NZ717726B2 - Anti-??tcr antibody - Google Patents
Anti-??tcr antibody Download PDFInfo
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- NZ717726B2 NZ717726B2 NZ717726A NZ71772612A NZ717726B2 NZ 717726 B2 NZ717726 B2 NZ 717726B2 NZ 717726 A NZ717726 A NZ 717726A NZ 71772612 A NZ71772612 A NZ 71772612A NZ 717726 B2 NZ717726 B2 NZ 717726B2
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
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- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
- C07K16/2809—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against the T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2893—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD52
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Abstract
Disclosed is a humanised multispecific antibody comprising a first binding domain specific for the human ??TCR/CD3 complex and a second binding domain specific for a tumor-specific antigen, wherein the first binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 13, 15 and 16, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 14. d from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 13, 15 and 16, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 14.
Description
Anti -αβαβαβαβ TCR antibody
The present invention relates to an antibody specific for the alpha beta T cell receptor
(αβ TCR). In particular, the invention relates to a humanized anti -αβ TCR antibody, which
is derived from the murine monoclonal antibody BMA031, and the use of said zed
antibody in immunosuppressive therapy.
Introduction
The use of immunosuppressive agents in autoimmune diseases and organ transplant
therapy is well documented; however the s is far from optimal. Toxicity,
opportunistic inf ections, cytokine storm and increased risk of cancer are prevalent in
patients treated with these agents. The use of biologics in this arena has improved patient
outcome to some degree yet these side effects remain evident.
The use of polyclonal antisera a gainst lymphocytes is well known for the purpose of
immunosuppression. However, antisera are labor -intensive to produce, show ties
which vary n batches, and the specificity which can be ed using polyclonal
antisera is d.
Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technology was first described by Köhler
and Milstein ( Nature 256:495 -497 (1975)). As compared to polyclonal antisera,
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are more specific, and have more consistent properties.
mAbs have been mo st frequently and successfully used for immunosuppressive therapy
in clinical organ transplantation. r, most mAbs used as suppressive
agents for ng mune diseases and in transplant patients have a broad
suppressive capacity, th us undesirably influencing functions of a wide um of
immune cells, presumably not all involved in graft rejection.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against T cell surface receptor antigens were first produced
in 1979 using hybridoma technology (Kung et a l. (1979) Science 206:347 -349). Of the
three monoclonal antibodies discovered by Kung et al ., one antibody designated
muromonab -CD3 (OKT3) had defined specificity to the CD3 receptor of the T cell, reacting
with more that 95% of peripheral mature T cells w ithout affecting immature thymocytes.
Binding of OKT3 to the CD3 complex causes internalization of the CD3 receptor and loss
of CD3 positive cells from the periphery. Successful OKT3 treatment is associated with a
prompt decline in CD3 positive T cells fr om approximately 60% to less than 5%.
OKT3 has been extensively used for the treatment of ts undergoing acute allograft
rejection after kidney lantation (Russell, P.S., Colvin, R.B., Cosimi, A.B. (1984)
Annu. Rev. Med . 35:63 and , A.B., Burton, R.C., Colvin, R.B. et al . (1981)
Transplantation 32:535). Moreover, OKT3 and rabbit complement were used for purging
mature T cells from donor marrow to prevent acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) in
allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (Pre ntice, H.G., Blacklock, H.A., Janossy, G. et al .
(1982) Lancet 1:700 and ock, H.A., Prentice, H.G., Gilmore, M.J. et al . (1983) Exp.
Hematol . . Whereas OKT3 treatment seems to be ive in the prevention of
GVHD in allogeneic bone marrow tra tation for acute leukemia, a combined in
vitro /in vivo treatment with OKT3 failed to prevent GVHD during therapy for severe
combined immunodeficiency (Hayward, A.R. et al . (1982) Clin. Lab. Observ . 100:665).
Treatment of T cells with OKT3 elicits sev eral responses inconsistent with immune
suppression including T cell activation, production of immune mediators and T3 -
modulation. The T3 en complex recognized by CD3 -mAbs ( e.g ., OKT3) is postulated
to play a crucial role during T cell activation. Alp ha/beta T cytes recognize peptide –
MHC ligands by means of a multimeric protein ensemble termed the αβ T cell antigen
receptor (TCR)·CD3 complex. This structure is composed of a variable αβ TCR dimer
which binds antigens and three invariant dimers (CD3 γε , δε and ζζ ) which are involved in
TCR·CD3 surface transport, stabilization and signal transduction. The alpha beta T cell
receptor ( αβ TCR) is expressed on the majority (approx. 95%) of T cells and has a critical
role in T cell activation via engagement of antigen displayed on MHC. The remaining 5%
of ce lls are gamma delta T cell receptor ( γδ TCR) ve. The γδ TCR positive cell
population plays an important role in the innate immune response in defense against
opportunistic infections of bacterial, viral and fungal origin. Gamma delta T cells do not
play a role in graft rejection in transplantation. Therefore, targeting the αβ TCR positive
cell population and sparing the γδ TCR positive population should allow for significant
therapeutic efficacy whilst maintaining a baseline immune protection against o pportunistic
infections.
The mouse IgG2b monoclonal antibody BMA031 (Borst et al . (Nov. 1990) Hum. Immunol.
175 -88; EP0403156) is specific for the common determinant on the TCR
beta/CD3 complex, and does not bind to the gamma -delta TCR. BMA03 1 is highly
immunosuppressive and is capable of inducing apoptosis of activated T cells via a
mechanism of activation -induced cell death (AICD) (Wesselborg et al. (May 1993) J.
Immunol. ): 4338 -4345). In vitro it ts a mixed lymphocyte reaction and it has
shown preliminary clinical efficacy in prevention of graft rejection in a number of solid
organ lant ios as well as the treatment of acute graft versus host disease
) (Kurrle et al. (Feb 1989) Transplant Proc. 21(1): 1017 -1019). BMA031 does not
engage human Fc gamma receptors (Fc γR) in the ty of the human population
(ap proximately 10% of human possess Fc γRs which do bind to mouse IgG2b isotype). As
such the antibody does not cause T cell activation via cross -linking of the T cell receptor
and, therefore, it does not induce T cell activation or the associated cytokine rel ease. In this
regard its profile is highly preferable over that of OKT3. However, BMA031 is a murine
antibody and, as such, is not suitable for repeat dosing in human subjects in view of the
human anti -mouse antibody (HAMA) response elicited therein .
Seve ral humanized versions of BMA031 have been described ( see, EP 6; also
an et al ., (1991) J. Immunol . 147:4366 -4373). As noted in EP0403156, mere CDR
grafting was not sful in retaining antigen binding. One clone with significant
framework cations, EUCIV3, successfully bound to T cells; however, as noted in
EP0403156, binding to the αβ TCR is not as effective as the parent BMA031 antibody as
determined by flow cytometry competition assays. We have also shown that the ability of
EuCIV3 to inhibit an in vitro immune response is significantly reduced as compared to
BMA031 ( see, Fig. 2). In addition EuCIV3 was ally generated on a wild -type human
IgG1 or IgG4 backbone which still retains Fc γR binding. These humanized antibodies
there fore allowed for T cell activation, proliferation and the concomitant cytokine release and
as such were significantly different to the original properties of BMA031.
The modification of antibody glycosylation is known in the art. For example, it is known that
aglycosylated antibodies can have extensively modified functionality; see, Boyd et al . (1996)
Mol. Immunol . 32:1311 -1318. However, aglycosylated forms of humanized BMA031, or
derivatives with modified glycosylation patterns, have previously not been described.
There is a need in the art, therefore, for an anti -αβ TCR zed dy which improves
on the binding properties of EUCIV3 and advantageously retains the immunosuppressive
and non -T cell -activatory properties of BMA031.
Summary of the Invention
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a humani zed multispecific antibody
comprising a first binding domain specific for the human αβ TCR/CD3 complex and a second
binding domain ic for a tumor -specific antigen, wherein the first binding domain
comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amin o acid ce selected from the
group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 13, 15 and 16, and a light
chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 14 .
es of antibodies according to the firs t aspect include antibodies which comprise a
heavy chain variable region selected from the heavy chains comprising the sequences set
forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13 .
es of humanized antibodies according to the first aspect incl ude antibodies which
comprise a heavy chain variable region selected from the heavy chains comprising the
sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16 .
In the sequence listing, CDRs are indicated by means of annotation or underlining.
Frameworks are all sequences outside of the CDRs, which are defined according to the
"Kabat" numbering system and extended, where able, by use of “IMGT” CDR
definition. If a framework residue is not indicated to be changed to match a donor sequence,
it will o rdinarily be understood to be an acceptor residue.
The humanized antibodies may se a constant region. In one embodiment, the
constant region is of human origin.
The humanized antibodies of the ion may be further modified by Fc engineering.
Imm unoglobulins are liable to cross -link Fc γ receptors, which can lead to constitutive T cell
activation for anti -T cell antibodies. In order to avoid Fc γ cross -linking, antibodies can be
modified to remove the Fc , such as by the generation of Fab or Fv fragments;
however, truncated immunog lobulins lack beneficial effector functions and exhibit a lower
serum half -life. ore, the Fc region of the humanized antibody can be modified to
prevent Fc γ cross -linking. Exemplary techniques include generation of aglycosylated
immunoglobulins, fo r instance by modification of the Fc region by an N297Q on.
Immunoglobulins which fail to bind Fc γ are also described by Armour et al ., (1999) Eur. J.
