month, preferably at least two months,
and most preferably at least three months. The viscosity of the formulation is less than
about 75 CF, preferably below 50 CF, and most preferably below 20 cP at about 25° C.
In some embodiments, the viscosity is less than about 15 cP or even less than or about 10 cP
at about 25° C. In certain ments, the viscosity of the formulation is about 10 cP.
Formulations containing proteins and ionic liquids typically are ed at shear rates from
about 0.6 s-1 to about 450 s-1, and preferably from about 2 s-1 to about 400 s-1, when measured
using a cone and plate eter. ations containing proteins and viscosity-reducing
ionic liquids typically are measured at shear rates from about 3 s-1 to about 55,000 s-1, and
preferably from about 20 s-1 to about 2,000s-1,when measured using a microfluidic
viscometer.
The viscosity of the protein formulation is reduced by the presence of one or more
viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s). Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “ionic liquid”
includes both single compounds and es of more than one ionic liquid. It is red
that the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s) is present in the formulation at a concentration less
than about 1.0 M, preferably less than about 0.50 M, more preferably less than about 0.30 M,
and most preferably less than about 0.15 M. The formulations can have a viscosity that is at
least about 30% less, ably at least about 50% less, most preferably at least about 75%
less, than the viscosity of the corresponding formulation under the same conditions except for
replacement of the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid with an appropriate buffer or salt of about
the same concentration. In some embodiments, a low-viscosity formulation is provided where
the viscosity of the corresponding formulation t the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid is
greater than about 200 cP, r than about 500 cP, or even above about 1,000 cP. In a
preferred embodiment, the shear rate of the formulation is at least about 0.5 s-1, when
measured using a cone and plate viscometer or at least about 1.0 s-1, when measured using a
microfluidic viscometer.
The pharmaceutically acceptable liquid formulations contain one or more ionic liquids
in an effective amount to significantly reduce the viscosity of the n, e.g., mAb
formulation. Representative ionic liquids include 4-(3-butylimidazolio)butane sulfonate
(BIM), 1-butylmethylimidazolium methanesulfonate (BMI Mes), 4-ethyl
morpholinium methylcarbonate, (EMMC) and 1-butylmethylpyrrolidinium chloride
(BMP Chloride), at concentrations preferably between about 0.10 and about 0.50 M,
equivalent to about 20-150 mg/mL. The resultant formulations can exhibit Newtonian flow
characteristics.
2014/055245
For ments in which the protein is a “high-molecular~w_eight protein”,
the “high-molecular-weight protein,” may have a molecular weight between about
100 kDa and about 1,000 kDa, preferably between about 120 kDa and about 500 kDa,
and most preferably between about 120 kDa and about 250 kDa. The high-molecular-
weight protein can be an antibody, such as a mAb, or a PEGylated or otherwise a
derivatized form thereof. Preferred mAbs include natalizumab (TYSABRI®), cetuxi—
mab (ERBITUX®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), trastuzumab EPTIN®), inflix—
imab (REMICADE®), rituximab AN®), panitumumab (VECTIBIX®), ofatu-
mumab (ARZERRA®), and biosimiiars thereof. The high-molecular weight protein,
optionally PEGylated, can be an enzyme. Other proteins and mixtures of proteins
may also be formulated to reduce their viscosity.
In some embodiments, the protein and viscosityureducing ionic liquid(s) are
ed in a lyophilized dosage unit, sized for reconstitution with a sterile aqueous
' pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, to yield the concentrated low—viscosity liquid
formulations. The presence ofthe viscosity—reducing ionic liquid(s) facilitates and/or
accelerates the reconstitution of the lyophilized dosage unit compared to a lyophilized
dosage unit not containing a Viscosity-reducing ionic .
Methods are provided herein for ing concentrated, low-Viscosity liquid
formulations of high-molecular-weight proteins such as mAbs, as well as methods for
storing the low-Viscosity, oncentration protein formulations, and for
administration thereof to patients. In another ment, the Viscosity-reducing
ionic liquid is added to facilitate processing (e.g., pumping, concentration, and/or
filtration) by reducing the Viscosity of the protein solutions.
DETAILED PTION OF THE INVENTION
I. - DEFINITIONS
The term "protein," as generally used herein, refers to a polymer of amino
acids linked to each other by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide for which the chain
length is sufficient to produce at least a detectable tertiary structure. Proteins having a
molecular weight (expressed in kDa wherein “Da” stands for “Daltons” and 1 kDa =
1,000 Da) greater than about 100 kDa may be designated “high-molecular—weight
proteins,” whereas proteins having a molecular weight less than about 100 kDa. may
be designated “low-molecular-weight ns.” The term “low-molecular—weight
protein” excludes small peptides lacking the requisite of at least tertiary structure necessary to
be considered a protein. Protein lar weight may be determined using standard s
known to one skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, mass spectrometry (e.g., ESI,
MALDI) or calculation from known amino acid sequences and glycosylation. Proteins can be
naturally occurring or turally occurring, synthetic, or semi-synthetic.
“Essentially pure protein(s)” and “substantially pure protein(s)” are used
interchangeably herein and refer to a composition comprising at least about 90% by weight
pure protein, preferably at least about 95% pure n by weight. “Essentially
homogeneous” and “substantially homogeneous” are used interchangeably herein and refer to
a composition wherein at least about 90% by weight of the protein present is a combination
of the monomer and reversible di- and oligo-meric associates (not irreversible aggregates),
preferably at least about 95%.
The term “monoclonal antibody” or “mAb,” as lly used herein, refers to an
antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the
individual antibodies sing the population are identical, except for le naturally
occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly
specific, being ed against a single epitope. These are typically synthesized by culturing
hybridoma cells, as described by Kohler et al. (Nature 256: 495, 1975), or may be made by
recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567), or isolated from phage
antibody libraries using the techniques described in on et al. (Nature 352: 624-628,
1991) and Marks et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597, 1991), for example. As used herein,
“mAbs” specifically e derivatized antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and
“chimeric” antibodies
in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or gous to
corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging
to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the der of the chain(s) is (are)
identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from
another species or belonging to another antibody class or ss, as well as
fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity
(US. Patent No. 4,816,567; Morrison 61‘ al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 ;6851-
6855, 1984).
An “antibody fragmen ” comprises a portion of an intact antibody, including
the antigen binding and/or the variable region of the intact antibody. Examples of
antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', 2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear
antibodies (see US. Patent No. 5,641,870; Zapata et ai, n Eng. 8: 1057-1062,
1995); singlenchain antibody molecules; multivalent single domain antibodies; and
pecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
“Humanized” forms ofnon—human (e. g., ) antibodies are chimeric
immunoglobulins, immunoglobuiin—chains, or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab,
Fab’, F(ab’)2, or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) of mostly human
sequences, which contain minimal sequences derived from non-human
globulin. (See, e.g., Jones et al, Nature 321:522-525, 1986; ann et
(11., Nature 332:323-329, 1988; and Presta, Curr. 0p. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596, 1992.)
“Rheology" refers to the study of the deformation and flow of matter.
“Viscosity” refers to the resistance of a substance (typically a liquid) to flow.
Viscosity is related to the concept of shear force; it can be understood as the effect of
different layers of the fluid exerting shearing force on each other, or on other surfaces,
as they move against each other. There are several es of viscosity. The units of
viscosity are Ns/mz, known as Pascal-seconds (Pa-s). Viscosity can be "kinematic" or
"absolute". tic viscosity is a measure of the rate at which momentum is
transferred through a fluid. It is measured in Stokes (St). The kinematic viscosity is a
measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the ce of gravity. When two
fluids of equal volume and differing ity are placed in identical capillary
eters and allowed to flow by gravity, the more viscous fluid takes longer than
the less viscous fluid to flow through the capillary. If, for example, one fluid takes
200 seconds (5) to te its flow and another fluid takes 400 s, the second fluid is
called twice as s as the first on a kinematic Viscosity scale. The dimension of
kinematic viscosity is lengch/time. Commonly, kinematic Viscosity is expressed in
centiStokes (cSt). The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, which is equal to l cSt.
The "absolute viscosity," sometimes called "dynamic Viscosity" or "simple viscosity,”
is the product of kinematic viscosity and fluid density. Absolute viscosity is expressed
in units of centipoise (CF). The SI unit of absolute viscosity is the milliPascal-second
(mPa—s), where 1 OP = 1 InPa-s. Viscosity may be ed by using, for
example, a viscometer at a given shear rate or multiple shear rates. An “extrapolated
hear" viscosity can be determined by creating a best fit line of the four highest- -
shear points on a plot of te viscosity versus shear rate, and linearly
extrapolating Viscosity back to zero-«shear. Alternatively, for a Newtonian fluid,
Viscosity can be determined by ing viscosity values at multiple shear rates.
Viscosity can also be measured using a microfluidic eter at single or multiple
shear rates (also called flow rates), wherein absolute viscosity is derived from a
change in pressure as a liquid flows through a channel. Viscosity equals shear stress
over shear rate. Viscosities measured with microfluidic viscometers can, in some
embodiments, be ly compared to extrapolated zero-shear viscosities, for
e those extrapolated from viscosities measured at multiple shear rates using a
cone and plate viscometer.
“Shear rate" refers to the rate of change of ty at which one layer of fluid
passes over an adjacent layer. The ty gradient is the rate of change of velocity
with distance from the plates. This simple case shows the uniform velocity gradient
with shear rate (v1 - vz)/h in units of (cm/sec)/(cm) = 1/sec. Hence, shear rate units are
reciprocal seconds or, in general, reciprocal time. For a microfluidic viscometer,
change in pressure and flow rate are related to shear rate. "Shear rate” refers to the
speed with which a material is deformed. Formulations containing proteins and
viscosity-lowering agents are typically measured at shear rates ranging from about 0.5
s'1 to about 200 s‘1 when measured using a cone and plate viscometer and a spindle
riately chosen by one skilled in the art to accurately measure viscosities in the
viscosity range of the sample of interest (i.e., a sample of 20 cP is most accurately
measured on a CPE40 spindle affixed to a DV2T eter (Brookfield)); greater
than about 20 s"1 to about 3,000 3'1 when measured using a microfluidic viscometer.
For classical “Newtonian” fluids, as generally used herein, viscosity is
essentially independent of shear rate. For “non—Newtonian fluids,” however, viscosity
either decreases or increases with increasing shear rate, e. g., the fluids are "shear
ng" or "shear thickening", respectively. In the case of concentrated (i.e., high-
coneentration) protein ons, this may manifest as plastic shear~thinning
behavior, i.e., a se in viscosity with shear rate.
The term "chemical stability," as generally used herein, refers to the ability of
the protein components in a formulation to resist degradation via chemical pathways,
such as ion, ation, or hydrolysis. A protein formulation is lly
considered chemically stable if less than about 5% of the components are degraded
after 24 months at 4°C.
The term "physical ity," as generally used herein, refers to the ability of a
protein formulation to resist physical deterioration, such as aggregation. A * ,
formulation that is ally stable forms only an acceptable percentage of
irreversible aggregates (e.g., dimers, trimers, or other aggregates) of the ive
protein agent. The presence of aggregates may be assessed in a number of ways,
including by measuring the average particle size of the proteins in the formulation by
means of dynamic light scattering. A formulation is considered physically stable if
less than about 5% irreversible aggregates are formed after 24 months at 4°C.
Acceptable levels of aggregated contaminants ideally would be less than about 2%.
Levels as low as about 0.2% are achievable, although approximately 1% is more
typical.
The term " stable formulation,” as generally used herein, means that a
formulation is both chemically stable and ally stable. A stable formulation may
be one in which more than about 95% ofthe bioactive protein molecules retain
bioactivity in a formulation after 24 months of storage at 4° C, or equivalent solution
conditions at an elevated temperature, such as one month storage at 40° C. Various
analytical techniques for measuring protein stability are available in the art and are
ed, for example, in Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery, 247-301, Vincent Lee,
Ed, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. (1991) and Jones, A., Adv. Drug Delivery
Revs. 10:29-90, 1993. Stability can be ed at a selected temperature for a certain
time period. For rapid screening, for example, the formulation may be kept at 40°C,
for 2 weeks to one month, at which time residual biological activity is measured and
ed to the l condition to assess stability. When the formulation is to be
stored at 2°C -8°C, generally the formulation should be stable at 30°C or 40°C for at
least one month and/or stable at 2°C -8°C for at least 2 years. When the formulation is
to be stored at room temperature, about 25°C, generally the formulation should be
stable for at least 2 years at about 25°C and/0r stable at 40°C for at least about 6
months. The extent of aggregation following lyophilization and storage can be used as
an indicator of protein stability. In some embodiments, the stability is assessed by
measuring the particle size of the proteins in the formulation. In some embodiments,
stability may be assessed by measuring the activity of a formulation using standard
biological activity or binding assays well within the abilities of one ordinarily skilled
in the art.
The term protein "particle size," as generally used , means the average
diameter ofthe inant population ofbioactive molecule particulates, or particle
size distributions thereof, in a formulation as determined by using well known particle
sizing instruments, for example, dynamic light scattering, SEC (size exclusion
chromatography), or other methods known to one ordinarily d in the art.
The term “concentrated” or "high-concentration", as generally used herein,
describes liquid formulations having a final concentration of protein r than
about 10 mg/mL, preferably greater than about 50 mg/mL, more ably greater
than about 100 mg/mL, still more preferably greater than about 200 mg/mL, or most
preferably r than about 250 mg/mL.
A stituted formulation,” as lly used herein, refers to a formulation
which has been prepared by dissolving a dry powder, lyophilized, spray-dried or
solvent-precipitated protein in a t, such that the n is dissolved or dispersed
in aqueous solution for administration.
A “lyoprotectant” is a substance which, when combined with a protein,
significantly reduces chemical and/or physical instability of the protein upon
lyophilization and/or subsequent storage. Exemplary lyoprotectants include sugars
and their corresponding sugar alcohols, such as sucrose, lactose, trehalose, dextran,
erythritol, ol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol; amino acids, such as ne or
histicline; lyotropic salts, such as magnesium sulfate; polyols, such as propylene
, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol), or poly(propylene glycol); and combinations
thereof. Additional exemplary lyoprotectants include gelatin, dextrins, modified
starch, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Preferred sugar alcohols are those compounds
obtained by reduction of mono- and di~saccharides, such as lactose, trehalose,
maltose, lactulose, and maltulose. Additional examples of sugar alcohols are glucitol,
maltitol, lactitol and isomaltulose. The lyoprotectant is generally added to the pre-
lized formulation in a “IyOprotecting amount.” This means that, following
lyophilization of the protein in the presence of the lyoprotecting amount of the
lyoprotectant, the protein essentially s its physical and chemical stability and
integrity.
A “diluent” 0r “carrier,” as generally used herein, is a pharmaceutically
acceptable (i.e., safe and non-toxic for administration to a human or another mammal)
and useful ingredient for the preparation of a liquid formulation, such as an s
formulation reconstituted after lyophilization. Exemplary diluents include e
water, bacteriostatic water for ion (BWFI), a pH buffered solution (e.g.,
phosphate-buffered saline), sterile saline on, Ringer's solution or dextrose
solution, and combinations thereof.
A “preservative” is a compoundwhich can be added to the ations herein
to reduce contamination by and/or action of bacteria, fungi, or r infectious
agent. The addition of a preservative may, for example, facilitate the production of a
multi—use (multiple-dose) formulation. Examples of potential preservatives include
0ctadecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride,
benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in
which the alkyl groups are long~chained), and honium de. Other types of
preservatives include aromatic alcohols such as phenol, butyl and benzyl alcohol,
alkyl ns such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol,
3-pentanol, and ol.
A ng agent,” as generally used herein, is a compound which adds mass
to a lyophilized mixture and contributes to the physical structure of the lyophilized
cake (e.g. facilitates the production of an essentially uniform lized cake which
maintains an open pore structure). ary bulking agents include mannitol,
e, lactose, d starch, poly(ethylene glycol), and sorbitol.
A “therapeutically effective amount” is the lowest concentration required to
effect a measurable improvement or prevention of any m or a particular
condition or disorder, to effect a measurable enhancement of life ancy, or to
generally improve patient quality of life. The eutically effective amount is
ent upon the specific biologically active molecule and the specific condition or
disorder to be treated. Therapeutically effective amounts of many proteins, such as
the mAbs described herein, are well known in the art. The eutically effective
amounts of proteins not yet established or for treating specific disorders with known
proteins, such as mAbs, to be clinically applied to treat additional disorders may be
ined by standard techniques which are well Within the craft of a skilled artisan,
such as a physician.
The term "inj lity" or “syringeability,” as generally used herein, refers to
the inj ection performance of a pharmaceutical formulation through a syringe equipped
with an 18-32 gauge , optionally thin walled. Inj ectability depends upon factors
such as pressure or force required for injection, evenness of flow, aspiration qualities,
and freedom from clogging. inj ectability of the liquid pharmaceutical ations
may be assessed by comparing the injection force of a reduced-Viscosity formulation
to a standard formulation without added Viscosity-lowering agents. The reduction in
the injection force of the formulation containing a viscosity-lowering agent reflects
improved inj ectability of that formulation. The reduced ity formulations have
improved inj ectability when the injection force is reduced by at least 10%, preferably
by at least 30%, more preferably by at least 50%, and most preferably by at least 75%
when compared to a standard formulation having the same concentration ofprotein
under otherwise the same conditions, except for replacement of the viscosity-lowering
agent with an appropriate buffer of about the same concentration. Alternatively,
inj ectability of the liquid pharmaceutical formulations may be assessed by comparing
the time required to inject the same volume, such as 0.5 mL, or more preferably about
1 mL, of ent liquid protein formulations when the syringe is depressed with the
same force.
The term “injection force}: as generally used herein, refers to the force
required to push a given liquid formulation through a given syringe equipped with a
given needle gauge at a given injection speed. The injection force is typically reported
in Newtons. For example, the injection force may be measured as the force required to
push a liquid formulation through a 1 mL plastic e having a 0.25 inch inside
diameter, equipped with a 0.50 inch 27 gauge needle at a 250 mrn/min injection
speed. g equipment can be used to measure the ion force. When measured
under the same conditions, a formulation with lower viscosity will generally require
an overall lower injection force.
The sity gradient,” as used herein, refers to the rate of change of the
viscosity of a protein solution as protein concentration increases. The Viscosity
gradient can be approximated from a plot ofthe Viscosity as a function of the protein
concentration for a series of formulations that are otherwise the same but have
different protein concentrations. The viscosity ses approximately exponentially
with increasing protein concentration. The viscosity gradient at a c protein
concentration can be approximated from the slope of a line tangent to the plot of, A
Viscosity as a function of protein concentration. The viscosity gradient can be
imated fi'om a linear approximation to the plot of ity as a function of any
protein concentration or over a narrow Window of protein concentrations. In some
embodiments a formulation is said to have a decreased viscosity nt if, when the
viscosity as a function of protein concentration is approximated as an exponential
function, the nt of the exponential fimction is smaller than the exponent
obtained for the otherwise same formulation without the Viscosity-lowering agent In
a similar manner, a formulation can be said to have a lower/higher viscosity gradient .
when compared to a second ation if the exponent for the formulation is
lower/higher than the exponent for the second formulation. The viscosity gradient can
he numerically approximated from a plot ofthe Viscosity as a function of protein
concentration by other methods known to the skilled formulation researchers.
The term ed-viscosity formulation,” as generally used , refers to a
liquid ation having a high concentration of a high—molecular-weight protein,
such as- a mAb, or a low-molecular-weight protein that is modified by the presence of
one or more additives to lower the viscosity, as compared to a corresponding
2014/055245
formulation that does not contain the ity-lowering additive(s).
The term “osmolarity,” as generally used , refers to the total number of
dissolved components per liter. Osmolarity is similar to molarity but includes the total
number of moles of dissolved species in solution. An osmolarity of 1 Osm/L means
there is 1 mole of dissolved components per L of solution. Some solutes, such as ionic
s that dissociate in solution, will contribute more than 1 mole of dissolved
components per mole of solute in the solution. For example, NaCl dissociates into Na+
and CI' in solution and thus provides 2 moles of dissolved components per 1 mole of
dissolved NaCl in solution. Physiological osmolarity is typically in the range of about
280 mOsm/L to about 310 m0sm/L.
The term ity,” as generally used herein, refers to the osmotic pressure
gradient resulting from the separation oftwo solutions by a semi-permeable
membrane. In particular, tonicity is used to describe the osmotic pressure created
across a cell ne when a cell is exposed to an external solution. Solutes that can
cross the cellular membrane do not contribute to the final osmotic pressure gradient.
'Only those dissolved species that do not cross the cell membrane‘will contribute to
osmotic pressure differences and thus tonicity.
