NZ711528B2 - Use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement - Google Patents
Use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ711528B2 NZ711528B2 NZ711528A NZ71152814A NZ711528B2 NZ 711528 B2 NZ711528 B2 NZ 711528B2 NZ 711528 A NZ711528 A NZ 711528A NZ 71152814 A NZ71152814 A NZ 71152814A NZ 711528 B2 NZ711528 B2 NZ 711528B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- sedoheptulose
- carkl
- glucose
- food
- cells
- Prior art date
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- HAIWUXASLYEWLM-AZEWMMITSA-N Sedoheptulose Natural products OC[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@](O)(CO)O1 HAIWUXASLYEWLM-AZEWMMITSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 202
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- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- POSZUTFLHGNLHX-KSBRXOFISA-N tris maleate Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO.OCC(N)(CO)CO.OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O POSZUTFLHGNLHX-KSBRXOFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N troglitazone Chemical compound C1CC=2C(C)=C(O)C(C)=C(C)C=2OC1(C)COC(C=C1)=CC=C1CC1SC(=O)NC1=O GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001641 troglitazone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-NTKDMRAZSA-N troglitazone Natural products C([C@@]1(OC=2C(C)=C(C(=C(C)C=2CC1)O)C)C)OC(C=C1)=CC=C1C[C@H]1SC(=O)NC1=O GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-NTKDMRAZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 210000005167 vascular cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015192 vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
- A23L2/60—Sweeteners
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/30—Artificial sweetening agents
- A23L27/33—Artificial sweetening agents containing sugars or derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7004—Monosaccharides having only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
- A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
- A61P29/02—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID] without antiinflammatory effect
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
Abstract
Ingesting sugar on a habitual basis creates a number of health dangers. It is an object of the present invention to provide nutritional supplements that improve energy metabolism of the food in humans. Therefore, the present invention provides the use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional inducer of cellular oxygen consumption or as a nutritional inhibitor of extracellular acidification, glycolysis and lactate formation for healthy individuals. lular oxygen consumption or as a nutritional inhibitor of extracellular acidification, glycolysis and lactate formation for healthy individuals.
Description
Use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement
The present invention s to the field of nutritional
supplementation.
A nutritional supplement, also known as food supplement or
dietary supplement, is a preparation intended to supplement the
diet and provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber,
fatty acids, or amino acids that may be missing or may not be
consumed in sufficient ties in a person's diet. Some
countries define dietary supplements as foods, while in others
they are defined as drugs or natural health products.
Supplements containing vitamins or dietary minerals are
included as a category of food in the Codex Alimentarius, a
collection of internationally recognized rds, codes of
practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to
foods, food production and food safety. These texts are drawn up
by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, an organization that is
sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO).
The average American consumes an astounding 1 to 1.5 kg of
sugar (mainly as glucose) each week, which is not surprising
ering that highly refined sugars in the forms of sucrose
(table sugar), dextrose (corn , and ructose corn
syrup are being processed into so many foods such as bread,
breakfast cereal, mayonnaise, peanut butter, ketchup, spaghetti
sauce, and a plethora of microwave meals and beverages.
One of sugar's major drawbacks is that it raises the insulin
level, which inhibits the release of growth hormones, which in
turn ses the immune system. An influx of sugar into the
bloodstream upsets the body's blood-sugar balance, triggering
the release of insulin, which the body uses to keep blood-sugar
at a constant and safe level. n also promotes the storage
of fat, so that when you eat sweets high in sugar, you are
making way for rapid weight gain and elevated ceride
levels, both of which have been linked to cardiovascular
disease. Complex carbohydrates tend to be absorbed more slowly,
lessening the impact on sugar levels.
The health dangers which ingesting sugar on a habitual basis
creates are n. Simple sugars, especially glucose, have
been observed to aggravate asthma, move mood swings, provoke
personality changes, muster mental illness, nourish nervous
disorders, deliver diabetes, hurry heart disease, grow
gallstones, hasten hypertension, and add arthritis.
The glycemic index, or glycaemic index, (GI) provides a
measure of how quickly blood sugar levels (i.e. levels of
glucose in the blood) rise after eating a ular type of
food. The effects that different foods have on blood sugar
levels vary considerably. The glycemic index estimates how much
each gram of available carbohydrate (total ydrate minus
fiber) in a food raises a 's blood glucose level following
consumption of the food, relative to consumption of pure
glucose. e has a glycemic index of 100. A practical
limitation of the glycemic index is that it does not take into
account the amount of carbohydrate actually consumed. A related
measure, the glycemic load, factors this in by multiplying the
glycemic index of the food in question by the ydrate
content of the actual serving.
A low-GI food will release glucose more slowly and steadily,
which leads to more suitable postprandial (after meal) blood
glucose readings. A high-GI food causes a more rapid rise in
blood glucose levels and is suitable for energy recovery after
exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia.
The glycemic effect of foods depends on a number of factors
such as the type of starch (amylose versus amylopectin),
physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food, fat
and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts
in the meal — adding vinegar, for example, will lower the GI.
The ce of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the
c emptying rate, thus lowering the GI. In general, coarse,
grainy breads with higher amounts of fiber have a lower GI value
than white . r, most breads made with 100%
wholewheat or wholemeal flour have a GI not a whole lot
different than endosperm only (white) bread. Many brown breads
are treated with enzymes to soften the crust, which makes the
starch more ible (high GI).