Immunol . 29:2613 -2624. The modification effected to IgG1 is known as the ∆ab modification,
and con sists in a combination of the ∆a mutation, in which IgG residues are substituted at
ons 327, 330 and 331, and IgG2 residues substituted at positions 233 -236, and the ∆b
on, in which residue 236 is deleted. In another embodiment, the ylati on pattern
of antibodies according to the invention can be modified.
In r aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid encoding at least a heavy
chain variable region of a humanized monoclonal antibody according to the ing
aspects of the described embodiments. The nucleic acid may encode variable and constant
regions of the humanized antibody. Heavy and light chains may be encoded on separate
nucleic acids or on the same nucleic acid molecule.
According to yet another aspect of th e invention , there is provided a cell which expresses a
nucleic acid according to the preceding aspect. The cell is, for example, a cell adapted to
express antibody molecules in e. The nucleic acid may include signal sequences
and/or other ce s or modifications which are required for, or which modulate,
expression of the dy le in the cell, and/or secretion of the antibody molecule
from the cell.
In one embodiment, a humanized antibody is provided as described in the foregoing
aspec ts, for use in suppressing a T cell mediated se in a subject.
For example, the T cell mediated response can be involved in a condition selected from
tissue transplantation, including solid organ transplant and composite tissue transplant,
tissue graf ting, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes.
Moreover, another embodiment es a method for treating a subject suffering from a
condition ing an aberrant T cell mediated response comprising stering to a
subject in need thereof a pharmaceut ically effective dose of an antibody according to the
described embodiments.
Humanized non -activatory anti -αβ TCR antibodies which do not induce cytokine release have
thus been generated which are capable of selective modulation of the αβ TCR and of
inducin g apoptosis of activated αβ TCR positive T cells. These antibodies have been
generated for use as immunosuppressive agents in T cell ed diseases. These
antibodies have been generated h humanization of a mouse anti -αβ TCR antibody
BMA031 and by F c-engineering of the humanized antibodies to prevent ment of Fc
gamma receptors. The antibodies according to the described embodiments retain the
binding affinity of BMA031, unlike the humanized versions of BMA031 available in the art.
Further, as sh own in in vitro ion assays, the immunosuppressive properties of
antibodies according to the described embodiments are or to those of BMA031.
er, unlike the zed BMA031 antibodies of the prior art, the antibodies
according to the desc ribed embodiments do not induce cytokine release in normal PBMC.
The multispecific antibody can comprise many different conformations; in one embodiment, it
comprises an anti -TCR/CD3 scFv and an anti -tumor scFv.
In one embodiment, the multispecific antibod y is bispecific.
Brief Description of the Figures
Fig. 1. BMA031 binds more strongly to αβαβαβαβ TCR compared to EuCIV3.
Competition of binding of PE -labeled BMA031 antibody by BMA031 MoIgG2b, BMA031
HuIgG1 and EuCIV3 HuIgG1 antibodies. EuCIV3 has a decreased potency compared to
BMA031.
Fig. 2. EuCIV3 is less potent than BMA031 in an in vitro educ ation (IVE) assay.
Plot showing loss of performance of EuCIV3 humanized dy in ical assay when
compared to parent BMA031 antibody. CD8+ T cells were treated with anti -αβ TCR
antibodies at various concentrations (x -axis) and co -cultured with auto logous dendritic cells
pulsed with the CMV peptide 495 -503 (pp65) for seven days.
Fig. 3. HEBE1 binds αβαβαβαβ TCR comparably to BMA031 in a competition assay.
Competition of binding of PE -labeled BMA031 antibody by BMA031 HuIgG1, HEBE1
HuIgG1 and EuCIV3 HuIgG1 dies. EuCIV3 has a decreased potency ed to
BMA031 and HEBE1.
Fig. 4. HEBE1 has similar potency to EuCIV3 in an in vitro education (IVE) assay.
The IVE assay was performed as described in respect of Fig. 2.
[THE REMAINING LINES ON PAGE 6 HAVE BEEN LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY].
[PAGE 7 HAS BEEN LEFT BLANK IONALLY].
[THE NEXT SEQUENTIAL PAGE NUMBER IN THE SPECIFICATION IS PAGE 8].
Fig. 5. Schematic showing iterative rounds of mutagenesis of anti -αβαβαβαβ TCR variable
domains.
Framework in shaded box depicts the FR region where certain mouse residues lie.
Shaded residues in first row of ons are the mouse amino acids that are useful to
maintain off -rate. Shaded residues in second row of mutations are the mouse residues
surrounding the CDR regions which were retained during the final ning process.
Fig. 6. Optimized humanized antibody has improved off -rate compared to .
The kinetics of antibody dissociation from αβ TCR on T cells was measured by flow
cytometry. BMA031 had a better off -rate compared to EuCIV3 and HEBE1. By optimizing
the binding domain of HEBE1 we were able to improve the off -rate of HEBE1.H10
compared to BMA031.
Fig. 7. zed humanized antibody has improved off -rate compared to BMA031.
The kinetics of antibody dissociation from αβ TCR on T cells was measured by flow
cytometry. By optimizing the binding domain of HEBE1 we were able to e the off -
rate of HEBE1.H66 compared to BMA031.
Fig. 8. Optimized humanized antibody has improved off -rate compared to BMA031
in both ∆∆∆∆ab and aglycosylated formats.
The kinetics of dy dissociation from αβ TCR on T cells was measured by flow
cytometry.
Fig. 9. Optimization of HEBE1 leads to equivalent functionality as BMA031.
IVE assay as described in Fig. 4. BMA031 inhibited education of CD8+ T cells, as they
were unable to lyse specific targets in a dose ent manner. The parental humanized
antibody, HEBE1, was not as potent as BMA031 and was able to only inhibit education at
the t dose ar results observed with a secon d non -improved humanized Ab,
HEBE1 H13). Further improvements were made to the humanized antibody, HEBE1 H10,
which had equivalent potency to BMA031 in this assay.
Fig. 10. IVE data with anti -αβ TCR antibodies.
Both HEBE1 and GL1 BM series antibodies showed improvements in IVE results in
comparison with BMA031.
Fig. 11. Antigen positive cells from IVE assay as determined by antigen -specific
tetramer binding.
Cells which are antigen -positive ( i.e ., have been educated within IVE assay) are able to
bind to an MHC -tetramer molecule. When the IVE assay was conducted in the presence
of antibody which has been able to prevent the education of T cells to antigen, there wer e
fewer cells able to bind to the MHC -tetramer at the end of the assay.
Fig. 12. Proliferation of PBMCs in presence of anti -αβαβαβαβ TCR dies, OKT3 and
atory beads.
The stimulatory activity of OKT3 was not seen in anti -αβ TCR antibodies in this
comparison.
Fig. 13. Cytokine release from PBMCs in presence of anti βαβ TCR antibodies.
Cytokine release profile of anti -αβ TCR anti bodies was similar to the profile demonstrated
by BMA031.
Fig. 14. IFN -gamma e from T cells in IVE assay.
CD8+ T cells were treated with anti -αβ TCR antibodies at various concentrations ( see Fig.
2, x -axis) and co -cultured with autologous dendritic c ells pulsed with the CMV peptide
495 -503 (pp65) for seven days in an in vitro education (IVE) assay. IFN -gamma release
was measured in this assay.
Fig. 15. Activation -induced apoptosis by anti -αβαβαβαβ TCR antibodies.
Antigen stimulated CD8+ T cells were induc ed to apoptosis by binding of anti -αβ TCR
antibodies BMA031 and HEBE1 H66. The ability of HEBE1 H66 to induce apoptosis was
increased compared to BMA031.
Fig. 16. ion of glycosylation mutants and aglycosylated dies
Coomassie -blue stained gel showing expression and purification of glycosylation mutants
Fig. 17. g of αβ TCR antibody mutants to human Fc γRIIIa using Biacore.
e was used to assess binding to recombinant human Fc γRIIIa (V158 & F158).
Fig 18. Binding of αβ TCR antibody mut ants to human Fc γRI using Biacore.
e was used to assess binding to recombinant human and Fc γRI.
Fig. 19 . Cytokine release from PBMCs in presence of glycosylation mutant anti -
αβαβ TCR antibodies (day 2) .
Cytokine release profile for TNFa, GM -CSF, IFNy a nd IL10 of anti -αβ TCR antibodies was
similar to the profile demonstrated by BMA031 and H66 delta AB .
Fig. 20 . Cytokine release from PBMCs in presence of glycosylation mutant anti -
αβαβ TCR antibodies (day 2) .
Cytokine release profile for IL6, IL4 and IL2 of a nti -αβ TCR antibodies was similar to the
profile demonstrated by BMA031 and H66 delta AB .
Fig. 21 . Cytokine release from PBMCs in presence of glycosylation mutant anti -
αβαβ TCR antibodies (day 4) .
Cytokine release profile for TNFa, GM -CSF, IFNy and IL10 of an ti -αβ TCR antibodies was
similar to the profile demonstrated by BMA031 and H66 delta AB .
Fig. 22 . ne release from PBMCs in presence of glycosylation mutant anti -
αβαβ TCR antibodies (day 4) .
Cytokine release profile for IL6, IL4 and IL2 of anti -αβ TCR ant ibodies was similar to the
profile demonstrated by BMA031 and H66 delta AB .
Fig. 23: Binding profiles of TRACERS .
Binding profiles of bi -specific antibodies to both tumor target cells and human T cells
assessed by flow cytometery.
Fig. 24: Cytotoxic activ ity of ent T cell recruitment arms .