The term “hypertonic,” as generally used herein, refers to a solution with a
higher concentration of solutes than is present on the inside of the cell. When a cell is
ed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell
in order to balance the tration of the solutes.
The term “hypotonic,” as generally used herein, refers to a solution with a
lower concentration of solutes than is present on the inside of the cell. When a cell is
immersed into a hypotonic solution, water flows into the cell in order to balance the
concentration of the solutes.
The term nic,” as generally used herein, refers to a solution wherein the
osmotic pressure gradient across the cell membrane is essentially balanced. An
isotonic formulation is one which has essentially the same osmotic re as human
blood. ic formulations will generally have an osmotic pressure from about 250
mOsm/kg to 350 mOsm/kg.
The term “liquid formulation,” as used herein, is a n that is either
supplied in an acceptable pharmaceutical diluent or one that is reconstituted in an
able pharmaceutical diluent prior to administration to the t.
The terms “branded” and “reference,” when used to refer to a protein or
biologic, are used interchangeably herein to mean the single biological product
licenSed under section 351(a) of the U.S. Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. § 262).
The term “biosirnilar,” as used herein, is lly used interchangeably with
“a generic equivalen ” or “follow-on.” For example, a “biosimilar mAb” refers to a
subsequent version of an innovator’s mAb typically made by a different company.
“Biosimilar” when used in reference to a branded protein or branded biologic can
refer to a biological product evaluated against the branded protein or branded biologic
and licensed under section 35 Mk) of the U.S. Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. §
262). A biosirnilar mAb can be one that es one or more guidelines adopted May
, 2012 by the Committee for nal Products for Human Use (CHMP) ofthe
European Medicines Agency and published by the European Union as “Guideline on
similar biological medicinal products ning monoclonal antibodies — non-clinical
and clinical issues” (Document Reference EMA/CHMP/BMWP/403543/2010).
Biosimilars can be produced by microbial cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic), cell
lines of human or animal origin (e.g., mammalian, avian, insect), or tissues d
from animals or . The expression construct for a proposed biosimilar product
will generally encode the same primary amino acid sequence as its reference product.
Minor modifications, such as N— or C- terminal truncations that will not have an effect
on safety, purity, or potency, may be present.
A biosimilar mAb is similar to the nce mAb chemically cr
biologically both in terms of safety and efficacy. The biosimilar mAb can be
evaluated against a reference mAb using one or more in vitro studies including assays
detailing binding to target antigen(s); g to isoforms of the Fc gamma receptors
(FcyRI, , and Fc'yRIII), FcRn, and complement (Clq); Fab-associated functions
(6.g. neutralization of a soluble ligand, receptor tion or de); or Fe—
associated functions (e.g. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,
complement-dependent cytotoxicity, complement activation). In vitro comparisons
may be combined with in vivo data demonstrating similarity of pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, and/or safety. Clinical evaluations of a biosimilar mAb against a
reference mAb can include comparisons ofpharmacokinetic ties (e.g. AUCO-jnf,
AUCM, Cum, tmax, (Enough); pharmacodynamic nts; or similarity of clinical
efficacy (e.g. using randomized, parallel group comparative clinical trials). The
y comparison between a biosimilar mAb and a reference mAb Can be ted
using established procedures, including those described in the line on similar
biological medicinal products containing biotechnology—derived proteins as active
nce: Quality issues” (EMEA/CHMP/BWP/49348/2005), and the “Guideline on
development, production, characterization and specifications for monoclonal
antibodies and related substances” (EMEA/CHMP/BWP/l 57653/2007).
Differences n a biosimilar mAb and a reference mAb can include post-
translational modification, e.g. by attaching to the mAb other biochemical groups
such as a phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates; by proteolytic ge
following translation; by changing the chemical nature of an amino acid (e.g.,
formylation); or by many other mechanisms. Other post-translational modifications
can be a consequence of manufacturing process operations —— for example, glycation
In other cases, storage
may occur with exposure of the product to reducing .
conditions may be sive for certain degradation pathways such as oxidation,
deamidation, or aggregation. As all of these product-related variants may be included
in a biosimilar mAb.
As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts
prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids and bases, including
inorganic acids and bases, and c acids and bases. Suitable non-toxic acids
include inorganic and organic acids such as , benzenesulfonic, benzoic,
camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, furnaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic,
hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic,
nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, p-
toluenesulfonic and the like. Suitable positively charged counterions include ,
potassium, lithium, calcium and ium.
As used herein, the term "ionic liquid” refers to a crystalline or amorphous
salt, zwitterion, or mixture thereof that is a liquid at or near temperatures where most
tional salts are solids: at less than 200°C, preferably less than 100°C or more
preferably less than 80°C. Some ionic liquids have melting temperatures around room
temperature, e.g. n 10°C and 40°C, or between 15°C and 35°C. The term
2014/055245
erion" is used herein to describe an overall neutrally charged molecule which
carries formal positive and ve charges on ent chemical groups in the
' molecule. Examples of ionic liquids are described in Riduan et 0]., Chem. Soc. Rev.,
42:9055-9070, 2013; Rantwijk et at, Chem. Rev., 107:2757-2785, 2007; Earle et 511.,
Pure Appl. Chem, 72(7):1391-1398, 2000; and Sheldon er 611., Green Chem, 4:147-
] 51, 2002.
As used herein, the term -“organophosphate” refers to a nd containing
one or more phosphoryl groups at least one of which is covalently connected to an
organic group through a phosphoester bond.
As used herein, a “water soluble organic dye” is an organic molecule having a
molar solubility of at least 0.001 M at 25°C and pH 7, and that absorbs certain
wavelengths of light, preferably in the visible-to-infrared portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum, while possibly transmitting or reflecting other wavelengths
of light.
As used herein, the term “chalcogen” refers to Group 16 elements, including
oxygen, sulfur and selenium, in any ion state. For instance, unless specified '
otherwise, the term “chalcogen” also include 802.
As used herein, the term “alkyl group” refers to straight-chain, branched-chain
and cyclic hydrocarbon groups. Unless specified otherwise, the term alkyl group
embraces hydrocarbon groups containing one or more double or triple bonds. An
alkyl group containing at least one ring system is a “cycloalkyl” group. An alkyl
group containing at least one double bond is an “alkenyl group,” and an alkyl group
containing at least one triple bond is an “alkynyl group.”
As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to aromatic carbon ring systems,
including fused ring systems. In an “aryl” group, each of the atoms that form the ring
are carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to aromatic ring systems,
including fused ring systems, n at least one of the atoms that form the ring is a
heteroatom.
As used herein, the term “heterocycle” refers to ring s that, including
fused ring systems, that are not aromatic, n at least one of the atoms that forms
the ring is a heteroatom.
As used herein, a “heteroatom” is any non-carbon or drogen atom.
Preferred heteroatoms include oxygen, , and nitrogen. Exemplary heteroaryl
and heterocyclyl rings include: idazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,
benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl,
benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzirnidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH
carbazolyl, earbolinyl, chromanyl, nyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl,
2H,6H—1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3 b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl,
imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, lH-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,
indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H—indolyl, isatinoyl, zofuranyl, isochromanyl,
isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, azolyl, olyl,
methylenedioxyphenyl, linyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl,
oxadiazolyl: 1,2,3—oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, l,2,5~oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-
oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyi, phenanthridinyl,
phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, azinyl,
phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl,
‘ - inyl, purinyl, pyranyl, nyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, lyl,
pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoirnidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, ZH-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl,
4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,
tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, ydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H~1,2,5-thiadiaziny1, 1,2,3-
thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5—thiadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, hrenyl,
thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoirnidazolyl, thiophenyl, and
xanthenyl.
II. FORMULATIONS
Biocompatible, low-Viscosity protein solutions, such as those of InAbs, can be
used to deliver therapeutically effective amounts of proteins in volumes useful for
subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (1M) injections, typically less than or about 2
mL for SC and less than or about 5 mL for 1M, more preferably less than or about 1
mL for SC and less than or about 3 mL for IM. The proteins can generally have any
molecular weight, although in some embodiments high-molecular-weight proteins are
preferred. In other embodiments the proteins are low-molecular-weight proteins.
Formulations may have protein concentrations between about 10 mg/mL and
about 5,000 mg/mL. The formulations, including mAb formulations, may have a
protein concentration greater than 100 mg/mL, ably greater than 150 mg/rnL,
more preferably greater than about 175 nag/ml, even more ably greater than
about 200 mg/mL, even more preferably greater than about 225 mg/mL, even more
preferably greater than about 250 mg/mL, and most preferably greater than or about
300 mg/mL. In the e of a viscosity-reducing ionic liquid, the viscosity of a
protein formulation increases exponentially as the tration is increased. Such
n formulations, in the absence of a viscosity-reducing ionic liquids, may have
viscosities greater than 100 cP, r than 150 01’, greater than 200 GP, greater than
300 cP, greater than 500 CR or even greater than 1,000 cP, when measured at 25° C.
Such ations are often unsuitable for SC or IM injection; The use of one or
more viscosity-reducing ionic liquids permits the preparation of formulations having a
viscosity less than or about 100 OF, preferably less than or about 75 GP, more
preferably less than or about 50 GP, even more preferably less than or about 30 GP,
even more preferably less than or about 20 CF, or most preferably less than or about
0?, when measured at 25° C. ' ,
Although the viscosity-reducing ionic liquids may be used to lower the
ity of concentrated protein formulations, they may be used in less-concentrated
formulations as well. In some embodiments, ations may have protein
concentrations between about 10 mg/mL and about 100 mg/mL. The ations
may have a protein concentration greater than about 20 mg/mL, greater than about 40
mg/mL, or r than about 80 mg/mL.
For certain proteins, formulations not having an ionic liquid may have
viscosities greater than about 20 01’, greater than about 50 CF, or greater than about 80
CF. The use of one or more ionic liquids permits the preparation of formulations
having a Viscosity less than or about 80 CF, preferably less than or about 50 GP, even
more preferably less than about 20 CF, or most preferably less than or about 10 cP,
when measured at 25° C.
In some embodiments, the aqueous protein formulations have a viscosity that
is at least about 30% less than the analogous formulation without the ionic liquid(s),
when measured under the same conditions. In other embodiments, the formulations
have a viscosity that is 40% less, 50% less, 60% less, 70% less, 80% less, 90% less,
or even more than 90% less than the analogous formulation without the viscosity—
reducing ionic liquid(s). In a preferred embodiment, the formulation contains a
eutically ive amount ofthe one or more high-molecular—weight proteins,
such as mAbs, in a volume of less than about 2 mL, preferably less than about 1 mL,
or more preferably less than about 0.75 mL.
The reduced-viscosity formulations have improved inj ectability and require
less injection force compared to the analogous formulation t the viscosity-
reducing ionic liquid (e.g., in phosphate buffer) under otherwise the same ions.
In some embodiments, the force of injection is decreased by more than about 20%,
more than about 30%, more than about 40%, more than about 50%, or more than
about 2 fold, as compared to rd formulations without the viscosity—reducing
ionic liquid(s) under otherwise the same injection conditions. In some embodiments,
the formulations possess “Newtonian flow characteristics,” defined as having
viscosity which is substantially independent of shear rate. The protein formulations
can be readily injected through needles of about 18-32 gauge. Preferred needle
gauges for the delivery of the low-viscosity fom‘lulations include 27, 29, and 31
gauge, optionally thin walled.
The ations may contain one or more onal excipients, such as
buffers, surfactants, sugars and sugar alcohols, other polyols, preservatives,
idants, and chelating agents. The formulations have a pH and osmolarity
suitable for administration without causing significant e side effects. In some
embodiments, the trated, low-viscosity formulations have a pH between 5 and
8, between 5.5 and 7.6, n 6.0 and 7.6, between 6.8 and 7.6, or between 5.5 and
6.5.
The low-viscosity protein formulations can allow for greater lity in
formulation development. The low-viscosity formulations can exhibit changes in
viscosity that are less dependent upon the protein concentration as compared to the
otherwise same formulation without the viscoshy-reducing ionic liquid. The low-
viscosity protein formulations can allow for increased concentrations and decreased
dosage frequencies of the protein. In some embodiments the low—viscosity n
formulations contain 2 or more, 3 or more, or 4 or more different proteins. For
example, combinations of 2 or more mAbs can be provided in a single low-viscosity
protein formulation.
Because protein (such as mAb) formulations may be administered to patients
at higher protein concentrations than otherwise r protein formulations not
containing a viscosity~reducing ionic , the dosing frequency of the protein can
be reduced. For instance, proteins previously ing once daily administration may
be administered once every two days, every three days, or even less frequently when
the ns are formulated with viscosity—lowering agents. Proteins which currently
require multiple administrations on the same day (either at the same time or at
different times of the day) may be administered in fewer ions per day. In some
instances, the frequency may be reduced to a single injection once a day. By
increasing the dosage administered per injection multiple-fold the dosing frequency
can be decreased, for e from once every 2 weeks to once every 6 weeks.
In some embodiments, the liquid formulations have a logical
osmolarity, for e, between about 280 mOsm/L to about 310 m0srn/L. In some
embodiments, the liquid ations have an osmolarity r than about 250
mOsm/L, greater than about 300 mOsm/L, greater than about 350 mOsm/L, greater
than about 400 mOsm/L, or greater than about 500 mOsm/L. In some embodiments,
the formulations have an osmolarity of about 200 mOsm/L to about 2,000 mOSm/L or
about 300 mOsm/L to about 1,000 mOSIn/L. In some embodiments, the liquid
formulations are essentially isotonic to human blood. The liquid formulations can in
some cases be hypertonic.
The additives, including the viscosity-reducing ionic 1iquid(s), can be included
in any amount to achieve the desired Viscosity levels of the liquid formulation, as long
as the amounts are not toxic or otherwise harmful, and do not substantially interfere
with the chemical and]or physical ity of the formulation. The viscosity-reducing
ionic liquid(s) in some embodiments can be independently present in a concentration
less than about 1.0 M, preferably less than about 0.50 M, less than or equal to about
0.30 M or less than or equal to 0.15 M. Especially preferred trations include
about 0.15 M and about 0.30 M. For some embodiments having two or more
viscosity-reducing ionic liquids, the agents are preferably, but not necessarily, present
at the same concentration.
The viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s) permit faster reconstitution of a
lyophilized dosage unit. The dosage unit is a lyophiiized cake of protein, viscosity-
reducing ionic liquid(s) and other excipients, to Which water, saline or another
pharmaceutically acceptable fluid is added. In the e of Viscosity-reducing ionic
s, periods of 10 minutes or more are often required in order to completely
dissolve the lized cake at high protein concentration. When the lyophilized
cake contains one or more viscosity-reducing ionic liquid, the period required to
completely dissolve the cake is often reduced by a factor of two, five or even ten. In
certain embodiments, less than one minute is required to completely dissolve a
lyophilized cake containing r than or about 150, 200 or even 300 mg/mL of
protein.
The low-viscosity protein formulations allow for greater lity in
formulation pment. The low«viscosity formulations exhibit a ity that
changes less with increasing protein concentrations as compared to the ise
same formulation without the ionic iiquid(s). The low-viscosity protein formulations
' exhibit a decreased viscosity gradient as compared to the otherwise same formulation
without the ionic liquid
The viscosity gradient ofthe protein formulation may be 2-fold1ess,3-fold
less, or even more than 3-fold less than the Viscosity gradient of the otherwise same
protein formulation without the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s). The viscosity gra~
dient of the protein formulation may be less than 2.0 cP mL/mg, less than 1.5 cP
mL/mg, less than 1.0 cP mL/mg, less than 0.8 cP mL/mg, less than 0.6 cP mL/mg, or
less than 0.2 cP mL/mg for a protein formulation having a protein concentration be-
tween 10 mg/mL and 2,000 mg/mL. By reducing the viscosity gradient of the fonnu—
lation, the protein concentration can be sed to a greater degree before an expo-
nential increase in viscosity is observed.
A. Proteins
Any protein can be formulated, including inant, isolated, or synthetic
proteins, glycoproteins, or lipoproteins. These may be antibodies (including antibody
fragments and recombinant antibodies), enzymes, growth factors or hormones, im-
munomodiflers, antiinfectives, oliferatives, es, or other therapeutic,
prophylactic, or stic proteins. In certain embodiments, the n has a molec-
ular weight greater than about 150 kDa, greater than 160 kDa, greater than 170 kDa,
greater than 180 kDa, greater than 190 kDa or even greater than 200 kDa.
In certain ments, the protein can be a PEGylated protein. The term
“PEGylated protein,” as used herein, refers to a protein having one or more
poly(ethylene glycol) or other stealth polymer groups covalently attached thereto, optionally
h a chemical linker that may be different from the one or more polymer
groups. PEGylated proteins are characterized by their typically reduced renal —
tion, sed uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, and diminished enzymatic
degradation leading to, for example, prolonged half—lives and enhanced bioavailabil-
ity. Stealth polymers include poly(ethylene ); poly(propylene glycol);
poly(amino acid) polymers such as poly(glutamic acid), poly(hydroxyethyl-L-
asparagine), and poly(hydroxethyl-L—glutamine); poly(glycerol); poly(2~oxazoline)
polymers such as poly(2-methyloxazoline) and poly(2—ethyloxazoline);
poly(acrylarnide); poly(vinyl
idone); polyCN—(2-hydr0xypropyl)methacrylamide); and mers and es
thereof. In preferred embodiments the stealth polymer in a PEGylated protein is
poly(ethylene glycol) or a copolymer thereof. PEGylated proteins can be randomly
PEGylated, z'. e. having one or more stealth polymers covalently attached at nonspecific
site(s) on the protein, or can be PEGylated in a site-specific manner by cova-
lently attaching the stealth polymer to specific site(s) on the n. Site-specific
PEGylation can be accomplished, for example, using activated stealth polymers hav-
ing one or more reactive functional groups. Examples are described, for instance, in
Hoffman et 611., Progress in Polymer Science, 32:922—932, 2007.
In the preferred embodiment, the protein is high-molecular—weight and an an-
, most preferably a mAb, and has a high viscosity in aqueous buffered solution
when concentrated sufficiently to inject a therapeutically effective amount in a vol-
ume not exceeding 1.0 to 2.0 mL for SC and 3.0 to 5.0 mL for IM administration.
olecular-weight proteins can include those bed in Scolnik, mAbs 1:179-
184, 2009; Beck, mAbs 3:107-110, 2011; n, Curr. Drug Math. 7:15-21, 2006;
or Federici, icals 41:131-147, 2013. The proteins for use in the formulations
described herein are preferably essentially pure and essentially homogeneous (i.e.,
substantially free from contaminating proteins and/or irreversible aggregates f).
Preferred mAbs herein include zumab (TYSABRI®), mab (ERBL
TUX®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®), mab
ADE®), rituximab (RITUXAN®), panitumumab (VECTIBIX‘E), umab
(ARZERRA® and biosimilars thereof. Exemplary high-molecular—weight proteins
can include tocilizumab (ACTEMRA®), alemtuzumab (marketed under several trade
names), brodalumab (developed by Amgen, Inc (“Amgen”)), denosumab (PROLIA®
and XGEVA®), and biosirnilars thereof.
Exemplary molecular targets for antibodies described herein e CD pro—
teins, such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD20 and CD34; members of the HER recep-
tor family such as the EGF receptor, HERZ, HER3 or HER4 receptor; cell adhesion
molecules, such as LFA—l, M01, p150,95, VLA—4, ICAM-l, VCAM, and (xv/[33 integrin
, ing either a or B subunits thereof (e.g., anti-CD1 la, anti-CD18, or anti—
CD111) antibodies); growth s, such as VEGF; IgE; blood group antigens;
flk2/flt3 receptor; y (OB) receptor; protein C; PCSK9; etc.
Antibody Therapeutics Currentlyon the Market '
Many protein therapeutics currently on the market, especially antibodies as
defined herein, are administered Via IV infusions due to high dosing requirements.
ations can e one ofthe antibody therapeutics currently on the market or
a ilar thereof. Some protein therapeutics currently on the market are not high-
molecular—weight, but are still administered Via IV infusion because high doses are
needed for therapeutic efficacy. In some embodiments, liquid formulations are pro-
vided ofthese low-molecular—weight proteins as defined herein with concentrations to
deliver therapeutically effective s for SC or IM injections.
Antibody therapeutics currently on the market include belimumab
(BENLYSTA®), golimumab (SIMPONI ARIA®), abciximab (REOPRO®), the
combination of tositumomab and iodine-131 tositumomab, marketed as BEXXAR®,
alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®), palivizumab (SYNAGIS®), basiliximab
(SIMULECT®), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (KADCYLA®), pertuzumab
(PERJETA®), capromab pendetide (PROSTASCINT KIT®), caclizumab
(ZENAPAX®), ibritumomabtiuxetan (ZEVALIN®), eculizumab (SOLIRIS®),
ipilimumab (YERVOY®), muromonab-CD3 (ORTHOCLONE OKT3®),
raxibacumab, nimotuzumab (THERACIM®), brentuximab vedotin (ADCETRIS®),
adalimumab,,(HUMlRA®), golimumab (SIMPONI®), palivizumab (SYNAGIS®),
omalizumab (XOLAIR®), and ustekinumab (STELARA®).
