NZ717593B2 - Nanobubble-containing liquid solutions - Google Patents
Nanobubble-containing liquid solutions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ717593B2 NZ717593B2 NZ717593A NZ71759314A NZ717593B2 NZ 717593 B2 NZ717593 B2 NZ 717593B2 NZ 717593 A NZ717593 A NZ 717593A NZ 71759314 A NZ71759314 A NZ 71759314A NZ 717593 B2 NZ717593 B2 NZ 717593B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
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- liquid solution
- nanobubble
- water
- nanobubbles
- disc
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Abstract
Existing production of nanobubbles produce nanobubbles from a microbubble base fluid, this requires the need to utilize external gas/air to create a greater abundance of nanobubbles. This problem is overcome in the present invention which comprises a nanobubble generator, a nanobubble-containing liquid solution comprising a substantially high concentration of nanobubbles, a system and methods of producing the nanobubble-containing liquid solution. The nanobubble generator includes an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a series of at least two sequential cavitation zones and shear planes to treat the source liquid solution and producing nano-bubble containing liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing the nanobubble-containing liquid solution. The share planes having at least ten equally sized discs in a row and having scallop-shaped shear surfaces. uid solution comprising a substantially high concentration of nanobubbles, a system and methods of producing the nanobubble-containing liquid solution. The nanobubble generator includes an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a series of at least two sequential cavitation zones and shear planes to treat the source liquid solution and producing nano-bubble containing liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing the nanobubble-containing liquid solution. The share planes having at least ten equally sized discs in a row and having scallop-shaped shear surfaces.
Description
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
NANOBUBBLE-CONTAINING LIQUID SOLUTIONS
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/886318, filed October 3,
2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present
disclosure.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to liquid solutions having nanobubbles and to a system
and a method of producing nanobubble-containing liquid solutions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In recent years, gas-liquid mixture fluid containing fine bubbles (millimeter,
micrometer and nanometer size bubbles) are being used in various industries and fields of
applications.
Micro-nanobubble generators currently in the market require air or a gas to produce
fine bubbles and cannot efficiently reduce the size of the bubble to having a particle size of
a nanometer.
Many generators can only produce nanobubbles through micro-bubbles and utilize a
swirling fluid chamber with a single shearing point, injector or Venturi to reduce the size of
the bubble. Other systems utilize Pressurized Dissolution or Electrolysis to create
nanobubbles. All of these systems are not capable of creating the endothermic reaction
required to make the fluids paramagnetic.
United States Patent No. 8,317,165, for example, describes a nanobubble-containing
liquid producing apparatus However, the apparatus of described in this U.S. patent can only
produce nanobubbles from a microbubble base fluid and needs to utilize
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external gas/air to create a greater abundance of nanobubbles.
Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide systems and methods of
producing nanobubble-containing liquid solutions that overcome the disadvantages of the
prior art; and/or to provide systems and method of producing nanobubble-containing liquid
solutions that do not require, for example, air or gas to produce the nanobubbles, or that do
not require a microbubble base solution; and/or to provide the public with a useful choice.
Further on other objects of the invention will be realized from the following Summary
of the Invention, the Discussion of the Invention and the embodiments and Examples
thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect the present invention provides a nanobubble generator comprising
a housing having an inflow portion for receiving a single source liquid solution, a
treatment portion for treating the single source liquid solution, and an outflow portion
for releasing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles, the treatment portion
comprising at least ten sequential shear surface planes separated by cavitation
spaces, wherein the treatment portion comprises at least ten equally sized disc-like
elements mounted adjacent to each other on a shaft extending axially through the
housing for continuously treating the single source liquid solution when the liquid
solution is within the treatment portion, the disc-like elements being separated by a
distance, the width of each disc-like element being about more than one half the
distance between two consecutive disc-like elements;
wherein each disc-like element has a first shear wall facing the inflow portion,
a second shear wall facing the outflow portion and a peripheral wall extending between
the first and second shear walls, and wherein each disc-like element includes a notch
or groove extending from the peripheral wall, the at least ten equally sized disc-like
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elements being mounted along the shaft with their notches or grooves circumferentially
staggered in relation to one another; and
wherein a scalloped shaped surface of the notch or groove provide for the
sequential shear surface plane, and a space between the disc-like elements provide
for the cavitation space.
In a second aspect the present invention provides a method of producing a
liquid solution having an enhanced concentration of nanobubbles, the method
comprising: (a) providing a nanobubble generator comprising an inflow portion for
receiving a source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the source liquid
solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a treated liquid solution having
nanobubbbles, the treatment portion comprising at least ten sequential shear planes
separated by cavitation spaces, wherein the treatment portion comprises at least ten
equally sized disc-like elements mounted adjacent to each other on a shaft extending
axially through the housing for continuously treating the single source liquid solution
when the liquid solution is within the treatment portion, the disc-like elements being
separated by a distance, the width of each disc-like element being about one half the
distance between two consecutive disc-like elements;
wherein each disc-like element has a first shear wall facing the inflow portion,
a second shear wall facing the outflow portion and a peripheral wall extending between
the first and second shear walls, and wherein each disc-like element includes a notch
or groove extending from the peripheral wall, the at least ten equally sized disc-like
elements being mounted along the shaft with their notches or grooves circumferentially
staggered in relation to one another; and
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wherein a scalloped shaped surface of the notch or groove provide for the
sequential shear surface plane, and a space between the disc-like elements provide
for the cavitation space; and
(b) passing the source liquid solution through the nanobubble generator,
thereby producing the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.
In a third aspect the present invention provides a method of enhancing the
qualities of a material, the method comprising: (a) passing a source liquid solution
through a nanobubble generator of the first aspect thereby producing a treated liquid
solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid
solution.
In a fourth aspect the present invention provides a method of removing or
preventing the formation of biofilm on a surface, the method comprising: (a) passing a
source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator of the first aspect thereby
producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the surface
with the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.
In a fifth aspect the present invention provides a method of reducing the content
of ammonia in manure of birds, the method comprising feeding the birds with a liquid
solution having nanobubbles, wherein the liquid solution having nanobubbles is
obtained by passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator of the
first aspect.
In a sixth aspect the present invention provides a method of removing heavy
metals from a material, the method comprising: (a) passing a source liquid solution
through a nanobubble generator of the first aspect thereby producing a treated liquid
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solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid
solution having nanobubbles.
In a seventh aspect the present invention provides an apparatus or system for
liquid treatment including a nanobubble generator of the first aspect.
Within the present disclosure, solutions having nanobubbles are described as well as
nanobubble generators and systems and methods enabling the generation of said solutions.
The systems and methods described herein include systems and method of producing
nanobubble-containing liquid solutions do not require external air or gas to produce
nanobubbles or to create a greater abundance of nanobubbles, and they do not require a
nanobubble or microbubble base solution.
The nanobubble generator described herein, in one embodiment, includes comprises
a chamber having a series of at least two sequential cavitation zones and shear surface
planes. The source liquid solution includes polar liquid solutions, non-
polar liquid solutions or a combination thereof. The treated liquid solution is then
distributed for use and/or consumption.
In one embodiment, the nanobubble generator includes a housing having an
inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, an outflow portion for releasing a
nanobubble containing liquid solution, and a treatment portion for treating the source
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liquid solution, the treatment portion having at least two sequential shear surface planes
separated by cavitation spaces, chambers or zones.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator the treatment portion includes at
least two disc-like elements mounted on a shaft extending axially through the housing, the
disc-like elements being separated by a space.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator described herein, the width of
each shear surface plane is about one half the width of each cavitation space. In one
embodiment described herein, the width of each disc-like element is about one half the
distance between two consecutive shear planes or less.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator described herein, each disc-like
element includes a first wall facing the inflow portion, a second wall facing the outflow portion
and a peripheral wall extending between the first and second walls, and wherein the
peripheral wall includes a notch or groove.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator described herein, the disc-like
elements are mounted along the shaft with their notches circumferentially staggered in
relation to one another.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator described herein, the
nanobubble generator includes between 2 and 30 disc-like elements.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble generator described herein, the disc-like
elements are made of a metal or a combination of metals. In one embodiment, the disc-like
elements are made of stainless-steel.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a nanobubble-containing liquid
solution generation system having a liquid solution source and a nanobubble generator of
any of the previous embodiments, the source solution inflow portion of the
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nanobubble generator operatively connected to the liquid solution source.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a nanobubble-containing
liquid solution producing method. In one embodiment, the method includes passing a source
liquid solution through a nanobubble generator described herein thereby producing the
nanobubble-containing liquid solution.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble-containing solution producing method
described herein, the source liquid includes a mixture of a liquid and a gas.
The source liquid solution is treated by passage through the nanobubble generator to
produce nanobubbles in the source liquid solution. The nanobubbles are preferably present
in a relatively high concentration in the treated solution and are small, preferably in the nano-
size range, preferably having between about 10 and about 2000 nanometers, more
preferably between about 10 nm and about 150 nm.
In one embodiment described herein, the liquid solution is optionally passed, before
or after the nanobubble generator, through at least one filtration system, whereby bacteria,
viruses, cysts, and the like are substantially removed from the treated liquid. Any filtration
systems known in the art may be used and incorporated in the system described herein.
Filtration systems may include, but are not limited to, particle filters, charcoal filters,
reverse osmosis filters, active carbon filters, ceramic carbon filters, distiller filters, ionized
filters, ion exchange filters, ultraviolet filters, back flush filters, magnetic filters, energetic
filters, vortex filters, chemical oxidation filters, chemical additive filters, Pi water filters,
resin filters, membrane disc filters, microfiltration membrane filters, cellulose nitrate
membrane filters, screen filters, sieve filters, or microporous filters, and combinations
thereof. Given that the nanobubbles have a relatively long life, the nanobubble-containing
solutions described herein may be
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stored or distributed for use and consumption.
In another embodiment described herein, the treated source liquid, is optionally
passed through a mineral filtration system, whereby minerals, such as iron, sulfur,
manganese, and the like, are substantially removed from the treated source liquid.
The filtration(s) of the liquid solution may be done at any time or step. For example,
the filtration may be done to the source liquid solution, or to the nanobubble-containing liquid
solution.
In yet another embodiment described herein, the source liquid is treated by a first
nanobubble generator. The treated liquid is optionally passed through the optional mineral-
filtration system and the optional at least one pathogen filtration system. The nanobubble-
containing solution may be distributed stored in a storage container, such as a reservoir, or
re-treated. Before distribution of the nanobubble-containing solution, the treated solution is
optionally passed through additional one or more nanobubble generators, whereby
additional nanobubbles are generated. The twice, trice and so forth nano-bubble generator
treated solution is then distributed for use and consumption.