A panel of humanised BMA031 antibodies have been d and from this panel a
number of antibodies have been selected which y cytotoxic activity against tumor
antigen expressing cell lines
Fig. 25 : Cytokine release profile of ent T cell tment arms.
A panel of TRACERs with different T cell recruitment arms show similar cytokine release
profiles. Large amounts of nes are detected following activation of T cells in the
presence of target cell s whereas in the presence of only unstimulated human PBMC
observed cytokine levels are significantly lower.
Fig. 26: Binding of CD52 antibody mutants to human Fc γRIIIa using Biacore.
Biacore was used to assess binding of ed anti -CD52 to recombinant human
Fc γRIIIa (V158). Anti -CD52 comprising S298N/Y300S ons in the Fc domain were
used to assess the effector function of the modified molecule. A: binding to CD52 peptide.
B: g to Fc γRIIIa (V158). C: control binding to mouse FcRn.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same
meanings as commonl y understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this
invention belongs. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein can be used in the methods or techniques of the present invention. All publications
cited herein ar e incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for the purpose of
describing and disclosing the methodologies, reagents, and tools reported in the
publications that might be used in connection with the invention.
The methods and techniques of the p resent application are generally performed according
to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and
more ic references that are cited and discussed hout the present specification
unless otherwise indicated . See , e.g ., Gennaro, A.R., ed. (1990) Remington's
ceutical Sciences , 18th ed., Mack Publishing Co.; Hardman, J.G., Limbird, L.E.,
and Gilman, A.G., eds. (2001) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 10th ed.,
McGraw -Hill Co.; Colowick, S. et al ., eds., Methods In Enzymology , ic Press, Inc.;
Weir, D.M. and Blackwell, C.C., eds. (1986) Handbook of Experimental Immunology , Vols.
I-IV, Blackwell Scientific Publications; Maniatis, T. et al ., eds. (1989) Molecular g: A
Laboratory Manual , 2 nd n, Vols. I -III, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Ausubel,
F.M. et al ., eds. (1999) Short Protocols in lar Biology , 4th edition, John Wiley &
Sons; Ream et al. , eds. (1998) Molecular Biology Techniques: An Intensive tory
Course , Aca demic Press; Newton, C.R. and Graham, A., eds. (1997) PCR (Introduction to
Biotechniques Series) , 2nd ed., Springer -Verlag.
A humanized monoclonal antibody, as referred to , is an antibody which is
composed of a human antibody framework, into which have been grafted complementarity
determining s (CDRs) from a non -human antibody. Changes in the human acceptor
framework may also be made. Procedures for the design and production of humanized
antibodies are well known in the art, and have been des cribed, for example, in Cabilly et
al., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; Cabilly et aI., European Patent Application 0 125 023;
Boss et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,397; Boss et al., European Patent Application 0 120
694; Neuberger, M.S. et al., WO 86/01533; Neube rger, M.S. et al., European Patent
Application 0 194 276 B1; Winter, U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539; Winter, European Patent
Application 0 239 400; Padlan, E.A. et al., European Patent Application 0 519 596. Further
details on dies, humanized antibodies, human engineered dies, and methods
for their ation can be found in Kontermann, R. and Dübel, S. eds. (2001, 2010)
Antibody Engineering , 2nd ed., Springer -Verlag, New York, NY.
The term "antibody", unless indicated otherwise, is used to refer t o entire antibodies as
well as antigen -binding fragments of such antibodies. For example, the term
encompasses four -chain IgG molecules, as well as antibody fragments.
As used herein, the term “antibody fragments” refers to portions of an intact full -leng th
antibody, for example, as further described below.
Antibodies may be of any class, such as IgG, IgA or IgM; and of any subclass, such as
IgG1 or IgG4. ent classes and sses of immunoglobulin have different
ties, which may be advantage ous in different applications. For example, IgG4
antibodies have reduced binding to Fc receptors.
Specificity, in the context of the antibodies described herein, means that the claimed
antibody be capable of selectively binding its d cognate antigen , which is the
αβ TCR .CD3 complex. The antibodies of the ion bind the αβ TCR.CD3 complex
expressed on cells .
The human αβ TCR/CD3 complex is the T cell receptor complex presented on the surface
of T cells. See, Kuhns et al ., (2006) ty 24:133 –13 9. This complex is ed by
the murine monoclonal antibody BMA031 ( see, European patent application EP 0 403
156; SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2).
Naturally occurring immunoglobulins have a common core structure in which two cal
light chains (about 24 kD) a nd two identical heavy chains (about 55 or 70 kD) form a
tetramer. The amino -terminal portion of each chain is known as the variable (V) region
and can be distinguished from the more conserved constant (C) regions of the remainder
of each chain. Within the variable region of the light chain (also called the V L domain) is a
C-terminal portion known as the J region. Within the variable region of the heavy chain
(also called the V H domain), there is a D region in addition to the J region. Most of the
amino aci d sequence variation in globulins is confined to three separate locations
in the V regions known as hypervariable regions or complementarity determining regions
(CDRs) which are directly involved in antigen binding. ding from the amino -
terminus , these regions are ated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, respectively. The CDRs
are held in place by more conserved ork regions (FRs). Proceeding from the
amino -terminus, these regions are ated FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4, respectively. The
locations of C DR and FR regions and a numbering system have been defined by Kabat et
al. (Kabat, E.A. et al. , Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest , Fifth Edition, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Government Printing Office (1991), and
update s thereof which may be found online). In addition, CDR region boundaries have
been further defined by IMGT nomenclature.
le regions of antibodies according to the described embodiments may be found in
SEQ ID NOs: 5 -7 and 12 -16, and may be ed b y humanizing BMA031, that is, by
transferring the CDRs of BMA031 to a human framework. Two series of humanized
antibodies are bed; the HEBE1 series, comprising SEQ ID NOs: 5 -7, 12 and 13, and
the GL1BM series, comprising heavy chain variable regions as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 8,
and 16. In both cases, the light chain variable region used is as shown in SEQ ID NO:
14 (GL1BM VK43).
The human frameworks used are IGH3 -23 in the case of HEBE1, and IGHV1 -3*01 and
IGKV3 -11*01 in the case of GL1BM.
Consta nt s may be derived from any human antibody constant regions. Variable
region genes may be cloned into expression vectors in frame with constant region genes
to express heavy and light immunoglobulin chains. Such sion vectors can be
transfecte d into antibody producing host cells for antibody synthesis.
Human antibody variable and constant regions may be derived from sequence databases.
For e, immunoglobulin sequences are available in the IMGT/LIGM database
(Giudicelli et al ., (2006) Nu cleic Acids Res. 34 l. 1):D781 -D784) or VBase
(vbase.mrc -cpe.cam.ac.uk).
Aglycosylated dies can have extensively modified functionality; see, Boyd et al .
(1996) Mol. Immunol . 32:1311 -1318. A "delta ab" or ∆ab modification, referred to herein,
is an Fc modification as described in Armour et al ., (1999) Eur. J. Immunol . 29:2613 -2624.
Techniques for modifying glycosylation of antibody Fc regions are known in the art, and
e chemical, enzymatic and mutatio nal means, for example, mutation of the N297
on in the CH 2 domain. Techniques for mutating antibody genes for producing
aglycosylated IgG molecules are described in Tao and Morrison (1989) J. l .
143:2595 -2601.
"Nucleic acids" as referred to he rein include DNA molecules which encode the antibodies
of the invention. Preferred are expression vectors, which are le for expressing the
antibody genes in a host cell. Expression s and host cells for antibody gene
expression are known in th e art; see , for example , Morrow, K.J. Genetic Engineering &
Biotechnology News (June 15, 2008) 28(12), and Backliwal, G. et al . (2008) Nucleic Acids
Res. :e96 -e96.
1. Antibodies
The invention encompasses antigen -binding fragments of the humanized a nti -αβ TCR
antibodies. Fragments of the antibodies are capable of g the αβ TCR .CD3 complex.
They encompass Fab, Fab’, F(ab’) 2, and F(v) fragments, or the individual light or heavy
chain variable regions or portion f. Fragments include, for example, Fab, Fab',
F(ab') 2, Fv and scFv. These fragments lack the Fc portion of an intact antibody, clear
more rapidly from the circulation, and can have less non -specific tissue binding than an
intact antibody. These fragments can be produced from intact antibod ies using well
known methods, for example by proteolytic cleavage with enzymes such as papain (to
produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab') 2 fragments).
The antibodies and fragments also encompass single -chain antibody fragments (scFv)
that bin d to the αβ TCR .CD3 x. An scFv comprises an antibody heavy chain
variable region (V H) operably linked to an antibody light chain le region (V L) wherein
the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable , together or individuall y,
form a binding site that binds αβ TCR . An scFv may comprise a V H region at the amino -
terminal end and a V L region at the y -terminal end. Alternatively, scFv may
comprise a V L region at the amino -terminal end and a V H region at the carboxy -termina l
end. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V L and V H, are coded for
by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker
that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions
pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv)). An scFv may
optionally further comprise a polypeptide linker between the heavy chain variable region
and the light chain variable region.
The antibodies and fragments also enc ompass domain antibody (dAb) fragments as
described in Ward, E.S. et al . (1989) Nature 341:544 -546 which consist of a V H domain.
The antibodies and fragments also encompass heavy chain antibodies (HCAb). These
antibodies are reported to form antigen -bi nding regions using only heavy chain variable
, in that these functional antibodies are dimers of heavy chains only (referred to as
"heavy -chain antibodies" or "HCAbs"). Accordingly, antibodies and fragments may be
heavy chain antibodies (HCAb) that specifically bind to the αβ TCR .CD3 complex.