Natalizumab, a zed mAb against the cell adhesion molecule 0L4-
integrin, is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn‘s disease. Previously
marketed under the trade name ANTEGREN®, natalizumab is currently co-marketed
as TYSABRI® by Biogen Idec (“Biogen”) and Elan Corp. (“Elan”) TYSABRI® is
produced in murine a cells. Each 15 mL dose contains 300 mg natalizumab;
123 mg sodium chloride, USP; 17.0 mg sodium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate,
USP; 7.24 mg sodium phosphate, dibasic, heptahydrate, USP; 3.0 mg polysorbate 80,
USP/NF, in water for 1V injection, USP at pH 6.1. Natalizumab is typically
administered by monthly intravenous (IV) infusions and has been proven effective in
treating the symptoms of both multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease, as well as for
preventing relapse, vision loss, cognitive decline, and significantly improving
patient’s quality of life.
As used herein, the term “natalizuma ” includes the mAb against the cell
adhesion molecule 0L4-integrin known under the International Nonproprietary Name
“NATALIZUMAB” or an antigen binding portion thereof. Natalizumab includes
dies bed in US. Patent No. 5,840,299, US. Patent No. 665, US.
Patent No. 6,602,503, US. Patent No. 5,168,062, US. Patent No. 5,385,839, and US.
Patent No. 5,73 0,978. Natalizumab includes the active agent in products ed
under the trade name TYSABRI® by Biogen Idec and Elan Corporation or a
ilar product thereof.
Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor or (EGFR) inhibitor used for
the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Cetuximab is
a chimeric (mouse/human) mAb typically given by IV infusion. Cetuximab is
marketed for IV use only under the trade name ERBITUX® by Bristol-Myers Squibb
Company (North America; “Bristol—Myers Squibb”), Eli Lilly and Company (North
a; “Eli Lilly”), and Merck KGaA. X® is ed in mammalian
(murine myeloma) cell e. Each -use, 5O-mL Vial of ERBITUX® contains
100 mg of cetuximab at a concentration of 2 mg/mL and is formulated in a
preservative—free solution containing 8.48 mg/mL sodium chloride, 1.88 mg/mL
sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, 0.42 mg/mL sodium phosphate monobasic
monohydrate, and water for IV Injection, USP.
Cetuximab is indicated for the treatment of patients with epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing, KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer
(mCRC), in combination with chemotherapy, and as a single agent in ts who
have failed oxaliplatin- and irinotecan—based therapy or who are intolerant to
irinotecan. Cetuximab is indicated for the treatment of patients with squamous cell
carcinoma ofthe head and neck in combination with um-based chemotherapy
for the first-line treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic disease and in combination
with radiation therapy for y advanced disease. Approximately 75% of patients
with metastatic colorectal cancer have an EGFR—expressing tumor and are, ore,
considered eligible for treatment with cetuximab or panitumumab, according to FDA
guidelines.
As used herein, the term “cetuxima ” includes the mAb known under the
International Nonproprietary Name “CETUXIMAB” or an antigen binding portion
thereof.-Cetuximab includes dies described in US. Patent No. 6,217,866. ' *
mab includes the active agent in products marketed under the trade name
ERBITUX® and biosimilar products thereof. Biosimilars of X® can include
those currently being developed by Amgen, AlphaMab Co., Ltd. (“AlphaMab”), and
Actavis plc (“Actavis”).
Bevacizumab, a zed InAb that inhibits vascular endothelial growth
factor A (VEGF-A), acts as an anti-angiogenic agent. It is marketed under the trade
name AVASTIN® by Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”) and F. Im-La Roche,
LTD (“Roche”). It is ed to treat various cancers, including colorectal, lung,
breast (outside the U.S.A.), astoma (U.S.A. only), kidney and ovarian.
AVASTIN® was approved by the FDA in 2004 for use in metastatic colorectal cancer
when used with standard chemotherapy treatment (as ine treatment) and with 54
fluorouracil-based therapy for second-line metastatic colorectal cancer. In 2006, the
FDA ed AVASTIN® for use in first-line advanced non-squamous non-small
cell lung cancer in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy.
AVASTIN® is given as an IV on every three weeks at the dose of either 15
mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg. The higher dose is usually given with carboplatin—based
chemotherapy, whereas the lower dose is given with cisplatin—based chemotherapy. In
2009, the FDA approved N® for use in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (a
form of kidney cancer). The FDA also granted accelerated approval ofAVASTIN®
for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme in 2009. Treatment for initial
growth is still in phase III clinical trial.
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (“NCCN”) recommends
bevacizumab as standard first-line treatment in combination with any platinum~based
herapy, followed by nance bevacizumab until disease progression. The
NCCN updated its Clinical ce Guidelines for Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for
Breast Cancer in 2010 to affirm the recommendation regarding the use of
bevacizumab (AVASTIN®, Genentech/Roche) in the treatment ofmetastatic breast
cancer.
As used herein, the term “bevacizumab” includes the mAb that inhibits
vascular elial growth factor A A) known under the International
Nonproprietary Name/Common Name “BEVACIZUMAB” or an antigen binding
portion thereof. Bevacizumab is described in US. Patent No. 6,054,297.
Bevacizumab includes the active agent in products ed under the trade name
AVASTIN® and biosimilar ts thereof. Biosimilars ofAVASTIN® can e
those currently being developed by Amgen, s, AlphaMab, and Pfizer, Inc
(“Pfizer”). Biosimilars of AVASTIN® can include the biosimilar known as BCD-021
produced by Biocad and currently in clinical trials in the US.
Trastuzumab is a mAb that interferes with the HERZ/neu receptor.
Trastuzumab is ed under the trade name HERCEPTIN® by Genentech, Inc.
HERCEPTIN® is produced by a mammalian cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO))
line. HERCEPTIN® is a sterile, white to pale-yellow, preservative-free lyophilized
powder for IV administration. Each TIN® vial contains 440 mg trastuzumab,
9.9 mg L-histidine HCl, 6.4 mg L—histidine, 400 mg ehalose dihydrate, and 1.8
mg polysorbate 20, USP. Reconstitution with 20 mL water yields a multi-dose
solution containing 21 mg/mL trastuzumab. HERCEPTIN® is currently administered
via IV infusion as often as weekly and at a dosage ranging from about 2 mg/kg to
about 8 mg/kg.
Trastuzumab is mainly used to treat certain breast cancers. The HER2 gene is
amplified in 20-30% of early-stage breast cancers, which makes it overexpress epi—
epidermal growth factor (EGF) ors in the cell membrane. Trastuznmab is
generally administered as a maintenance therapy for patients with HERZ-positive
breast cancer, typically for one year post-chemotherapy. Trastuzumab is tly
administered via IV on as often as weekly and at a dosage ranging from about 2
mg/kg to about 8 mg/kg.
As used herein, the term “trastuzumab” includes the mAb that eres with
the HER2/neu receptor known under the International Nonproprietary Name/Common
Name “TRASTUZUMAB” or an antigen binding portion f. Trastuzumab is
described in US. Patent No. 5,821,337. Trastuzumab includes the active agent in
products marketed under the trade name HERCEPTIN® and biosimilars thereof. The
term “trastuzumab” includes the active agent in biosimilar HERCIE'ZPTIN® products
marketed under the trade names HERTRAZ® by Mylan, Inc. (“Mylan”) and
CANMAB® by Biocon, Ltd. (“Biocon”). Trastuzurnab can include the active agent in
biosimilar HERCEPTIN® products being developed by Amgen and by PlantForm
' Corporation, Canada.
Infliximab is a mAb t tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-cr) used to treat
autoimmune diseases. It is marketed under the trade name REMICADE® by Janssen
Global Services, LLC (“Janssen”) in the U.S., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma in Japan,
Xian Janssen in China, and Merck & Co (“Merck”); elsewhere. Infliximab is a
chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody with a high molecular weight of
approximately 144 kDa. In some embodiments, the formulations contain a biosimiiar
ofREMICADE®, such as REMSIMATM or INFLECTRATM. Both REMSIMATM,
developed by Celltrion, Inc. (“Celltrion”), and INFLECTRATM, developed by Hospira
Inc, UK, have been recommended for regulatory approval in Europe. Celltrion has
ted a filing for REMSIMATM to the FDA. Infliximab is currently stered
via IV infusion at doses ranging from about 3 mg/kg to about 10 mgfkg.
Infliximab ns approximately 30% murine le region amino acid
sequence, which s antigen-binding specificity to human TNFcL. The ing
70% correspond to a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and a human kappa
light chain constant . Infliximab has high affinity for human TNFCL, which is a
cytokine with multiple biologic actions including mediation of inflammatory respons-
responses and modulation of the immune system.
Infliximab is a recombinant antibody generally produced and secreted from
mouse myeloma cells (SP2/0 cells). The antibody is currently manufactured by
continuous perfusion cell culture. The infliximab monoclonal antibody is sed
using chimeric antibody genes consisting ofthe variable region sequences cloned
from the murine anti-TNFd hybridoma A2, and human antibody constant region
sequences supplied by the plasmid expression vectors. Generation of the murine anti-
TNF u hybridoma is performed by zation of BALB/c mice With d
recombinant human TNFOL. The heavy and light chain vector constructs are linearized
and transfected into the Sp2/O cells by electroporation. Standard purification steps can
include chromatographic purification, viral vation, nanofiltration, and
ultrafiltration/diafiltration.
As used , the term “inflixirna ” includes the chimeric mouse/human
monoclonal antibody known under the International Nonproprietary Name
“INFLIXIMAB” or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Infliximab neutralizes the
biological activity ofTNFd by binding with high affinity to the soluble and
transmembrane forms of TNFd and inhibits g of TNFd with its receptors.
Infliximab is described in US. Patent No. 5,698,195. The term “Infliximab” includes
the active agent in products ed or ed to be marketed under the trade
names REMICADE® by multiple es; REMSIMATM by Celltrion and
INFLECTRATM by Hospira, Inc (“Hospira”). Infliximab is supplied as a sterile
lyophilized cake for reconstitution and dilution. Each vial of infliximab ns 100
mg infliximab and excipients such as monobasic sodium ate monohydrate,
dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.
Denosumab (PROLIA® and ) is a human mAb — and the first
RANKL inhibitor - approved for use in postmenopausal women with risk of
osteoporosis and patients with bone metastases from solid . Denosumab is in
Phase II trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Panitumumab is a fully hUman mAb approved by the FDA for ent of
EGFR—expressing metastatic cancer with disease progression. Panitumumab is
marketed under the trade name VECTIBIX® by Amgen. VECTIBIX® is packaged as
a 20 mg/ml paniturnumab concentrate in 5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml vials for IV infusion.
When prepared according to the packaging instructions, the final panitumumab
concentration does not exceed 10 mg/ml. VECTIBIX® is administered at a dosage of
6 mgfkg every 14 days as an intravenous infusion. As used herein, the term
“panitumumab” includes the uman mal growth factor receptor known by
the International Nonproprietary Name “PANITUMUMAB.” The term
“panitumumab” includes the active agent in products marketed under the trade name
VECTIBIX® by Amgen and biosimilars thereof. The term “panitumumab” includes
onal antibodies described in US. Patent No. 6,235,883. The term
“panitumumab” es the active agent in biosimilar VECTIBIX® products,
including biosimilar VECTIBIX® being developed by BioXpress, SA (“BioXpress”).
Belimumab (BENLYSTA®) is a human mAb with a lar weight of about
151.8 kDa that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAPF). Belimumab is ed in the
United States, Canada, and Europe for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Belimumab is currently administered to lupus patients by IV infusion at a 10 mg/kg
dosage. A high-molecular—weight, scosity protein formulation can include ' M --
Belimumab, preferably in a concentration of about 400 mg/mL to about 1,000
mg/mL. The preferred ranges are calculated based upon body weight of 40-100 kg
(approximately 80-220 lbs) in a 1 mL volume.
Abciximab (REOPRO®) is ctured by Janssen Biologics BV and
distributed by Eli Lilly & Company (“Eli Lilly”). Abciximab is a Fab fragment ofthe
chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody 7E3. Abciximab binds to the
glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor ofhuman platelets and inhibits platelet
aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other
adhesive molecules. It also binds to vitronectin ) receptor found on platelets and
vessel wall endothelial and smooth muscle cells. mab is a et aggregation
inhibitor mainly used during and after coronary artery ures. Abcixirnab is
administered Via IV infusion, first in a bolus of 0.25 mg/kg and followed by
continuous IV infusion of 0.125 mcg/kg/minute for 12 hours.
Tositumoma‘o (BEXXAR®) is a drug for the ent of follicular lymphoma.
It is an IgG2a anti—CD20 mAb derived from immortalized mouse cells. Tositumomab
is administered in sequential infusions: cold mAb followed by iodine (1311)
tositumomab, the same antibody covalently bound to the uclide -131.
Clinical trials have established the y of the tositurnomab/iodine tositumomab
regimen in patients with ed refractory follicular lymphoma. BEXXAR® is
tly administered at a dose of 450 mg Via IV infusion.
Alemtuzumab (marketed as CAMPATH®, PATH®, or CAMPATH-
lH® and currently under further development as LEMTRADA®) is a mAb used in the
treatment of chronic cytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
(CTCL), and T-cell lymphoma. It is also used under clinical trial ols for
treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. .Alemtuzumab has
a weight of approximately 145.5 kDa. It is administered in daily IV infusions of 30
mg for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
zumab (SYNAGIS®) is a humanized mAb directed against an epitope in
the A antigenic site of the F protein of respiratory syncytial Virus. In two Phase III
clinical trials in the pediatric population, palivizumab reduced the risk of
hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus infection by 55% and 45%.
‘ - *
' Palivizumab is dosed once a month Via IM injection of 15 mg/kg.
Ofatumumab is a human anti-CD20 mAb which appears to inhibit early-stage
B lymphocyte activation. Ofaturnumab is marketed under the trade name ARZERRA®
by GlaxoSmithKline, plc (“GlaxoSmithKline”). ARZERRA® is distributed in singie-
use Vials containing 100 mg/5 mL and 1,000 mg/SO mL ofatumumab for IV infusion.
Ofatumumab is FDA-approved for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and has
also shown potential in treating Follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Diffuse large B
cell lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Ofatumumab has a molecular weight of about 149 kDa. It is currently administered by
IV infusion at an l dose of 300 mg, ed by weekly infusions of 2,000 mg.
As usedherein, the term “ofatmnumab” includes the anti~CD20 mAb known by the
ational Nonproprietary Name “OFATUMUMAB.” The term “ofatumuma ”
includes the active agent in ts marketed under the trade name ARZERRA® and
biosimilars thereof. The term “ofatumumab” includes the active agent in biosimilar
ARZERRA® products being developed by BioExpress. High-molecular~weight, low-
viscosity liquid protein formulations can include ofatumumab, preferably in a
concentration of about 300 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL.
Trastuzumab emtansine (in the U.S., ado-trastuzurnab emtansine, marketed as
KADCYLA®) is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting ofthe mAb zumab
linked to the cytotoxic agent sine (DIN/[163). Trastuzumab, described above,
stops growth of cancer cells by g to the HERZ/neu receptor, whereas
mertansine enters cells and destroys them by binding to tubulin. In the United States,
zumab emtansine was approved specifically for treatment ofrecurring HERZ-
positive metastatic breast cancer. Multiple Phase III trials oftrastuzumab emtansine
are planned or ongoing in 2014. Trastuzumab emtansine is currently administered by
IV infusion of 3.6 rug/kg. High-molecular-weight, low~viscosity liquid formulations
can include trastnzumab emtansine, preferably in a concentration of about 144 mg/mL
to about 360 mg/mL.
Pertuzumab (PERJETA®) is a mAb that inhibits HERZ dimerization.
Pertuzumab received FDA approval for the treatment of HERZ-positive metastatic
breast cancer in 2012. The currently recommended dosage of umab is 420 mg
to 840 mg by IV infusion. High»molecular—weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations
can include pertuzumab, preferably in a concentration of about 420 mg/mL to about
840 mg/mL.
Daclizumab is a humanized anti-CD25 mAb and is used to t rejection in
organ transplantation, ally in kidney transplants. The drug is also under
investigation for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Daclizumab has a molecular
weight of about 143 kDa. Daciizurnab was marketed in the US. by Hoffmann—La
Roche, Ltd. (“Roche”) as ZENAPAX® and stered by IV infusion of 1 nag/kg.
Daclizumab ield Process (DAC HYP; BIIB019; Biogen Idec (“Biogen”) and
Abeie, Inc. (“Abeie”)) is in phase III clinical trials as a 150 mg, once-monthly
subcutaneous injection to treat relapsing, remitting multiple-sclerosis. High-
molecular—weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations can include umab,
preferably in a tration of about 40 mg/mL to about 300 mg/rnL.
Eculizumab (SOLIRIS®) is a humanized mAb approved for the treatment of
rare blood diseases, such as paroxysmal nal hemoglobinuria and atypical
hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eculizumab, with a molecular weight of about 148 kDa,
is being developed by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Alexion”). It is administered by
IV infilsion in the amount of about 600 mg to about 1,200 mg. High-molecular-
weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations can include eculizumab, preferably in a
concentration of about 500 mg/mL to about 1,200 rug/mL.
Tocilizumab (ACTEMRA®) is ahumanized mAb against the interleukin-6
receptor. it is an immunosuppressive drug, mainly for the ent of toid
arthritis (RA) and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, a severe form ofRA in
children. Tocilizumab is commonly administered by IV infusion in doses of about 6
mg/kg to about 8 mg/kg. High-molecular-weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations
can e tocilizumab, preferably in a concentration of about 240 mg/mL to about
800 mg/mL.
Rituximab (RITUXAN®) is a chimeric anti-CD20 mAb used to treat a variety
of diseases characterized by excessive numbers of B cells, overactive B cells, or
dysfunctional B cells. Rituximab is used to treat cancers of the white blood system,
such as leukemias and lymphomas, including Hodgkin‘s lymphoma and its
lymphocyte—predominant subtype. It has been shown to be an effective rheumatoid
arthritis treatment. mab is widely used off-label to treat difficult cases of
multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus eryfilematosus, and autoimmune anemias.
Rituximab is jointly marketed in the US. under the trade name R1TUXAN® by
Biogen and Genentech and outside the U.S. under the trade name MABTHERA® by
Roche. RITUXAN® is buted in single-use vials containing 100 mg/10 mL and
500 mg/SO mL. N® is lly administered by IV infusion of about 375
. The term imab,” as used herein, includes the anti-CD20 mAb known
under the International Nonproprietary Name/Common Name “RITUXIMAB.”
Rituxirnab includes mAbs described in US. Patent No. 5,736,137. Rituximab es
the active agent in products ed under the trade name RITUXAN® and
MABTHERA® and biosimilars thereof.
High-molecular—weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations can include
mab, preferably in a concentration of about 475 mg/mL to about 875 mg/mL
(approximated using a body surface area range of 1.3 to 2.3 square meters, derived
from the Mosteller formula for persons ranging from 5 ft, 40 kg to 6 ft, 100 kg).
Concentrations are calculated for a 1 mL formulation.
Ipilimumab is a human mAb developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
tol-Myers Squibb”). Marketed as YERVOY®, it is used‘for the treatment of
melanoma and is also undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of non-small cell
lung carcinoma (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and metastatic hormone-
refiactory prostate cancer. Ipilimumab is currently administered by IV infusion of 3
mg/kg. High—molecular—weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations can include
ipilimurnab, preferably in a concentration of about 120 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL.
Raxibacumab (ABthraX®) is a human mAb intended for the laxis and
treatment of inhaled anthrax. It is currently administered by IV infusion. The
suggested dosage in adults and children over 50 kg is 40 mg/kg. High-molecular-
weight, low-viscosity liquid formulations can include raxibacumab, preferably in a
concentration of about 1,000 mg/mL to about 4,000 mg/mL.
Nimotuzumab (THERACIM®, BIOMAB EGFR®, THERALoc®, CIMAher®)
is a humanized mAb with a molecular weight of about 151 kDa used to treat
us cell carcinomas of the head and neck, recurrent or refractory high—grade
malignant glioma, anaplastic astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and diffuse intrinsic
pontine glioma. Nimotuzumab is typically stered by IV infusion of about 200
mg weekly. High-'molecular-Weight, low—viscosity liquid formulations can include
nimotuzumab, preferably in a tration of about 200 mg/mL.