Source liquid solution treated and optionally filtered by the system described herein
is effective in substantially destroying or reducing growth of cells, pathogens, viruses,
bacteria, fungi, spores, and molds, as well as enhancing the overall quality of the source
liquids. The nanobubble generator may be integrated with various liquid systems to treat
many types of source liquid. These liquid systems may include water heaters, water
coolers, potable water systems, water sanitation systems, water softeners, ion
exchangers, and the like. Liquid systems incorporating a nanobubble generator can be
utilized among the common household, as well as the scientific, food processing,
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petroleum, solvents, and medical industries.
As such, in another embodiment, the present disclosure describes a method of
enhancing the qualities of a material. The method, in one embodiment, includes: (a)
passing a source liquid solution through the nanobubble generator described herein,
thereby producing a liquid solution comprising nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the
material with the nanobubble-containing solution.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of removing or
preventing the formation of biofilm on a surface. The method, in one embodiment,
includes: (a) passing a source liquid solution through the nanobubble generator described
herein, thereby producing a liquid solution comprising a nanobubbles; and (b) contacting
the surface with the nanobubble-containing solution.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure is a method of reducing the content
of ammonia in manure of birds. This method, in one embodiment, includes: providing the
birds with a nanobubble-containing liquid solution.
In one embodiment of the method of reducing the content of ammonia in manure of
birds, the liquid solution is obtained by passing a source liquid solution through the
nanobubble generator described herein, thereby producing the liquid solution including
nanobubbles.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of removing heavy
metals from a material. The method, in one embodiment, includes: (a) passing a source
liquid solution through the nanobubble generator described herein, thereby producing a
nanobubble-containing liquid solution; and (b) contacting the material with the nanobubbles-
containing liquid solution.
The nanobubble-containing solutions described herein include
bubbles
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having a mean particle size of a nanometer between about 10 to 2000 nm. Unlike the fine
bubble-containing liquids of the prior art, the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein are stable and have paramagnetic properties. The nanobubble-
containing solutions described herein includes an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)
which is relatively higher than the source liquid used to generate the nanobubble-
containing solution described herein. The nanobubbles-containing solutions described
herein are stable and can be present in the solution for substantial long periods of time.
As such, in one embodiment, the present disclosure describes a nanobubble-
containing liquid solution, the nanobubbles in the liquid solution having a particle size
of about 10 to 2000 nm. In one aspect described herein, the nanobubbles of the
nanobubble-containing liquid solution described herein are stable. In another aspect
described herein, the nanobubble-containing liquid solution is paramagnetic. In another
aspect of the nanobubble-containing liquid solution, the nanobubble-containing liquid
solution has an ORP which is relatively higher than the ORP of the source liquid solution
used to generate the nanobubble-containing solution. In the case of water, in one
embodiment described herein, water treated with the nanobubble generator described herein
has an ORP of about 650 mV or higher.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble-containing liquid solution described herein,
the liquid solution is selected from a non-polar liquid solution, a polar liquid solution or a
combination thereof.
In aspects of the nanobubble-containing solution described herein, the liquid of the
solution is selected from the group consisting of: water (tap water, municipal water, well
water, wastewater, and the like), a solvent, fuels, edible oils, non-edible oils,
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and alcohols.
In another embodiment of the nanobubble-containing solution described herein, the
solution comprises a mixture of a liquid and a gas. In aspects of the nanobubble-containing
solution described herein, the gas component of the mixture is selected from the group
consisting of: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ozone, ethanol, methanol and hydrogen.
In one embodiment, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solution
described herein are sized between about 10 and about 2000 nanometers. In another
embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described
herein are sized between about 10-1000 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of
the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-
900 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid
solutions described herein are sized between about 10-850 nm. In another embodiment
the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized
between about 10-800 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-
containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-750 nm. In another
embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described
herein are sized between about 10-700 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of
the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-
650 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid
solutions described herein are sized between about 10-600 nm. In another embodiment
the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized
between about 10-550 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-
containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-500 nm. In another
embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
are sized between about 10-450 nm; between about 10-400 nm. In another embodiment the
nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized
between about 10-350 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-
containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-300 nm; between
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about 10-250 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing
liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-200 nm. In another
embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
are sized between about 10-150 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the
nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-100
nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein are sized between about 10-90 nm or between about 10-80 nm. In another
embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
are sized between about 10-70 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the
nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-60 nm.
In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein are sized between about 10-50 nm. In another embodiment the
nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are sized
between about 10-40 nm. In another embodiment the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-
containing liquid solutions described herein are sized between about 10-30 nm; and between
about 10-20 nm.
In another embodiment the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
include between about 1.13 E8 nanobubbles/ml to about 5.14 E8
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nanobubbles/ml.
In another embodiment the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
nanobubbles having a mean particle size between about 70 nm and 190 nm. In another
embodiment the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein nanobubbles
having a mode particle size between about 45 nm and 85 nm.
In one embodiment, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein have a mean size of under about 100 nm. In another embodiment, the
nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein have a mean
size of under about 75 nm.
In one embodiment, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein have a mode size of under about 60 nm. In another embodiment, the
nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein have a mean
size of under about 50 nm.
In one embodiment described herein, the source liquid solution used in the
nanobubble generators, systems and methods of any one of the above applicable
embodiments is devoid of gases.
In another embodiment described herein, the source liquid solution used in the
nanobubble generators, systems and methods of any one of the above applicable
embodiments is devoid of the use of external gases.
In another embodiment described herein, the source liquid solution used in the
nanobubble generators, systems and methods of any one of the above applicable
embodiments is devoid of micro or nano-bubbles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following figures illustrate various aspects and preferred and alternative
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embodiments of the invention.
Side view of a water conditioner device of the prior art.
Graph illustrating a disc of the device of
Perspective view of a nanobubble generator according to one embodiment of the
present invention.
Full, outer view (A), transparent view (B) and longitudinal cross sectional view
(C) of the nanobubble generator of
Graph illustrating a side view of a treatment portion of a nanobubble generator
according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Graph illustrating an isometric view of the treatment portion of the nanobubble
generator of
Graph illustrating a front view of a disc-like element of the nanobubble generator,
according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Enlarged view of a longitudinal cross section of the nanobubble generator of
showing the flow of a liquid solution through the nanobubble generator.
An embodiment of the inventive system for generating nanobubbles.
. An embodiment of the inventive system for generating nanobubbles.
. Shows results of a Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) of a raw
water sample to determine the concentration and size of nanobbbubles in the raw
water sample.
. Shows results of a NTA of a raw water sample to determine the concentration
and size of nanobbbubles in the raw water sample.
. Shows results of a NTA of a nanobubble generator-treated water sample to
determine the concentration and size of nanobbbubles in the treated water sample.
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. Shows results of a NTA of a nanobubble generator-treated water sample to
determine the concentration and size of nanobbbubles in the treated water sample.
. Photograph illustrating the physical characteristics of stored fecal samples from
broilers provided control and water treated with a nanobubble generator of the present
invention.
. Graph illustrating a glass capillary biofilm reactor system. Biofilms are grown
under continuous-flow conditions. The glass tubes have a square cross section,
allowing direct microscopic observation of biofilm growing on the inside of the tube.
The apparatus consists of a vented medium feed carboy (4 liter capacity), a flow break,
a filtered air entry, a peristaltic pump, the capillary and flow cell holder, an inoculation
port, and a waste carboy. These components are connected by silicone rubber tubing.
. Microphotographs of E. coli cells challenged into Petri dishes with glass cover slip
immersed in the control tap water and the treated tap water and incubated for two hours.
The coverslips were washed twice with MiniQ water, stained with Syto 9 and visualized
with an epifluorescence microscope after 2 hours and after 20 hours.
. Biofilm formation (8 days) in the flow cell by indigenous bacteria in treated tap water
and control tap water.
. Removal of preformed E. coli biofilms using a nanobubble-processor treated
water. 6 days of E. coli biofilm formed in flow cells were rinsed with treated tap water
(panel A) and control tap water (panel B) for 30 minutes. Panels C (treated water) and
D (untreated water) are 3-D images showing the left biofilms on the surface. The dots
indicate individual bacterial cells. Panels E (treated water) and F (untreated water) are
photographs of the glass capillaries of the system of fed with
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treated tap water (E) and untreated tap water (F).
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the
same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this
invention belongs. Also, unless indicated otherwise, except within the claims, the use of
"or" includes "and" and vice versa. Non-limiting terms are not to be construed as limiting
unless expressly stated or the context clearly indicates otherwise (for example
"containing", "including", "having" and "comprising" typically indicate "including without
limitation"). Examples of limiting terms include "consisting of" and "consisting
essentially of". Singular forms including in the claims such as "a", "an" and "the" include the
plural reference unless expressly stated otherwise.
In order to aid in the understanding and preparation of the within invention, the
following illustrative, non-limiting, examples are provided.
a. Overview
The system and method described herein effectively produces nanobubbles in a
source of liquid material without changing the elemental composition of the source liquid
material and without requiring the use of catalysts toxic or harmful additives. The system and
process may be implemented in a stationary, installed unit, or in a portable unit. The system
described herein may also be retrofitted in existing liquid solution distribution systems, such
as water distribution systems. Although several specific embodiments are described, it will
be apparent that the invention is not limited to the embodiments illustrated, and that
additional embodiments may also be used. The
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nanobubble-containing liquid solution described herein is highly effective in a variety of
application as it will be described herein below. The generators, systems and methods
described herein do not require external air or gas to produce nanobubbles or to create
a greater abundance of nanobubbles in a source liquid solution, and they do not require
a nanobubble or microbubble base liquid solution.
b. Nanobubble Generator
With reference to FIGs. 3-8, the nanobubble generator 100 described herein may
include a housing 110 having an inflow portion 140 for receiving the source liquid
solution, an out-flow portion 150 for releasing the nanobubble-containing liquid solution,
and a treatment portion 115 between the inflow 140 and outflow 150 for treating the
source liquid solution.
With reference to FIGs. 3 and 4A, the housing 110 may take a substantially tubular
form. The inlet 140 and outflow 150 portions may include a threaded boss 120 and 130 at
each end. The housing 110 and bosses 120 and 130 are preferably made of a substantially
inert material, such as polyvinyl chloride (pvc).