The antibodies and fragments also ass antibodies that are SMIPs or g
domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins specific for αβ TCR .CD3 complex. These
constructs are single -chain polypeptides comprisin g antigen -binding domains fused to
immunoglobulin domains necessary to carry out antibody effector ons ( see , WO
17148).
The antibodies and fragments also ass diabodies. These are bivalent antibodies
in which V H and V L s are expre ssed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a
linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain.
This forces the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and thereby
creates two n -binding si tes ( see, for example , WO 93/11161). Diabodies can be
bispecific or monospecific.
The antibody or antibody fragment thereof does not cross -react with any target other than
the αβ TCR .CD3 complex.
The antibody or fragment thereof may be modified in orde r to increase its serum half -life,
for example, by adding molecules - such as PEG or other water soluble rs,
including polysaccharide polymers to increase the half -life.
The antibodies and fragments thereof may be bispecific. For example, bispec ific
antibodies may resemble single antibodies (or antibody fragments) but have two different
antigen g sites ble regions). Bispecific antibodies can be produced by various
methods – such as chemical techniques, "polydoma" techniques or recombi nant DNA
techniques. Bispecific dies may have binding specificities for at least two ent
epitopes, at least one of which is the αβ TCR .CD3 complex. The other specificity may be
selected from any useful or desired specificities including, for e xample, specificity for
human serum albumin for the ion of half -life in vivo .
The use of bi -specifi c antibodies in the clinic for o ncology applications is now becoming
reality with the tri ional Catumaxomab (Removmab ® ) approved for use in cases of
malignant ascites and the bi -specific antibody Blinatumomab now in phase II trials in
hematological malignancies. These molecules have in common a binding arm which binds
to T cells and a second arm which binds to the tumor target cell which results in T cell
mediated lysis of the tumor target. Also in common, these molecules recruit T cells via the
CD3 protein located on the cell surface. An alternative to recruitment via CD3 is to make
use of the αβ T cell receptor ( αβ TCR) which is also expressed on the e of the cell.
Accordingly, antibodies according to the present invention can be used to develop anti -
tumor antibodies by combining a specificity for a tumor associated antigen with a
specificity for the αβ T cell receptor ( αβ TCR) .
2. Antibody production
The amino acid sequences of the variable domains of the dies described herein are
set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5 -7 and 12 -16. Antibody production can be performed by any
technique known in the art, including in transgenic organisms such as g oats ( see, Pollock
et al . (1999) J. lmmunol. Methods 7 -157), chickens ( see, Morrow, K.J.J. (2000)
Genet. Eng. News 20:1 -55), mice ( see Pollock et al ., supra ) or plants ( see, Doran, P.M.
(2000) Curr. Opinion hnol . 11:199 -204, Ma. J.K -C. (1998) Nat. Med . 4:601 -606,
Baez, J. et al . (2000) BioPharm . 13:50 -54, , E. et al . (2000) Plant Mol. Biol . 42:583 -
590). Antibodies may also be produced by chemical synthesis or by expression of genes
encoding the antibodies in host cells.
A polynucleotide en coding the antibody is isolated and ed into a replicable construct
or vector such as a plasmid for further propagation or expression in a host cell. Constructs
or vectors (e.g., expression s) suitable for the expression of a humanized
glo bulin according to the described embodiments are available in the art. A
variety of vectors are available, including vectors which are maintained in single copy or
multiple copies in a host cell, or which become integrated into the host cell's
chromosome( s). The constructs or vectors can be uced into a suitable host cell, and
cells which express a humanized immunoglobulin can be produced and maintained in
culture. A single vector or multiple vectors can be used for the expression of a zed
immu noglobulin.
cleotides encoding the antibody are readily isolated and sequenced using
conventional ures ( e.g ., oligonucleotide probes). Vectors that may be used include
plasmid, virus, phage, transposons, minichromosomes of which plasmids are a typical
embodiment. Generally such vectors further include a signal sequence, origin of
replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter and transcription
termination sequences ly linked to the light and/or heavy chain polynucl eotide so
as to tate expression. Polynucleotides encoding the light and heavy chains may be
ed into separate vectors and introduced ( e.g ., by transformation, transfection,
electroporation or transduction) into the same host cell concurrently or sequentially or, if
desired, both the heavy chain and light chain can be inserted into the same vector prior to
such introduction.
A promoter can be ed for expression in a suitable host cell. Promoters can be
constitutive or inducible. For e, a promoter can be operably linked to a nucleic acid
ng a humanized immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin chain, such that it directs
expression of the encoded polypeptide. A variety of suitable promoters for prokaryotic and
eukaryotic hosts are available. Prokaryotic promoters include lac, tac, T3, T7 ers
for E. coli ; 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic s e.g ., enolase,
glyceralderhyde 3 -phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase,
phosphofructokinase, glucose 6 phosp hate isomerase, 3 -phosphoglycerate mutase and
glucokinase . E ukaryotic promoters include i nducible yeast promoters such as alcohol
dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, othionein and enzymes
responsible for nitrogen metabolism or maltos e/galactose ation ; RNA polymerase ll
ers including viral promoters such as polyoma, fowlpox and adenoviruses ( e.g .,
adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus (in particular,
the immediate early gene promoter), irus, hepatitis B virus, actin, rous sarcoma virus
(RSV) promoter and the early or late Simian virus 40 and non -viral promoters such as EF -
1 alpha (Mizushima and Nagata (1990) Nucleic Acids Res . 18(17):5322 ). Those of skill in
the art will be able to select the riate promoter for expressing a humanized
antibody or portion thereof.
Where appropriate, e.g ., for expression in cells of higher eukaroytes, additional enhancer
elements can be included instead of or as well as those found located in the promoters
described above. Suitable mammalian enhancer sequences include enhancer elements
from globin, elastase, albumin, fetoprotein, metallothionine and insulin. atively, one
may use an enhancer t from a eukaryotic cell virus such as SV40 e nhancer,
cytomegalovirus early er enhancer, polyoma enhancer, baculoviral enhancer or
murine lgG2a locus ( see, WO 04/009823). Whilst such enhancers are often located on the
vector at a site am to the promoter, they can also be located elsewhere e.g ., within
the slated region or downstream of the polyadenylation signal. The choice and
positioning of enhancer may be based upon compatibility with the host cell used for
expression.
In addition, the vectors (e.g., expression vectors) may compr ise a selectable marker for
selection of host cells carrying the vector, and, in the case of a replicable vector, an origin
of replication. Genes ng products which confer antibiotic or drug resistance are
common selectable markers and may be used in prokaryotic (e.g., f3 mase gene
(ampicillin resistance), Tet gene (tetracycline resistance) and eukaryotic cells (e.g.,
neomycin (G418 or cin), gpt (mycophenolic acid), ampicillin, or hygromycin
resistance genes). Dihydrofolate reductase marker genes permit selection with
methotrexate in a variety of hosts. Genes encoding the gene product of auxotrophic
markers of the host (e.g., LEU2, URA3, HIS3 ) are often used as selectable markers in
yeast. Use of viral (e.g., baculovirus) or phage vectors, an d vectors which are capable of
integrating into the genome of the host cell, such as retroviral vectors, are also
contemplated.
In eukaryotic systems, polyadenylation and termination signals are operably linked to
cleotide encoding the antibody of th e invention. Such signals are lly placed 3'
of the open reading frame. In mammalian systems, non -limiting examples of
polyadenylation/termination s include those d from growth hormones,
elongation factor -1 alpha and viral ( e.g ., SV40) gen es or iral long terminal repeats.
In yeast systems, non -limiting examples of polydenylation/termination signals e
those derived from the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and the alcohol dehydrogenase 1
(ADH) genes. In prokaryotic systems polyadeny lation signals are typically not required
and it is instead usual to employ shorter and more defined terminator sequences. The
choice of polyadenylation/termination sequences may be based upon compatibility with
the host cell used for expression. In addit ion to the above, other features that can be
employed to enhance yields include chromatin remodeling elements, introns and host cell
specific codon modification. The codon usage of the dies of the invention can be
modified to accommodate codon bias o f the host cell such to augment transcript and/or
product yield ( e.g ., Hoekema, A. et al . (1987) Mol. Cell Biol . 7(8):2914 -24). The choice of
codons may be based upon compatibility with the host cell used for expression.
The invention thus relates to isol ated nucleic acid molecules that encode the humanized
immunoglobulins, or heavy or light chains, thereof. The invention also relates to ed
c acid molecules that encode an antigen -binding portion of the immunoglobulins and
their chains.
The anti bodies can be produced, for example, by the expression of one or more
recombinant c acids encoding the antibody in a suitable host cell. The host cell can
be produced using any suitable . For example, the expression constructs (e.g.,
one or mo re vectors, e.g., a mammalian cell expression vector) described herein can be
introduced into a le host cell, and the resulting cell can be maintained (e.g., in
culture, in an animal, in a plant) under conditions suitable for expression of the
constr uct(s) or vector(s). Host cells can be prokaryotic, including bacterial cells such as E.
coli (e.g., strain DH5a™) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), PerC6 (Crucell, Leiden, NL), B.
subtilis and/or other suitable bacteria; eukaryotic cells, such as fungal or yeas t cells (e.g.,
Pichia pastoris, Aspergillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces
pombe, Neurospora crassa), or other lower eukaryotic cells, and cells of higher
eukaryotes such as those from insects (e.g., Drosophila Schnieder S2 cells, Sf9 i nsect
cells) (WO 94/126087 (O'Connor)), BTI -TN -5B1 -4 (High Five™) insect cells (Invitrogen),
mammals (e.g., COS cells, such as COS -1 (ATCC Accession No. CRL -1650) and COS -7
(ATCC ion No. CRL -1651), CHO (e.g., ATCC Accession No. CRL -9096), CHO
DG44 (U rlaub, G. and Chasin, L.A. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77(7):4216 -4220),
293 (ATCC Accession No. CRL -1573), HeLa (ATCC Accession No. CCL -2), CVl (ATCC
Accession No. CCL -70), WOP y, L., et al. (1985) J. Virol., 54:739 -749), 3T3, 293T
(Pear, W.S ., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A ., 90:8392 -8396) , NSO cells, SP2/0
cells, HuT 78 cells, and the like, or plants (e.g., tobacco, lemna (duckweed), and algae).