Brentuximab vedotin (ADCETRIS®) is an antibody-drug ate directed to
the n CD30, expressed in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma and systemic
anaplastic large cell lymphoma. It is administered by IV infusion of about 1.8 mg/kg.
High»molecular-weight, low—viscosity liquid formulations can include brentuximab
vedotin, preferably in a concentration of about 80 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
Itolizumab (ALZUMAB®) is a humanized IgGl mAb developed by Biocon.
Itolizumab completed sful Phase III studies in patients With te to severe
psoriasis. ltolizumab has received marketing approval in India; an application for
FDA approval has not been ted.
Obinutuzumab A®), originally developed by Roche and being r
developed under a collaboration agreement with Biogen is a humanized anti—CD20
mAb approved for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is also being
investigated in Phase III clinical trials for ts With various mas. Dosages
of about 1,000 mg are being administered via IV infusion.
Certolizumab pegol (CIMZIA®) is a recombinant, humanized antibody Fab’
fiagment, with specificity for human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFu), conjugated
to an approximately 40kDa polyethylene glycol (PEGZMAL40K). The molecular
weight of certelizumab pegol is approximately 91 kDa.
Other antibody therapeutics that can be formulated with viscosity-lowering
ionic s include CT-P6 from Celltrion, Inc. (Celltrion).
Antibody Therapeutics in Late~Srage Trials and Development
The ssion of antibody therapeutics to late-stage clinical development
and regulatory review are proceeding at a rapid pace. In 2014, there are more than 300
mAbs in clinical trials and 30 commercially-sponsored antibody therapeutics
undergoing evaluation in late-stage s. First marketing applications for two
mAbs (vedolizumab and ramucirumab) were recently submitted to the FDA. Arngen
is currently sponsoring multiple ongoing Phase III trials on the use of brodalumab in
patients with plaque psoriasis, with additional trials planned or ting patients.
XBiotech, Inc. has sponsored two Phase I clinical trials ofMABpl ix) for
patients with advanced cancer or type—2 diabetes. Additional trials of MABpl are
ting patients. Multiple trials are sponsored by Medlmmune, LLC 7, -
(“Medlmmune”) and underway or recruiting ts for the treatment of leukemia
with moxetumomab pasudotox. Long—term safety and efficacy studies are underway
for the use of tildrakizurnab for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Multiple
phase II trials have recently completed for the use of rilotumumab for the treatment of
various cancers.
At least 28 mAbs are high-molecular—weight ns tly in or having
recently completed Phase III studies for the treatment of inflammatory or
immunological disorders, cancers, high terol, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s
disease, and ious diseases. The mAbs in or having recently completed Phase III
trials include AMG 145, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab (MORAb-003),
gantenerurnab (RG1450), gevokizumab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, itolizumab,
ixekizumab, lebrikizumab, mepolizumab, naptumomab estafenatox, necitumumab,
mab, ocrelizumab, onartuzumab, racotumomab, rnmab, reslizumab,
romosozumab, sarilmnab, secukinumab, sirukumab, solanezurnab, tabalumab, and
vedolizumab. A mAb mixture (actoxumab and bezlotoxurnab) is also being ted
in Phase III trials. See, e.g., Reichert, Mb: 5:1-4, 2013.
WO 38811
Vedolizumab is a mAb being developed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc
(“Millennium”; a subsidiary of Takeda ceuticals Company, Ltd. (“Takeda”)).
Vedolizumab was found safe and highly effective for inducing and ining
al remission in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Phase III
clinical trials showed it to meet the objectives of inducing a clinical response and
maintaining remission in Crohn's and ulcerative colitis patients. Studies evaluating
erm clinical outcomes show close to 60% of patients achieving clinical
ion. A common dose of vedolizumab are 6 mg/kg by IV infusion.
rumab is a human InAb being developed for the treatment of solid
tumors. Phase III clinical trials are ongoing for the treatment of breast cancer,
metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and other types of
cancer. Ramucirumab, in some Phase III trials, is administered at about 8 mg/kg via
IV on.
Rilotumumab is a human mAb that inhibits the action ofhepatocyte growth
factor/scatter factor. Developed by Amgen, it is in Phase III trials as a treatment for
solid tumors. An open Phase III study of rilotumumab treatment in patients with
advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer will administer rilotumurnab at about 15
mg/kg via IV infusion.
Evolocumab (AMG 145), also developed by Amgen, is a mAb that binds to
PC8K9. Evolocumab is indicated for hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia.
Alirocumab (REGN727) is a human mAb from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals,
Inc. (“Regeneron”) and Sanofi-Aventis US. LLC (“Sanofi”), indicated for
holesterolemia and acute coronary syndrome.
Naptumomab estafenatox, AER-217620 from Active Biotech AB (“Active
Biotech”) is a mAb indicated for renal cell carcinoma.
Racotum'omab from CIMAB, SA (“CIMAB”); Laboratorio Elea I.F.y
A. is a mAb indicated for non—small cell lung .
Other antibodies which may be formulated with viscosity-lowering ionic
liquids include bococizumab (PF-04950615) and tanezumab; mab,
blinatumomab, trebananib from Arngen; Anthrax immune globulin from Cangene
ation; teplizumab from MacroGenics, Inc.; MK-3222, MRI-6072 from Merck
& Co (“Merck"); girentuximah from Wilex AG; n fifom Navidea Biopharma-
Biopharmaceuticals C'Navidea”); PF~05280014 from Pfizer; SA237 from Chugai
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (“Chugai”); guselkumab from Janssen/ Johnson and Johnson
Services, Inc. (“18d"); Antithrombin Gamma (KW-6357) from Kyowa; and CT~P10
from Celltrion.
Antibodies in Early—Stage Clinical Trials
Many mAbs have ly entered, or are entering, clinical trials. They can
include proteins currently stered via IV infusion, preferably those having a
molecular weight greater than about 120 kDa, typicallyfrom about 140 kDa to about
180 kDa. They can also include such high-molecular-weight proteins such as
n-conjugated drugs or peptides that are also entering clinical trials or have
been approved by the FDA. Many mAbs fiom Amgen are currently in clinical trials.
These can be high-molecular-weight proteins, for example, AMG 557, Which is a
human monoclonal antibody developed jointly by Amgen and AstraZeneca and
tly in Phase I trials for treatment of lupus. Likewise, AMG 729 is a zed
InAb developed by Amgen and currently in Phase I trials for the treatment of lupus
and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, AMG 110 is a mAb for epithelial cell adhesion
molecuie; AMG 157, jointly developed by Amgen and AstraZeneca, is a human mAb
currently in Phase I for the treatment of asthma; AMG 167 is a humanized mAb that
has been evaluated in multiple Phase I trials for the treatment of osteopenia; AMG
334, having completed Phase I dosing studies and currently in in Phase II studies for
the treatment of migraines and hot flashes, is a human mAb that inhibits Calcitonin
Gene-Related e; AMG 780 is a human antiuangiopoietin mAb that inhibits the
interaction between the endothelial cell-selective Tie2 or and its ligands Angl
and Ang2, and recently completed Phase I trials as a cancer treatment; AMG 811 is a
human monoclonal dy that inhibits interferon gamma being investigated as a
treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus; AMG 820 is a human mAb that inhibits
c-fms and decreases tumor associated hage (TAM) function and is being
investigated as a cancer treatment; AMG 181, jointly ped by Amgen and
AstraZeneca, is a human mAb that inhibits the action of alpha4/beta7 and is in Phase
2014/055245
II trials as a treatment for tive colitis and Crohn's disease.
Many mAbs are currently in clinical trials for the ent of autoimmune
disorders. These mAbs can be included in low-viscosity, high-molecular-weight
liquid formulations. RG7624 is a fully human mAb designed to cally and
selectively bind to the human eukin-l7 family of cytokines. A Phase I clinical
trial evaluating RG7624 for autoimmune disease is ongoing. BIIB033 is an anti-
LINGO-l mAb by Biogen currently in Phase II trials for treating multiple sclerosis.
High-molecular-weight ns also can include AGS-009, a mAb targeting
IFN—alpha ped by Argos Therapeutics, Inc. that recently completed phase I
trials for the treatment of lupus. Patients are administered up to 30 mg/kg ofAGS—009
via IV infusion. BT-061, developed by Abeie, is in Phase II trials for patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. Certolizumab pegol (CIMZIA®) is a mAb in Phase II trials for
ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clazakizumab, an anti-1L6
mAb, is in Phase II trials by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
ONTO-136 (sirukumab) and CNTO-1959 are mABs having ly
ted Phase II and Phase III trials by Janssen. Daclizumab (previously marketed
as ZENAPAX® by Roche) is currently in or has recently completed multiple Phase III
trials by Abeie for the treatment ofmultiple sclerosis. Epratuzumab is a humanized
mAb in Phase III trials for the treatment of lupus. Canakinumab (ILARIS®) is a
human mAb targeted at interleukin-1 beta. It was approved for the treatment of
rin—associated periodic syndromes. Canakinumab is-in Phase I trials as a
possible treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gout and ry
artery disease. imumab is a human mAb designed for the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis. Discovered as CAM—3001 by Cambridge dy Technology,
mavrilimumab is being developed by MedImmune.
MEDI-546 are MEDI-57O are mAbs currently in Phase I and Phase II trials by
AstraZeneca for the treatment of lupus. MEDI-546 is administered in the Phase II
study by regular IV infusions of BOO-1,000 mg. MEDI—SSI, another mAb being
developed by AstraZeneca for numerous indications, is also currently stered by
IV infusion. NN8209, a mAb blocking the C5aR receptor being developed by Novo
Nordisk A/S( “Novo Nordisk”), has completed a Phase II dosing study for treatment
ofrheumatoid arthritis. NN8210 is another antiCSaR mAb being developed by Novo
WO 38811
Nordisk and currently is in Phase I trials. IPH2201 CNN8765) is a humanized mAb
targeting NKG2A being ped by Novo Nordisk to treat patients with
inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. NN8765 ly completed
Phase I trials.
Olokizumab is a humanized mAb that potently targets the cytokine IL-6. IL-6
is involved in several autoimmune and inflammatory pathways. Olokizumab has
completed Phase II trials for the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis. Otelixizumab, also
known as TRX4, is a mAb, which is being ped for the treatment of type 1
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. Ozoralizumab is a
humanized mAb that has completed Phase II trials.
Pfizer currently has Phase I trials for the mAbs PD-360324 and PF-04236921
for the treatment of lupus. A rituximab biosimilar, PF-05280586, has been developed
by Pfizer and is in Phase I/Phase II trials for rheumatoid arthritis.
Rontalizumab is a humanized mAb being developed by Genentech. It recently
completed Phase II trials for the ent of lupus. SAR113244 (anti—CXCRS) is a
mAb by Sanofi in Phase I trials. Sifaiimumab (anti-IFN—alpha mAb) is a mAb in . -
Phase II trials for the ent of lupus.
A high-molecular-weight low-viscosity liquid formulation can e one of
the mAbs in early stage clinical development for treating various blood disorders. For
example, rnab (BENLYSTA®) has recently completed Phase I trials for
patients with vasculitis. Other mAbs in early—stage triais for blood disorders include
BI—655075 from Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH “Boehringer Ingelheim”, ferroportin
mAb and hepcidin mAb from Eli Lily, and SelGl from Selexys Pharmaceuticals,
Corp. xys”).
One or more mAbs in early-stage development for treating various cancers and
related conditions can be included in a low-viscosity, high-molecular-weight iiquid
formulation. United Therapeutics, Corporation has two mAbs in Phase I trials, 8H9
mAb and ch14.18 mAb. The mAbs ABT-806, uzumab, and volociximab from
Abeie are in stage development. Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc has conducted
early-stage trials for the mAbs b-A (M195 mAb), anti-CD45 mAb, and Iornab-
B. Seattle Genetics, Inc. (“Seattle Genetics”) has several mAbs in early-stage trials for
cancer and related conditions, including anti-CD22 ADC (RG7593; pinatuzumab
vedotin), anti-CD79b ADC (RG7596), TEAPI ADC (RG7450), ASG—SME and
ASG-ZZME from Agensys, Inc. (“Agensys”) the antibody-drug conjugate RG7458,
and vorsetuzumab mafodotin. The early-stage cancer therapeutics from Genentech
can be included in low-Viscosity formulations, including ALT-836, the antibody-drug
conjugates RG7600 and DEDN6526A, anti-CD22 ADC (RG7593), anti—EGFL7 mAb
(RG7414), anti-HER3/EGFR DAF InAb (RG7597), anti—PD-Ll mAb (RG7446),
DFRF4539A, an MINT1526A. Bristol-Myers Squibb is developing early—stage mAbs
for cancer therapeutics, ing those identified as anti—CXCR4, anti-PD-Ll, IL—21
(EMS-982470), lirilumab, and urelumab (anti-CD13 7). Other mAbs in early-stage
trials as cancer therapeutics include APN301(hnl4.18-IL2) from Apeiron Biologics
AG, AV-203 from AVEO Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“AVEO”), AVX701 and AVX901
from AlphaVax, BAX-69 from Baxter International, Inc. (“Baxter”), BAY 79-4620
and BAY 20-10112 from Bayer HealthCare AG, BHQ880 from Novartis AG, 212-
Ctrastuzumab from AREVA Med, AbGn-7 from AbGenornics International
Inc, and ABIO-0501 (TALL-104) from Abiogen Pharma S.p.A.
Other antibody therapeutics that can be formulated with ity—lowering
ionic liquids include alzumab, GAIOI, daraturnurnab, siltuxirnab, ALX—006l, ALX-
0962, ALX~0761, bimagumab 8), CT—Oll (pidilizumab),
actoxumab/bezlotoxumab (MK-3515A), 75 (pembrolizumab), dalotuzumab
(MK-0646), icrucurnab (IMO-18F 1, LY3012212), AMG 139 (MED12070),
SAR339658, dupilumab (REGN668), SAR156597, SAR256212, 356,
SAR3419, SAR153192 (REGN421, enoticumab), SAR307746 curnab),
SAR650984, SAR566658, 786, SAR228810, SAR252067, SGN-CDIQA,
SGN-CD3 3A, SGN—LIVIA, ASG 15MB, Anti-LINGO, BIIB037, ALXN1007,
teprotumurnab, concizumab, anrukinzumab (IMA-63 8), mab (PF-04360365),
PF-03446962, PF-062526l6, etrolizumab (RG7413), quilizurnab, ranibizurnab,
lampalizumab, onclacumab, gentenerumab, crenezurnab (RG7412), IMC-RONS
(namatumab), tremelimumab, turnab, eemcizumab, ozanezumab,
mapatumurnab, tralokinumab, 71, XmAb7 195 , cixutumumab 22 1 7),
LY2541546 (blosozumab), olaratumab 2207), MEDI4893, MEDIS73,
MED10639, MEDI3 617, MEDI4736, MEDI6469, MEDIO680, MEDIS872, PF-
05236812 (AAB-003), PF-05082566, BI 1034020, RG7116, RG7356, RG7155,
RG7212, RG7599, RG7636, RG7221, RG7652 (MPSK3169A), RG7686, HuMaX-
HuMaXTFADC, MOR103, BT061, MORZOS, OMP59R5 (antimotch 2/3), VAY736,
MOR202, BAY94-9343, LJM716, OMP52M51, GSK933776, GSK249320,
GSK1070806, NN8828, CEP-37250/KHK2804 AGS—16M8F, AGS—16C3F,
859, LY2495655, LY2875358, and LY2812176.
Other early stage mAbs that can be formulated with Viscosity-lowering ionic
liquids include benralizumab, MEDI-8968, anifrolumab, MEDI7183, mumab,
MEDI—575, tralokinumab from AstraZeneca and Medlmmune; BAN2401 from
Biogen Idec/Eisai Co. LTD ("Eisai”)/ BioArctic cience AB; CDP7657 an anti-
CD4OL monovalent pegylated Fab antibody fragment, STX~100 an anti-aVB6 mAb,
BIIB059, Anti-TWEAK (BHB023), and BIIBO22 from Biogen; fulranumab from
Janssen and Amgen; BI—204/RG741 8 from BioInvent International/Genentech; BT-
062 (indatuximab ravtansine) from Biotest Pharmaceuticals Corporation; XmAb from
Boehringer Ingelheimeencor; anti-IP10 from Bristol-Myers Squibb; J 591 Lu-l77
from BZL Biologics LLC; CDX—Oll (glembatumumab vedotin), CDX—O401 from
Celldex Therapeutics; foravirumab from lI;-t-igatuzumab from Daiichi Sankyo
y Limited; MORAb-004, MORAb-009 (amatuximab) from Eisai;
LY2382770 from Eli Lilly; DIl7E6 fiom EMD Serono Inc; zanolimumab from
Emergent BioSolutions, Inc.; FG—301 9 from FibroGen,Inc.; catumaxomab from
Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA; pateclizumab, rontalizumab from Genentech;
fresolimumab from e & Sanofi; (38-6624 (simtuzurnab) from ; CNTO—
328, bapineuzurnab (AAB—OOl), carlumab, CNTO—136 from Janssen; KB003 from
KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 40 from Kyowa; RN—307 from Labrys
Biologics Inc.; ecromeximab from Life Science Pharmaceuticals; LY2495655,
LY2928057, 014, LY2951742 from Eli Lilly; MBL-HCV] from
MassBiologics; AME—l3 3v from MENTRIK Biotech, LLC; abituzurnab from Merck
KGaA; MM-121 from ack Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; MCSl 10, QAX576,
QBX258, QGE031 from is AG; HCD122 from Novartis AG and XOMA
Corporation ("XOMA”); NNSSSS from Novo Nordisk; ximab, cotara from
Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; PSMA—ADC from Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
oregovomab from Quest Pharmatech, Inc.; mab (REGN475), REGN1033,
SAR231893, REGN846 from Regeneron; RG7160, CIM331, RG7745 from Roche;
ibalizumab 55) from TaiMed Biologics Inc.; TON-032 from lone
Sciences; TRC105 from TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc; UB—421 from United
Biomedical Inc; VB4-845 from Viventia Bio, Inc.; ABT—l 10 from Abeie;
Caplacizumab, Ozoraiizurnab from Ablynx; PRO 140 from CytoDyn, Inc; GS-
CDAI, MDX-1388 from Medarex, Inc; AMG 827, AMG 888 from Amgen;
ublituximab from TG Therapeutics Inc.; TOL 1 01 from Tolera Therapeutics, 1110.;
huN901—DM1 (lorvotuzurnab mertansine) from ImmunoGen Inc. ; epratuzumab Y-
90/Veltuzumab combination (WU—102)from medics, Inc.; anti-fibrin mAb/
3B6/22 Tc—99m from Agenix, Limited; ALD403 from Alder Biopharmaceuticais,
Inc.; RN6G/ PF-04382923 from Pfizer; CG201 from CG Therapeutics, 1110.; KBOOI—
A from KaloBios Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi; KRN—23 from Kyowa.; Y—90 hPAM 4
from Immunomedics, Inc.; Tarextumab from sys AG & OncoMed
Pharmacetuicals, Inc; LFG316 fiom Morphosys AG & Novartis AG; CNTO3157,
CNT06785 from Morphosys AG & Jarmsen; RG6013 fiom Roche & Chugai; MM—
111 from Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc} ("Merrimack"); GSK2862277 from
GlaxoSmithKline; AMG 282, AMG 172, AMG 595, AMG 745, AMG 761 from
Amgen; BVX-20 from Biocon; CT-P19, CT—P24, CT-P25, CT-P26, CT~P27, CT—P4
from Celltrion; GSK284933, GSK23 98852, GSK2618960, GSK1223249,
'GSK933776A from GlaxoSmithKline; anetumab ravtansine fi'orn Morphosys AG &
Bayer AG; BI—836845 from Morphosys AG & nger Ingelheim; NOV-7, NOV-
8 from Morphosys AG & Novartis AG; MM-302, MM-310, MM-Ml, ,
MM—151 from Merrimack, RG7882 from Roche & Seattle Genetics; RG7841 from
Roche/ Genentech; PF-06410293, PF-06438179, PF-0643 9535, PRO-4605412, PF-
05280586 from Pfizer; RG7716, RG7936, gentenerurnab, RG7444 from Roche;
47, MEDI-565, MEDI1814, MEDI4920, MED18897, MEDI—4212, MEDI-
51 17, MEDI—78 14 from Astrazeneca; ulocuplumab, PCSK9 adnectin from l-
Myers ; , FPA145 from irne Therapeutics, Inc; GS—5745 from
Gilead; BIW-8962, KHK4083, KHK6640 from Kyowa Hakko Kirin; MM—141 from
Merck KGaA; REGN1154, REGN1193, REGN1400, REGNISOO, REGN1908—1909,
REGN2009, REGN2176~3, REGN728 from Regeneron; SAR307746 from Sanofi;
SGN—CD70A fiom Seattle Genetics; ALX-0141, ALX-0171 from AblynX;
milatuzurnab-DOX, milatuzumab, TF2, from Immunomedics, Inc.; MLN0264 from
Millennium; ABT-981from Abeie; AbGn—168H from AbGenornics ational
Inc.; ficlatuzumab from AVEO; BI-SOS from BioInvent International; 27,
CDX-301 from Celldex Therapeutics; CLT-008 from Cellerant Therapeutics Inc.;
VGX-IOO from Circadian; U3-1565 from Daiichi Sankyo Company d; DKN~
01 from Dekkun Corp; flanvotumab (TYRPI protein), IL-1 [3 antibody, IMC-CS4
from Eli Lilly; VEGFR3 mAb, IMC—TRI (LY30228b59) from Eli Lilly and IrnClone,
LLC; Anthirn from Elusys Therapeutics Inc.; HuL2G7 from Galaxy Biotech LLC;
3, IMGN529 from ImmuncGen Inc. ; CNTO-S, CNTO—5825 from Janssen;
KD-247 from Kaketsuken; KB004 from KaloBios Pharmaceuticals; ,
MGAH22 from MacroGenics, Inc.; XmAb5574 from MorphoSys AG/Xencor;
ensituximab (NFC-1C) from ix Oncology, Inc.; LFA102 from Novartis AG
and XOMA; ATI355 from Novartis AG; SAN-300 from Santarus Inc.; SelGl from
Selexys; HuM195/rGel from Targa Therapeutics, Corp; VX15 from Teva
Pharmaceuticals, Industries Ltd. (“Teva”) and Vaccinex Inc.; TCN—202 from
Theraclone Sciences; XmAb2513, 72 from Xencor; XOMA 3AB from
XOMA and National Institute for Allergy and ious Diseases; neuroblastorna
antibody vaccine from MabVax Therapeutics; Cytolin from CytoDyn, Inc.; Thravixa
fiom nt BioSolutions Inc.; and FE 301 from Cytovance Biologics; rabies mAb
from Janssen and Sanofi; flu mAb from n and partly funded by National
Institutes of Health; MB—003 and ZMapp from Mapp Biophannaceutical, Inc.; and
ZMAb from Defyrus Inc.