While adding fat or protein will lower the glycemic response
to a meal, the relative differences remain. That is, with or
without additions, there is still a higher blood glucose curve
after a high GI bread than after a low-GI bread such as
pumpernickel. Fruits and vegetables tend to have a low glycemic
index. The glycemic index can be d only to foods where the
test relies on subjects consuming an amount of food containing
50 g of available carbohydrate. But many fruits and vegetables
(not potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn) n less than 50 g of
available carbohydrate per typical serving. Carrots were
originally and incorrectly reported as having a high GI.
Alcoholic beverages have been reported to have low GI values,
but it should be noted that beer has a moderate GI. Recent
studies have shown that the consumption of an alcoholic drink
prior to a meal reduces the GI of the meal by approximately 15
%. Moderate alcohol consumption more than 12 hours prior to a
test does not affect the GI.
Many modern diets rely on the glycemic index. However,
others have d out that foods lly considered to be
unhealthy can have a low glycemic index, for instance, chocolate
cake, ice cream, or pure fructose, whereas foods like potatoes
and rice, eaten in countries with low rates of diabetes, have
GIs around 100.
It is an object of the present invention to provide
nutritional supplements that improve energy metabolism of the
food in . It is a further object to provide an alternative
food fication index for the GI that takes into account the
effect of the food product on metabolism.
Therefore, the present invention provides the use of
sedoheptulose as a nutritional inducer of cellular oxygen
consumption. The present invention also provides the use of
sedoheptulose, a nutritional inhibitor of extracellular
acidification, glycolysis and lactate formation. The present
invention also provides the use of sedoheptulose for reducing
glycaemic load in food products. The present invention also
es the use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement,
ally for safeguarding a lack of sedoheptulose deficiency
in healthy individuals, i.e. providing sedoheptulose without
therapeutic need or background.
The present invention makes use of the fact that free
sedoheptulose is a nt and accessible carbon source in
humans. Furthermore, the bio-availability of its phosphorylated
form, sedoheptulosephosphate, appears to function as a
rheostat for hexose carbohydrate metabolism at the interface of
glycolysis and the pentose ate y as well as for
mitochondrial respiration. ional sedoheptulose appears to
balance cellular glucose consumption, fat tion, redox
regulation, inflammation and therefore related disorders.
It is shown with the present invention that distinctive
nutritional value is provided by the addition of sedoheptulose
to food products compared to all presently used carbohydrates,
including commonly used loric and caloric sweeteners. The
present invention is therefore directed to balance C6
consumption, thereby preventing obesity or diabetes and
optimising and strengthening immune function and energy
utilisation. Accordingly, the “nutritional” supplement according
to the present invention is used in the meaning of “providing or
improving nutrient utilisation” by the addition of sedoheptulose
to food products and thereby providing new and improved food
products with a sedoheptulose content (or by improving food
products by (further) increasing sedoheptulose content). The C7
nutritional supplement according to the present invention
therefore provides an effective gy to manage physiological
redox-regulation and thereby also manage d lic
disturbances or disorders. Accordingly, the present invention
significantly differs from the reduced calorie r or brown
sugar tute use suggested in WO 27796 A2 and WO
2006/093848 A2.
As already stated, today’s food ry uses high
quantities of C6 sugars (C6 sugars are glucose, fructose and
sucrose and maltose (as respective dimers thereof)) as
nutritional supplements. Most of these hexoses are used as a
sweetener (i.e. not as a “nutritional” supplement, but as a
taste or r enhancer) and are widely discussed to increase
the risk of cardiovascular es, Alzheimer’s disease,
metabolic-syndrome, obesity and diabetes. The ratio of C6 to C7
carbohydrates is bed by excessive C6 application. Addition
of C7 (i.e. mainly sedoheptulose, however, also combinations
with other C7 sugars is possible, especially mannoheptulose;
besides sedoheptulose alone, C7 can be defined as “sedoheptulose
with or without mannoheptulose in a sedo/manno % w/w ratio of at
least 10.000:1, preferably at least 1.000:1 and especially at
least 100:1”) will balance increased glycaemic-loads. C7 is not
as sweet as C6 and does thereby not significantly alter taste of
supplemented foods. C7 carbohydrates have a distinct function in
cellular carbohydrate and fat metabolism and y impact
nutrition as well as healthcare d aspects in vertebrates.
Accordingly, the present invention provides the ng
that addition of C7 to diets results in improved and balanced
metabolism in human and mice. The nutritional supplement
containing C7 according to the present invention has the clear
potential to alter the preference for C6 sweetened food ts
in respect to health-care related issues.
With the present invention also a new ter for
nutritional effectiveness is provided, the C6/C7 ratio that is
provided and made available for l and chemically-designed
standard diets as well as natural and ally-designed food
ingredients. With the present ion it could also be
demonstrated that C7 consumption manages energy efficiency,
s tissue health and inflammation. Moreover, C7 consumption
induced and provided by the present invention also manages
physical endurance, physiological redox-regulation and thereby
also related disorders, such as diabetes and obesity.
Sedoheptulose (CAS number: 30197; PubChem: 5459879;
ChemSpider: 4573620; MeSH: sedoheptulose; ChEBI: CHEBI:16802) or
o-heptulose is a ketoheptose — a monosaccharide with seven
carbon atoms and a ketone functional group. It is one of the few
heptoses found in nature. Sedoheptulose is producible by
extraction from natural sources or by chemical synthesis. It can
be purified to high purity degrees (e.g. > 60 % purity,
ably > 85 % purity, more preferred > 90 % purity, more
preferred > 95 % purity, even more preferred > 99 % ,
especially > 99.9 % purity).