See, for e , Ausubel, F.M. et al., eds. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,
Greene hing ates and John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1993). In some embodiments,
the host cell is not part of a multicellular organism (e.g., plant or animal), e.g., it is an
ed host cell or is part of a cell culture.
Host cells may be cultured in r , shake flasks, roller bottles, wave reactors
(e.g ., System 1000 from wavebiotech.com) or hollow fibre systems but it is preferred for
large scale tion that d tank reactors or bag reactors ( e.g ., Wave Biotech,
Somerset, New Jer sey USA) are used particularly for suspension cultures. Stirred tank
reactors can be adapted for aeration using e.g. , spargers, baffles or low shear impellers.
For bubble columns and airlift rs, direct aeration with air or oxygen s maybe
used. Where the host cells are cultured in a serum -free culture medium, the medium can
be supplemented with a cell protective agent such as pluronic F -68 to help prevent cell
damage as a result of the aeration process. Depending on the host cell characteristics,
microcarriers maybe used as growth substrates for anchorage dependent cell lines, or the
cells maybe adapted to suspension culture. The culturing of host cells, particularly
vertebrate host cells, may utilize a variety of operational modes such as batch, fed -batch,
ed batch processing ( see, Drapeau et al . (1994) Cytotechnology 15:103 -109),
extended batch process or perfusion culture. Although recombinantly ormed
mammalian host cells may be cultured in serum -containing media such media comprisin g
fetal calf serum (FCS), it is preferred that such host cells are cultured in serum -free media
such as disclosed in Keen et al . (1995) Cytotechnology 17:153 -163, or commercially
available media such as ProCHO -CDM or UltraCHO™ (Cambrex NJ, USA),
ment ed where necessary with an energy source such as glucose and tic
growth factors such as recombinant insulin. The serum -free culturing of host cells may
require that those cells are adapted to grow in serum -free conditions. One adaptation
approach is to culture such host cells in serum containing media and repeatedly exchange
80% of the culture medium for the serum -free media so that the host cells learn to adapt
in serum -free conditions ( see, e.g ., Scharfenberg, K. et al . (1995) Animal Cell Technology :
Developments Towards the 21st Century (Beuvery, E.C. et al ., eds), pp.619 -623, Kluwer
Academic publishers).
Antibodies according to the described embodiments may be secreted into the medium
and recovered and purified therefrom using a variety of techniqu es to provide a degree of
purification suitable for the intended use. For example, the use of therapeutic antibodies
for the ent of human patients lly mandates at least 95% purity as determined
by reducing SDS -PAGE, more typically 98% or 99% pu rity, when compared to the culture
media comprising the therapeutic antibodies. In the first instance, cell debris from the
culture media can be removed using fugation ed by a clarification step of the
atant using e.g. , microfiltration, u ltrafiltration and/or depth filtration. Alternatively,
the antibody can be harvested by iltration, ultrafiltration or depth filtration without
prior centrifugation. A variety of other techniques such as dialysis and gel electrophoresis
and chromatog raphic techniques such as hydroxyapatite (HA), affinity chromatography
(optionally involving an affinity tagging system such as stidine) and/or hydrophobic
interaction chromatography (HIC) ( see, US 5,429,746) are available. In one embodiment,
the ant s, following various ication steps, are captured using Protein A or G
ty chromatography followed by further chromatography steps such as ion exchange
and/or HA chromatography, anion or cation exchange, size ion chromatography
and am monium sulphate precipitation. Various virus removal steps may also be employed
(e.g ., nanofiltration using, e.g ., a DV -20 filter). Following these various steps, a purified
preparation comprising at least 10 mg/ml or greater, e.g ., 100 mg/ml or greater of the
antibody of the invention is provided and, therefore, forms another embodiment of the
invention. Concentration to 100 mg/ml or greater can be generated by ultracentrifugation.
Such preparations are substantially free of aggregated forms of antibodies of the
invention.
Bacterial systems are particularly suited for the expression of antibody fragments. Such
fragments are localized ellularly or within the periplasm. Insoluble periplasmic
proteins can be extracted and refolded to form active protein s according to methods
known to those skilled in the art, see, Sanchez et al . (1999) J. Biotechnol . 72:13 -20; Cupit,
P.M. et al . (1999) Lett. Appl. Microbiol . 29:273 -277.
The present invention also s to cells sing a nucleic acid, e.g., a vector , of the
invention (e.g., an sion vector). For e, a nucleic acid (i.e., one or more
nucleic acids) encoding the heavy and light chains of a humanized globulin
according to the described embodiments, or a construct (i.e., one or more const ructs, e.g.,
one or more vectors) comprising such nucleic ), can be introduced into a le
host cell by a method appropriate to the host cell selected (e.g., transformation,
transfection, electroporation, infection), with the nucleic acid(s) bein g, or becoming,
operably linked to one or more expression control elements (e.g., in a vector, in a
construct created by processes in the cell, integrated into the host cell genome). Host
cells can be ined under conditions suitable for expression (e. g., in the presence of
inducer, suitable media supplemented with appropriate salts, growth factors, antibiotic,
nutritional supplements, etc. ), y the d polypeptide(s) are produced. If
desired, the encoded humanized antibody can be isolated, for example, from the host
cells, culture , or milk. This process encompasses expression in a host cell ( e.g ., a
mammary gland cell) of a transgenic animal or plant (e.g., tobacco) ( see, e.g., WO
92/03918).
3. Therapeutic Applications
Suppression of T cell activity is desirable in a number of situations in which
immunosuppression is warranted, and/or an autoimmune condition occurs. Accordingly,
targeting of the αβ TCR.CD3 complex is indicated in the treatment of diseases involving an
inappropriate or un desired immune response, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and
other conditions involving such mechanisms. In one embodiment, such disease or
disorder is an autoimmune and/or inflammatory e. Examples of such autoimmune
and/or matory diseases are ic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid
Arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (including ulcerative colitis (UC) and
Crohn's disease (CD)), multiple sclerosis (MS), scleroderma and type 1 diabetes (T1D),
and other diseases and diso rders, such as PV (pemphigus vulgaris), psoriasis, atopic
dermatitis, celiac disease, Chronic Obstructive Lung disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
Graves' disease (thyroid), Sjogren's me, Guillain -barré syndrome, Goodpasture's
syndrome, Addison's disea se, Wegener's granulomatosis, primary biliary sclerosis,
sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, algia rheumatica, Raynaud's
phenomenon, temporal arteritis, giant cell arteritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nod osa, behcet's disease, primary bilary cirrhosis, uveitis,
ditis, rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis, glomerulenephritis, sarcoidosis,
dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, alopecia areata, and vitilgo.
In one embodiment, such diseas e or disorder is SLE, RA or IBD. In one embodiment,
such disease or disorder is MS.
In another embodiment, the antibodies according to the described embodiments are used
to aid transplantation by immunosuppressing the t. Such use alleviates graft -
ve rsus -host disease. For a description of existing treatments for graft -versus -host
disease, see , e.g ., Svennilson, Bone Marrow Transplantation (2005) 35 :S65 –S67, and
references cited therein. Advantageously, the antibodies of the ion may be used in
combination with other available therapies.
With regard to the treatment of autoimmune diseases, combination therapy may e
stration of an antibody of the present invention together with a ment, which
together with the antibody comprises an effective amount for ting or treating such
autoimmune diseases. Where said mune disease is Type 1 diabetes, the
combination therapy may encompass one or more of an agent that promotes the growth
of pancreatic beta -cells or enhances beta -cell transplantation, such as beta cell growth or
survival factors or immunomodulatory antibodies. Where said autoimmune disease is
rheumatoid arthritis, said combination therapy may encompass one or more of
methotrexate, an anti -TNF -β antibody, a TNF -β receptor -lg fusion protein, an anti -IL -15 or
anti -IL -21 antibody, a non -steroidal anti -inflammatory drug (NSAID), or a e -
modifying anti -rheumatic drug ). For example, the additional agent may be a
biological agent such as a n anti -TNF agent ( e.g. , Enbrel® , infliximab ade® ) and
adalimumab (Humira® ) or rituximab (Rituxan® ). Where said autoimmune disease is
hematopoietic lant rejection, hematopoietic growth factor(s) (such as erythropoietin,
G-CSF, GM -CSF, IL -3, IL -11, thrombopoietin, etc .) or antimicrobial(s) (such as antibiotic,
antiviral, antifungal drugs) may be administered. Where said autoimmune disease is
psoriasis, the additional agent may be one or more of tar and derivatives thereof,
phototherapy, corticoste roids, Cyclosporine A, vitamin D s, methotrexate, p38
mitogen -activated n kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, as well as biologic agents such as
anti -TNF - agents and n® . Where said autoimmune disease is an inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD) such as, for example, Crohn's e or ulcerative colitis, the
additional agent may be one or more of aminosalicylates, corticosteroids,
immunomodulators, antibiotics, or biologic agents such as Remicade® and Humira® .