Other Protein Therapeutics
The protein can be an enzyme, a fusion protein, a stealth or plegylated protein,
vaccine or otherwise a biologically active protein (or n mixture). The term
“enzyme,” as used herein, refers to the protein or functional fragment thereof that
catalyzes a biochemical transformation of a target molecule to a desired product.
s as drugs have at least two important features, namer i) often bind
and act on their targets with high affinity and specificity, and ii) are catalytic and
convert le target molecules to the desired products. In n embodiments,
the protein can be PEGylated, as defined herein.
The term n protein,” as used herein, refers to a protein that is created
from two different genes encoding for two separate ns. Fusion proteins are
generally produced h recombinant DNA techniques known to those skilled in
the art. Two proteins (or protein fragments) are filsed together covalently and exhibit
properties from both parent proteins.
There are a number of fusion proteins that are on the market.
ENBREL® (Etanercept), is a fusion protein marketed by Amgen that
itively inhibits TNF.
ELOCTATE®, Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant), Fc Fusion Protein, is a
recombinant DNA derived, antihemophilic factor indicated in adults and children with
Hemophilia A (congenital Factor VIII deficiency) for control and prevention of
bleeding episodes, perioperative management, routine prophylaxis to t or
reduce the frequency of bleeding es.
EYLEA® (aflibercept) is a recombinant fusion protein consisting of portions
*- ofhuman VEGF receptors 1 and 2 extracellular domains fused to the Fc portion of
human lgGl formulated as an iso-osmotic solution for intravitreal administration.
EYLEA (aflibercept) is a recombinant fusion protein consisting of ns ofhuman
VEGF receptors 1 and 2 extracellular domains fused to the Fe n of human IgG1
formulated as an iso-osmotic solution for intravitreal administration. Afiibercept is a
dimeric glycoprotein with a protein molecular weight of 97 kilodaltons (kDa) and
contains glycosylation, constituting an additional 15% of the total molecular mass,
resulting in a total molecular weight of 115 kDa. Aflibercept is produced in
inant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, marketed by Regeneron.
ALPROLIXTM, Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant), Fc Fusion Protein, is a
recombinant DNA derived, coagulation Factor IX concentrate is
ted in adults and children with hemophilia B for control and prevention of
ng episodes, perioperative management, routine prophylaxis to prevent or
reduce the ncy of bleeding episodes.
Pegloticase (KRYSTEXXAQQ) is a drug for the treatment of severe, treatment-
refractory, chronic gout, ped by Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and is the first
drug approved for this indication. Pegloticase is a pegylated inant porcine—like
uricase with a molecular weight of about 497 kDa. icase is currently adminis—
administered by IV infusions of about 8 mg/kg. High-molecular—weight, scosity
liquid ations can include pegloticase, preferably in a concentration of about 300
mg/mL to about 800 mg/mL.
Alteplase (ACTIVASE®) is a tissue plasminogen activator ed by
recombinant DNA technology. It is a purified glycoprotein comprising 527 amino
acids and synthesized using the mentary DNA (cDNA) for natural human
-type plasminogen activator obtained from a human melanoma cell line.
ase is administered via IV on of about 100 mg immediately following
symptoms of a stroke. In some embodiments, low-viscosity formulations are provided
containing alteplase, preferably in a concentration of about 100 mg/mL.
Glucarpidase (VORAXAZE®) is a FDA-approved drug for the treatment of
elevated levels of methotrexate (defined as at least 1 micromol/L) during treatment of
cancer patients who have impaired kidney function. Glucarpidase is administered via
IV in a single dose of about 50 lU/kg. In some embodiments, low-viscosity
formulations are provided containing glucarpidase. - -
Algiucosidase alfa (LUMIZYME®) is an enzyme replacement therapy orphan
drug for treatment ofPompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II), a rare
lysosomal storage disorder. It has a molecular weight of about 106 kDa and is
currently administered by IV infusions of about 20 mg/kg. In some embodiments, a
scosity pharmaceutical formulation of alglucosidase alfa is provided, preferably
with a concentration of about 100 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL.
Pegdamase bovine (ADAGEN®) is a modified enzyme used for enzyme
replacement therapy for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency disease
(SCID) associated with a deficiency of adenosine deaminase. Pegdamase bovine is a
conjugate of numerous strands ofmonomethoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular
weight 5,000 Da, covalently attached to adenosine ase enzyme that has been
derived from bovine intestine.
o-Galactosidase is a lysosomal enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of the
ipid, riaosylceramide , to galactose and ceramide dihexoside.
Fabry disease is a rare inheritable lysosomal storage e characterized by
subnormal enzymatic activity of u-Galactosidase and resultant accumulation of GL-3.
Agalsidase alfa (REPLAGAL®) is a human d-galactosidase A enzyme produced by a
human cell line. Agalsidase beta (FABRAZYME®) is a inant human 01-—
galactosidase expressed in a CHO cell line. Replagal is administered at a dose of 0.2
mg/kg every other week by intravenous infusion for the treatment of Fabry disease
and, off label, for the treatment of Gaucher disease. FABRAZYME® is administered
at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight every other week by IV infusion. Other mal
enzymes can also be used. For e, the protein can be a lysosomai enzyme as
described in US 2012/0148556.
Rasburicase (ELITEK®) is a inant urate-oxidase indicated for initial
management ofplasma uric acid levels in pediatric and adult patients with ia,
lymphoma, and solid tumor malignancies who are receiving anti-cancer therapy
expected to result in tumor lysis and uent elevation of plasma uric acid.
ELITEK® is administered by daily IV infusion at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg.
Imiglucerase (CEREZYME®) is a recombinant analogue of human B-
glucocerebrosidase. Initial dosages range from 2.5 U/kg bodylweight 3 times a week
to 60 U/kg once every 2 weeks. CEREZYME® isadministered by IV infusion.
Abraxane, paclitaxel-conjugated albumin, is approved for metastatic breast
cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and late stage pancreatic cancer.
Taliglucerase alfa (ELEYSO®) is a hydrolytic lysosomal glucocerebroside—
specific enzyme indicated for long-term enzyme ement therapy for Type 1
Gaucher disease. The recommended dose is 60 U/kg of body weight administered
once every 2 weeks via intravenous infusion.
Laronidase (ALDURAZYME®) is a polymorphic t of the human
enzyme d—L—iduronidase that is ed via CHO cell line. The recommended
dosage regimen ofALDURAZYME® is 0.58 mg/kg administered once weekly as an
intravenous infusion.
Elosufase alfa (VIMIZIM®) is a human N-acetylgalactosamine-6—sulfatase
produced by CHO cell line by in Pharmaceuticals Inc (“BioMarin”). It was
approved by the FDA on February 14, 2014 for the treatment of
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IVA. It is administered weekly via intravenous infusion
at a dosage of 2 mg/kg.
Other biologics which may be ated With viscosity-lowering ionic liq-
uids include asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi AZE®), incobotulinumtoxin
A (XEOMIN®), EPOGEN® (epoetin Alfa), T® (epoetin Alta), P®'
(darbepoetin alfa), ORENCIA® (abatacept), BATASERON® (interferon beta-1b),
NAGLAZYME® (galsulfase); ELAPRASE® (Idursulfase); E®
(LUMIZYME®, algucosidase alfa); VPRJV‘:D (velagiucerase), abobotulinumtoxin A
(DYSPORT®); BAX—326, Octocog alfa from Baxter; Syncria from GlaxoSmithKline;
liprotamase from Eli Lilly; Xiaflex (collagenase clostridium histolyticum) from Aux-
ilium and BioSpecifics Technologies Corp; anakinra from Swedish Orphan
Biovitrum AB; eptin from Bristol-Myers Squibb; Avonex, Plegridy (BIIBOl7)
from Biogen; NN1841, NN7008 from Novo Nordisk; KRN321 (darbepoetin alfa),
AMG531 (romiplostim), KRN125 (pegfilgrastim), KW—076l (mogamulizumab) from
Kyowa; IB 1001 from Inspiration Biophannaceuticals; lprivask from Canyon Phannan
ceuticals Group.
Protein eutics in Development
Versartis, 's VRS—3 17 is a recombinant human growth hormone (hGH)
fusion protein utilizing the XTEN half—life extension technology. It aims to reduce the
frequency of hGH inj ections necessary for patients With hGH deficiency. VRS—3 l 7
has completed a Phase II study, comparing its efficacy to daily injections of non-
derivatized hGH, with positive results. Phase III studies are planned.
Vibriolysin is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the Gram-negative marine
rganism, Vibrio proreolyticus. This endoprotease has specific affinity for the
hydrophobic regions ofproteins and is capable of cleaving proteins adjacent to
hobic amino acids. Vibriolysin is currently being investigated by BioMarin for
the ng and/or treatment of burns. Vibriolysin formulations are described in
patent W0 014.
PEG-PAL (PEGylated recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase or “PAL”)
is an investigational enzyme substitution therapy for the treatment of phenylketonuria
(PKU), an inherited lic disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). PEG-PAL is being developed as a potential
treatment for patients Whose blood alanine (Phe) levels are not adequately
lled by KUVAN®. PEG-PAL is now in Phase 2 clinical development to treat
patients who do not tely respond to KUVAN®.
Other protein eutics which may be formulated with Viscosity-lowering
ionic liquids include ixf rFlXFc, Eloctate/ Fc, 0; BMN—250;
Lamazyme; Galazyme; ZA-Ol I; Sebelipase alfa; SEC-103; and HGT-11 10.
Additionally, fusion-proteins ning the XTEN half-life ion technology
including, but not limited to: VRS~317 GH-XTEN; Factor VIIa, Factor VIII, Factor
IX; PF05280602, VRS-859; Exenatide-XTEN; 6; GLPZ-ZG/XTEN; and
AMX—179 Folate—XTEN—DMI can be formulated with viscosity-lowering ionic
liquids.
Other late-stage protein therapeutics which can be formulated with Viscosity-
lowering ionic liquids include CM—AT from CureMark LLC; NN7999, NN7088,
Liraglutide (NNS022), NN9211, Semaglutide (NN953 5) from Novo Nordisk; AMG
386, Filgrastim from Amgen; CSL-654, Factor VIII from CSL Behring; 006
(pegfilgrastim biosimilar) from Novartis AG; Multikine (leukocyte interleukin) from
GEL-SCI Corporation; LY2605541, Teriparatide binant PTH 1-34) fromEli
Lilly; NU—lOO from Nuron Biotech, Inc; Calaspargase PegoI from Sigma-Tau
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; ADI-PEG—20 from Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ; BMN-llO,
BMN—702 from BioMarin; NGR—TNF from Molmed S.p.A.; recombinant human Cl
esterase inhibitor from Pharming Group/Santarus Inc.; opin biosimilar from
LG Life Sciences LTD; Natpara from NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc; ART123 from
Asahi Kasei Corporation; BAX-111 from Baxter; OBI—1 from Inspiration
Biopharmaceuticals; Wilate from Octapharma AG; Talactoferrin alfa from Agennix
AG; Desmoteplase from Lundbeck; Cinryze from Shire; RG7421 and Roche and
Exelixis, Inc; Midostaurin (PKC412) fiom Novartis AG; tocog alfa pegol,
BAY 86—6150, BAY 94-9027 from Bayer AG; Peginterferon lambdad a, Nulojix
(Belatacept) from l-Myers Squibb; Pergoveris, Corifollitropin alfa (MK-8962)
from Merck KGaA; recombinant coagulation Factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc;
BIIB029) and recombinant coagulation Factor VIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc;
BHB031) from Biogen; and Myalept from AstraZeneca.
Other early stage protein biologics which can be formulated with viscosity-
lowering water ionic s include Alferon LDO from Hemispherx BioPharma, Inc.;
SL-401 from Stemline Therapeutics, Inc; PRX-102 fiom Protalix rapeutics,
Inc; KTP—OOl from Kaketsuken/Teijin Pharma Limited; Vericiguat from Bayer AG;
BMN—l i 1 from BioMarin; ACC-OO] 236806) from Janssen; LY2510924,
LY2944876 from Eli Lilly; NN9924 from Novo Nordisk; INGAP peptide from
Exsulin; ART-122 from Abbvie; AZD9412 from AstraZeneca; NEUBLASTIN
(BGOOOlO) from Biogen; Luspatercept (ACE—536), Sotatercept 11) from
Celgene ation; PRAME immunotherapeutic from GlaxoSmithKline; er
acetate (PI-2301) from Merck KGaA; PREMIPLEX (607) from Shire; BMN-701
from BioMarin; Ontak from Eisai; rHuPH20/insu1in from me, Inc; 3
from PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc; ALV-003 from Alvine Pharmaceuticals Inc.
and Abbvie; NN8717 from Novo Nordisk; PRT-201 from Proteon Therapeutics Inc;
PEGPH20 from Halozyme, Inc; Amevive® ept from Astellas Pharma Inc; F-
627 from Regeneron; AGN—214868 (senrebotase) from Allergan, Inc; 7 from
Baxter; PRT4445 from Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc; VENl 00 from Ventria
Bioscience; Onconase/ ranpirnase from Tamir Biotechnology Inc; interferon 2b
infilsion from Medtronic, Inc; sebelipase alfa fiom Synageva BioPharma; IRX-2
from IRX Therapeutics, Inc; 6881 from mithKline; 81-6603 from
Seikagaku Corporation; ALXNI 101, asfotase alfa from Alexion; SHP611, SHP609
ase, idursulfase) from Shire; PF-04856884, PF-05280602 from Pfizer; ACE-
031, Dalantercept from Acceleron Pharma; ALT-801 from Altor BioScience Corp;
BA-210 from BioAxone Biosciences, Inc; WTl immunotherapeutic from
GlaxoSmithKline; (32402666 from Sanofi; MSBOOIO445, Atacicept from Merck
KGaA; Leukine (sargramostim) from Bayer AG; KUR-211 from Baxter; fibroblast
growth factor-1 from CardioVascular BioTherapeutics Inc; SPI—2012 from Hanmi
Pharmaceuticals Cc, LTD fSpectrum Pharmaceuticals; FGF-18 (sprifermin) from
Merck KGaA; MK—1293 from Merck; interferon-alpha-Qb from HanAll Biopharma;
CYT107 from Cytheris SA; RTOOl from Revance Therapeutics, Inc; MEDI6012
from AztraZeneca; E2609 from Biogen; BMN—190, BMN-270 from BioMarin; ACE-
661 from Aceeleron Pharma; AMG 876 from Amgen; GSK3052230 from
GlaxoSInithKline; RG7813 from Roche; SAR342434, Lantus fiom Sanofi; A201
from Allozyne Inc; ARX424 from Ambrx, Inc; FP-1040, FP-1039 from FivePrime
Therapeutics, Inc.; ATX-MS—1467 from Merck KGaA; XTEN fusion proteins from
Amunix ing 1110.; entolimod (CBLBSOZ) fiom Cleveland BioLabs, Inc.;
HGT2310 from Shire; HM10760A from Hanmi Pharmaceuticals Co., LTD;
ALXNl 102/ ALXN1103 from Alexion; CSL~689, CSL-627 fiom CSL Behring; glial
growth factor 2 from Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.;NX001 from Nephrx Corporation;
NN8640, , NN1953, NN9926, NN9927, NN9928 from Novo Nordisk; NHS—
IL 12 from EMD ; 3K3A—APC from 22 Biotech LLC; PB-1046 from
PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; RU—1 01 from R—Tech Ueno, Ltd. ; insulin
lispro/BC106 from Adocia; hl—conl from Iconic Therapeutics, Inc.; PRT-105 from
Protalix BioTherapeutics, Inc.; PF-04856883, CVX—096 from Pfizer; ACP-501 from
AlphaCore Pharma LLC; BAX-855 from Baxter; CDX-1135 from Celldex
Therapeutics; PRM-lSl from Prornedior, Inc.; T801 from Thrombolytic Science
International; TT»173 from Thrombotargets Corp; QBI-l39 from Quintessence
Biosciences, Inc.; Vatelizumab, GBRSOO, GBR600, , and GBR900 from
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals; and CYT—6091 from Cytimmune Sciences, Inc..
Other Biologic Agents
Other biologic drugs that can be formulated with viscosity-lowering ionic
liquids include PF-05285401, PF-05231023, RN317 (PF-05335810), 63507,
PF-05230907, Dekavil, PF-06342674, PF06252616, RG7598, , RG7624d,
OMP54F28, GSK1995057, BAY1179470, IMO-3G3, IMC-l 8F1, IMO-35C, IMC-
20D7S, PF~06480605, PF-06647263, PF—06650808, 35810 (RN317) PD—
03 60324, PF-00547659 from Pfizer; MK-8237 fiom Merck; 81033 from Biogen;
65, SAR43 8584/ REGN2222 from Sanofi; lMC-18F1; and Icrucumab, IMC-
3G3 from ImClone LLC; Ryzodeg, Tresiba, Xultophy from Novo Nordisk; Touje0
(U300), LixiLan, ia (lixisenatide) from Sanofi; MAGE~A3 immunotherapeutic
from GlaxoSmithKline; tide from Merck KGaA; Sereleaxin (RLX030) from
Novartis AG; opoietin; Pegfilgrastim; LY2963016, Dulaglutide 2965)
from Eli Lilly; and Insulin Glargine from Boehringer eim.
B. Ionic Liquids
The Viscosity of liquid protein formulations, including low—molecular-weight
and/or high-molecular-weight proteins, is reduced by the addition of one or more
viscositynreducing ionic liquids. The pharmaceutical formulations may be converted
fi‘om non-Newtonian to Newtonian fluids by the addition of an effective amount of
one or more ity~reducing ionic liquids.
Ionic Liquid Salts
The ionic liquid can be a salt. Representative ionic liquid salts include salts
with imidazolium cations, including N,N-dialkyl-irnidazoliums. Ionic liquids e
salts with N—alkyiated unsaturated or saturated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic
cations, including N-alkylpyridinium salts, lpyrrolidinium salts, and N-
alkylpiperidinium salts. In preferred embodiments, the ionic liquid is
phannaceutically acceptable and miscible with water.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent having a
ic heterocyclic group with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyi, alkenyl, or alkynyl
substituents having from 2 to 50 carbon atoms, from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, or from 4
to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable c tuents include halide ions, sulfate,
sulfonate, sulfite, sulfinate, phosphate, phosphonate, ite, phosphonite,
carbonate, and carboxylate anions ally substituted with one or more alkyl,
heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclic, or heterocyclic groups, preferably having
from 1 to 20 or from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Exemplary anionic constituents include
chloride, bromide, methylphosphate, methyl-ethyl-phosphate, methylsulfate,
methylsulfonate, formate, acetate, butyrate, citrate, carbonate, methyl carbonate, and
lactate. The cationic heterocyclic group can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated
cationic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinium, oxazolidinium, piperidinium,
piperazinium, liniurn, thiomorpholinium, and azepanium groups, and the like.