Sedoheptulose is a vely unknown metabolite ed to
its phosphorylated form, sedoheptulosephosphate (S7P), which
is recognised as an intermediate molecule of primary glucose
metabolism. The natural existence of ptulose, was first
reported in plants and was subsequently identified in human
urine, blood spots and recently, within mouse cells. S7P is
derived from the transketolase-catalysed conversion of ribose
phosphate (R5P) and xylulosephosphate (X5P). This reaction
occurs in the non-oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate y
and generates glyceraldehydephosphate (G3P), a key glycolytic
intermediate, in on to S7P. G3P and S7P are also produced
by transaldolase using fructosephosphate (F6P) and erythrose-
4-phosphate (E4P) as substrates. S7P is thus a crucial
intermediate in the non-oxidative PPP and S7P bioavailability
therefore contributes to cellular carbon flux. Recently, data
from several groups have indicated that sedoheptulose kinase may
also produce S7P by direct phosphorylation of sedoheptulose
(Haschemi et al., Cell Metab. 15 (2012), 813-826). This finding
demonstrated the unexpected existence of an additional carbon
source, ptulose, which actively participates in cellular
carbon metabolism (Nagy and Haschemi, Biochem Soc Trans. 2013).
Free sedoheptulose can either be diet-derived from fruits
and vegetables or formed enzymatically by the dephosphorylation
of endogenously produced S7P. Thus far, no specific
sedoheptulose transporter or S7P-specific phosphatase has been
reported. Other bio-active heptoses include the phenolic
compound 7-O-Galloyl-sedoheptulose (GS), mannoheptulose and
glucoheptose. GS was reported to be protective in diabetic
injury of the kidney by alleviating inflammatory responses.
Mannoheptulose (various patents pending) is an isomer of
sedoheptulose and a potent hexokinase inhibitor commonly found
in avocados. Glucoheptose, although the chemical nature of this
compound remains unidentified, has been shown to serve as
ible carbohydrate source in rabbits. ptulosan is the
anhydride of sedoheptulose and might also serve as source for
free sedoheptulose.
Free sedoheptulose can be isolated, e.g. from the plant
sedum spectabile and has been usly reported to contain
high amounts of heptose-carbohydrates.
Sedoheptulose kinase phosphorylates free sedoheptulose,
which enables cells to directly route sedoheptulose to
carbohydrate metabolism, similar to hexokinase and glucose.
According to the present invention, sedoheptulose is a direct
carbon source that feeds primary carbohydrate catabolism and
anabolism, whereupon sedoheptulose kinase (CARKL) constitutes
its entry point. Sedoheptulose can therefore surprisingly be
compared to glucose and fructose e these nds all
exist as free carbohydrates and phosphorylated forms. To enter
lism, free ydrates are energetically activated by an
initial phosphorylation event. Hexokinase orylates glucose
to form G6P and is a key determinant of ar glucose flux.
Fructose is phosphorylated by xokinase to form fructose
phosphate (F1P), which must first be ted by aldolase to
glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). DHAP can
then directly enter the carbon-cycle, whereas aldehyde
must be further phosphorylated. The formation of S7P from
ptulose by sedoheptulose kinase, in a manner analogous to
G6P formation from glucose by hexokinase, enables free
sedoheptulose to readily enter the catabolic system. It was also
reported that a competitive inhibition of F6P orylation
takes place in the ce of high S7P concentrations.
Interestingly, fractions containing fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
(FBPase) were also reported to possess sedoheptulose 1,7-
bisphosphatase (SBPase) activity.
The present invention therefore is also based on a tence
of the hexose- and heptose-(bis)phosphate shunts.
Notably, high e levels or incubation with F2,6bP augmented
the S1,7bP formation in perfused rat liver and in rat liver
cytosol, respectively. Glucagon, in st to high glucose,
favoured S1,7bP dephosphorylation and therefore S7P formation.
These results show that sedoheptulose metabolism is sensitive to
hormonal control.
Sedoheptulose metabolism participates in metabolic
regulation; in fact, sedoheptulose s metabolic fluxes by
ing an S7P supply independently from glucose. Increased
CARKL expression (and therefore increased ptulose
consumption) in a mouse macrophage cell line resulted in reduced
G3P, X5P and R5P steady state levels, whereas CARKL knockdown
showed the reverse effect. Notably, the basal sedoheptulose
levels were not d by CARKL perturbation. The S7P levels
were not changed by overexpression but decreased significantly
by CARKL loss, indicating ptulose phosphorylation as a
rate-limiting factor for glycolysis-derived G3P distribution.
ore, the tion of S7P availability might be the
mechanism by which CARKL or excessive amounts of sedoheptulose
modulate cellular metabolism.
The present invention is therefore directed to use of C7
e.g. to balance C6-(over)consumption, obesity, diabetes, immune
function and – generally - rate’s energy utilization. The
C7 supplement therefore also provides an effective strategy to
manage physiological redox-regulation and thereby also related
disorders. With the present invention, it turned out that, both,
high sedoheptulose and high sedoheptulose kinase results in
enhanced sedoheptulose turn-over. Moreover, tissue sion of
sedoheptulose kinase reveals that metabolic organs such as liver
or adipose-tissue have the capability to consume sedoheptulose.