With reference to FIGs. 4B and 4C, 5, 6 and 8 the treatment portion 115 of the
nanobuble generator may include a series of sequential cavitation zones 190 and shear
surface planes 168. The series of sequential cavitation zones 190 and shear surface
planes 168 may be enabled by having a generally elongated member 180 having a series
(2 or more) of spaced apart elements 160 which extend axially through the housing 110
and may be interposed between the inflow and the outflow portions of the nanobubble
generator. Between 2 and 30 spaced apart elements 160 may be used. More than 30
spaced apart elements 160 may also be used. Each element 160 may take the form of a
disc. The disc-like elements 160 may be supported upon or mounted on a
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central rod or shaft 180. With reference to the disc 160 may include opposite walls
161, 162 (also referred to as shear walls), and a peripheral or side wall 163. One shear
wall 161 may face the inflow portion and the opposite shear wall 162 may face the outflow
portion of the generator. The peripheral wall 163 may extend between opposite shear
walls 161, 162. The disc-like elements 160 may be held in spaced relation to each other.
The elements 160 may be separated from one another by a space 170.
As illustrated in FIGs. 5-8 each element 160 may be formed with at least one
groove or notch 310 extending downwards from the peripheral wall 163. Each groove
or notch 310 may include edges or shear edges 167 and a shear surface plane 168
between the shear edges 167. The shear surface plane 168 may be viewed as a
continuation of the peripheral walls 163 into the grooves 310. The edges 167, which
may have a scallop design, may be substantially sharp. Preferably the disc-like
elements may be made laser cut. As illustrated in the width "a" of each disc-like
element 160, and therefore the width of the shear plane surface, is about one half the
distance "b" between two consecutive disc-like elements 160.
As illustrated in FIGs. 5, 6 and 8, the axially successive discs 160 are arranged along
the rod 180 with their notches or grooves circumferentially staggered in relation to one
another. The elements 160 may be arranged on rod 180 such that the notches 310 in each
element 160 is alternating. That is, if a notch in one disc-like element is facing down, the
notches in the following disc-like element would be facing up.
The disc-like elements may be manufactured from a single metal. Preferably the disc-
like elements may be made of a corrosion resistant metal. Preferably, the disc-like elements
may be made from stainless steel 300 series, such as 316L. Preferably the discs are laser
cut.
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As shown in each disc-like element 160 may be disposed substantially
perpendicular to the flow of the liquid solution within the housing 110, such as the
elements 160 may substantially block any direct fluid flow through the housing 110 and
as a result the fluid flow passes through the notches, grooves or apertures 310 in each
of the discs. Due to the alternating arrangement of the apertures the fluid flow between
the discs 160 is turbulent and by virtue of the differing cross-sectional areas of the
apertures 310 in each disc 160, the width of the discs, and the space 170 between the
discs 160 the fluid is caused to accelerate and decelerate on its passage through the
housing 110 to ensure a turbulent flow over the surfaces of the discs 160. The
nanobubble generator may be unidirectional and unipositional as shown by the arrows in
FIGs. 3 and 8.
Australian Pat. Appl. No. 1987070484 discloses a water conditioner 10 depicted in
FIGs. 1-2. The water conditioner 10 comprises adjacent discs 17 supported on a central
rod 18. Each disc is formed with three apertures 2 1 which are together located to one
side of the disc. The conditioner described in this patent is not a nanobubble generator
because, unlike the notches of the disc-like elements described herein, the three
apertures 2 1 of this Australian Pat. Appl. No. 1987070484 do not provide for a shear
surface plane and shear edges necessary for creating nanobubbles. In addition, as
illustrated in the width of each disc 17 is substantially less than half the distance
between adjacent discs.
c. Nanobubble-containing Solution Producing System
The system described herein may be constructed in a variety of different embodiments
and may be employed in connection with creating nanobubbles in liquid solutions.
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The nanobubble-containing liquid solution producing system described herein may
include a nanobubble generator described herein. In another embodiment, the system may
include a source of liquid solution and a treatment module including a nanobubble generator
described herein.
Polar and non-polar liquid, hydrophilic and lipophilic liquid solutions may be used as
source liquid for the system described herein and treated to create nanobubbles in the
source liquid to produce treated solution having a high concentration of nanobubbles. As
such, the source may include oils, alcohols, water, solvents, fuels, surfactants, gels,
carbohydrates, and so forth.
shows an embodiment of a system 10 for producing nanobubbles in a liquid
source material. The system may include an optional source liquid pre-treatment system
, a first nanobubble generator 30 described herein, an optional high zeta potential
crystal generator 100, an optional pre-filtration system 50, an optional at least one
filtration device 60, and an optional second nanobubble generator 80 described herein.
Pre-treatment system 15, nanobubble generator 30, zeta potential shift crystal generator
100, pre-filtration system 50, filtration device 60, and second nanobubble generator 80
are in liquid communication with one another and are connected by way of a conduit
system. The conduit system may include, for example, pipes, hoses, tubes, channels,
and the like.
The source liquid solution, such as water or tap water, oils, alcohols and so forth, is
supplied from any suitable source (for example a faucet) and the liquid may be stored in a
reservoir 20, or may be supplied continuously or intermittently from any source. The
composition of source liquid may be tested and, if necessary, additional minerals and other
constituents may be added to provide a sufficient source for generation of
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nanobubbles. The source liquid may also be treated, prior or subsequent to holding in
reservoir 20, in pre-treatment system 15 to substantially remove unwanted contaminants that
may interfere with the treatment process, such as debris, oil-containing constituents, and the
like.
Source liquid may be added continuously or intermittently to liquid reservoir 20.
The liquid solution may flow through the nanobubble generator with enough force and
pressure to initiate an endothermic reaction to create the nanobubbles with
paramagnetic attributes. A pump may be used to generate said force and pressure. As
such, the liquid solution may be actively pumped towards nanobubble generator of the
system described herein. The liquid may also be released using a passive
system, such as located in a plume to treat the water before a water turbine or propeller.
In another embodiment, the treated source liquid may next be passed through at
least one filtration device 60. In a preferred embodiment, filtration device 60 reduces or
substantially eliminates bacteria, viruses, cysts, and the like. Any filtration devices known
in the art may be used. Filtration device 60 may include, but not limited to, particle filters,
charcoal filters, reverse osmosis filters, active carbon filters, ceramic carbon filters,
distiller filters, ionized filters, ion exchange filters, ultraviolet filters, back flush filters,
magnetic filters, energetic filters, vortex filters, chemical oxidation filters, chemical
addictive filters, Pi water filters, resin filters, membrane disc filters, microfiltration
membrane filters, cellulose nitrate membrane filters, screen filters, sieve filters, or
microporous filters, and combinations thereof. The treated and filtered liquid may be
stored or distributed for use and consumption.
As shown in before reaching the at least one filtration device 60, the treated
liquid may optionally be passed through a zeta potential crystal generator 100.
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High zeta potential crystal generators are known in the art and generally useful for
prevention or reduction of scaling. One known high zeta potential crystal generator 100 is
TM TM
the Zeta Rod system. The Zeta Rod system increases zeta potential of crystals by
electronically dispersing bacteria and mineral colloids in liquid systems, eliminating the
threat of bio-fouling and scale and significantly reducing use of chemical additives. Colloids
in liquid systems become components of the capacitor and receive a strong boost to their
natural surface charge, altering double-layer conditions that govern particle interactions.
Mineral scale formation is prevented as the Zeta Rod system stabilizes the dispersion of
colloidal materials and suspended solids, preventing nucleation and attachment of scale
to wetted surfaces. Bacteria remain dispersed in the bulk fluid rather than attaching to
surfaces, and cannot absorb nutrition or replicate to form slime and create foul odors.
Existing biofilm hydrates excessively, loses bonding strength and disperses. Also,
biological fouling, biocorrosion, and scale formation are arrested by the Zeta RodTM
system.
Another known high zeta potential crystal generator 100 is the Sterling Water Anti-
Scale Appliance manufactured by Sterling Water Systems, LLC, a subsidiary of Porta Via
Water Company. As water passes through the Sterling Water Anti-Scale Appliance, an
electrical current is discharged into the water, which decreases the water's surface tension
and inhibits the formation of scale and hard water spots from appearing. The inhibition of
scale formation is due to the increase of zeta potential of the treated water, which keeps
mineral particles from coming in contact with one another.
As shown in , after passage through nanobubble generator 30 and the optional
high zeta potential crystal generator 100, and before reaching the optional at least one
filtration device 60, the treated liquid may optionally be passed through pre-
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filtration system 50, wherein minerals, such as iron, sulphur, manganese, and the like are
substantially removed from the treated source liquid. Pre-filtration system 50 can be, for
example, a stainless steel mesh filter. The treated and pre-filtered source liquid, is next
passed through the optional at least one filtration device 60, wherein bacteria, viruses, cysts,
and the like are substantially removed from the treated liquid.
In the embodiment shown in pump 25 is provided downstream from
nanobubble generator 30 and treated liquid is released and distributed intermittently or
continuously for various liquid system applications. The pump may alternatively be provided
upstream from nanobubble generator 30.
The treated liquid, now having a high concentration of nanobubbles, may be
distributed to and stored in a storage container 70, such as a reservoir. In this
embodiment, before distribution of the stored treated liquid, the stored liquid may be
passed through a second nanobubble generator 80, for generation of additional
nanobubbles in the treated source liquid. The twice treated liquid may then be distributed
for use and consumption. It should be understood that the system may include more than
2 nanobubble generators, as such the trice or more times treated liquid may be then be
distributed for consumption.
illustrates still another embodiment of the inventive system 10. The system
comprises a source reservoir 20 that houses the source liquid, an optional source liquid
pre-treatment system 15, a first nanobubble generator 30, an optional high zeta potential
crystal generator 100, an optional pre-filtration system 50, an optional at least one filtration
device 60, and an optional second nanobubble 80. Pre-treatment system 15, nanobubble
generator 30, high zeta potential crystal generator 100, pre-filtration system 50, filtration
device 60, and second nanobubble generator 80 are in
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liquid communication with one another and are connected by way of a circulating conduit
system. Examples of source reservoir 20 may include, but are not limited to, steam
boilers, water heaters, cooling towers, drinking water tanks, pools, contained aquaculture
ponds, aquariums, industrial water supply reservoirs, garden ponds, and the like. Source
liquid may be stored or added continuously or intermittently to source reservoir 20, and
the source liquid may be released using a passive system as previously described, or
pumped, towards nanobubble generator 30, where nanobubbles are generated.