Unsaturated cationic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolinium, imidazolinium, 1,2,3-
triazolium, triazolium, thiazolium, 1,2,4-dithiazolium, 1,4,2—dithiazolium,
tetrazolium, linium, oxazolinium, pyridinium, and azepinium groups, and the
like. The ic heterocyclic group can be a fiised ring structure having two, three,
four, or more fused rings. The cationic heterocyclic group can be a bicyclic cationic
heterocycle, such as benzoxazolium, benzothiazolium, benzotriazolium,
benzirnidazoliurn, and indolium groups, and the like. The cationic heterocyclic group
can be substituted with one or more additional substituents, including hydroxyl and
substituted and tituted alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyi, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, and
alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30, preferably from 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
The ionic liquid can be l~3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (BMI
Mes) having the structure shown below or a derivative thereof.
/ 3 i
0WSm
N I
K/\ O
Derivatives ofBMI Mes can be obtained, for example, by substituting the
methanesulfonate constituent for other anionic constituents, ing one or more
carbons with a atom, replacing the N-butyl or N—methyl group with one or more
'higherworder N—alkyl groups, attaching additional tuents to one or more carbon
atoms, or a combination thereof. Exemplary anionic constituents are described above.
Exemplary atoms include N, O, P, and S. Exemplary higher-order l
groups include substituted and unsubstituted N—alkyl and N~heteroalkyl groups
containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
Examples er—order l groups include N—ethyl, anropyl, N-butyl, N-Sec-
butyl, and N~tert-butyl. Additional substituents can include hydroxyl and substituted
and unsubstituted alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aralkyloxy,
heteroalkyl, alkenyl, and l groups having from 1 to 30, preferably from 3 to 20
carbon atoms.
The ionic liquid can be l-butylmethylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMP
chloride) having the structure shown below or a derivative thereof.
Derivatives of BMP chloride can be obtained, for example, by substituting the
chloride constituent for other anionic constituents, replacing one or more ring carbons
with a heteroatom, replacing the N,N-butyl-Inethyl group with one or more higher-
2014/055245
order N,N—dialkyl groups, attaching one or more additional substituents to a carbon
atom, or a combination thereof. Exemplary anionic constituents include those
described above. Exemplary heteroatoms include N, O, P, and S. Exemplary higher-
order alkyl groups include linear, branched, and cyclic l and N-
heteroalkyl groups ning from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 12
carbon atoms. Examples of higher-order N,N—dialkyl groups include N—ethyl-N—
; ropyl-N-methyl; N—butyl-N—methyl; N,N—diethyl; N—ethyl-N-isopropyl;
N,N—diisopropyl groups, and the like. Additional substituents can include hydroxyl,
and substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy, heteroaikoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,
aryloxy, aralkyl, loxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30,
preferably from 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent having a
structure according to Formula I where each occurrence of R1 is independently
selected from hydrogen and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,
aralkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyi groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 3 to 20
carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12 carbon atoms; Where each occurrence of R2 is
independently selected from hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl, and substituted and
unsubstituted alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryi, aryloxy, aralkyl,
araikyloxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 3 to
carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments at least one, at
least two, or at least three occurrences of Rlor R2 are not hydrogen.
ia I
R2 may also be ndently selected from hydrogen, R1, -OH, NHz, ~F, -Cl, -
Br, -I, -N02, -CN, -C(=O)R4a, -C(=NR4a)R4, OH, —C(=O)OR4, —OC(=O)R4, -
OC(=0)0R4, -SO3H, -SOzN(R4a 2, «south -S02NR4“C(=O)R4, -P03H2, -
R4aC(=NR4a)N(R4a 2, -NHC(=NR4a)NH—CN, —NR4aC(:O)R4, —NR4as02R4, -
WO 38811
NR4aC(=NR43)NR4EC(=NR4a)N(R4a)2, -NR4aC(=O)N(R4a 2, -C(=0)NH2, -
C(:0)N(R4a 2, -OR4, 61143, and -N(R4a)2;
wherein R1 is independently selected from C1-Igalkyl, C3_1g_cycloa1ky1, C6-
Igaryl, C1_Igheteroary1 and C2_12heterocyclyl,
wherein each C1_Izalky1 may be substituted one or more times with C3-
lgcycloalkyl, C5_12ary1, C1_12heteroaryl, C2_12heterocyc1yl, -OH, NHg, (=0), (=NR4a), -
F, -Cl, “Br, J, ~N02, —CN, —C(:0)R4a, »C(=NR4H)R4, -C(=O)OH, -C(=O)OR4, -
OC(=0)R4, —OC(:O)0R4, _so2H, R4a 2, , -SO;NR4aC(=O)R4, -PO3H2,
-R4aC(=NR4a)N(R4a 2, -NHC(=NR4a)NH-CN, —NR4aC(=O)R4, ~NR4aso2R4, -
NR4HC(=NR4“)NR4EC(=NR43)N(R43 2, -NR4"C(=O)N(R43 2, -C(=0)NH2, —
(R4a 2, OR“, -SR“3, or -N(R43 2;
wherein each C3_ucycloalkyl may be substituted one or more times with C1-
lgaikyl, C5_12ary1, C1-1gheteroaryl, C2_12heterocyclyl, -OH, NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, ~N02, -
CN, -C(:O)R4a, -C(:NR4‘1)R4, —C(:0)0H, —C(=0)0R4, -OC(=O)R4, -0C(=0)0R4, -
s02H, -so2N(R4a)2, -so2R4, -so2NR4aC(:0)R4, -PO3H2, —R4aC(:NR4a)N(R4a 2, .
NHC(=NR43)NH—CN, —NR4“C(:O)R4, —NR4flso2R4,— —
NR4aC(=NR4a)NR4aC(=NR4a)N(R4a 2, -NR4aC(=0)N(R4a)2, —C(:0)NH2, _—.
C(:O)N(R4a 2, -OR4, -SR““, or -N(R4a 2;
wherein each C5_12aryl may be tuted one or more times with C1_12alky1,
Cgiucycloalkyl, C1.1zheteroaryl, eterocyclyl, -OH, NH;, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -N02, -
CN, -C(=O)R43, -C(=NR4a)R4, -C(=O)OH, -C(:O)OR4, ~OC(=O)R4, —OC(:0)0R4, —
so2H, —SOgN(R4a)2, -SO2R4, -SO2NR4aC(=0)R4, ~PO3H2, -R4aC(=NR4a)N(R4a 2, -
NHC(=NR4a)NH-CN, -NR4aC(=O)R4, -NR4“802R4, -
NR4ac(:NR4“)NR4aC(=NR4a)N(R4a)2, ~NR4aC(=O)N(R4a 2, NH2, —
C(=O)N(R4a 2, -0R4, -SR4a, or -N(R4a 2;
wherein each C1-12heteroaryl may be substituted one or more times with C1-
lzalkyl, C3.lgcycloalkyl, C6-12a1'y1, C2.1zheterocyclyl, —OH, NH;, ~F, Cl, «Br, J, ~N02,
-CN, _C(=0)R4a, —C(=NR4“)R4, —C(=0)OH, -C(:O)OR4, —OC(~—~0)R4, -OC(=O)OR4, -
so2H, R4a 2, , 4aC(=O)R“, , 414%:(=1\1R43‘)N(R4a 2, _
NHC(=NR43)NH—CN, —NR4aC(=O)R4, —NR4flso2R4, —
NR4aC(=NR4a)NR4aC(=NR43)N(R43)2, -NR4aC(:0)N(R4a 2, -C(=O)NH2, -
C(20)N(R4a)2, -0R4, -SR4“, or -N(R4a 2;
wherein each C2_12heterocyclyl may be substituted one or more times with C1-
lgalkyl, C3.lgcycloalkyl, C6.1zaryl, C1.1gheteroaryl, -OH, NHz, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -N02, -
CN, —C(=O)R4a, -C(=NR4a)R4, -C(=O)OH, —C(:O)OR4, -OC(:O)R4, )OR4, -
so2H, -so2N(R4a 2, —so2R4, -so2NR4aC(=0)R4, -Po2H2, _We(=NR4a)1~~I(1r*a 2, _
NHC(=NR4a)NH-CN, -NR4aC(=O)R4, -NR4aso2R4, —
NR4aC(=NR4a)NR4aC(=NR43)N(R4a 2, (=0)N(R4a 2, —C(:O)NH2, —
C(=0)N(R4a 2, -OR4, sat: or -N(R4a)2;
R4 is ndently selected fi‘om CHZalkyl, C3.1zcycloalkyl, C6.12aryl, C1.
gheteroaryl and C2_12heterocyclyl, each ofwhich may be substituted one or more
times by -OH, -NH2, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -N02, -CN, -C(=O)OH, -SO3H, -P03H2, or —
R43 may be R4 or hydrogen;
wherein any two or more of R2, R3, R4 and R4"1 groups may together form a
ring.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic tuent having a
structure according to Formula Hr
R3 R3 Formula (11),
wherein R1 as defined above and R3 may either be R2 as defined above, or two R3
substituents on the same carbon atom may together form 3 (=0), (=NR4a) or ).
The ionic liquid may also contain a cationic constituent having the structure according
to Formula III:
R2 1% ,2
R2 R3
R2 Formula (111)
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent having a
2014/055245
structure according to Formula IV:
RZQMR‘
a? a? a (IV)
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid ns a cationic constituent having a
ure according to any one of Formulas V—IX, where each occurrence ofA is
independently selected from C, N, O, S, and P; where each dashed line (-~~~~~ ) can
be a single, double, or triple bond; and where each R10 and R10”, when taken
separately, is independently selected from none, H, hydroxyl, halide, and substituted
and unsubstituted alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl
groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 3 to 12
carbon atoms or, when ed to the same atom and taken together, each R10 and
R10” is =0 or together with the atom to which they are attached form a carbocycle or
cycle having from 2 to 30, preferably from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; so long as at
least one occurrence ofA has a formal positive charge. In preferred embodiments, at
least one occurrence of R10 or R10” has at least two, at least three, at least four, or at
least five carbon atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,
butyl, tart-butyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl groups. Exemplary heteroalkyl groups
include cyanoethyl, cyanobutyl, and cyanopropyl groups. Exemplary alkoxy groups
include methoxy, ethoxy, and butoxy groups.
R10 30!
R10! R10 R
I Rm‘ R10
R1;) \ I / /Rw- \A/ R”
R \A/"l10. N..."l
‘ ’;‘ ‘5
. «‘AC:
" ~\ : i i 1:)
‘i fl R
R10 V.
T\Rl° Rm”? ° i 'l
~ 10/? "*A\ to
R10 Ra; R10: R10 9230' R
Formula V Formula VI Formula VII
10.
R10 R10 R R 19 R
R10- \ / R39 Rw' \ /
\ i / 0\ ’lwA‘h~~~ LR“). "
ale—A “eA—R’io R1 m.
: : 1 a R16
l t R,0,"m. ‘ A
me/‘lu ,‘AMRw / “a x’ \ 10.
a ’4 l R
R10 A"-
R10 / Rifl- /l |\R16 R10
R10: R10 R10 g1!)I
Formula VIII a IX
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent having a
structure according to any one of Formulas V-IX where at least one occurrence ofA
‘is a nitrogen atom having a formal positive charge with the remaining A each -
independently selected from C, N, O, S, and P; each dashed line (------ ) is a single
or double bond; and where each R10 and RIO’, when taken separately, is independently
selected from none, H, hydroxyl, , and substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy,
heteroalkoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, l, aralkyloxy, alkenyl, and
alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or from
3 to 12 carbon atoms or, when attached to the same atom and taken together, each R10
and Rm” is :0 or together with the atom to which they are ed form a carbocycle
or heterocycle having from 1 to 30, preferably from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. In preferred
embodiments at least one occurrence of R10 or R10” has at least two, at least three, at
least four, or at least five carbon atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include ethyl, propyl,
butyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl groups, as well as isomers thereof. Exemplary
heteroalkyl groups include cyanobutyl and cyanopropyl groups. Exemplary alkoxy
groups include methoxy, ethoxy, and butoxy groups.
The ionic liquid can be an ammonium salt:
”it“
wherein R1 is as defined above.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent having a
structure according to Formula X1 where Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl
group; R12 is either none or an alkyi, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl
group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or fiom 4 to 12
carbon atoms; and each occurrence of R13 is independently selected from hydrogen
and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, antenyl, and alkynyl
groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12
carbon atoms. In some ments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic constituent
having a ure according to Formula XI where Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted
benzyl group; where R12 is a tuted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, or both.
In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X1 is characterized by the ce
of at least one group selected from -COOH, -SO3H and 4303112.
Air—sit’L-rst—Fz‘3
Formula XI
The ionic liquid can be a phosphonium salt. In some embodiments, the ionic
liquid contains a cationic constituent having a structure according to Formula XII
Where each occurrence of R14 is independently selected from hydrogen and
substituted and unsubstituted alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aryloxy,
aralkyl, aralkyloxy, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12 carbon atoms; wherein at least one, at least
two, or at least three occurrences of R9 are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, at
least one ence of R14 is an aryl, aralkyl, or aralkoxy group having from 2 to 30
carbon atoms or fi‘orn 4 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the compound of
a XII is characterized by the ce of at least one group selected from -
COOH, -SOgH and -PO3H2.
Formuia XII
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic tuent having a
structure according to Formula XIII Where Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl
group; R15 is either none or an alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aryloxy,
aralkyl, aralkyioxy, alkenyl, or alkynyi group having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, from
3 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12 carbon atoms; and each occurrence of R16 is
independently selected from hydrogen and substituted and unsubstituted aikoxy,
aikoxy, alkyi, heteroalkyl, aryl, y, aralkyl, aralkyloxy, aikenyi, and
alkynyl groups having irom 1 to 30 carbon atoms, from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, or from
4 to 12 carbon atoms. In some ments, the ionic liquid contains a cationic
constituent having a structure accordingito Formula XIII Where Ar is a substituted or
unsubstituted benzyl group; where R15 is a tuted or unsubstituted C1-C1; alky
group, or both. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is characterized
by the presence of at least one group selected from ¥COOH, -SO3H and -P03H2.
NHR‘E5““PI'WR18
Formula XIII
The ionic liquid can be a guanidinium salt having a structure according to
Formula XIV:
521%le
32 R2 Formula XIV,
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above.
The ionic liquid can be a salt having a structure ing to Formula XV:
R? R2 Formula XV
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above, and X may be 0, S, 802, NR1 or .
The ionic liquid can be an imidazolium salt such as l-ally1
methylimidazolium bis(trifluor0methylsulfonyl); l-allyl—3 -methylirnidazolium
bromide; 1-ally1n1ethylirnidazolimn de; l-allyl«methylimidazolium
dicyanamide; 1-allylmethylimidazolium iodide; l-benzylmethylimidazolium
chloride; l-benzyl-3 -rnethylirnidazoliurn hexafluorophosphate; l—benzyl—3-
methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylfimide; 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)irnidazolium chloride; 1-
butyl-2;3 -dimethyli1nidazoliun1 chloride; 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyli1nidazolium
hexafluorophosphate; 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; l-buty1
imidazolium acetate; 1-butyl—3—rnethyli1nidazolium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfony1)imide; 1-butylmethyli1nidazolium bromide; 1-butyl—3-
methylimidazoliurn chloride; 1~butyl—3—methylimidazolium dibutyl ate; 1-
butyl-3~methylimidazolium dicyanamide; l-butylmethylirnidazolium
hexafluoroantimonate; l-butyl1nethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1—butyl~3~
methylimidazolium en sulfate; l—3-methylirnidazolium iodide; 1—butyl
methylimidazolimn methanesulfonate; l-‘outyl-«3 ~methyl-imidazolium methyl
carbonate; l—butylmethylimidazolium methyl sulfate; l
methylimidazolium nitrate; l-butylmethylimjdazoliu1n octyl e; 1~butyl~3~
methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate; 1—butylmethylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate; l-butylmethyli1nidazoliurn thiocyanate; 1-butyl-«3-
methylimidazolium tosylate; 1-butylmethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate;
1—(3 -cyan0pr0pyl)—3-methylimidazolium rifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide; 1~(3 ~
cyanopropyl)—3-methylimidazolium chloride; 1-(3-cyanopropyl)
methylimidazolium dicyanamide; l-decyl—3-1nethyli1nidazolium; l-decyl
methylimidazoliurn tetrafluoroborate; 1,3-diethoxyirnidazolium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1,3-diethoxyimidazolium hexafluorophosphate;
1,3-dihydroxyimidazolium bi3(uifiuoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1,3-dihydroxy
methylimidazolium ifluoromethylsulfonylfimide; 1,3-dimethoxyimidazolium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; methoxyimidazolium hexafluorophosphate;
1,3-dimethoxy—2~methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1,3-
dimethoxymethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1,3-dimethylimidazolium
dimethyl phosphate; 1,3-dimethy1imidazolium methanesulfonate; 1,3-
dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate; l,2~dimethyl—3-propylimidazolium
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1-dodecyl-3~methylimidazolium iodide; l-ethyl-
2,3-dimethylimidazoliurn tetrafluoroborate; 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylirnidazolium
chloride; l-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethyl e; 1-ethyl-2,3-
ylimidazoliom hexafluorophosphate; l~ethyl—3-methylimidazolium acetate; 1rnethylimidazolium aminoacetate; 1-ethyl-3—methylirrfidazolium (S)—2-
aminopropionate; l-ethyl—3-rnethylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide;
1-ethy1rnethylimidazolium bromide; l-ethyl—3—methylimidazolium chloride; 1-
ethyl—3 -n1ethylirnidazolium dibutyl phosphate; l-ethylInethylimidazolium
dicyanarnide; 1-ethylmethylimidazolium diethyl phosphate; l-ethyl-B—
methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate; 1-ethylrnethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate;
l-ethyl-3 -rnethylimidazolium hydrogen carbonate; 1-ethyl—3-methylimidazolium
hydrogen sulfate; l-ethyl~3-methylimidazolium hydroxide; l-ethyl-3—
methylimidazolium ; l-ethyl~3-methylimidazolium L-(+)-lactate; l-ethyl—S-
methylimidazolium methanesulfonate; 1-ethyl-3—methylimidazolium methyl sulfate;
l-ethylmethylimidazolium nitrate; 1-ethy1methylimidazolium
tetrachloroaluminate; lwethyl—3—methylimidazoliurn tetrachloroaluminate; l-ethyl-3—
methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; 1—ethy1—3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-
tetrafluoroethanesulfonate ; 1-ethylmethylirnidazolium anate; 1—3-
imidazolium tosylate; l—ethyl—3-methylimidazolium romethanesulfonate;
l-3—methylimidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)irnide; l-hexyl-3—
methylirnidazolium chloride; l—hexylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; l-
hexylmethylimidazolium iodide; l-hexyl—3~methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate;
1-hexylmethylirnidazolium trifluoromethansulfonate; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)—3-
methylimidazoliurn dicyanamide; 1-methylimidazolium chloride; 1—
methylirnidazolium en sulfate; 1-methyloctylimidazoliurn chloride; 1-
methyloctylirnidazolium hexafluorophosphate; 1-methyloctylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate; yloctylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate; 1-methyl-
ylimidazolium iodide; l-methyl-3—propylimidazolium methyl carbonate; 1,2,3-
trimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate; derivatives thereof and combinations thereof.
Derivatives can include substituting the anionic constituent for other anionic
constituents, replacing one or more carbons with a heteroatom, replacing an N—alkyl
group with one or more higher-order N—alkyl groups, or a combination f.
Exemplary anionic constituents and atoms are described above. Exemplary
higher—order N—alkyl groups can include linear and branched N—alkyl and N-
heteroalkyl groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 12
carbon atoms. Examples of higher-order N—alkyl groups include N—ethyl, N—propyl,
N—iospropyl, N—butyl, N—Sec-butyl, and -butyl.