The combination treatment may be carried ou t in any way as deemed necessary or
convenient by the person skilled in the art and for the purpose of this specification, no
limitations with regard to the order, amount, repetition or relative amount of the
compounds to be used in combination is contempl ated. Accordingly, the antibodies
according to the described embodiments may be formulated into pharmaceutical
itions for use in therapy.
4. ceutical Compositions
In a preferred embodiment, there is ed a pharmaceutical composition compri sing an
antibody according to the invention, or a ligand or ligands fiable by an assay method
as defined in the previous aspect of the ion. Ligands may be immunoglobulins,
peptides, c acids or small molecules, as discussed herein. They are referred to, in
the following discussion, as “compounds”.
A ceutical composition according to the invention is a composition of matter
comprising a compound or compounds capable of modulating T cell activity as an active
ingredient. The compoun d is in the form of any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or e.g .,
where appropriate, an analog, free base form, tautomer, enantiomer racemate, or
combination f. The active ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition comprising
the active ingredient according to the invention are plated to exhibit therapeutic
activity, for example, in the treatment of graft -versus -host e, when administered in
amount which depends on the particular case.
In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the invention may be used in
combination with any art recognized compound known to be suitable for treating the
particular indication in treating any of the aforementioned conditions. Accordingly, one or
more compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more art recognized
compounds known to be le for treating the ing indications such that a
convenient, single composition can be stered to the subject. Dosage regima may
be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
For exa mple, several divided doses may be stered daily or the dose may be
proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
The active ingredient may be administered in a convenient manner such as by the oral,
intravenous ( where water soluble), intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal, intradermal
or suppository routes or implanting ( e.g ., using slow release molecules).
Depending on the route of stration, the active ient may be required to be
coated in a material to protect said ingredients from the action of enzymes, acids and
other l conditions which may inactivate said ingredient.
In order to administer the active ingredient by means other than parenteral administration,
it will be coated by, or administer ed with, a material to prevent its inactivation. For
example, the active ingredient may be administered in an adjuvant, co istered with
enzyme inhibitors or in liposomes. Adjuvant is used in its broadest sense and includes any
immune ating compo und such as interferon. Adjuvants contemplated herein include
resorcinols, non -ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and n -hexadecyl
polyethylene ether. Enzyme inhibitors include pancreatic trypsin.
Liposomes include water -in -oil -in -water CGF emulsions as well as conventional
liposomes.
The active ingredient may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.
Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid hylene glycols, and mixtures
thereof and in oils. Under ry c onditions of storage and use, these preparations
n a preservative to t the growth of rganisms.
The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions
(where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous
preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. In all cases the form must be
sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under
the conditions of manufacture and storage and m ust be preserved against the
contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a
solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol ( for e ,
glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethyl ene , and the like ), suitable mixtures
thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper ty can be maintained, for example, by the use
of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case
of dispersion and by the us e of superfactants.
The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various
antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic
acid, thirmerosal, and the like. In certain cases, it may be prefer able to include isotonic
agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged tion of the injectable
compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying
absorption, for example, aluminium monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by orating the active ingredient in
the required amount in the appropriate solvent with l of the other ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersi ons
are prepared by incorporating the sterilized active ingredient into a sterile vehicle which
contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those
enumerated above. In the case of sterile s for the preparation of steri le injectable
solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze -drying
technique which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired
ingredient from previously sterile -filtered solution thereof.
Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical
form of the dosage unit. Of course, any al used in preparing any dosage unit form
should be ceutically pure and substantially non -toxic in the amounts employed. In
addition, the active ingredient may be incorporated into sustained -release
preparations and formulations.
As used herein "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or t" includes any
and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifu ngal agents, isotonic
and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for
pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any
conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ient, use thereof in the
therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be
incorporated into the itions.
It is especially ageous to formulate parenteral itions in dosage unit form for
ease of administration and uniformity of . Dosage unit form as used herein refers
to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the ian subjects to be
treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active al calculated to
produce the de sired eutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical
carrier. The specification for the novel dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by
and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the
par ticular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of
compounding such as active material for the treatment of disease in living subjects having
a diseased condition in which bodily health is impaired.
The principal acti ve ingredients are compounded for convenient and effective
administration in effective amounts with a le pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in
dosage unit form. In the case of compositions containing supplementary active
ingredients, the dosages are determined by reference to the usual dose and manner of
administration of the said ingredients.
In order to facilitate delivery of peptide compounds, including dies, to cells, peptides
may be modified in order to improve their ability to cross a cel l membrane. For example,
US 5,149,782 discloses the use of nic peptides, ion -channel forming peptides,
membrane peptides, long -chain fatty acids and other membrane blending agents to
increase protein transport across the cell ne. These and othe r methods are also
described in WO 97/37016 and US 5,108,921, incorporated herein by reference.
In a further aspect there is provided the active ingredient of the invention as hereinbefore
defined for use in the treatment of disease either alone or in comb ination with art
recognized compounds known to be suitable for treating the particular indication.
Consequently there is provided the use of an active ingredient of the invention for the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of disease associated w ith an nt
immune response.
Moreover, there is provided a method for treating a condition ated with
an aberrant immune response, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically
effective amount of a ligand identifiable using an assay met hod as described above.
The invention is further described, for the es of illustration only, in the ing
examples.
Comparative Example 1
Binding and biological activity of EuCIV3 is sed compared with BMA031
Using flow try, we have shown that EuCIV3 is inferior to BMA031 in T cell binding
(Fig. 1). In this competition assay, T cells were incubated on ice in the presence of a fixed
concentration of directly Phycoerythrin -labeled MoIgG2b -BMA031 (murine competitor)
and an increasing co ncentration of anti -αβ TCR antibodies. After 20 s incubation,
the cells were washed and surface bound directly Phycoerythrin -labeled MoIgG2b -
BMA031 was detected by flow cytometry. The BMA031 HuIgG1 chimeric antibody
es much more effectively tha n EuCIV3.
In order to assess its ability to inhibit T cell activity in vivo , CD8+ T cells were treated with
anti -αβ TCR antibodies at various trations ( see, Fig. 2, x -axis) and co -cultured with
autologous tic cells (DCs) pulsed with the CMV pept ide 495 -503 (pp65) for seven
days in an in vitro education (IVE) assay.
Normal donor aphaeresis products from HLA -A2 + individuals were obtained from
HemaCare Corp., Van Nuys, CA). PBMC were isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll (GE
care, Piscataway , NJ). CD8+ T cells were isolated using magnetic beads
(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To
generate autologous immature dendritic cells, PBMC were ended in RPMI 1640/5%
human AB serum ), plated in triple flasks (Corning) and incubated for more than 2
hours at 37 oC/5%CO
2. The adherent monocytes were then rinsed with PBS and cultured
for 6 days in RPMI 1640/5% human AB serum supplemented with GM -CSF (Immunex,
Seattle, WA) and IL -4 (PeproTech, Rock y Hill, NJ). Prior to establishing the T C co -
cultures, the DCs were pulsed with peptides ml) for 4 hours and then matured.
Mature dendritic cells were generated by the addition of l TNF -alpha, 25ng/ml IL -
1β, l IL -6, 500ng/ml PGE -2 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) and culturing the dendritic
cells for an additional 24 hours. The peptide -pulsed DCs were then added to the
previously isolated CD8+ T cells at a T:DC ratio of 10:1. Cultures were immediately fed
with IL -2 (100 IU/ml) added to the cultures. The es were supplemented with IL -2
(100 IU/ml) on day 4. The bulk cultures were assayed for peptide reactivity in a chromium
release assay on day 7.
The graph in Fig. 2 shows lysis data from the chromiu m release assay, where untreated T
cells were successfully educated against pp65 peptide and able to lyse ic targets at
>50%. BMA031 inhibited education of these T cells, as they were unable to lyse ic
targets in a dose -dependent manner. Humani zed antibody EuCIV3 was less potent than
BMA031 and was only able to inhibit education at the highest dose.
Example 2
Fc Engineering of BMA031 chimeric antibodies
In vitro profile
We have assessed the in vitro profile of BMA031 in a panel of assays . Table 1 shows the
in vitro profile of BMA031. BMA031 is compared to OKT3 in these assays.
In the PBMC proliferation assay, human PBMC were cultured with increasing
concentrations of therapeutic antibody for 72 hours, 3H-thymidine was added and cells
were ha rvested 18 hours later.
For the T cell depletion/Cytokine Release assay, human PBMC were cultured with
increasing concentrations of therapeutic antibody and were analyzed daily for cell counts
and viability (Vi -Cell, Beckman Coulter) out to day 7. Cell supernatants were also harvested,
stored at -20 oC and analyzed on an 8 -plex cytokine panel (Bio -Rad).
BMA031 does not : (i) PBMC proliferation; (ii) T cell ion; (iii) CD25 expression;
or (iv) cytokine release. In st, OKT3 does induce all of the aforementioned effects.
BMA031 and OKT3 are capable of blocking the education of CD8+ cells to peptide in an in
vitro education (IVE) assay and are also e of blocking a mixed lymphocyte reaction
(MLR). BMA031 also s apoptosis of activat ed T cells (activation -induced cell death;
AICD).