Alternatively, the source liquid may be treated, prior or subsequent to holding in source
reservoir 20, in pre-treatment system 15 to remove unwanted contaminants that may
interfere with the treatment process, such as debris and oil-containing constituents.
In the embodiment shown in , source liquid stored in source reservoir 20,
pre-treatment system 15, nanobubble generator 30, high zeta potential crystal generator
100, pre-filtration system 50, filtration device 60, second nanobubble generator 80, and
pump 25 are connected in a loop-like manner by conduit system. Exemplary conduit
systems may include, but are not limited to, pipes, hoses, tubes, channels, and the like,
and may be exposed to the atmosphere or enclosed. This circulatory or loop-type
connection provides continuous or intermittent circulation of the source liquid through
source reservoir 20, pre-treatment system 15, nanobubble generator 30, high zeta
potential crystal generator 100, pre-filtration system 50, filtration device 60, and second
nanobubble generator 80.
Continuous or intermittent treatment of the source liquid by nanobubble generator
system described herein eventually arrives at a point in time where the entire volume of the
source liquid within the system 10 is treated by a nanobubble generator
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, 80. In other words, the entire inventive system 10 may eventually come to an
equilibrium-like state, where the entire volume of the liquid within the system 10 is treated
to generate nanobubbles. Microbubbles tend to coalesce to form large buoyant bubbles
which either float away or collapse under intense surface tension-derived pressure to the
point that they vanish, as predicted by theory. However, the nanobubbles generated by
a nanobubble generator 30, 80 generally remain in suspension as the gases within them
do not diffuse out.
Before passing through the optional filtration device 60, the treated liquid, containing
a high concentration of nanobubbles, may optionally be passed through high zeta potential
crystal generator 100 for generating high zeta potential crystals to substantially remove
minerals that can cause the formation of scale.
Treated liquid, after passage through nanobubble generator 30 and the optional high
zeta potential crystal generator 100, may optionally be passed through pre-filtration system
50, wherein minerals, such as iron, sulphur, manganese, and the like are substantially
removed from the treated source liquid.
In an alternative embodiment, as shown in , after passage through the
optional filtration device 60, treated liquid may be passed through an optional second
nanobubble generator 80 for generating additional nanobubbles. In this embodiment, the
continuous and intermittent treatment of the source liquid by the first nanobubble generator
30 and second nanobubble generator 80 eventually arrives at a point in time where the
entire volume of the source liquid within the system 10 is treated by first nanobubble
generator 30 and second nanobubble generator 80.
More than two nanobbuble generators may be included in a system. For example,
systems having a third nanobubble generator have been installed. However,
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systems with 4, 5 or more nanobubble generators may be made without difficulty.
c. Method of Producing a Nanobubble-containing Solution
In one embodiment, described is a nanobubble-containing solution producing
method. The method, in one embodiment, may include passing a source liquid solution
through a nanobubble generator described herein thereby producing the nanobubble-
containing solution. The nanobubble containing solution produced with the methods and
systems described herein may include a substantially high concentration of nanobubbles,
or an enhanced concentration of nanobbubles and the nanobubbles may be stable.
In one step of the method, a source liquid solution may be passed through the
generator which may initiate an endothermic reaction. The source liquid may be passed at a
suitable pressure. The suitable pressure for the systems shown in FIGs. 9-10 may be about
3.2 bar. The pressure may be about 4 bar and the maximum pressure may be approximately
8 bar.
The endothermic reaction, in which the water cools down from between 2 to 4 degrees
Celsius upon first treatment, is indicative of an energy conversion within the water body itself.
The critical material for the elements may be manufactured from a single metal,
preferably corrosion resistant metal - for example stainless steel 300 series. The critical
ions it produces, through the shearing action on water as it passes over the
elements/discs 160, then act as catalysts in creating the endothermic reaction.
The reaction may be initiated by the energy of the water flow at a critical pressure over
the series of elements within the generator. There may be at least two elements in a
nanobubble generator. In one embodiment, there may be a total of 21 elements in a
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small generator and 25 elements in a larger generator. More than 25 elements may also be
possible.
Each element within the generator may act as a shear plane and may be positioned
substantially perpendicular to the liquid solution flow in order that the entire surface of the
shear plane is utilized.
The spacing between the elements in the generator may also be adjusted to ensure
that there is a suitable degree of cavitation. In one embodiment, the space between two
adjacent discs is about 2 times the width of the discs.
With reference to , as liquid (represented by the broad arrows in
enters into the cavitation zone or chamber 190, a number of reactions may be taking place
substantially simultaneously, including: cavitation, electrolysis, nanobubble formation, and
a re-organization of the water liquid structure.
As liquid solution flows through the nanobubble generator the simultaneous reactions
referred to before, may be replicated sequentially according to the formula n-1 times, wherein
"n" is the number of disc-like elements 160 within the housing 110, to increase the kinetic
energy frequency of the solution.
The resultant nano-bubble containing liquid solution described herein has
increased paramagnetic qualities that may influence everything the water is subsequently
used for, or used in. It may alter cleaning properties, steam and ice production, thermal
transfer and even the energy needed to pump water. It may reduce scaling, biofilm and
biofouling and may alter the way in which water interacts with oils and fats.
The method described herein changes important properties such as oxidation-
reduction potential (ORP). By increasing the ORP beyond the capability of
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existing chemical concentrations method described herein substantially enhances the
efficacy of sanitizers. The systems and methods described herein may increase ORP in
excess of about 650mV, enough for killing planktonic organisms instantaneously. The
systems and methods described herein may deliver ORP greater and 700 mV with
relatively small amounts of sodium hypochlorite (see Tables 1 and 2).
Table 1: Effect of 20 ppm of Sodium Hypochlorite / city water against several
bacteria
Culture Sanitizer Original Count Count at 15 minutes
PPM (cfu/ml) (cft/ml)
Psuedomonas sp. 20 12,000 <1
Enterococcus sp. 20 17,000 <1
Salmonella sp. 20 11,000 <1
Table 2: Effect of 5 ppm of Sodium Hypochlorite/ Nanobubble-containing water
against several bacteria
Culture Sanitizer Original Count Count at 15 minutes
PPM (cfu/ml) (cft/ml)
Psuedomonas sp. 5 12,000 <1
Enterococcus sp. 5 17,000 <1
Salmonella sp. 5 11,000 <1
Research has shown that at an ORP value of 650-700 mV, free-floating decay and
spoilage bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria such as E coli 0157:H7 or Salmonella
species are killed within 30 seconds. Spoilage yeast and the more-sensitive
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types of spore-forming fungi are also killed at this level after a contact time of a
few minutes or less.
The WHO (World Health Organization) adopted an ORP standard for
drinking water disinfection of 650mV. When the ORP in a body of water measures
650/1000 mV, the sanitizer in the water is active enough to destroy harmful organisms
almost instantaneously.
Nano bubbles described herein may condition surfaces via a nano-gaseous
barrier. This nano-gaseous barrier may serve to deter biofilm attachment to surfaces.
The combination of the effects above creates a sanitized surface/system.
The method described herein may also positively impact pH and increase the solubility
effects of water. Only water pressure may be needed for operation.
e. The Nanobubbles-containing Liquid Solution
The nanobubbles produced after passage of source liquid solution through the
nanobubble generator of the system described herein are of a different size and
properties than the small-sized bubbles present in untreated liquid sources or in the
treated liquids of the prior art.
The nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein are paramagenetic,
as attested by Table 3, have an ORP that is higher than the ORP of the source,
untreated, liquid solution, and may have a substantially large or high
concentration of nanobubbles (see FIGs. 11-14).
The nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
may be sized between about 10 and about 2000 nanometers and any range there in
between. For example, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein may be sized between about 10-1000 nm; between about
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-900 nm; between about 10-850 nm; between about 10-800 nm; between about 10750
nm; between about 10-700 nm; between about 10-650 nm; between about 10-600 nm;
between about 10-550 nm; between about 10-500 nm; between about 10-450 nm; between
about 10-400 nm; between about 10-350 nm; between about 10-300 nm; between about
10-250 nm; between about 10-200 nm; between about 10-150 nm; between about 10-100
nm; between about 10-90 nm between about 10-80 nm; between about 10-70 nm; between
about 10-60 nm; between about 10-50 nm; between about 1040 nm; between about 10-30
nm; and between about 10-20 nm.
In one embodiment, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein may have a mean size of under about 100 nm. In another embodiment, the
nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein may have a
mean size of under about 75 nm.
In one embodiment, the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions
described herein may have a mode size of under about 60 nm. In another embodiment,
the nanobubbles of the nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein may have
a mean size of under about 50 nm.
Treated liquid, after passage through nanobubble generator, contains a
high concentration of nanobubbles. In one embodiment, the nanobubble concentration in
liquid material following treatment in the nano-bubble generator system described herein may
be between about 1.13 and 5.14 E8 particles/ml. In another embodiment, the concentration of
nanoparticles may be between about 3.62 and 5.1 E8 particles/ml.
The nanobubbles generated by the nanobubble generators, systems and methods
described herein are stable, do not settle readily and generally stay in suspension for a
long period, even without agitation of the solution. The nanobubbles
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may stay in suspension from several hours to several years. The inventors have obtained
stable colloidal dispersions that are over 5 years old and the nanobubbles are still viable
and present. Based on the Brownian Motion Particle Theory, nanobubbles randomly drift
and are suspended in fluids resulting from their collision by fast moving atoms or molecules
in the liquid and not affected buoyancy.
f. Applications
The nanobubble generator described herein and systems described herein may be
used to eliminate bacteria and microorganisms and enhance the over quality of liquid in a
number of liquid systems. These liquid systems, described in more details below, may
include, but are not limited to, water heaters, water coolers, potable water systems, food
processing settings, molecule purification, household water filtration systems, sanitation
settings, water softeners, ion exchangers, and medical, dental, and industrial water supply
lines, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and the like.
Water Heating Systems
The nanobubble generator described herein may be integrated with various water
heating systems. It has been unexpectedly discovered that water treated by a water heating
system provided with the nanobubble generator can eliminate bacteria and microorganisms
in water, thereby improving the heat transfer efficiency of water heating systems. The liquid
heating systems benefiting from the system described herein may include, but are not
limited to, continuous water heaters, gas-fuelled hot water tank type heaters, electric hot
water tank type heaters, re-circulating hot water systems for hot water tanks, continuous
water heaters, district heating systems, in-floor heating systems, heat exchangers that
utilities hot water and/or steam, or in combination with heat transfer
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liquids, such as hot oils natural or synthetic.