Additionally, brown-adipose tissue (burns high amounts of
lipids) express significantly more (~2.5 x) sedoheptulose kinase
than white-adipose tissue.
Sedoheptulose (and/or other heptoses), administered to
patients having inflammation or being at risk of suffering from
inflammation, minimizes the glycemic-load and positively
contributes to prevent e.g. diet-induced obesity and/or
diabetes. Furthermore, data from transgenic sedoheptulose kinase
animals – as model for ed ptulose metabolism - show
that high sedoheptulose metabolism increases lipid-oxidation
(indicated by lower RQ values). This is a beneficial effect of
enhanced sedoheptulose turnover. Also energy expenditure is
lower in animals with high sedoheptulose turnover. Furthermore,
it appears that CARKL overexpressing mice are more insulin
sensitive than l animals. Taken together, this again shows
that sedoheptulose metabolism is an effective mean to regulate
the metabolic-phenotype in vertebrates.
With the present invention, specific and surprising antiinflammatory
effects could be shown to be caused by high
sedoheptulose turnover: Enhanced inflammation plays an important
role in the development of diseases, such as obesity related
disorders like insulin resistance. In a functional kinase screen
for novel regulators of macrophages tion, sedoheptulose
kinase was found to repress the lysaccharide (LPS) induced
tumour is factor α secretion. In the same screen,
overexpression of hexokinase, ketohexokinase and
phosphofructokinase (high glucose/fructose metabolism) had the
opposite effect. This showed opposite effects of hexose and
heptose-carbohydrate metabolism: e inhibit inflammation.
Moreover, increased CARKL expression repressed duced
macrophage activation and resulted in blunted intracellular
superoxide formation, whereas loss of CARKL (mimics reduced
sedoheptulose metabolism) enhanced the inflammatory response of
those cells.
On the other hand, the present invention also relates to the
tion of all kind of ptulose deficits, especially
those that have not yet lead to pathological consequences, i.e.
to counteract a sedoheptulose deficit so that disorders that are
due to such sedoheptulose deficits can be prevented. In order to
prevent such sedoheptulose deficits, a sedoheptulose ning
composition can be administered to an dual being at risk
of developing such sedoheptulose deficit (or sedoheptulose
deficit syndrome), or a y individual without such risk,
e.g. as nutritional supplement or in combination with food
and/or beverages.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, ptulose is added to a food product already
containing ptulose and to obtain a sedoheptulose content
of the food product that is increased at least 10 %, preferably
to obtain a sedoheptulose content of the food t that is
increased at least 100 %, especially at least 500 %.
Alternatively, if sedoheptulose is added to a food product
not already containing ptulose, preferably a sedoheptulose
content of the food product is obtained that is at least 0.001 %
w/w, preferably at least 0.01 % w/w, more preferred at least 0.1
% w/w, even more preferred at least 1 % w/w, especially at least
% w/w.
If the food product is a liquid food product, such as a
beverage (e.g. a soft drink), the sedoheptulose content can also
be referred to as a % w/v ratio. Accordingly, the present
invention also has as preferred embodiments beverages with a
sedoheptulose content of at least 0.001 % w/v, preferably at
least 0.01 % w/v, more preferred at least 0.1 % w/v, even more
preferred at least 1 % w/v, especially at least 10 % w/v. A
“weight ratio” as referred to below therefore means for a liquid
food product the % w/w as well as the % w/v value.
For example, for usual soft drinks which are not based on
natural fruit (or vegetable) material (juices), only a minimal
addition of sedoheptulose is necessary to improve the
sedoheptulose content. For the purpose of the present invention
“soft drinks” are beverages that typically contain water (often,
but not always, carbonated , usually a sweetener and
usually a ring agent, but with no fruit juice (these are
referred to as “fruit juices within the present invention and a
clear ence is maintained for the e of the present
invention). The sweetener in soft drinks may be sugar, highfructose
corn syrup, fruit juice, sugar tutes (in the case
of diet drinks) or some combination of these. Soft drinks may
also contain caffeine, colourings, preservatives and other
ients. Since soft drinks (as defined ing to the
present invention) do not contain sedoheptulose (i.e. have a
sedoheptulose content well below 0.001 % w/w or % w/v), a
preferred embodiment of the present invention is a soft drink
that has a sedoheptulose content of 0.001 % w/w (or % w/v) or
above, preferably at least 0.01 % w/w (or % w/v), more preferred
at least 0.1 % w/w (or % w/v), even more preferred at least 1 %
w/w (or % w/v), ally at least 10 % w/w (or % w/v).
According to the present invention, a food product can be
analysed with respect to its content in % w/w, % w/v or molar
concentration of C6-carbohydrates, especially glucose, se
and sucrose and maltose as respective , and with t
to its content in % w/w, % w/v or molar concentration of C7-
carbohydrates, especially sedoheptulose and, optionally,
mannoheptulose, establishing the ratio of C6-carbohydrates to
C7-carbohydrates (in % w/w: % w/w, % w/v: % w/v or molar ratio)
for this food product, and wherein sedoheptulose with or without
mannoheptulose is added to the food t in an amount to
decrease the ratio of C6-carbohydrates to C7-carbohydrates (in %
w/w: % w/w, % w/v: % w/v or molar ratio) by at least 50 %,
ably by at least 100 %, especially by at least 200 %.