Unlike BMA031, a chimeric version of BMA031 (HuIgG1) , with wild -type human IgG1
constant region , had an in vitro profile comparable to OKT3 (Table 1). We postulated that
Fc γR involvement was critical for t his change of in vitro profile for HuIgG1 BMA031
compared to BMA031 MoIgG2b. ore we made F(ab’) 2 fragments of BMA031 HuIgG1
and found these to recover the profile of BMA031 MoIgG2b. By Fc engineering we
incorporated modifications that removed Fc γR binding in mutations known as “delta ab”
(Armour et al . (1999) Eur. J. Immunol ., 29:2613 -2624) and by generating an aglycosylated
form of HuIgG4 (N297Q). HuIgG1 delta ab and HuIgG4 agly anti -αβ TCR antibodies had the
same in vitro profile as BMA031 MoIgG2b (Table 1).
Normal PBMC Antigen Activated T -cells
γγδδ TCR αβαβ TCR Fc γR PBMC CD25 Cytokine MLR Apoptosis / IVE
Depletion
binding binding binding Proliferation Expression Release Inhibition AICD Inhibition
OKT3 + + + + + + + + ND +
BMA031 MoIgG2b - + - - - - - + + +
BMA031 HuIgG1 - + + + + + + ND ND +
BMA031 F(ab)2 - + - - - - - ND ND +
BMA031 ∆∆∆∆ab HuIgG1 - + - - - - - + + +
HEBE1 ∆∆∆∆ab HuIgG1 - + - - - - - + + +
HEBE1 IgG4 agly - + - - - - - + + +
Table 1
Construction of humanized antibodies with improved binding
We have generated two series of humanized versions of BMA031 called HEBE1 series
(IGH3 -23) and GL1BM series (IGHV1 -3*01 & IGKV3 -11*01; see, VBase, vbase.mrc -
m.ac.uk). Initial ng of BMA031 heavy chain CDR regions onto IGH3 -23
framework regions ( see , SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6) improved the binding of the antibody to
the αβ TCR as shown by a competition assay (Fig. 3); see, Example 2. However, this
improvement did not ate into a functional improvement in the antibody as shown by
an IVE assay (Fig. 4).
Example 4
Optimization of humanized antibodies
The strategy for op timization of the humanized antibodies was based upon mutagenesis
and onal screening. zation was started with block changes of amino acid
residues in one of each of the four framework regions of the variable domains, from
mouse to human. Key framework regions were identified in each of the GL1BM HC,
GL1BM LC and HEBE1 HC series. Following this fication, dual residues within
those framework regions were mutated to human germline residues from the original
mouse sequence. Framework residues for which identity with the mouse sequence was
found to be important to retaining the binding properties of the antibody were retained as
mouse residues . Otherwise, framework residues were changed to match the human
germline amino acid sequence . This was continued across the sequence until the
minimal number of mouse residues, to retain the original binding properties of the
dy, were identified. See Fig. 5. We have demonstrated that several of the
antibodies from these series have an imp roved binding compared to BMA031 as
determined by dy off -rate from T cells (Figs. 6, 7 and 8).
For off -rate assays, 10 5 human T cells were incubated for 30 -60 s at room
temperature in 100uL full growth media containing 2ug/mL of the antibodi es expressed as
HuIgG1 -Δab. The cells were then washed, resuspended in 50uL full growth media and
20ug/mL of HEBE1 F(ab’) 2 was added in order to prevent the rebinding of the dissociated
candidate antibodies. At the end of this time course assay, the cells we re fixed and the
level of remaining HuIgG1 -Δab antibody bound to the cell e was measured by flow
cytometry via a PE labeled goat anti -HuIgG secondary antibody.
We have also demonstrated that the antibodies are active in preventing the immune
se in an IVE (Figs. 9, 10 and 11) and a MLR assay. In the IVE assay, er
binding was used as a quantitative measurement for the IVE. The percentage of cells
which were antigen specific was determined by staining the T cells with a directly labeled
tetra mer that is specific for the educating peptide. Briefly, day 7 CD8+ T cells from the IVE
were stained with er by standard flow cytometry staining protocols and analyzed on
BD FACSCalibur. In addition, the humanized dies demonstrated comparable levels
of proliferative potential on PBMCs and cytokine release as compared to BMA031 (Figs.
12 and 13).
The antibodies also showed an ability to t the release of IFN γ from T cells in an IVE
assay (Fig. 14). In addition we have shown that a number of these antibodies have an
improved ability to elicit activation -induced cell death (AICD) of activated αβ TCR -positive
T cells compared to BMA031 (Fig. 15) . In the AICD assay, antigen -specific CD8+ T cells
were cultured with therapeutic antibody. At 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours cells were
stained for apoptosis markers Annexin -V and 7 -AAD. Cells were also stained with
tetramer to track sis with effects on n fic T cells.
In conclusion, we have made significant improvement over previou s attempts to humanize
BMA031. The ery of antibodies with an improved off -rate compared to BMA031 is
an cted finding via this process. This improvement in binding correlates with an
improvement in y to suppress an immune response as dem onstrated in the IVE
assay (Figs. 10 and 11). The specificity of the antibodies for αβ TCR, the decreased
immunogenicity by humanization, the specific apoptosis of activated T cells and the lack
of T cell activation upon antibody binding make these antibod ies excellent candidates for
therapeutic purposes.
Example 5
Generation of Fc mutants for reduced effector function.
Engineered Fc variants was designed and generated where a glycosylation site is
introduced at amino acid Ser 298 position, next to the n aturally -occurring Asn297 site. The
glycosylation at Asn297 was either kept or knocked out by mutations. Mutations and
glycosylation results are set forth in Table 2.
# on Predicted result Expected Benefit
1 N297Q No glycosylation Agly Control
No glycosylation Agly Control,
2 T299A n effector
function
No glycosylation at 297 but Reduced effector
N297Q/S298N/Y300S
3 engineered glycosylation site function
(NSY)
at 298
No glycosylation at 297 but Reduced effector
S298N/T299A/Y300S
4 engineered glycosyla tion site function
(STY)
at 298
Two potential glycosylation Positive control for
sites at 297 & 298; Double reduced effector
S298N/Y300S (SY)
glycosylation? Mixed function
glycosylation?
Table 2
Mutations were made on the heavy chain of αβ T -cell receptor dy clone #66 by
ange using a pENTR_LIC_IgG1 template. The VH domain of HEBE1 Δab IgG1
#66 was amplified with LIC primers, and cloned into mutated or wild type
pENTR_LIC_IgG1 by LIC to create a full -length Ab mutants or wild t ype. The subcloning
was verified with DraIII/XhoI double digest, ing ~1250 bp insert in the successful
clones. Those full -length mutants were then cloned into an expression vector,
pCEP4( -E+I)Dest, via Gateway cloning . The mutations were then conf irmed by DNA
sequencing.
Two ucts, HEBE1 Agly IgG4 and HEBE1 Δab IgG1 in pCEP4, were used as
controls in HEK293 transfection.
The mutants, wt and controls (Agly and Δab) were transfected into HEK293 -EBNA cells in
triple -flask for expression. Proteins were purified from 160 ml of conditioned media (CM)
with 1 ml HiTrap n A columns (GE) on multichannel peristaltic pump. Five
micrograms of each supernatant were ed on 4 -20% Tris -Glycine reducing and non -
reducing SDS -PAGE (see Figure 16) . The heavy chain of the agly cosylated mutants
(N297Q, T299A, and Agly control, is lower (arrow in black), consistent with the loss of the
glycans in these dy. The heavy chain s of the ered glycosylated antibodies
(NSY, STY, SY, Δab, and wt control, arrows in red), however, migrate the same way as
the wild -type control. This result is consistent with the ed e of engineered
glycosylation site at 298 positions. SEC -HPLC analysis indicated that all s are
expressed as monomers.
Glycosylation analysis by LC -MS.
The ered H66 IgG1 Fc variants were partially d with 20mM DTT at 37°C for
min. The samples were analyzed by capillary LC/MS on an Agilent 1100 capillary
HPLC system coupling with a QSTAR qq TOF hybrid system (Applied Biosystem).
Bayesian protein reconstruct with baseline correction and computer modeling in Analyst
QS 1.1 (Applied Bisoystem) was used for data analysis. For mutant S298N/T299A/Y300S
H66 antibody lead, one glycosylation site was obs erved at amino acid 298 with bi -
antennary and tri - antennary complex -type glycans detected as the major species, as well
as G0F, G1F and G2F.
Binding of ?? TCR antibody mutants to human Fc ?RIIIa and Fc ?RI using Biacore.
Biacore was used to assess binding to recombinant human Fc γRIIIa (V158 & F158) and
Fc γRI. All 4 flowcells of a CM5 chip were immobilized with anti -HPC4 antibody via the
standard amine coupling procedure provided by Biacore. The anti -HPC4 antibody was
diluted to L in 10mM sodium acetate pH 5.0 for the coupling reaction and injected
for 25 min at 5µL/min. Approximately 12,000 RU of antibody was immobilized to the chip
e. Recombinant human Fc γRIIIa -V158 and Fc γRIIIa -F158 were diluted to 0.6µg/mL
in binding buffer, HBS -P with 1mM Ca Cl 2, and injected to flowcells 2 and 4, respectively,
for 3 min at 5µL/min to capture 300 – 400 RU receptor to the anti -HPC4 chip. In order to
distinguish n the low binders, three times more rhFc γRIIIa was captured to the
anti -HPC4 surface than usua lly used in this assay. Flowcells 1 and 3 were used as
reference controls. Each antibody was diluted to 200nM in binding buffer and injected
over all 4 flowcells for 4 min, followed by 5 min dissociation in . The surfaces were
regenerated with 10m M EDTA in HBS -EP buffer for 3 min at 20µL/min.