Water Cooling Systems
The nanobubble generator may be integrated with various water cooling systems. It
has been unexpectedly discovered that water treated by a water cooling system provided
with a nanobubble generator system, may eliminate bacteria and microorganisms in
liquids, thereby improving the cooling transfer efficiency. The water cooling systems may
include, but are not limited to, continuous water coolers, refrigerators, gas and electrically
fired evaporators, cooling pads, wet film evaporators, evaporative cooling systems, ground
source cooling systems, lake or river water cooling systems, heat exchange cooling
systems for lakes, grounds, rivers, or ocean waters, district cooling systems, re-circulating
cooling systems, in-floor cooling systems, cooling towers all types makes and models,
vacuum applications for industrial cooling on boilers, sugar plant cooking pans, paper mills,
petroleum refining plants, mining plants, power plants including: coal, gas, oil, biomass,
and nuclear.
Potable Water Systems
The nanobubble generator may be integrated with various potable water systems. It
has been discovered that water treated in system incorporating nanobubble generator, can
eliminate bacteria and microorganisms in, and enhance quality of, water, thereby
preventing the formation of biofilm in various piping systems, as well as improving the taste
of water. The potable water systems may include, but are not limited to, wells, springs,
ponds, lakes, rivers, and the like.
Food Processing Industry
It has been unexpectedly discovered that water treated by nanobubble generator
described herein, can act as a disinfectant with the addition a minimal amount of
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chlorine (under 5 ppm) for storage of fresh produce. Since the treated water has been
discovered to eliminate biofilm formation, food sanitation and production costs are lower and
shelf life is lower. Further, since lower water surface tension increases solvency of the treated
water, water treated in a system incorporating nanobubble generator, greatly increases the
yield of oils from teas and coffees.
Sanitation Applications
Nanobubble generators can be integrated with sanitation systems such as
swimming pools, power washers, car washes, household washing machines, commercial
laundry facilities, household and commercial dishwashing facilities, and the like.
Water Treatment Applications
Nanobubble generators can be integrated with water treatment applications such as
water softeners, ion exchangers, all membrane and filter systems that utilize chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and the like.
Medical Industry
Nanobubble generators can be integrated with medical systems and the systems are
useful in applications related generally to skin treatments through bathing, spas, and daily
usage, improved calcium uptake, improved teeth and conditions, as well as medical, dental,
and industrial water lines.
Household Water Filtration Systems
Nanobubble generator system for use in the common household may be integrated
with any filtration device known in the art as described above.
Devices Incorporating Generators, Systems and Methods of the Present Invention
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It is obvious that methods, generators and systems described herein may be used
in conjunction with or retrofitted in existing devices and liquid distribution systems, such
as water heating systems including, but are not limited to, continuous water heaters, gas-
fuelled hot water tank type heaters, electric hot water tank type heaters, re-circulating hot
water systems for hot water tanks, continuous water heaters, district heating systems, in-
floor heating systems, heat exchangers that utilities hot water and/or steam, or in
combination with heat transfer liquids, such as hot oils natural or synthetic; water cooling
systems including, but are not limited to, continuous water coolers, refrigerators, gas and
electrically fired evaporators, cooling pads, wet film evaporators, evaporative cooling
systems, ground source cooling systems, lake or river water cooling systems, heat
exchange cooling systems for lakes, grounds, rivers, or ocean waters, district cooling
systems, re-circulating cooling systems, in-floor cooling systems, cooling towers all types
makes and models, vacuum applications for industrial cooling on boilers, sugar plant
cooking pans, paper mills, petroleum refining plants, mining plants, power plants including:
coal, gas, oil, biomass, and nuclear; potable water systems including, but are not limited
to, wells, springs, ponds, lakes, rivers, and the like; food processing applications such as
coffee and tea; sanitation systems including, but are not limited to, swimming pools, power
washers, car washes, household washing machines, commercial laundry facilities,
household dishwashers and commercial dishwashing facilities, and the like; water
softeners; ion exchangers; all membrane and filter systems that utilize chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and the like; skin treatment systems through bathing,
spas, and daily usage, improved calcium uptake, improved teeth and conditions; medical,
dental, and industrial water lines; and any household water filtration systems.
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Farms:
Animals provided with water treated with the generators described herein produced
feces with less ammonia (ammonia was converted to organic nitrogen). Manure was
changed stabilized and not producing methane or hydrogen sulfide. Application of
nanobubble treated manure on crops showed the following: improved yield by over 12
percent with the same nitrogen inputs, mold resistance, strong root development, insect
resistance, extremely low levels of microtoxins, field crops were more drought resistant
and the water air interface allowed the plants to absorb moisture from the air, dairy
products were aerobic and had a much longer shelf life, water was able to destroy listeria
cocktails.
Water based paint:
Paint manufactured with nanobubble-containing solutions described herein display:
faster drying times and had less volatile organic compounds, paint consumption due to better
adhesion was reduced by 40 percent, paint demonstrated mold resistance, paint was brighter
and dried smoother
Beverage plants:
Nanobubble water described herein replaced the need for CIP (clean in place) for over
1 year in a beverage facility bottle cooling tunnels, spraying treated water on conveyors also
removed biofilm in a matter of days.
Poultry processing plants:
Using processed water with the nanobubble system described herein in scalders
allowed for the reduction of temperature by 3 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Birds came out
noticeable cleaner
Using processed water in poultry chiller allowed birds to reach a 3 degree colder
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temperature with the same amount of refrigeration. Also the chemicals were more effective
and there was a dramatic reduction in pathogen counts to zero counts and one false negative
over a 51 day trial at St. Mary's Maple Leaf plant
Removal of heavy metals from protein powders:
Nanobubble-containing water described herein separates on contact heavy metals
from proteins such as iron, lead, manganese, arsenic and others. The reaction is
substantially instantaneous and can be used in either a clarifier or a centrifugal separator.
The protein when added into a drink, is naturally encapsulated by the nanobubble thus
making it more shelf stable as a colloidal dispersion.
The resulting dried protein material when added to treated water methodology can be
used for all dried beverage materials including, teas, coffees, fruit concentrates, medicines,
pharmaceuticals, starches, sugars, chocolate mixes, all flavour mixes and all food products
including ground meats.
As such, another embodiment described herein is a method of removing/separating
heavy metals from a protein powder, the method comprising contacting the protein powder
with a suitable nano-bubble-containing liquid like water, thereby removing/separating the
heavy metals from the protein powder.
The method of removing/separating heavy metals from powder protein may also
include presoaking ungrounded protein-containing material in a suitable nanobubble-
containing liquid, like water, drying the presoaked material, grinding the protein-
containing material, for example grinding the material to between a 70 and 100 mesh size,
and re-washing the grounded protein-containing material in the nanobubble-containing
liquid thereby separating the heavy metals from the grounded, protein-containing
material. The method may also include spray drying the wet protein-
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containing material, regrinding the dried protein-containing material and re-washing the dried
protein-containing material to separate finer heavy metals, spray drying the protein-containing
material or using an alternative drying method the protein obtained through the method hereby
described will be substantially free of heavy metals. The heavy metals thereby separated may
then be sold or used in other applications.
Ultra- disinfection:
The nanobubble treated water described herein may prevent the formation and/or
dissolve biofilm with or without the addition of chemicals.
Air disinfection and filtration:
The paramagnetic nanobubbles described herein that is present in the moisture in air
caused an elimination of mold in buildings with the treated water described herein.
Ammonia in restrooms may be converted on contact in men's urinals to organic nitrogen
therefore elimination the ammonia vapors.
Dust may be reduced including biofilm on all surfaces such as glass, wood, tile, metals.
Alcohol manufacture:
Fermentation time of wines may be reduced by more than 50% with the use of water
treated with the nanobubble generator described herein.
Less energy may be needed for production of ethanol and/or methanol. Production of
ethanol may need up to about 17 percent less energy.
When nanobubble-containing water described herein is used in the dilution of alcohol
it changes the chemical characteristics of the alcohol producing a finer smoother taste.
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The nanobubble-containing liquid solution producing system described herein may
be used to manufacture alcoholic beverages, including sake, vodka, scotch, rum, rye, gin,
brandy, cognac, tequila, mezcal, wine, beers and so forth.
Ice making:
A Vogt commercial ice maker made harder ice in a shorter time period. The machine
made about 17 percent more ice.
Water heating:
The water heats and dries with less energy at evaporates from surfaces up to about 30
percent faster.
Power plant applications:
In steam or thermal power plants improved efficiencies may be expected due to
improved heat transfer, biofouling prevention of membranes and greater lubricity of the water.
Condensing of steam turbines using cooling water can be closed looped using cooling
towers and also will be greatly increased for efficiency.
Marine transportation:
Nanobubble-containing liquids described herein may reduce friction on a ships hull with
our water.
Cleaning devices:
The nanobubble generator described herein may be used in: power washers, car
washes, laundry, carpet cleaning, steam cleaning, hot water cleaning.
Other applications include: injection of hydrogen gas into vegetable oils to reduce
catalysis and to improve oil quality, use in bioreactors for methane production, elimination
of ferric chloride in waste water due to aerobic condition of the waste water
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and a neutral ph of the waste water (currently this has been demonstrated in manure pits and
is being validated in a food manufacturing facility. It has also been validated in the cooling
tunnels with re-use water).
The nanobubble-containing solutions described herein may be used in the following
goods:
1) In water and water-related goods, including: bottled water, carbonated water,
cologne water, drinking water, effervescent water, flat water, flavoured water, glacial water,
iceberg water, mineral water, sparkling water, toilet water, vitamin enhanced water, water
beds, water for spas, baths, whirlpools and swimming pools, water for the use in livestock
and pet feeding, water for use in irrigation of vegetables, plants, trees, crops, water for use
in the manufacture of solvents, water for use in the manufacture of paints, water for use in
the purification of proteins, and water for use in the manufacture of detergents.
2) In dairy products including milk, milk products, evaporated milk, protein-
enriched milk, cocoa beverages with milk, milk beverages containing fruits, cheese, sour
cream, powdered milk, butter, cream, cheese spreads, soy-based cheese substitute,
dairy cream, whipping cream, ice-cream, ice cream makers, soy-based ice-cream
substitute.