The ionic liquid can be a pyrrolidinium salt suoh as l-butyl- l -
pyrrolidiniurn bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; i-butyl-l-
methylpyrrolidinium bromide; l-butyl—1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride; l-butyl-l-
methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide; l —butylInethylpyrrolidiniurn
orophosphate; 1-butyl-l-methylpyrrolidiniurn iodide; '1-butyl—l-
methylpyrrolidinium methyl carbonate; l-buty1methylpyrrolidiniurn
luoroborate; 1-butyl—1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate; 1-ethyl-
l-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1-ethy1-l —
methylpyrrolidinium bromide; l-ethylmethylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate;
lmethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate; derivatives thereof and
ations thereof. Derivatives can include substituting the anionic constituent for
other anionic constituents, replacing one or more carbons With a heteroatom,
replacing an N—alkyl or N~methyl group with one or more higher-order N-alkyl
groups, or a combination thereof. ary anionic constituents, heteroatoms, and
higher-order N—alkyl groups are described above.
rionic Liquids
The ionic liquid can be a zwitterion (i.e., an internal salt), for example, 4-(3-
butyl~1-imidazolio)-1—butane sulfonate; 3 -(l -methyl-3 -imidazolio)propanesulfonate;
4-(3 -methyl—l -imidazolio)— 1 -butanesulfonate; or 3 -(triphenylphosphonio)propane—l ~
sulfonate. '
The zwitterionic liquid can be 4-(3 ubutyl-l-imidazolio)~1-butane sulfonate
(BIM) having the structure shown below or a tive thereof.
‘303
@/\/\/
' N
Derivatives of BlM can include substituting the sulfonate group for a different anionic
substituent, replacing one or more carbons with a heteroatom, replacing the N-butyl
group with one or more lower-order or higher-order N—alkyl , attaching
additional substituents to one or more carbon atoms, or a combination thereof.
Exemplary anionic substituents include sulfate [-OSO3'], sulfonate ], sulfite [—
0802‘], sulfinate {-SOZ'], phosphate [—OP(OH)OZ'], alkylphosphate [-OP(OR2)02'],
phosphonate [-P(OH)02'], alkylphosphonate.[——P(OR2)02'], phosphite [-OP(OH)O'],
alkylphosphite R2)O']. phosphonite [-P(OH)O'], alkylphosphonite [-P(0R2)O'
], ate , and carboxylate L Where R2 is as defined above.
Exemplary heteroatoms and higher—order N—alkyl groups are described above.
Additional substituents can include yl, and substituted and unsubstituted
alkoxy, heteroalkoxy, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl; aralkyloxy, alkenyl,
and alkynyl groups having from 1 to 30, preferably from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid is a rion containing a cationic
heterocyciic substituent and an anionic substituent connected by a substituted or
unsubstituted alkyl, heteroaikyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group having from 2
to 50 carbon atoms, from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, or from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. The
cationic heterocyclic substituent can be saturated or unsaturated. Examples include
pyrrolidinium, oiinium, oxazolidiniurn, piperidinium, piperaziniurn,
morpholinium, thiornorpholinium, azepanium, pyrrolinium, 1,2,3-triazolium, 1,2,4-
triazolium, lium, 1,2, 4-dithiazolium, 1,4,2-dithiazolium, tetrazolium,
linium, oxazolinium, pyridinium, and azepinjum groups. The cationic
heterocyclic substituent can be a fused ring structure having two or more fused rings.
WO 38811
The ic heterocyclie substituent can be a bicyclic cationic heterocycle, such as
benzoxazolium, benzothiazoliurn, riazoliurn, idazoliurn, and indolium.
The cationic heterocyclic substituent can additionally be substituted with one or more
additional tuents. Exemplary anionic substituents include sulfate [-0803'],
ate [-SOg'], sulfite [-OSOZ'], sulfinate [—SOZ'], phosphate [-OP(OH)02‘],
alkylphosphate [-OP(OR2)02'], phosphonate {-P(OH)OZ"], alkylphosphonate [-
P(OR2)02'], phosphite [—OP(OH)O'], alkylphosphite {-OP(OR2)O‘]. phosphonite [-
P(OH)O'], alkylphosphonite [-P(OR2)O"], carbonate [-OCOg'], and carboxylate [-COZ'
], Where R2 is as described above.
In some embodiments, the ionic liquid is a zwitterion having a structure
according to Formula XVI, XVII, XVIII or XIV:
1 R‘ R1 R1
F? R3 \N/
RE R3
Ker“ M2 _ R2 rlq“ R1
N‘“ R R3 in”
R2 R”t 3 3
Formula XVI, R 3 Formula XVII, R2 R2
. $31 _
at N- R2
l 6:, R133".
R2 R2 k
Formula XVIII, R2 Formula XVIV, R2 32 Formula XX,
Rip-fil—Rj
“ Formula XXI
n R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above, provided that the compounds of
a XVI, XVII, XVIII, XVIV, XX and XXI each contain at least one ~COOH, -
SO3H, or -P03H2 substituent.
C. Excipients
A Wide variety ofpharmaceutical excipients useful for liquid protein
ations are known to those skilled in the art. They include one or more additives,
such as liquid solvents or co-solvents; sugars or sugar alcohols such as mannitol,
trehalose, sucrose, sorbitol, se, maltose, lactose, or dextrans; surfactants such as
TWEEN® 20, 60, or 80 (polysorbate 20, 60, or 80); buffering agents; preservatives
such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethoniurn chloride, tertiary ammonium salts, and
2014/055245
chlorhexidinediacetate; carriers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG); antioxidants
such as ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, and methionine; chelating agents such as
EDTA or citric acid; or biodegradable polymers such as water soluble polyesters;
cryoprotectants; lyoprotectants; bulking agents; and izing agents.
Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, ents, or stabilizers, such as
those described in Remington: “The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”, 20th edition,
o R. o, Ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2000) may also be included
in a protein formulation described herein, provided that they do not adversely affect
the desired characteristics of the formulation.
The viscosity—lowering agents described herein can be combined with one or
more other types of ity—lowering agents, for example, organophosphates
described in co-filed PCT application entitled “LIQUID PROTEIN
FORMULATIONS CONTAINING ORGANOPHOSPHATES” by Arsia
Therapeutics; water soluble organic dyes described in co~filed PCT application
entitled “LIQUID PROTEIN FORMULATIONS CONTAINING WATER
SOLUBLE’ORGANIC DYES” by Arsia Therapeutics; the typically bulky polar - - *
organic nds, such as hydrophobic compounds, many ofthe GRAS (US Food
and Drug Administration List of compounds Generally Regarded As Safe) and
inactive able ingredients and FDA approved therapeutics, described in d
PCT application entitled: “LIQUID PROTEIN FORMULATIONS CONTAINING
VISCOSITY-LOWERING AGENTS” by Arsia Therapeutics.
III. Methods of making
The protein, such as a mAb, to be formulated may be produced by any known
technique, such as by culturing cells transformed or transfected with a vector
containing one or more nucleic acid ces encoding the protein, as is well known
in the art, or through synthetic techniques (such as recombinant techniques and
e synthesis or a combination ofthese techniques), or may be isolated from an
endogenous source ofthe n.
Purification of the protein to be formulated may be conducted by any suitable
que known in the art, such as, for example, ethanol or ammonium sulfate
precipitation, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica or cation-exchange resin
(e.g., DEAE-cellulose), dialysis, chromatofocusing, gel filtration using protein A SE-
SEPHAROSE® s (e.g., SEPHADEX® G—75) to remove contaminants, metal
chelating columns to bind epitope-tagged forms, and Ifltrafiltration/diafiltration (nonlimiting
examples include centrifugal filtration and tangential flow filtration (TFFD.
Inclusion of the ionic liquid at viscosity-reducing concentrations such as 0.010
M to 1.0 M, preferably 0.050 M to 0.50 M, most ably 0.10 M to 0.30 M, allows
a solution of the pharmaceutically active mAb to be purified and!or concentrated at
higher mAb concentrations using common methods known to those skilled in the art,
including but not limited to tangential flow filtration, centrifugal concentration, and
dialysis.
In some embodiments, lized formulations ofthe proteins are provided
and/or are used in the preparation and manufacture of the low-viscosity, concentrated
protein ations. In some embodiments, the pre-lyophilized protein in a powder
form is reconstituted by dissolution in an aqueous solution. In this embodiment, the
liquid formulation is filled into a specific dosage unit container such as a vial or pre-
filled mixing syringe, lyophilized, optionally with lyoprotectants, preservatives, -
antioxidants, and other l phannaceutically acceptable excipients, then stored
under sterile storage ions until shortly before use, at which time it is
reconstituted with a defined volume of diluent, to bring the liquid to the desired
concentration and viscosity.
The formulations described herein may be stored by any suitable method
known to one skilled in the art. Non—limiting examples ofmethods for ing the
protein ations for storage include freezing, lyophilizing, and spray drying the
liquid protein formulation. In some cases, the lyophilized formulation is frozen for
storage at subzero temperatures, such as at about -80°C or in liquid nitrogen. In some
cases, a lyophilized or aqueous formulation is stored at 2—8°C.
miting examples of ts useful for reconstituting a lyophilized
formulation prior to injection include sterile water, bacteriostatic water for ion
(BWFI), a pH buffered solution (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline), e saline
solution, Ringer's on, dextrose solution, or aqueous solutions of salts and/or
buffers. In some cases, the formulation is spray-dried and then stored.
IV. Administration to an Individual in Need Thereof
The protein ations, including, but not limited to, reconstituted
formulations, are administered to a person in need thereof by intramuscular,
intraperitoneal (i.e., into a body cavity), erobrospinal, or subcutaneous injection
using an 18-32 gauge needle (optionally a thin-walled needle), in a volume of less
than about 5 mL, less that about 3 mL, preferably less than about 2 mL, more
preferably less than about 1 mL.
The appropriate dosage (“therapeutically effective amount”) of the protein,
such as a mAb, will depend on the condition to be treated, the ty and course of
the disease or condition, Whether the protein is administered for preventive or
therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to
the protein, the type of protein used, and the discretion of the attending physician. The
protein is suitably administered at one time in single or multiple injections, or over a
series of ents, as the sole treatment, or in conjunction with other drugs or
therapies.
Dosage formulations are designed so that the injections cause no cant
signs of irritation at the site of injection, for example; wherein the primary irritation
index is less than 3 when evaluated using a Draize scoring . In an alternative
embodiment, the injections cause macroscopically similar levels of irritation when
compared to ions of equivalent s of saline solution. In another
embodiment, the bioavailability of the protein is higher when compared to the
otherwise same formulation Without the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s)
administered in the same way. in another embodiment, the formulation is at least
imately as effective pharmaceutically as about the same dose of the protein
administered by intravenous infusion.
In a preferred embodiment, the formulation is injected to yield increased levels
of the therapeutic protein. For example, the AUC value may be at least 10%,
preferably at least 20%, larger than the same value computed for the otherwise same
formulation without the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s) stered in the same
way.
The viscosity—lowering agent may also affect bioavailability. For example, the
percent ilability of the protein may be at least 1.1 times, preferably at least 1.2
times the percent bioavailability of the otherwise same ation without the
WO 38811
viscosity-lowering ionic liquid administered in the same way.
The viscosity-lowering agent may also affect the pharmacokinetics. For
example, the CM after SC or IM injection may be at least 10%, preferably at least
%, less than the CMAX of an approximately equivalent pharmaceutically effective
intravenously administered dose.
In some embodiments, the proteins are administered at a higher dosage and a
lower frequency than the otherwise same formulations without the viscosity-reducing
ionic liquid(s).
The lower viscosity formulations require less injection force. For e, ‘
the injection force may be at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, less than the ion
force for the otherwise same formulation without the viscosity-reducing ionic liquid
administered in the same way. In one embodiment, the injection is administered with
a 27 gauge needle and the injection force is less than 30 N. The formulations can be
administered in most cases using a very small gauge needle, for example, between 27
and 31 gauge, typically 27, 29 or 31 gauge.
The viscosity~reducing ionic liquid may be used to prepare a dosage unit
formulation suitable for reconstitution to make a liquid pharmaceutical formulation
for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The dosage unit may contain a dry
powder of one or more proteins; one or more viscosity-reducing ionic liquids; and
other excipients. The ns are present in the dosage unit such that after
titution in a pharmaceutically able solvent, the resulting formulation has
a protein concentration from about 100 mg to about 2,000 mg per 1 mL (mg/mL).
Such reconstituted formulations may have an absolute viscosity offiom about 1 CF to
about 50 CP at 25°C.
The low viscosity ation can be provided as a solution or in a dosage unit
form Where the protein is lyophilized in one vial, with or without the viscosity-
lowering agent and the other excipients, and the soivent, with or without the Viscositylowering
agent and other excipients, is provided in a second vial. In this embodiment,
the solvent is added to the protein shortly before or at the time of injection to ensure
uniform mixing and dissolution.
The viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s) are t in the formulations at
concentrations that cause no significant signs of toxicity and/or no irreversible signs
of toxicity When administered via aneous, intramuscular, or other types of in-
injection. As used herein, “significant signs of toxicity” include cation, lethargy,
behavioral ations such as those that occur with damage to the central nervous
system, infertility, signs of serious cardiotoxicity such as cardiac arrhythmia,
cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarctions, and cardiac or congestive heart failure,
kidney failure, liver failure, difficulty breathing, and death.
In preferred embodiments the formulations cause no significant irritation when
administered not more than twice daily, once daily, twice weekly, once weekly or
once monthly. The protein formulations can be administered causing no cant
signs of tion at the site of injection, as ed by a primary irritation index of
less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1 when evaluated using a Draize scoring system.
As used herein, “significant signs of irritation” include erythema, redness, and/or
swelling at the site of injection having a diameter of greater than 10 cm, greater than 5
cm, or greater than 2.5 cm, necrosis at the site of injection, exfoliative dermatitis at
the site of injection, and severe pain that prevents daily activity and/or requires
medical attention or hospitalization. In some embodiments, injections of the protein
formulations cause copically similar levels of irritation when compared to
injections of equivalent s of saline solution.
The protein formulations can exhibit increased bioavailability compared to the
ise same protein formulation without the viscosity—reducing ionic liquid(s)
when administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. “Bioavailability”
refers to the extent and rate at which the bioactive species such as a mAb, s
circulation or the site of . The overall bioavailability can be increased for SC or
IM injections as compared to the otherwise same formulations without the viscosity-
reducing ionic 1iquid(s). “Percent ilability” refers to the fraction of the
administered dose of the bioactive species which enters circulation, as determined
with respect to an intravenously administered dose. One way of measuring the
bioavailability is by comparing the “area under the curve” (AUC) in a plot of the
plasma concentration as a function of time. The AUC can be calculated, for example,
using the linear trapezoidal rule. “AUCQO”, as used , refers to the area under the
plasma concentration curve from time zero to a time where the plasma concentration
s to baseline levels. “AUCM”, as used herein, refers to the area under the plasma
WO 38811
concentration curve from time zero to a time, t, later, for example to the time of reach—
reaching baseline. The time will typically be measured in days, although hours can
also be used as will be apparent by context. For example, the AUC can be increased
by more than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% as ed to the otherwise same
formulation without the Viscosity—reducing ionic liquid(s) and administered in the
same way.
As used herein, “tmax” refers to the time after stration at which the plasma
concentration reaches a m.
Asused herein, “ max” refers to the m plasma concentration after dose
administration, and before administration Of a subsequent dose.
As used herein, "Cm," or "CmmghH refers to the minimum plasma concentration
after dose administration, and before administration of a subsequent dose.
The Cm,X after SC or IM injection may be less, for example, at least 10%, more
ably at least 20%, less than the Cmax of an enously administered dose. This
reduction in Cm, may also result in decreased toxicity.
' " - The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters may be approximated -
across species using ches that are known to the skilled artisan. The
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibody therapeutics can differ
markedly based upon the specific antibody. An approved murine mAb was shown to
have a half-life in humans of ~ 1 day, while a human mAb will typically have a half—
life of~ 25 days (Waldmann et at, Int. Immunol., 2001, 13:1551-1559). The
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibody therapeutics can differ
markedly based upon the route of administration. The time to reach maximal plasma
concentration after IM or SC injection of IgG typically ranges from 2 to 8 days,
although shorter or longer times may be encountered (Wang et 6111., Clin. Pharm.
Ther., 2008, 84(5):548-558). The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
antibody therapeutics can differ markedly based upon the formulation.
The low-Viscosity protein formulations can allow for greater flexibility in
dosing and decreased dosing frequencies compared to those protein formulations
without the Viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s). For example, by increasing the dosage
stered per injection multiple—fold, the dosing frequency can in some
embodiments be decreased fiom once every 2 weeks to once every 6 weeks. The
protein formulations, including, but not limited to, tituted formulations, can be
administered using a heated and!or self-mixing syringe or autoinj ector. The protein
formulations can also be pre-heated in a separate warming unit prior to filling the
syringe.
z'. Heated Syringes
The heated syringe can be a standard syringe that is pre-heated using a syringe
warmer. The syringe warmer will lly have one or more openings each e
of ing a syringe containing the protein formulation and a means for heating and
maintaining the syringe at a specific ally above the ambient) ature prior
to use. This will be referred to herein as a premheated syringe. Suitable heated syringe
s include those available from Vista Dental Products and Inter-Med. The
warmers are capable of accommodating s sized syringes and heating, typically
to within 1°C, to any temperature up to about 130°C. In some embodiments the
syringe is pre-heated in a heating bath such as a water bather maintained at the desired
temperature.
The heated syringe can be a self-heating syringe, i.e capable of g and
maintaining the liquid formulation inside the syringe at a specific temperature. The
self-heating syringe can also be a standard medical syringe having attached thereto a
heating device. Suitable heating s capable of being ed to a syringe include
syringe heaters or e heater tape available from Watlow Electric Manufacturing
Co. of St. Louis, MO, and syringe heater blocks, stage heaters, and in—line perfusion
s available from Warner Instruments of Hamden, CT, such as the SW-61 model
syringe warmer. The heater may be controlled through a central controller, e.g. the
B or TC-344B model heater controllers available from Warner Instruments.
The heated syringe maintains the liquid protein formulation at a specified
temperature or to within 1°C, within 2°C, or within 5°C of a specified temperature.
The heated syringe can maintain the protein formulation at any temperature from
room temperature up to about 80°C, up to about 60°C, up to about 50°C, or up to
about 45°C as long as the protein formulation is sufficiently stable at that temperature.
The heated syringe can maintain the protein formulation at a temperature between
°C and 60°C, between 21°C and 45°C, between 22°C and 40°C, between 25° C and
40° C, or between 25°C and 37°C. By maintaining the protein formulations at an
elevated temperature during ion, the ity of the liquid formulation is de-
decreased, the solubility of the protein in the formulation is increased, or both.
ii. Self-Mixing Syringes
The syringe can be self—mixing or can have a mixer attached. The mixer can be
a static mixer or a dynamic mixer. es of static mixers include those disclosed
in US. Patent Nos. 5,819,988, 6,065,645, 314, 972, and 6,698,622.
Examples of some dynamic mixers can include those disolosed in US. Patent Nos.
6,443,612 and 6,457,609, as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US
2002/0190082.The syringe can e multiple barrels for mixing the components of
the liquid protein formulation. US. Patent No. 5,819,998 describes syringes with two
barrels and a mixing tip for mixing two-component Viscous substances.
oinieciors and Free—tilled Syringes of Protein ations
The liquid protein formulation can be administered using a prevfilled syringe
autoinj ector or a needleless injection device. Autoinj ectors include a handheld, often
pen-like, cartridge holder for holding replaceable lled cartridges and a spring
based or ous mechanism for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections of liquid
drug dosages from a pre-filled cartridge. Autoinj ectors are typically designed for self-
administration or administration by untrained personnel. Autoinjectors are available to
dispense either single dosages or multiple dosages from a pre-filled cartridge.
Autoinj ectors enable different user settings including inter alia injection depth,
ion speed, and the like. Other injection systems can e those described in
U.S. Patent No. 8,500,681.
The lyophiiized protein formulation can be provided in pre-filied or unit-dose
syringes. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,682,174; 4,171,698; and 5,569,193 describe sterile
syringes containing two-chambers that can be pie-filled with a dry formulation and a
liquid that can be mixed immediately prior to ion. U.S. Patent No. 5,779,668
describes a syringe system for lyophilization, reconstitution, and administration of a
pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments the protein formulation is
provided in lized form in a pre-filled or unit-dose syringe, tituted in the
syringe prior to administration, and administered as a single subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection. Autoinj ectors for delivery of unit-dose lyophilized drugs are
described in W0 2012/010,832. Auto injectors such as the Safe Click LyoTM
2014/055245
(marketed by Future Injection Technologies, Ltd., Oxford, U.K.) can be used to ad-
administer a unit—dose protein formulation where the ation is stored in
lyophilized form and reconstituted just prior to administration. In some embodiments
the protein formulation is provided in ose cartridges for lyophilized drugs
(sometimes referred to as Vetter cartridges). Examples of suitable dges can
include those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,334,162 and 5,454,786.