Preferably, the weight ratio (i.e. the % w/w and/or the % w/v)
in the food t is sed to a resulting C6/C7 weight
ratio of or below 2000%:1%, preferably to a resulting C6/C7
weight ratio of or below 100%:1%, more preferred to a resulting
C6/C7 weight ratio of or below 10:1, especially to a resulting
C6/C7 weight ratio of or below 1%:1%. atively, also the
ratio of molar concentrations may be decreased accordingly, e.g.
preferably with a decrease to a molar ratio in the food product
to a resulting C6/C7 molar ratio of or below 2000:1, preferably
to a resulting C6/C7 molar ratio of or below 100:1, more
preferred to a resulting C6/C7 molar ratio of or below 10:1,
especially to a resulting C6/C7 ratio of or below 1:1 (it has to
be pointed out the ratio of % values is identical to the ratio
of the values, i.e. 2000%:1% = 2000:1).
Accordingly, new food products are provided with the present
invention by use of this method. For example, a new generation
of soft drinks or orange and apple juices are provided with the
present ion that have a resulting C6/C7 molar ratio of or
below 2000:1. Other preferred embodiments of food products
according to the present invention have a C6/C7 weight or molar
ratio of or below 3000:1, especially of or below 2500:1; for
example beverages that are derived from soft drinks (i.e.
essentially without any sedoheptulose t) containing fruit
juices, such as orange or apple juices, e.g. in an amount of 5
to 50%. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a
soft drink with a ratio of C6-carbohydrates to C7-carbohydrates
(in % w/w: % w/w, % w/v: % w/v or as molar ratio) with a C6/C7
weight or molar ratio of or below 3000:1, preferably of or below
2500:1.
Virtually any food t (the term “food product”
encompasses any ingestible material that can be nutritially used
by humans, including food, beverages, etc.) can be improved
according to the present invention by the addition of
sedoheptulose. Preferably, the food product is selected from the
group ting of a ional drink, a nutritional snack
bar, a diet food product, a cereal food product, a soft drink, a
sports drink, energy drink, nutritional sweetener, candy,
pastry, milk product, s or functional food product
including instant meals.
According to another aspect, the present invention also
relates to the improved food products as such that are provided
with the present invention. As already stated, lly any
food product available on the market can be improved according
to the present invention. The present invention es novel
products that have a sedoheptulose content or, if the available
product already contains a certain level of sedoheptulose, have
an sed sedoheptulose content. Accordingly, the present
invention also relates to a food product with added
sedoheptulose, wherein the sedoheptulose content is increased
compared to the food product without added sedoheptulose by at
least 10 % w/w, preferably at least 20 % w/w, especially at
least 30 % w/w. Preferably, the sedoheptulose content is
increased compared to the food product without added
sedoheptulose by at least 50 % w/w, preferably at least 100 %
w/w, especially at least 200 % w/w. These figures can – in
addition – be also applied to liquid food products, such as
ges, in % w/v ratios (i.e. e.g. beverages wherein the
sedoheptulose content is increased compared to the food product
t added sedoheptulose by at least 50 % w/v, preferably at
least 100 % w/v, especially at least 200 % w/v).
If the food product ble in the prior art is originally
free of sedoheptulose, according to the present ion
sedoheptulose can be added to e a sedoheptulose content of
the food t that is at least 0.001 % w/w or % w/v,
preferably to obtain a sedoheptulose content of the food product
that is at least 0.01 % w/w or % w/v, more preferred at least
0.1 % w/w or % w/v, even more red at least 1 % w/w or %
w/v, especially at least 10 % w/w or % w/v. Of course, the
sedoheptulose content can even be much higher, ing on the
nature of the food t (candies, etc.).
Preferably, the food product according to the t
invention is selected from the group consisting of a nutritional
drink, a nutritional snack bar, a diet food product, a cereal
food product, a soft drink, a sports drink, energy drink,
nutritional ner, candy, pastry, milk product, spreads or
functional food product.
According to another aspect, the present invention es
a method for establishing for a food product a ratio of C6-
carbohydrates to C7-carbohydrates (in % w/w, % w/v or molar
concentration) by ing the food product with respect to its
content of C6-carbohydrates, especially glucose and fructose,
and with respect to its content of bohydrates, calculating
the ratio of the content of C6-carbohydrates to the content of
C7-carbohydrates (in % w/w: % w/w, % w/v: % w/v or molar
concentration ratio) for this food product, and, prefer ably
recording this ratio on a data carrier or printing the ratio on
a printing base and combining the data carrier or the printing
base with the food t.
According to a variant of this aspect, the present invention
also provides a method for establishing for and adjusting in a
food product a ratio of C6-carbohydrates to C7-carbohydrates (in
% w/w, % w/v or molar concentration) by analysing the food
product with t to its t of C6-carbohydrates,
especially glucose, fructose and sucrose and maltose as
respective dimers, and with respect to its content of C7-
carbohydrates, calculating the ratio of the content of C6-
carbohydrates to the content of C7-carbohydrates (in % w/w: %
w/w, % w/v: % w/v or molar concentration ratio) for this food
product; then adding ptulose to the food product in an
amount that the ratio of the content of C6-carbohydrates to the
content of C7-carbohydrates (in % w/w: % w/w, % w/v: % w/v or
molar concentration ratio) for this food product is decreased by
at least 10 %, preferably at least 50 %, especially at least 100
%; and, preferably, recording this ratio on a data carrier or
printing the ratio on a printing base and combining the data
carrier or the printing base with the food product. As already
stated above, preferably, the weight or molecular ratio in the
food product is decreased to a resulting C6/C7 ratio of at least
2000%:1%, preferably to a ing C6/C7 ratio of at least
%:1%, especially to a resulting C6/C7 ratio of at least 1%:1%.