3) In alcohol beverages, including alcoholic cocktails, alcoholic coffee-based
beverages, alcoholic coolers, alcoholic fruit drinks, alcoholic lemonade, alcoholic malt-
based coolers, beers, alcoholic tea-based beverages, sake, vodka, scotch, rum, rye, gin,
brandy, cognac, tequila, mezcal, wine.
4) In ice related products including ice, ice cube makers, ice packs, industrial ice.
) In meats, including beef, pork, fish, poultry, frozen meat, smoked meat,
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canned meat.
6) In dental industry, including bubble-containing toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss,
dental gel, dental rinses, and denture cleaning preparations.
7) In the pharmaceutical/cosmetic industry, including eye washes, water for use in
manufacturing cosmetics, water for use in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and medicinal
products.
8) Steam, including steam generators, water for use in manufacturing steam, steam
for use in extraction of oils from oil deposits, steam for use in Steam-assisted gravity drainage
services.
9) Cleaning, including all purpose cleaning preparations, carpet cleaning preparations,
water for steam sanitation and steam cleaning, water for sanitation, water-based paints.
) Nanobubble-containing oils, including anti-rust oil, auxiliary fluids for use with
abrasives for the oil well industry, baby oil, bath oil, vegetable, mineral and animal oils,
catalysts for use in oil processing, chemical additives for oil well drilling fluid, cooking oil,
drilling fluids for oil and gas wells, drilling mud for oil well drilling, edible oil, fuel oil, heating
oil, high pressure water jetting system for the gas and oil industry, industrial oil, insulating
oil for transformers, motor oil, motor oil additives, oil for use in the manufacture of candles,
oil for use in the manufacture of cosmetics, oil for use in the manufacture of paints, rubbing
oil for wood, petroleum jelly, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, fuel additives, and fuel for domestic
heating.
11) Proteins, protein for use as a food additive, protein for use as a food filler,
nutritional supplements, water-processed animal and plant protein.
The nano-bubble-containing liquid solutions described herein
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preserve flavoring and essences for food. The encapsulation of flavors, fragrances and the
like may serve to enhance or alter appearance of food and beverages. Used as a preservative,
restore natural nutritional values through the addition of vitamins, minerals and proteins.
The nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described herein may be used to
clean and eliminate pollutants found in edible birds' nests, for example removal of feathers,
fungi, nitrates, nitrites and so forth. The nanobubble-containing liquid solutions described
herein may make birds' nests more for manual removal of such contaminants while
maintaining the original appearances of the nest and retain its nutrition and essences.
The nano-bubble-containing liquids described herein may also be used in process,
including waste water treatment, water and sewer management, water treatment, food
sanitation, carpet cleaning, cleaning of buildings, diaper cleaning, dry cleaning, fur
cleaning, jewellery cleaning, leather cleaning, rug cleaning, window cleaning, pool
cleaning, automobile (car, trucks, buses, bikes, motorbikes and so forth) washes, train
washes, ship washes, airplane washes, oil and gas well treatment, oil refining, fuel
treatment, and steam-assisted gravity drainage.
12) Gas entrainment
Nanobubbles are stable to the bulk dissolution, countering the basis of fundamental
of physics. The stability may be due to their nanoscopic size of the bubbles. The smaller
in size, the more stable the bubble is, which extends the longevity of bubble and increases
the contact time of the gas/liquid interface.
The fine bubbles in the millimeter size and nanobubbles above 250 nm may leave the
system easily transferring only a small fraction of its cargo. With nanobubbles lower
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than 100 nm, the mass transfer rate is enormous (surface area per unit volume increases
with diameter). Prior art systems average mean size range from 150-400 nm. The
systems and methods described herein produce nanobubble-containing solution having
mean size of under about 100 nm.
EXAMPLES
The examples are described for the purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit
the scope of the invention.
Example 1 - Spin-Echo (T2) Relaxation Measurements
Spin-echo (T2) relaxation measurements were made using an Acorn Area NMR device
(XiGo Nanotools, Inc., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA: USA Patent 7,417,426 Aug 26 2008) of
untreated water and water treated with nanobubble generators. Water samples were obtained
from two locations: W B and JF. Five consecutive measurements were made on each of the
samples.
Table 3 illustrates the results. While the data for the two treated water samples are less
reproducible than the untreated control and source samples, it is clear that the two treated
samples each have a statistically valid shorter T2 relaxation time compared with their sibling
control/source samples.
It was noted: (a) the random variation in the 5 consecutive measurements made on
each of the two untreated (control/source) water samples and the good repeatability (low std
dev and cov), and (b) the progressive increase in T2 value for the 5 consecutive
measurements made on each of the two W B treated water samples and the poorer
repeatability (larger std dev and cov).
Table 3: Summary of T2 relaxation data for various samples of Water
Sample T2 (ms)
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W B Control 2372 (std, dev: 5.2; cov:0.22%)
W B Treated 2278 (std, dev: 26.3; cov:1.1%)
JF Control 2340 (std, dev: 6.1; cov:0.26%)
JF Treated 2236 (std, dev: 22.2; cov:0.99%)
Example 2 - Nanoparticle tracking analysis of water treated with nanobubble generator
The water used in this analysis was sourced from one chicken farm located in southwestern
Ontario.
Water Treatment
Source water is pumped from a cistern. The pump includes a first nanobubble generator.
Chlorine was injected into the source water and then passed through a second
nanobubble generator.
The twice treated water then enters the contact tanks where iron, manganese, sulphur, and
other toxic minerals are oxidized and removed using GreensandPlusTM media filters.
Hydrocarbon filters were then used to filter out oils, glyphosates and organophosphates.
HYDRAcap 60 Hydranautics Membrane was used to remove endotoxins, virus and bacteria.
The twice treated water then is passed through a third nanobubble generator. Samples were
collected from the pumped source water (i.e treated once through a nanobubble generator;
referred to as "Raw" sample in FIGs. 6 and 7) and from the trice treated water (referred to as
"Treated" sample in FIGs. 8 and 9).
Nanobubble Analysis
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) was used to obtain estimates of size, size
distribution and concentration of nanoscale bubbles in the Raw and Treated samples
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(for a general review of the use of this technique in industry, see Bob Carr & Matthew Wright,
"NanoSight Ltd Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis A Review of Applications and Usage 2010 -
2012", Chapter 6 , 2013).
Reports were prepared for each of the samples analysed. Video clips of what the samples
actually looked like were also obtained. Many of the samples contain very large particles
which were probably many microns in diameter. Some of the particle populations were,
however, quite small.
The magnification was changed in some circumstances to see lower numbers of larger
particles. The file name indicates the wavelength of laser used (violet 405nm), the type of
camera (scientific CMOS), strength of microscope objective (x10 or x20) and the length of
the video.
In FIGs. 6-9, multi-plots are laid over each other in different colours for comparison but are
of the same sample at any given time.
For the NTA, the samples were not filtered or spun (which one might have done normally, to
lose the bigger, interfering, non-analysable stuff).
Each of the samples was analyzed at least 5 times to show variability between samples
(which is simply a matter of statistical reproducibility - longer [or averaged]) analyses give
more stable profiles of course.
It was noticed that some of the samples were contaminated by motile bacteria (those are the
fast moving tracks which fly across the field of view and whose Brownian motion trajectories
are long lines, not just random jitter.
Results
FIGs. and illustrate the NTA analysis of the Raw and Treated samples.
Raw samples show many large (pushing 0.5µm) particles present. Smaller particles
are
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fairly clean with relatively narrow distribution of sizes around 85-90 nm. Raw sample were
contaminated with motile bacteria.
Treated sample is nicely monodisperse with clean population of nanobubbles at 50nm. High
concentrations of nanoparticles can be seen. The concentration of nanobubbles in the Raw
samples were 1.54 E8 particles/ml and 1.13 E8 particles/ml. On the other hand, the
concentration of nanoparticles in the Treated samples were measured at 5.14 E8 particles/ml
and 3.62 E8 particles/ml.
The mean nanobubble size in the Raw samples were 147 nm and 190 nm, while in the
Treated sample were 108 nm and as low as 72 nm.
The mode nanobubble size was 66 nm and 85 nm in the Raw samples, and 53/48 in the
Treated samples.
The amount of nanobubbles in the Raw samples can be explained by the presence of a
nanobubble generator in the pump.
Example 3 - Conclusion for Examples 1 and 2
The systems and methods of the present invention result in nano-bubble-containing liquid
solutions with improved physical, chemical and biological properties. The nanobubble
generator results in a level of shear and eddy currents that produces a defined cavitation.
This cavitation then creates a pressure differential sufficient to reach a critical, threshold
activation energy. It is in exceeding this threshold energy level that the creation of nano-
bubbles becomes effected. This is the crux of the present methodology that distinguishes
it from traditional ultrasound, homogenizers, static mixers and the like.
The nano-bubbles of the present invention are paramagnetic. Indeed, the
existence of paramagnetic nano-bubbles has been confirmed using nuclear magnetic
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resonance (NMR) spin-echo relaxation time measurements (see Table 3).
The nano-bubbles of the present invention, being between 50-100 nanometers and
paramagnetic, change completely the physico-chemical properties of a liquid solution. For
example, it has been observed that a substantial increase in the oxidation reduction
potential of water treated with the nano-bubble generator according to the method of the
present invention.
EXAMPLE 4 - SUPPRESSION OF POULTRY HOUSE AMMONIA
Introduction
One of the most significant air quality challenges in poultry barns is ammonia (NH ) .
Ammonia has detrimental effects on bird health, welfare and performance have been well
documented. Birds excrete nitrogen (N) in the form of urinary waste product (uric acid) and
as unutilized fecal protein waste. Approximately 50% of the N content of freshly excreted
poultry manure is in the form of uric acid which is very quickly converted to NH through
multiple microbial processes. Compared to uric acid decomposition, fecal protein is
converted more slowly through bacterial action. It is estimated that 50 to 80% of the N in
manure is converted to NH (Ritz, C.W., B.D. Fairchild and M.P. Lacy. 2004. Implications of
ammonia production and emissions from commercial poultry facilities: A Review. J. Appl.
Poult. Res. 13:684-692). Factors that influence microbial proliferation and the enzymatic
steps in the breakdown of uric acid to NH from broiler litter are temperature, pH, moisture,
water activity and N content of the manure. Most uric acid breakdown is under aerobic
conditions, although a small fraction is anaerobic as well (Groot Koerkamp, P. W. G. 1994.
Review on emissions of ammonia from housing systems for laying hens in relation to
sources, processes, building design and manure handling. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 59:73-87).