V. Methods of ation and Concentration
The viscosity-reducing ionic liquids can also be used to assist in protein
purification and concentration. The viscosity-reducing ionic liquid(s) and excipients
are added to the protein in an effective amount reduce the viscosity of the protein
solution. For example, the viscosity.lowering agent is added to a concentration of
between about 0.01 M and about 1.0 M, preferably between about 0.01 M and about
0.50 M, and most preferably between about 0.01 M and about 0.25 M.
The Viscosity—reducing ionic liquid solution containing protein is then purified
or concentrated using a method selected from the group consisting of
ultrafiltration/diafiltration, tangential flow ion, centrifugal concentration, and
dialysis.
Examples
The foregoing will be filrther understood by the following nonwlimiting
examples.
All viscosities of well-mixed aqueous mAb solutions were ed using
either a mVROC uidic viscometer (RheoSense) or a DVZT cone and plate
viscometer (Brookfield; “C & P”) after a 5 minute equilibration at 25°C (unless
otherwise indicated). The mVROC eter was ed with an “A” or “B”
chip, each manufactured with a 50 micron l. Typically, 0.10 mL of protein
solution was back-loaded into a gastight microlab instrument e (Hamilton; 100
uL), affixed to the chip, and measured at multiple flow rates, approximately 20%,
40%, and 60% ofthe maximum pressure for each chip. For example a sample of
approximately 50 cP would be measured at around 10, 20, and 30 uL/min
(approximately 180, 350, and 530 5'1, respectively, on an “A” chip) until viscosity
stabilized, typically after at least 30 seconds. An average absolute viscosity and
WO 38811
standard deviation was then calculated from at least these three ements. The C
& P viscometer was equipped with a CPE40 or CPE52 spindle (cone angle of 08° and
3.0°, respectively) and 0.50 mL samples were measured at multiple shear rates
between 2 and 400 5'1. Specifically, samples were measured for 30 seconds each at
22.58, 24.38, 26.25, 28.13, 30, 31.88, 45, 67.5, 90,1125, 135,157.5, 180, 202.5, 247,
270, 292.5, 315, 337.5, 360, 382, 400 5", starting at a shear rate that gave at least 10%
torque, and continuing until instrument torque reached 100%. An olated zero-
shear Viscosity was then determined from a plot of dynamic viscosity versus shear
rate for the samples measured on a DV2T cone and plate eter. The
extrapolated zero~shear viscosities reported are the average and standard deviation of
at least three measurements.
Example 1: Ionic liquids reduce the viscosity of concentrated aqueous solutions
of biosimilar AVASTIN®
Materials and Methods
* *A corrunercially-obtained biosimilar AVASTIN® containing pharmaceutical
excipients (Polysorbate 20, ate and citrate buffers, mannitol, and NaCl) was
purified. First, Polysorbate 20 was removed using DETERGENT-OUTID TWEEN
Medi Columns (G-Biosciences). Next, the resulting solutions were extensively buffer-
exchanged into 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (PB) or 20 mM viscosity-reducing
ionic liquid solutions and concentrated to a final volume of less than 10 mL on
Jumbosep centrifugal concentrators (Pall Corp). For samples containing 4—ethyl
methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate (EMMC), protein was thoroughly buffer
exchanged into 2 mM PB (pH 7.0). For samples buffer ged into 20 mM PB
(PB control samples) or 20 mM viscosity-reducing ionic liquid, the collected protein
on was freeze-dried. The dried protein cakes, containing protein and buffer salts
or viscosity-reducing ionic liquid, were reconstituted to a final volume of
approximately 0.10-1.30 mL. These samples were reconstituted using additional PB
(pH 7.0) or ity-reducing ionic liquid (pH 7.0), as appropriate, sufficient to bring
the final concentration of PB to 0.25 M and the final concentration of viscosity-
ng ionic liquid as indicated in the tables below. s buffer exchanged into
2 mM PB were first aliquoted. Then, an appropriate amount of viscosity-reducing
ionic liquid solution (pH 7.0) was added to each aliquot such that upon reconstitution
with water, the final excipient concentration was 0.1 - 0.5 M. The protein solutions
were then freeze-dried. The dried protein cakes, containing protein and viscosity-
reducing ionic liquid (and a negligible amount of buffer salts) were reconstituted to a
final volume of approximately 0.1 mL and Viscosity-deducing ionic liquid
concentration as indicated in the tables below. The final concentration of mAb in
solution was determined by light ance at 280 nm using an experimentally
determined extinction coefficient of 1.7 L/g‘crn and viscosities reported were
measured on a RheoSense mVROC microfluidic viscometer.
Results
The data in Table 1 demonstrate that the Viscosity of aqueous solutions of
biosimilar AVASTIN® can be reduced by up to 6.5~fold (compared to phosphate
buffered samples) in the ce of 0.20—0.50 M ity-reducing ionic liquids.
Viscosities over 200 CP in the absence of viscosity—reducing ionic liquids were
reduced to less than 50 cP by the on of 0.20-0.50 M viscosity-reducing ionic
liquids. One can see that in this example the magnitude of viscosity reduction is, in
some cases, dependent upon the tration of the viscosity-reducing ionic .
The viscosity reduction rises (i.e., viscosity decreases) with increasing Viscosity~
ng ionic liquid concentration.
Table 1. Viscosities of aqueous solutions of biosimilar AVASTIN® in the presence
of various concentrations of ionic liquids (“ILs”) at 25°C and pH 7.
Ionic * [IL] (M) [Protein] (mg/mL) Viscosity (0P)
PB 0.25 215 213 i: 10
PB 0.25 235 398 i 4
BIM 0.2 215 61.8i0.3
BIM 0.4 215 47.3 :1: 2.3
BIM 0.5 215 41.9i 0.8
BIM 0.5 226 64.3 -_I- 3.7
BMI Mes 0.4 214 36.3 d: 0.2
BMI Mes 0.5 221 46.5 i 1.7
BMI Mes 0.4 229 69.2 i 5.2
7 7
___ -
BMI Mes 0.5 230 82.0 d: 3.0
BMP Chloride 0.5 213 42.0 i 1.2
BMP Chloride 0.4 227 63.0 :I: 8.4
BMP Chloride 0.5 230 60.8 i 0.1
EMMC 0.4 217 38.7 d: 0.3
* PB = phosphate buffer; BIM = utylimidazolio)butane sulfonate; BMI
Mes = l-butyimethylimidazolium methanesulfonate; BMP Chloride "—“ 1-butyl—1-
methylpyrrolidinium; EMMC = 4-ethyl~4~methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate.
Example 2: Ionic liquids reduce the viscosity of concentrated aqueous Solutions
of ilar RITUXAN®
Materials and s
Commercially-obtained biosimilar RITUXAN® containing pharmaceutical
excipients (citrate buffer, NaCl, and Tween 80) was purified, buffer ged,
concentrated, dried, reconstituted, and analyzed as described in Example 1 above
(using the extinction ient of 1.7 L/g-cm). Viscosities were measured using a
RheoSense mVROC microfluidic viscometer ed with an “A” or “B” chip.
hulls
The data in Table 2 demonstrate the viscosity of aqueous solutions of
biosimilar RITUXAN® can be reduced by up to 85-fold in the presence of 0.40050
M Viscosity-«reducing ionic liquids, compared to PB samples.
Table 2. ities (in cP) of aqueous solutions of biosimilar RITUXAN® in the
presence of various concentration of the ionic liquid BIM at 25°C and pH 7.
[Protein] PB 0.40M 0.50M
(mg/mL) 0.25M BIM BIM
75.4 :h 83.9 i
213 :3: 4 636 i 32
1.0 0.8
' " ' 65.43:
203 d: 4 251 :1: 1 n.d.
43.9i
191 :t 2 n.d. n.d.
PB = phosphate buffer; BIM = 4—(3-butylimidazolio)—1~butane sulfonate; n.d. = not
determined.
Example 3: Ionic s reduce the viscosity of concentrated aqueous solutions
of I®
Materials and Methods
Commercially-obtained I® containing pharmaceutical excipients
(sodium phosphate buffer, NaCl, Polysorbate 80) was buffer exchanged, concentrated,
dried, reconstituted, and analyzed as described in Example 1 above (using the
extinction coefficient of 1.5 L/g-cm). Viscosities were measured using a RheoSense
mVROC microfluidic viscometer equipped with an “A” or “B” chip.
Results
The data in Table 3 demonstrate that the viscosity of aqueous solutions of
TYSABRI® can be reduced by up to 7—fold in the presence of 0.10 M EMMC.
Table 3. Viseosities (in cP) of aqueous solutions of TYSABRI® in the presence of
various excipients at 25°C and pH 7.
Ionic Liquid [IL] (M) [Protein] (mg/mL) Viscosity (cP)
PB 0.25 237 182 :l: 6
Arg HCl 0.25 228 37 :t 0.1
BIM 0.4 234 43.6 :J: 1.1
BMI Mes 0.4 232 35.2 i 5.0
BMP de 0.4 249 42.7 i 1.9
EMMC 0.1 232 24.7 i 0.3
PB = phosphate buffer; Arg—HCI =1Arginine-HC1 ; BIM = 4-(3 —buty1—1-imidazolio)—l-
butane sulfonate; BMI Mes 2 Imethylimidazolium methanesulfonate; BMP
Chloride = 1-buty1—1-methylpyrrolidinium C1; EMMC = 4-ethyl
methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate.
Example 4: utyl~1~imidazolio)hl-butane sulfonate reduces the viscosity of
trated REMICADE® and VECTIBIX® solutions
Materials and Methods
Commercially-obtained DE® ning pharmaceutical excipients-
(sucrose, Polysorbate 80, sodium phosphate buffer) was prepared as per instructions
in the presoribing information sheet. Commercially—obtained VECTlBIX® containing
pharmaceutical excipients was prepared as per instructions in the prescribing
information sheet. Subsequently, the aqueous protein drug products were purified,
buffer exchanged, concentrated, dried, reconstituted, and analyzed as described in
Example 1 above (using the tion coefficients of: 1.4 L/g-em for REMICADE®
and 1.25 L/g-cm for VECTIBIX®). The proteins were formulated either with
phosphate buffer or with 0.50 M of 4-(3-butyl-l-imidazolio)—i-butane sulfonate
(BIM). Viscosities were measured using a RheoSense mVROC microfluidic
viscometer equipped with an “A” or “B” chip.
Rinks
The s in Table 4 demonstrate that BIM is ive at reducing the
viscosity of trated, aqueous solutions of both mAbs tested. Viscosity
reductions with 0.50 M BIM are up to 22-fold in the proteins examined here.
Table 4. Viseosities (in CF) of aqueous solutions of REMICADE® and
VECTIBIX® at 25°C and pH 7 with and without BIM.
[Protein]
Protein. Exc1p1ent. .
REMICADE® 222 a 6 1557 a 22 71.2 a 2.9
291 :|:3 328i 12 l70:|:2
VECTIBIX®
233 i4 38.7i1.8 51.l:|:3.7
Example 5: Ionic liquids reduce the viscosity of concentrated s solutions
of HERCEPTIN®
Materials and Methods
Commercially—obtained HERCEPTIN® containing pharmaceutical excipients
(histidine , trehalose, Polysorbate 20) was prepared as per ctions in the .
prescribing information sheet. The aqueous protein drug product was buffer
exchanged, trated, dried, reconstituted, and analyzed as described in Example 1
above (using the extinction coefficient of: 1.5 L/g-cm). The protein was formulated
either with phosphate buffer or with various ity-reducing ionic liquids at
concentrations in the table listed below. Viscosities were measured using a RheoSense
mVROC microfluidic viscometer equipped with an “A” or “B” chip.
The results in Table 5 demonstrate that Viscosity-reducing ionic liquids are
effective at reducing the viscosity of concentrated, aqueous solutions of
HERCEPTIN®i EMMC can reduce the viscosity by almost 3-fold when present at
0.10 M.
Table 5. Viscosities of aqueous solutions of HERCEPTIN® in the presence of var-
ious concentrations of ionic liquids (IL) at 25°C and pH 7.
Viscosity-reducing [IL] (M) [Protein] (mg/mL) Viscosity (cP)
ionic *
PB 0.25 253 172 :l: 4
PB 0.25 218 71.6i3.9
BIM 0.40 255 97.9 :I: 3.5
BIM 0.40 223 43.8 i 0.4
BMI Mes 0.40 227 47.8 i 1.0
BMP Chloride 0.40 244 99.2 i 2.2
BMP Chloride. 0.40 210 55.6 :t 2.0
EMMC 0.10 253 60.2 2|: 4.3
PB = phosphate buffer; BIM m 4—(3-buty1imidazolio)butane sulfonate; BMI Mes
= 1-butylmethylimidazolium methanesulfonate; BMP Chloride = l—butyl-l-
methylpyrrolidiniurn chloride; EMMC = 4-ethylmethy1morpholinium methyl
carbonate.
Example 6: Dependence of viscosity-lowering effect on ionic liquid concentration
for aqueous solutions of biosimilar ERBITUX®.
Commercially-obtained biosimilar ERBITUX® containing pharmaceutical ents
(Phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, Polysorbate 80) was buffer exchanged,
trated, dried, reconstituted, and analyzed as described in Example 1 above
(using the tion coefficient of: 1.4 L/g'cm). The protein was formulated either
with ate buffer or with various trations of BIM. Viscosities were
measured using a RheoSense mVROC microfluidic viscometer equipped with an “A”
or “B” chip.
The results in Table 6 demonstrate that the Viscosity—reducing ionic liquid BIM
is effective at reducing the Viscosity of concentrated, aqueous solutions of biosimilar
ERBITUX® in a dose dependent manner up to about 0.50 M, at which point, the effect
of BIM becomes decreasingly effective. This demonstrates that in some embodiments
there is an optimal tration of Viscosity-reducing ionic liqi1id.
Table 6. Viscosities of s solutions of biosimilar ERBITUX® in the presence
of various concentrations of BIM at 25°C and pH 7.
[biosimilar
{BIM}, M ERBITUX®], ' Viscosity, cP
mg/mL
0 280 3630
0.3 263 96.8 :I: 2.2
0.4 270 86.7 :I: 2.1
0.5 257 75.0 :I: 0.3
0.75 263 148 :b 2
1.0 279 145 :l: 2
1.5 267 347 :l: 5
Example 7. Viscosity-reducing show no signs of toxicity when ed
subcutaneously
Thirty 11-week old Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into 6 groups of 5 rats
each (3 saline control groups and 3 BIM groups). The rats were injected
aneously with 0.5 mL of endotoxin—free either phosphate-buffered saline or
0.25 M BIM according to the ing le: One group from each condition was
ed once on day 1 and then sacrificed 1 hour later; one group from each condition
was injected once on day l and once on day 2 andthen sacrificed 24 hours after the
second injection; and one group from each condition was injected once on day 1, once
on day 2, and once on day 3, and then sacrificed 24 hours after the third injection.
Clinical observations were recorded for any pharmaco-toxicological signs at
pro-dose, immediately post-dose, at 1 and 4 hours (i 15 minutes) post-dose, and daily
thereafter. Irritation, if any, at injection sites was scored using the Draize evaluation
scores pre—dose, ately post-dose, at 1 hour (i15 minutes) post close, and prior
to sacrifice.
Overall, the observed consequences ofthe injections of saline and BIM were
macroscopically similar throughout the course of the study. Both d from no
irritation to slight irritation with edema scores of 0-2 at various time points. The onset
of slight irritation seemed to occur after the second subcutaneous injections of the
saline control and BIM. Microscopic examination of injection sites suggests a very
minor, clinically ificant, irritative effect with BIM that was no longer evident by
day 4.
Unless expressly defined otherwise above, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meanings as ly understood by one of skill in the
art. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or will be able to ascertain using no more
than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the
invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the
following claims.
Claims (26)
1. A liquid pharmaceutical formulation for injection comprising: (i) an antibody; (ii) l-butylmethylimidazolium esulfonate es) or a pharmaceutically able salt thereof; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent; wherein the liquid pharmaceutical formulation, when in a volume suitable for injection, has an absolute viscosity of from about 1 cP to about 100 cP at 25°C as measured using a cone and plate viscometer or a microfluidic viscometer; and the absolute viscosity of the liquid pharmaceutical formulation is less than an absolute viscosity of a control composition comprising the antibody and the pharmaceutically acceptable solvent but without the BMI-Mes or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and wherein the absolute viscosity is an extrapolated zero-shear ity.
2. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1, wherein the antibody has a molecular weight of from about 120 kDa to about 250 kDa.
3. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1 or 2, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
4. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, comprising from about 100 mg/ml to about 300 mg/ml of the antibody.
5. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, comprising from about 214 mg/ml to about 232 mg/ml of the antibody.
6. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, wherein the ceutically able solvent is aqueous.
7. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the us claims, wherein the BMI-Mes or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a tration of from about 0.01 M to about 1.0 M.
8. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the previous , wherein the BMI-Mes or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a concentration of from about 0.40 M to about 0.50 M.
9. The liquid pharmaceutical ation of any one of the previous claims, r comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ents comprising a sugar, sugar alcohol, buffering agent, preservative, carrier, antioxidant, chelating agent, natural polymer, synthetic polymer, cryoprotectant, lyoprotectant, surfactant, g agent, stabilizing agent, or any combination thereof.
10. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of claim 9, wherein the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprise a polysorbate, poloxamer 188, sodium lauryl sulfate, a polyol, a poly(ethylene glycol), glycerol, a propylene glycol, or a poly(vinyl
11. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of claim 9, wherein the sugar alcohol is sorbitol or mannitol.
12. The liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, in a unitdose vial, multi-dose vial, cartridge, or pre-filled syringe.
13. The liquid pharmaceutical ation of any one of the previous claims, wherein the liquid pharmaceutical formulation is reconstituted from a lyophilized composition.
14. The liquid ceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, wherein the liquid pharmaceutical formulation is isotonic to human blood serum.
15. The liquid ceutical formulation of any one of the previous claims, wherein the absolute viscosity is measured at a shear rate of at least about 0.5 s-1 when measured using a cone and plate viscometer, or a shear rate of at least about 1.0 s-1 when measured using a microfluidic viscometer.
16. Use of the liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of the us claims in the manufacture of a medicament for administering to a subject a eutically effective amount of an antibody, wherein the medicament is formulated for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
17. The use of claim 16, wherein the medicament is formulated for injection with a syringe.
18. The use of claim 17, wherein the e is a heated syringe, a self-mixing syringe, an auto-injector, a led syringe, or combinations thereof.
19. The use of claim 18, wherein the syringe is a heated syringe and the medicament is formulated to have an administration temperature between 25°C and 40°C.
20. The use of any one of claims 16-19, wherein the medicament is formulated to produce a primary irritation index of less than 3 when evaluated using a Draize scoring .
21. The use of any one of claims 16-20, wherein the medicament is formulated to be administered with an injection force that is at least 10% less than an injection force for a control composition comprising the antibody and the ceutically acceptable solvent but without the BMI-Mes or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when administered in the same way.
22. The use of any one of claims 16-20, wherein the medicament is formulated to be administered with an injection force that is at least 20% less than an injection force for a control composition sing the antibody and the pharmaceutically acceptable solvent but without the s or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when administered in the same way.
23. The use of any one of claims 16-22, wherein the medicament is formulated for administration with a needle between 27 and 31 gauge in diameter and with an injection force less than 30 N with the 27 gauge needle.
24. A method of preparing the liquid pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 1- 15, comprising the step of combining the antibody, the pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, and the BMI-Mes or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
25. A lyophilized composition comprising: (i) an antibody; (ii) BMI-Mes or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (iii) a pharmaceutically able excipient.
26. The lyophilized ition of claim 25, wherein, once reconstituted, the dy has a concentration of at least 100 mg/ml.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NZ756401A NZ756401B2 (en) | 2013-09-11 | 2014-09-11 | Liquid protein formulations containing ionic liquids |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201361876621P | 2013-09-11 | 2013-09-11 | |
US61/876,621 | 2013-09-11 | ||
US201461940227P | 2014-02-14 | 2014-02-14 | |
US61/940,227 | 2014-02-14 | ||
US201461943197P | 2014-02-21 | 2014-02-21 | |
US61/943,197 | 2014-02-21 | ||
US201461946436P | 2014-02-28 | 2014-02-28 | |
US61/946,436 | 2014-02-28 | ||
US201461988005P | 2014-05-02 | 2014-05-02 | |
US61/988,005 | 2014-05-02 | ||
US201462008050P | 2014-06-05 | 2014-06-05 | |
US62/008,050 | 2014-06-05 | ||
US201462026497P | 2014-07-18 | 2014-07-18 | |
US62/026,497 | 2014-07-18 | ||
US201462030521P | 2014-07-29 | 2014-07-29 | |
US62/030,521 | 2014-07-29 | ||
PCT/US2014/055245 WO2015038811A2 (en) | 2013-09-11 | 2014-09-11 | Liquid protein formulations containing ionic liquids |
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NZ717918B2 true NZ717918B2 (en) | 2021-08-31 |
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