The present invention is further described in the following
examples and the figures, yet without being restricted thereto.
Figure 1: (A) Pooled s from carrots or leaves of
indoor grown Sedum Spectabile plants were analyzed by gaschromatography
coupled to mass spectrometry to specifically
measure relative glucose (C6) and sedoheptulose (C7) levels. The
ratio of C6/C7 was calculated by dividing their respective peak
area. (B) Sedoheptulose and glucose levels were further assessed
by GC-MS in serum of individuals before and after food uptake to
investigate if erived C7 can enter the human blood-stream.
Sedoheptulose and glucose level of four overnight fasted
(fasted) individuals (empty bars) were compared to levels
measured two hours after a meal (diet-fed, grey bars) containing
mainly carrots (~700g) with some olive-oil, salt and pepper. The
change in serum carbohydrate levels was expressed as mean fold
change (n=4, +/- S.D.). (C) trations of glucose, fructose
and sedoheptulose were measured in the ydrate-extracts of
indicated beverages. Mean values of four pooled technical
replicates were blotted to demonstrate extracted sugar
concentrations. Furthermore (D), the C6 / C7 (sedoheptulose)
ratio was established by dividing the sum of glucose and
fructose (C6) molecules or weight by respective sedoheptulose
(C7) unit (N.A.= not applicable).
Figure 2: (A) Blot of normalized sedoheptulose kinase
(CARKL) mRNA sion levels in mouse liver over a period of
48hrs was obtained from the public available “Circadian Gene
Expression se – CIRCA”. Y-axis represents normalized gene
sion and X-axis time in hours.(B and C) Reduced and
oxidized nicotinamide e dinucleotide levels of cells with
perturbed CARKL expression were calculated from previously
recorded metabolomics data (Haschemi et al., 15 (2012), 813-
826). RAW264.7 cell line either (B) expressing high CARKL levels
by overexpression or (C) low CARKL levels by shRNAmir expression
were compared to individual control cell lines to illustrate
CARKL mediated namide e dinucleotide regulation.
Data represent mean fold change of three individual experiments
+/- SEM. (D) CARKL mRNA levels were measured in a mouse cDNA
tissue library. Data represents normalized (to n) mean
CARKL expression relative to thymus CARKL expression in fold
change (all tissues n=3, S.D.).
Figure 3: (A-E) Primary human adipocytes were obtained by
differentiation of the stromal vascular cell fraction in the
presence of glucose and fructose (GF, 1,5g/L of each sugar;
total carbohydrates 3g/L) or sedoheptulose supplemented media,
which was termed GFS (1g/L of each sugar; total carbohydrates
3g/L), for eight days. Subsequently mRNA levels of (A) CARKL,
(B) adiponectin and (C) ling protein 1 ) was
assessed by RT-PCR and compared between the groups. (D) Cellular
oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and (E) extracellular
acidification rates (ECAR) of adipocytes were recorded in the
presence of indicated carbohydrate-mix (mean +/- S.D., n=9-11).
(F) Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and (G) interleukin 6
(IL-6) mRNA expression levels of mature murine adipocytes
cultivated for three days in cell culture media containing
either GF or GFS carbohydrate mix, or (H) IL-6 expression in
primary murine hepatocytes, as well as (I) TNFa and (J) IL-6
mRNA levels in primary bone marrow derived hages, both
cell types were pre-cultured for two days in GF or GFS media,
were compared between respective groups. Secretion of (K) TNFa
and (L) IL-6 cytokines over the period of two days was measured
by ELISA in the supernatant of bone marrow derived hages.
LPS-induced (100ng/ml) secretion of (M) TNFa 2hrs after
activation and (N) IL-6 6hrs after activation in the respective
media by macrophages was also ed by ELISA. Data represents
mean +/- S.D., n=3)
Figure 4: In an in vitro kinase assay, which employs ADP
formation as activity readout, the sedoheptulose turnover rate
at constant ATP (150µM) concentration was enhanced either by (A)
increasing sedoheptulose concentration or (B) by increasing the
amount of the rate-limiting enzyme sedoheptulose kinase (CARKL).
(C-E) Hepatocytes from wilt-type (WT) and sedoheptulose kinase
CARKL overexpressing mice were pre-cultured for two days in GFS
ning media before basal (C) ECAR and (D) OCR was recorded
of these cells. (E) Hepatocytes from both genetic linages (CARKL
and WT ls) were ated in GF or GFS containing media
and then pre-starved rbohydrates) for 1h to measure
glucose-induced ECAR after the addition of glucose to reach a
final concentration of 1g/L in the culture media mean +/- S.D.,
). As metabolic in vivo indicators (F) the respiratory
quotient (RQ) and (G) energy expenditure (EE, kcal/day/kg^0.75)
per activity by indirect calorimetry were determined and
compared CARKL to wild-type (WT) mates during day (8am to
4pm) and night (8pm to 4am). Data ent mean values, n=3,
+/- SD. (H) Insulin tolerance test in mice was performed on prestarved
(4h) female CARKL-transgenic and wild type littermate
controls by i.p. injection of 0.75U insulin/kg body .