Strategies to suppress the breakdown
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of nitrogenous compounds in litter have focused on minimizing key microbial and
enzyme activity in the manure, lowering pH and reducing the N content in manure.
Objectives
1. Compare the performance of 0-20 day old broilers provided a water treated with the
water treatment system of the present invention to the performance of 0-20 day old broilers
provide untreated water.
2 . Compare the ammonia concentration from manure of 0-20 day old broilers provided
a water treated with the water treatment system of the present invention to the ammonia
concentration in manure from 0-20 day old broilers provided untreated water.
Experimental Design
The experiments were carried out at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. The
study design was a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with 2 treatments and 8
replicates per treatment. An RCB design was used to eliminate the effect of cage location
on bird performance. Each treatment was placed in a block (total of 8 blocks). At hatch,
six male broilers (experimental unit) were placed per cage in a battery cage by treatment.
The dependent variables measured were: feed efficiency, body weight gain, mortality,
manure moisture, and manure ammonia.
Treatments
1. Control (untreated water; water was obtained from a municipal water source)
2. water treated with the nanobubble generator of the present invention.
Materials and Methods
ANIMALS: Chicks (Hubbard X Ross) were obtained from a local hatchery
(Mountaire Farms). Six male chicks were randomly selected, weighed and assigned to
treatments. One bird per pen was removed on day 14 to provide more space for the
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birds. The battery cage was placed in the UMES Environmental house. Each battery cage
was equipped with a drinker, and a feeder. Feed and water was offered ad libitum. Feed
consumption for each cage was collected. Drinkers were cleaned once per day and there
was no cross contamination between the two water treatments. Mortality was recorded
daily and standard operating procedures for the facility were followed. Temperature,
ventilation, and lighting were similar to commercial conditions.
FEED: A standard starter diet that met or exceeded all National Research Council
(1994) recommendations was provided to all pens for 0-20 days.
AMMONIA COLLECTION: Ammonia concentrations in the headspace of sealed
buckets were measured on day 7, 14 and 20. Prior to each collection day (24-48 hours),
clean trays were placed under each pen to allow for one to two days of manure
accumulation. Manure was collected from each cage on each sample day; pooled and
thoroughly mixed together. A subsample from each pooled manure sample (50 grams each
on day 7; 400 grams on day 14 and 250 grams on day 20) was placed in sealed buckets.
Ammonia dositubes were placed in each bucket to measure the total ppm of ammonia in
the container headspace over a 22 hour period. Manure samples were collected on day 14
and day 20 for moisture analysis. Pooled manure samples by treatment were also collected
on day 20 for nutrient analysis.
MANAGEMENT: Birds were placed in a starter battery. The battery was placed in the
UMES Environmental House. Standard operating procedures for the facility were followed.
Temperature, ventilation, and lighting were similar to commercial conditions.
Results
The results of this trial are provided in the tables below. There were no statistical
differences in feed conversion ratio and average weight gain of birds provided the control
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water compared to the feed conversion ratio and average weight gain of birds provided
the treated water (Tables 4 and 5). In addition, the percent mortality of the birds provided
the treated water was similar to the percent mortality of the birds provided the control
water. There were no statistical differences detected in the 14 day ammonia volatilization
from feces of birds provided the control water compared to the 14 day ammonia levels
from feces of birds provided the treated water. However, significant differences were
detected on day 20 in the ammonia release from feces of birds provided the control water
compared to the ammonia levels from feces of birds provided the treated water (1.3 vs.
0.67 ppm/hour, respectively). This was a 48% reduction in ammonia concentration. There
was a numerical reduction in the percent moisture in the feces of birds provided treated
water compared to the percent moisture in the feces of birds provided the control water
(Table 6). Feces from birds provided treated water had 1.56% and 4.85% less moisture
at 14 and 20 days of age, respectively. The difference at 20 days of age approached
significance at the P<0.05 level. The differences observed in nutrient content of feces
collected at 20 days of age (Table 8) will require further testing to validate its significance.
Discussion
Results from this preliminary evaluation of water treated with the nanobubble
generator of the present invention would suggest the manure from broilers provided this
water may have less moisture and ammonia volatilization. Stored fecal matter from birds
provided the control water had a sticky, wet and a strong manure/ammonia smell, while
stored feces from birds given the nanobubble generator treated water was granular, drier,
and had an "earthy" aroma (see ). There were no differences observed in
performance of birds provided the treated water compared to those provided municipal
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water. However, it should be noted all birds in this study had no contact with their
feces and had the same air quality. Additional controlled studies in commercial
chicken houses under field conditions are warranted to validate the potential impact
of this technology on broiler performance, health and welfare as well as air and litter
quality.
Table 4. The feed conversion ratio (FCR ) of broilers (day 7, 14 and 20)
provided two water treatments
Treatment (n=8) FCR Day 0 to 7 FCR Day 0 to 14 FCR Day 0 to 20
Control 1.35 1.34 1.56
Treated Water 1.38 1.34 1.56
P-=0.78 P=0.98 P=0.88
Feed conversion ratio was corrected for mortality.
Table 5. The average weight gain of broilers (day 7, 14 and 20) provided two
water treatments
Treatment (n=8) Average Gain Average Gain Average Gain
Day 0_7 (g) Day 0_14 (g) Day 0_20 (g)
Control 117.8 386.4 657.6
Treated Water 117.6 395.2 669.1
P-=0.97 P=0.52 P=0.53
Table 6. The percent moisture of feces from broilers (day 14 and 20) provided two
water treatments
Treatment (n=8) Percent Moisture Percent Moisture
Day 14 Day 20
Control 74.06 69.63
Treated Water 72.50 64.78
P-=0.18 P=0.06
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Moisture of feces was not determined on day 7
Table 7. The ammonia concentration (ppm/hour) from feces collected from
broilers (day 14 and 20) provided two water treatments
Treatment (n=8) Ammonia concentration Ammonia concentration Day
Day 14 (ppm/hour) 20 (ppm/hour)
Control 3.05 1.3
Treated Water 1.8 0.67
P=0.14 P=0.03
No ammonia was detected from any of the feces samples collected on day 7.
Table 8. The nutrient values from feces collected from broilers (day 20)
provided two water treatments
Treatment Organic, Ammonium, Nitrate, Total P2O5 K20 S Ca Na
N N N N
Control 70.9 0.6 0 71.6 66.4 56.4 9 35 7
Treated 66.8 1 0.1 67.8 66.3 50.8 8.3 38.9 4.6
Water
Pounds per ton dry weight, basis.
Pooled samples collected from eight treatment pens.
Pooled samples collected from eight treatment pens.
Example 5 - Evaluation of treated tap water on biofilm control in a laboratory-scale
biofilm system
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Introduction
Biofilms
Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and/or protozoa, with associated
bacteriophages and other viruses) can grow collectively in adhesive polymers (mainly
EPS) on biologic or non-biologic surfaces to form a biofilm. Biofilms are ubiquitous in
natural and industrial environments, and it is now thought that biofilms are the primary
habitat for many microorganisms as biofilm can protect microbes including human
pathogens from harsh environments such as the presence of antibiotics and biocides
(3, 4, 6). It is well known in the industrial world that biofilms routinely foul many
surfaces including ship hulls, food processing systems, submerged oil platforms, and
the interiors of pipeworks and cooling towers, causing corrosion and metal component
failure. Biofilms in water purification systems can be responsible for a wide range of
water quality and operational problems. Biofilms can be responsible for loss of
disinfectant residuals, biofouling of membranes, microbial regrowth in treated water,
and especially, biofilms can be a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria in the system (1 ,
, 8). Therefore, biofilms have been associated with a wide range of problems both
in industry and in medicine as it is very difficult to eradicate them with common
practice.
Tremendous research has been focused on development of novel
approaches to control biofilm development (i.e., prevent biofilm formation and
eradicate establish biofilms. Surface modifications, chemical disinfectants and other
physical and chemical methods have been developed and applied to control biofilm
development in different environments but results are not satisfactory and some of
these methods are not environmental friendly and has adverse impacts both on
human health (2, 9). Novel effective and environmental friendly approaches for
biofilm control are still in urgent
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need.
In this study, we present data on the effectiveness of nanobubble generator of the
present invention in treated city tap water for controlling initial bacterial attachment and
removing preformed biofilms in a laboratory testing system.
Materials and methods
Bacterial strains and chemicals, and nanobubble processor
Two bacterial strains were used in this study. E coli K-12 MG 16653 was purchased
from American Type Culture Collection. LB medium (broth and agar) was obtained from
Fisher Scientific.
A nanobubble processor (1 inch in diameter) was obtained from Bauer Energy Design.
Water treatment
A nanobubble processor was connected to a tap water faucet. Faucet was fully
opened to allow tap water pass through the mixer (pressure: 40 psi and flow rate: 20
l/min). Treated water was collected 5 minutes after the treatment and stored in a 4 liter
carboy up to seven days for later use. Tap water was also collected directly from the
faucet and stored in a 4 liter carboy, which was used as a control.
Bacterial attachment assay
Sterile glass coverslips were immersed in 45mm Petri dishes containing 20 ml of BED
treated tap water or control tap water. Then Petri dishes were challenged with 10 6 cells/ml
of E coli cells and incubated for two hours at room temperature with gentle agitation. Then
the coverslips were washed three times with MQ water, stained with Syto 9 and visualized
with an epifluorescence microscope for attached bacterial cells.
Biofilm development and removal assay
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All biofilms for the study were developed in a flow cell biofilm reactor with a setup
similar to the one in . In , biofilms are grown under continuous-flow
conditions. The glass tubes have a square cross section, allowing direct microscopic
observation of biofilm growing on the inside of the tube. The apparatus consists of a
vented medium feed carboy (4 liter capacity), a flow break, a filtered air entry, a peristaltic
pump, the capillary and flow cell holder, an inoculation port, and a waste carboy. These
components are connected by silicone rubber tubing. A three channel flow cell with # 1
coverslip attached (each channel 4mmW x 40mml_ x 1mmD) (Stovall Life Science, Inc.
Greensboro, NC) were assembled and prepared as described (7, 10).
To develop a mature biofilm, flow cell systems were conditioned by running 0.1 LB
media for 2-3 hours. Media flow was paused for inoculation of bacterial cells (~2x10 CFU)
and remained off for 1 h prior to resumption with a flow rate of 8 ml/hr. Biofilm development
was performed at room temperature (20 +/- 1 °C) and biofilm formation in glass capillaries
were monitored at pre-set time points up to 7 days.