The results are shown in Figure 17.
Biacore was also used to compare the Fc γRI binding. Anti -tetra His antibody was buffer
exchanged into 10mM sodium acetate pH 4.0 using a Zeba Desalting column and d
to 25µg/mL in the acetate buffer for amine coupling. Two flowcells of a CM5 chip we re
lized with ~9000 RU of the anti -Tetra -His dy after 20 min injection at
5µL/min. Similar to the previous experiment, ten times more Fc γRI was ed to the
anti -tetra -His surface in order to compare weak binders. Recombinant human Fc γRI w as
diluted 10µg/mL in HBS -EP binding buffer and injected to flowcell 2 for 1 min at 5µL/min
to capture ~1000 RU receptor to the anti -tetra -His chip. A single concentration of
antibody, 100nM, was injected for 3 min at 30µL/min over the ed receptor a nd
control surface. Dissociation was monitored for 3 min. The surface was regeneration with
two 30 sec injections of 10mM glycine pH 2.5 at 20µL/min.
The results are shown in Figure 18.
The result suggests very little binding of the glycoengineered mut ants to Fc γRIIIa or
Fc γRI. H66 S298N/T299A/Y300S in particular has almost completely abolished binding to
both receptors. This mutant was chosen as the lead for detailed terization.
Stability characterization using Circular ism (CD).
The sta bility of the S298N/T299A/Y300S antibody mutant was monitored by a Far -UV CD
thermo melting experiment where the CD signal at 216nm and 222nm was monitored as
temperature increases that eventually leads to the unfolding of the antibody. The CD
a were collected on a Jasco 815 spectrophotometer at a protein concentration of
approximately 0.5 mg/mL in PBS buffer in a quartz cuvette a, Inc) with a path length
of 10 mm. Temperature was controlled by a thermoelectric peltier (Jasco model
AWC100) and was ramped at a rate of 1 ˚ C/min from 25 -89 ˚ C. CD signal and HT voltage
were both collected. Data was obtained from 210 -260 nm with data intervals of 0.5 nm
and at temperature intervals of 1 ˚ C. The scanning speed was 50 nm/min and a data
pitch of 0.5 n m. A bandwidth of 2.5 nm was used with a sensitivity setting of medium. 4
replicate scans were performed for each sample. The result suggest that both delta AB
H66 and the S298N/T299A/Y300S H66 mutant show similar thermal behavior and have
the same onse t temperature for degradation around 63C. In other word, the mutant is as
stable as the delta AB format.
See Figure 18.
Example 6
Functional analysis of Fc -engineered mutants
PBMC eration and cytokine release assays were conducted as set forth in Exa mple
2. Normal donor PBMC were thawed and treated under the following ions (all in
media containing complement):
• Untreated
• BMA031, moIgG2b 10ug/ml
• OKT3, moIgG2a 10ug/ml
• H66, huIgG1 deltaAB 10ug/ml, 1ug/ml and 0.1ug/ml
• H66, huIgG1 S298N/T299A/Y300 S 10ug/ml, 1ug/ml and 0.1ug/ml
Cytokines were harvested at day 2 ( D2 ) and day 4 (D4 ) for Bioplex Analysis (IL2, IL4, IL6,
IL8, IL10, GM -CSF, IFNg, TNFa) . Cells were stained at D4 for CD4, CD8, CD25 and
abTCR expression .
The results, shown in Figures 19 -22 , demonstrate that H66 S298N/T299A/Y300S
d rly to the H66 deltaAB in all cell based assays , showing m inimal T -cell
activation by CD25 expression ; binding to abTCR, gh with slightly different kinetics
to deltaAB ; m inimal cytokine release at both D2 and D4 time points ; the mutant was in fact
superior to deltaAB at D4 in respect of several of the cytokines .
The S298N/T299A/Y300S mutant thus eliminated effector function as effectively as the
deltaAB mutation .
Example 7
Bispecific antibodies
Bi-specific les were constructed comprised of two single chain dies (scFv)
linked together via a short amino acid linker whereby one arm is capable of binding a
tumor target and the other capable of binding T cells via the αβ TCR. The bis pecific
molecule is referred to herein as a TRACER (T cell Receptor Activated Cytotoxic
EnableR).
The following zed anti -αβ TCR scFv constructs were made :
GL1BM ΔSxVK1
GL1BM ΔSxVK27
GL1BM ΔSVH11xVK1
GL1BM ΔSVH15xVK1
GL1BM ΔSVH28xVK43
GL1BM ΔSVH31xVK43
The sequence s of the heavy and light chains are set forth in SEQ ID nos 14 -16 and 20 -24
Characterization of these molecule s comprised an assessment of binding to tumor target
and T cells, in vitro cytotoxic activity and cytokine release profile in the presence and
absence of tumor target cells.
The binding profile assessed by flow tery shows that anti - αβ TCR bi -specific
antibodies are able to bind both the tumor target cell line and T cells. See Figure 23.
In vitro cytotoxic activity measured by flow tery shows that T cells recruite d via
anti - αβ TCR bi -specific antibody are capable of inducing T cell mediated lysis. See
Figure 24.
is of the cytokine release profile has shown that upon binding of both arms of the
bi -specific antibody there is a high level of TH1/TH2 cytokine r elease from the T cells
which is not seen in the absence of target cells. Taken together this mechanism of action
shows a similar e to that of the CD3 based bispecifics described in the literature.
Example 8: Preparation and characterization of an en gineered Fc variant in anti -
CD52 antibody.
In order to test the lity of the applicability of the Fc mutations described herein,
ylation mutant S298N/Y300S was also prepared in an anti -CD52 antibody (clone
2C3) to see whether the effector functi on modulation with the loss of Fc γRIII binding
applies to a different antibody backbone. S298N/Y300S 2C3 variant DNA was prepared
by quick change mutagenesis. The protein was purified from ioned media after
HEK293 transient transfection. Anti -CD52 2C 3 wild -type dy was produced in parallel
as a control. Biacore was used to characterize the antigen -binding, Fc γRIII, and binding
properties of the purified antibodies (see Figure 26 ).
The S298N/Y300S 2C3 variant bind s to CD52 peptide tightly and th e binding sensorgram
is undistinguishable with the wild -type control, suggesting that this mutation on the Fc
domain does not affect i ts antigen binding (Figure 26 A).
To assay Fc effector function, Fc γRIII receptor (Val158) was used in binding s. Th e
mutant and wild -type control dy were diluted to 200nM and injected to HPC4 -tag
captured Fc . Fc γRIII binding is almost undetectable for the S298N/Y300S mutant,
which indicates loss of effector function with this variant (Figure 26 B). The mut ant also
binds to FcRn receptor with the same affinity as the wild -type dy control so we
expect no change in its circulation half -life or other pharmacokinetic properties. (see
Figure 26 C) . We conclude that the S298N /Y300S mutation is applicable to antibodies in
general, to reduce or eliminate undesired Fc effector on, for e through
engagement of human Fc γ receptors.
Claims (17)
1. A humanized multispecific dy sing a first binding domain specific for the human ??TCR/CD3 x and a second binding domain specific for a tumor - specific antigen, wherein the first binding d omain comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 12, 13, 15 and 16, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 14.
2. The humanized multispecific antibody according to claim 1, wherein the heavy chain variable region is selected from the group ting of the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13.
3. The humanized pecific antibody according to claim 1, wherein the heavy chain variable region is selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16.
4. The humanized multispecific antibody according to claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises an anti -?? TCR/CD3 scFv and an anti -tumor scFv.
5. The humanized multispecific antibody according to claim 1, n the antibody is bispecific.
6. The humanized multispecific anti body ing to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a constant region of human origin.
7. The humanized multispecific antibody according to claim 6, further comprising an Fc modification which reduces Fc γ receptor binding.
8. The humanized pecific antibody ing to claim 7, which comprises a modified glycosylation pattern.
9. The humanized multispecific antibody according to claim 7, which comprises an aglycosylated Fc region or a delta ab modification.
10 . A n ucleic acid encoding the humanized multispecific antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
11. An isolated cell which expresses the nucleic acid ing to claim 10, wherein transformed cells within a human host and cells capable of producing a human are ex cluded.
12. Use of the humanized multispecific antibody according to any one of claims 1 to 9 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder in a subject.
13. The use according to claim 12, wherein the disease or disorder is cancer.
14. The use according to claim 12, wherein the treatment results in the recruitment of a T cell to a tumor cell target.
15. The use according to claim 14, wherein the recruitment of the T cell to the tumor cell target results in a e o f one or more 2 cytokine from the T cell.
16. The use according to claim 15, wherein the one or more TH1/TH2 cytokine is selected from the group consisting of TNF -alpha and IFN -gamma.
17. The use according to claim 14, wherein the tment of the T cell to the tumor cell target results in T -cell -mediated lysis of the tumor cell target. GENZYME ATION WATERMARK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PTY LTD P38649NZ01 :03: Qmo_>_ 5:: 6:80 _m_ Fmo<_>_m_ m>_03m
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161533510P | 2011-09-12 | 2011-09-12 | |
US61/533,510 | 2011-09-12 | ||
NZ623656A NZ623656B2 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2012-09-12 | Anti-??tcr antibody |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ717726A NZ717726A (en) | 2017-11-24 |
NZ717726B2 true NZ717726B2 (en) | 2018-02-27 |
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