Blood glucose was measured before the injection (control) and
, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after injection and graphed as
relative value in % of control. Data represent mean values +/-
SD, n=3-4.
Figure 5: (A) Lipid deposition in hepatocytes isolated from
either WT or CARKL overexpressing mice and cultivated in control
medium (GF) was visualized by oil red staining. Representative
micrographs were acquired with a 20x objective. (B) Glucose
phosphate dehydrogenase activity was measured in hepatocytes
isolated from either WT or CARKL overexpressing mice and
cultivated in l medium (GF) for two days. Arrows indicate
re-localization of G6PD ty. Representative micrographs
were acquired with a 10x objective. (C and D) lasts from
WT or CARKL overexpressing mice were differentiated and
cultivated for 7 days in Corning Osteo Assay plates in GF or GFS
containing media. Their resorption-activity was assessed by
counting all pits per well which were visible at 20x
magnification. Data represent mean values, n=2-3, +/- SD. (D)
Two representative images of the largest resorption-pits found
in WT osteoclast either cultured in GF or GFS containing media
are shown. raphs were acquired by 40x magnification.
Figure 6: (A) The immune system of sedoheptulose kinase
overexpressing mice (CARKL) and control littermates was
challenged with a sub-lethal lysaccharide injection (LPS,
7mg/kg) and a panel of 19 cytokines was measured 24hrs after
immune tion in serum. Data represents relative mean
fluorescence intensities (MFI) of individual cytokines measured
in wild type (WT=100%) and CARKL serum by milliplex map mouse
cytokine profiler (n=3, +/- SD). Monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1 (MCP-1) and TNFa mRNA expression of murine mature
adipocytes ed from (B and C) subcutaneous or (D and E)
epididymal white adipose tissue of WT and CARKL mice. Data
represent mean values, n=3, +/- SD. (F) Incidence of stroke and
63 genotype. Data were compared by n’s χ²-tests.
**…p<0.01. (G) Duration of initial stroke-free survival was
assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots. duals homozygous for the
rs465563: [G]-allele show significantly shorter event-free times
than carriers of the [A]-allele.
Examples
Materials and Methods
Carbohydrates
Glucose and se were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
Sedoheptulose was isolated from the plant sedum Spectabile or
sedum telephium (Haschemi et al., Cell Metab. 15 (2012), 813-
826) and was further purified by chromatography.
Glucose and sedoheptulose measurements in carrots and human
serum
Fresh carrots with an Austrian “organic-certificate” were
sliced into small pieces and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The
same procedure was applied to leaves freshly harvested from
indoor-grown Sedum Spectabile plants. Three samples of each
tissue were pooled and homogenized to powder by glass-beads. The
carbohydrate rich fractions of the samples were isolated by 20%
H2O and 80% MeOH extraction solution spiked with 13C standards
and processed for standard gas-chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). Glucose and sedoheptulose were identified
by their individual masses and their relative amount was d
from the peak area of each individual analyte ized to 13C
content. e and sedoheptulose were also measured in equal
volumes of serum from overnight fasted or carrot fed
individuals. The s were steamed and some olive-oil, salt
and pepper were used for flavour. Two hours before and two hours
after the carrot containing meal human serum was prepared in
VACUETTE® Z Serum Sep tubes from blood. Serum samples were
processed as previously described and also analyzed by GC-MS as
detailed above and in Ruiz-Matute AI et al., Chromatogr B Analyt
Technol Biomed Life Sci. (2011) May 15 879(17-18).
Glucose, fructose and ptulose concentration in ges
ted beverages were purchased from a local grocery
store and were all pre-packed. From each beverage 1ml (for each
of four technical replicates) was aliquoted and vaccuum
concentrated on a SpeedVac. This was followed by MeOH/H2O
(80:20) precipitation and a centrifugation step to clear the
carbohydrate on in the supernatant from precipitate. Each
atant was again lyophilized in a SpeedVac, rehydrated in
equal volumes of water and technical replicates were pooled. For
carbohydrate analysis a Dionex ICS-3000 DC free system was
used with a CarboPac PA1 column (250x4 mm) and a CarboPac PA1
guard column (both from Dionex) at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1.
Elution was carried out isocratically with 16 mM NaOH for the
first 20 min. Then a linear gradient to 100 mM NaOH was applied
from 20 to 40 min followed by an increase over two s to
200 mM hold until 47 min. The starting condition with 16 mM NaOH
was d again at 49 min and kept until 70 min. Parameters of
the pulsed amperometric detection are exactly as recommended in
the Technical Note 21 (Optimal Settings for Pulsed Amperometric
Detection of Carbohydrates Using the Dionex ED40 Electrochemical
Detector) from Dionex. Chromatograms were evaluated according to
chromatograms of authentic glucose, fructose and sedoheptulose
standards, each 100 μM.
Human adipocyte culture
Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) from subcutanous
white adipose tissue of a patient undergoing abdominal surgery
were isolated as described before (Lindroos et al, Cell Metab.
(2013), Jul 2;18(1):62-74.). Briefly, adipose tissue was
digested with Collagenase II ington) and ed. SVFs
were separated from mature adipocytes by centrifugation,
followed by the lysis of ocytes in the SVF-fraction
(Buffer EL, Qiagen). The purified SVFs were cultured in
DMEM/F12, 10% FBS (Gibco, Life Technologies). As soon as the
cells reached confluence, they were washed with DMEM/F12 w/o
glucose st) and the medium was replaced by DMEM/F12 with a
total carbohydrate load of 3g/L, containing 1.5g/L glucose and
fructose or 1g/L each of glucose, fructose, and ptulose,
tively. Two days after confluence (day 0), differentiation
was induced by adding 1µM dexamethasone, 1.74 µM insulin, 5µM
tazone, 0.5µM IBMX, 17µM pantothenic acid and 33µM biotin.