To test initial bacterial attachment and biofilm formation from treated and control
tap water, one channel in the flow cell system feed with fed with treated and control tap
water, respectively, with a flow rate of 8 ml/hr. Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation
in glass channels were monitored at pre-set time points up to 8 days. Treated and control
tap water in the feed carboy was replaced on a daily basis.
For biofilm removal test, mature biofilms (4 days) in all three channels
supplemented with 10% LB broth at a flow rate of 8 ml/hr were developed using the
method described above. One channel was continuously feed with 10% LB broth, one
channel with treated tap water and one channel with control tap water, respectively,
with the same flow rate of 16 ml/hr. Biofilm were continuously monitored using a
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fluorescence microscope (1X71 Olympus, Center Valley, PA)
Biofilm imaging
Observation of the biofilms and image acquisition were performed with a
fluorescence microscope (1X71 Olympus, Center Valley, PA), a confocal scanning
laser microscope (CSLM) (IX70 Olympus) or a camera (Canon PowerShot SD1
100IS). At the end of biofilm removal test, PBS buffer (100µL) containing 1 of
SYTO 9 (Invitrogen, USA) was added into each channel and incubated for 15 min in
the dark. Fluorescent images were acquired with an Olympus Fluoview FV1000
confocal microscope (Olympus, Markham, Ontario) with Melles Griot Laser supply and
detectors and filter sets for monitoring SYTO 9. Images were obtained using an oil
immersion 60 objective lens. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed using
the Amira software package (Amira, San Diego, CA) from a stack of sectional images
of biofilm samples.
Results
Effects on initial bacterial attachment and biofilm formation
The bacterial attachment assay indicated that the treated tap water inhibits initial
bacterial attachment. No bacterial cells attached to the glass surfaces after 2-hour
incubation in treated tap water; while cells started to attach to the glass surface in
control tap water. Bacterial cells started to attach to the glass surface 20 hours after
being incubated in treated tap water and on the glass surface in control tap water,
small bacterial aggregates can be observed (). More than 75% reduction of
initial bacterial attachment to the glass surface was achieved by the treated tap water.
The test on biofilm formation by the treated tap water and the controlled tap
water in the flow cell system suggested that the nanobubble processor treated tap
water inhibits biofilm formation. Eight days after being fed with treated tap water,
small
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bacterial cell aggregates can be observed on the glass surface sparsely. While in the channel
fed with control tap water, the entire glass surface was covered with bacterial cells and big
bacterial cell microcolonies started to form (). By measuring the bacterial biomass,
more than 80 % reduction of biofilm formation was achieved.
Effects on removal of preformed biofilms
After E coli biofilms were developed in the multi-channels of a flow cell for 6 days,
the treated tap water and the control tap water were fed into each channel separately.
Thirty minutes after the treatment, the treated tap water removed most of biofilms
developed in the channel, while the control tap water had little effect in removing biofilms
(). By quantifying biofilm biomass left in the channel, more than 99 % of biofilm
biomass was removed by the treated tap water. Similar tests were done on removing
biofilms developed by Acineobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
Times that took to remove 99 % of biofilm biomass ranged from 10 minutes to 5 hours in
different tests (data not shown).
Conclusions
This study clearly demonstrated that the nanobubble processor treated tap water is
effective in (1) inhibiting bacterial attachment to glass surfaces, which is an essential step
for biofilm development; (2) inhibiting biofilm development; (3) removing preformed
biofilms.
Initial tests done with water treated with the device described in Aus. Pat. No. on
bacterial attachment and biofilm formation show that there is no significant improvement
between treated and untreated water. Accordingly, the nanobubble generator of the
present invention, which has been shown to inhibit bacterial attachment, inhibit biofilm
development and remove preformed biofilms, constitute a clear improvement on the
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device of the prior art.
References for Example 5
Camper, A., M. Burr, B. Ellis, P. Butterfield, and C. Abernathy. 1999.
Development and structure of drinking water biofilms and techniques for their study.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 85:1S-12S.
2 . Chen, X . S., P.S. 2000. Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments. Water
Res 34:4229-4233.
3 . Costerton, J. W., Z . Lewandowski, D. E. Caldwell, D. R. Korber, and H. M. Lappin-
Scott. 1995. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 49:71 1-45.
4 . Hall-Stoodley, L., J. W . Costerton, and P. Stoodley. 2004. Bacterial biofilms: from
the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:95-108.
. Lechevallier, M. 2000. Biofilms in drinking water distribution
systems:significance and control, Identifying future drinking water contaminants. The
National Academy Press.
6 . OToole, G., H. B. Kaplan, and R. Kolter. 2000. Biofilm formation as microbial
development. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:49-79.
7 . Stoodley, P., Z . Lewandowski, J. D. Boyle, and H. M . Lappin-Scott. 1999. The
formation of migratory ripples in a mixed species bacterial biofilm growing in turbulent flow.
Environ Microbiol 1:447-55.
8 . Walker, J. T., S. L. Percival, and P. R. Hunter. 2000. Microbiological Aspects of
Biofilms and Drinking Water CRC Press.
9 . Wu, J., H. Xu, W . Tang, R. Kopelman, M. A. Philbert, and C. Xi. 2009. Evaluation
of the Eradication of Bacteria in Suspension and Biofilms using Methylene Blue-loaded
Dynamic NanoPlatforms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 75:5390-95.
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. Xi, C , D. marks, S. Schlachter, W . Luo, and S. A. Boppart. 2006. High-resolution
three-dimensional imaging of biofilm development using optical coherence tomography. J
Biomed Opt 11:34001 .
The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. Changes in form and
substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render
expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in
a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. Other variations and modifications of
the invention are possible. As such modifications or variations are believed to be within the
sphere and scope of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.
The term “comprising” as used in this specification and claims means “consisting at
least in part of”. When interpreting statements in this specification, and claims which include
the term “comprising”, it is to be understood that other features that are additional to the
features prefaced by this term in each statement or claim may also be present. Related
terms such as “comprise” and “comprised” are to be interpreted in similar manner.
In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other
external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of
providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated
otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that
such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part
of the common general knowledge in the art.
In the description in this specification reference may be made to subject matter that is
not within the scope of the claims of the current application. That subject matter should be
readily identifiable by a person skilled in the art and may assist in putting into practice the
invention as defined in the claims of this application.
EDC_LAW\ 2349604\2
Claims (17)
1. A nanobubble generator comprising a housing having an inflow portion for receiving a single source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the single 5 source liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles, the treatment portion comprising at least ten sequential shear surface planes separated by cavitation spaces, wherein the treatment portion comprises at least ten equally sized disc-like elements mounted adjacent to each other on a shaft extending axially through the housing for continuously treating the single 10 source liquid solution when the liquid solution is within the treatment portion, the disc- like elements being separated by a distance, the width of each disc-like element being about more than one half the distance between two consecutive disc-like elements; wherein each disc-like element has a first shear wall facing the inflow portion, a second shear wall facing the outflow portion and a peripheral wall extending between 15 the first and second shear walls, and wherein each disc-like element includes a notch or groove extending from the peripheral wall, the at least ten equally sized disc-like elements being mounted along the shaft with their notches or grooves circumferentially staggered in relation to one another; and wherein a scalloped shaped surface of the notch or groove provide for the 20 sequential shear surface plane, and a space between the disc-like elements provide for the cavitation space.
2. The nanobubble generator of claim 1, wherein the nanobubble generator includes between 10 and 30 disc-like elements. EDC_LAW\ 2349604\2
3. A method of producing a liquid solution having an enhanced concentration of nanobubbles, the method comprising: (a) providing a nanobubble generator comprising an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the source liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a treated 5 liquid solution having nanobubbbles, the treatment portion comprising at least ten sequential shear planes separated by cavitation spaces, wherein the treatment portion comprises at least ten equally sized disc-like elements mounted adjacent to each other on a shaft extending axially through the housing for continuously treating the single source liquid solution when the liquid solution is within the treatment portion, the disc- 10 like elements being separated by a distance, the width of each disc-like element being about one half the distance between two consecutive disc-like elements; wherein each disc-like element has a first shear wall facing the inflow portion, a second shear wall facing the outflow portion and a peripheral wall extending between the first and second shear walls, and wherein each disc-like element includes a notch 15 or groove extending from the peripheral wall, the at least ten equally sized disc-like elements being mounted along the shaft with their notches or grooves circumferentially staggered in relation to one another; and wherein a scalloped shaped surface of the notch or groove provide for the sequential shear surface plane, and a space between the disc-like elements provide 20 for the cavitation space; and (b) passing the source liquid solution through the nanobubble generator, thereby producing the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.
4. A method of enhancing the qualities of a material, the method comprising: (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator of claim 1 thereby EDC_LAW\ 2349604\2 producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid solution.
5. A method of removing or preventing the formation of biofilm on a surface, the method comprising: (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble 5 generator of claim 1 thereby producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the surface with the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.
6. A method of reducing the content of ammonia in manure of birds, the method comprising feeding the birds with a liquid solution having nanobubbles, wherein the liquid solution having nanobubbles is obtained by passing a source liquid solution 10 through a nanobubble generator of claim 1.
7. A method of removing heavy metals from a material, the method comprising: (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator of claim 1 thereby producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles; and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles. 15
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the nanobubbles in the nanobubble containing solution have a mean size of under about 100 nm.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the nanobubbles in the nanobubble containing solution have a mode size of under about 50 nm.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the nanobubble containing solution has an 20 oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) relatively higher than the ORP of the source liquid solution used to produce the nanobubble-containing solution. EDC_LAW\ 2349604\2
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the liquid solution is selected from a non- polar liquid solution, a polar liquid solution or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim7, wherein the source liquid solution is devoid of gases.
13. The method of claim 7, wherein the method is devoid of the use of external 5 gases.
14. An apparatus or system for liquid treatment including a nanobubble generator of claim 1.
15. A nanobubble generator as claimed in claim 1 or 2 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
16. A method as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 13 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof.
17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14 substantially as herein described with 15 reference to any example thereof. EDC_LAW\ 2349604\2
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201361886318P | 2013-10-03 | 2013-10-03 | |
US61/886,318 | 2013-10-03 | ||
PCT/CA2014/050957 WO2015048904A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2014-10-03 | Nanobubble-containing liquid solutions |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ717593A NZ717593A (en) | 2020-12-18 |
NZ717593B2 true NZ717593B2 (en) | 2021-03-19 |
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ID=
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