After two days, IBMX and dexamethasone were omitted, while
insulin and troglitazone were removed on day 4. 50% of the
medium was replaced on day 6. Two days later, the cells were
harvested for RNA isolation (RNeasy mini kit, Qiagen).
Mature murine adipocytes ceiling culture
Anterior and posterior subcutaneous adipose tissue and
epididymal white adipose tissue was isolated from transgenic
CARKL-mice and wild-type littermate controls. Adipose tissue was
ed as bed above for the human sample. After
centrifugation, the layer of floating mature adipocytes was
removed and re-centrifuged at 100rcf for 10 minutes. 150µL of
packed adipocytes were cultured under a floating coverslip in
six-well plates, in 12, 15% calf serum (PAA). 24 hours
after isolation, the wells were washed twice with PBS and the
medium was exchanged to DMEM/F12 with a total carbohydrate load
of 3g/L, containing 1.5g/L glucose and fructose, or 1g/L each of
glucose, fructose and sedoheptulose, respectively. Three days
later, the cells were harvested for RNA isolation using
gent (Sigma).
Hepatocyte culture
Hepatocytes were ed from male wild-type and CARKL
overexpressing mice after the mice were sacrificed by hepatic in
situ collagenase perfusion. After perfusion, the liver was
quickly removed, minced, and filtered through a cell strainer
(Fisher Scientific, Inc) into a 50 ml sterile tube. Hepatocytes
in the resulting te were purified from the nonparenchymal
cells by centrifugation steps. The isolated hepatocytes were
seeded into plates at a tration of 0,25 x 10^6/ml in
respective DMEM-media containing 10%FBS and indicated
ydrate mixes at 3 g/L se and fructose (GF), or
glucose, fructose and sedoheptulose (GFS)) at least two days
before experiments were performed.
Bone marrow derived macrophages and osteoclasts culture
Mouse bones were isolated from male wild-type and CARKL
overexpressing mice and bone marrow wash flushed, washed and
cleared from redblood cells by lysis, and subsequently
entiated in DMEM containing 25mM glucose and 20 ng/ml MCSF.
After 4 days, cells for osteoclast differentiation were
harvested and seeded in corning osteo assay plates with
differentiation media (see below), and for primary bone marrow
derived macrophages (BMDM) the medium was renewed and further
supplemented with M-SCF for two days. Differentiated BMDM were
then seeded in respective DMEM-media ning 10%FBS and
ted carbohydrate mixes at 3 g/L (glucose and fructose
(GF), or glucose, fructose and sedoheptulose (GFS)) at least two
days before ments were performed.
In vitro bone resorption assay
Osteoclast precursor cells (bone marrow cells treated with
20ng/ml M-CSF for 4 days) were plated in 24-well Corning Osteo
Assay plate in the presence of 10 ng/ml M-CSF and 100 ng/ml
RANKL in alpha-MEM medium ning 10% FBS and 3 g/L either
glucose and fructose (GF), or glucose, fructose, and
sedoheptulose (GFS). The Medium was renewed every third day.
After 7 days, cells were removed with bleach and washed three
times with water before Von Kossa ng according to standard
protocols from Corning (technical review) was performed to
enhance contrast between the intact assay surface and resorption
pit. Each well was entirely photographed by Fax with an
x20 objective and all visible resorption pits were counted and
analysed blinded.
Extracellular acidification rates and oxygen consumption rates
The XF-Analyzer (Seahorse Bio.) was used to measure s
in cellular metabolism induced by different carbohydrates.
Extracellular acidification rates (ECAR, mpH/min) and oxygen
consumption rates (OCR, /min) were recorded in primary
human adipocytes and primary murine hepatocytes according to the
manufacture instructions. Briefly, cells were seeded in seahorse
cell plates at a density of 10^4 cells per well for adipocytes
and ^5 cells per well for hepatocytes. At the day of
experiments the cells were washed with ydrate free media
and incubated for one hour in ted media containing
carbohydrate mixes at a concentration of 3 g/L (glucose and
fructose (GF), or glucose, fructose and ptulose (GFS)). To
measure glucose-induced ECAR, cells were starved for one hour in
carbon free media before glucose (1 g/L) was added to the well
per automatic injection. Glucose-induced ECAR was normalized to
respective ECAR before glucose addition (basal = 100%). Changes
d by the different carbohydrate sources were expressed as
relative change in % to illustrate the effect of each carbon
source.
Gene sion analysis
Briefly, total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed
using commercial kits (QIAGEN, Applied Biosystems). Quantitative
real-time PCRs were performed on an AbiPRISM 7900HT real-time
cycler using iTaq SYBR Green Supermix with ROX (BioRad) to
measure CARKL, adiponectin, UCP-1, TNFa, IL-6, MCP-1, and betaactin
expression as previously described emi et al., Cell
Metab. 15 (2012), 6). Expression o f target gene was
normalized to beta-actin expression. Relative expression of
target gene was calculated by the delta-delta CT method.
Sedoheptulose Kinase assay
The ADP Quest Assay (DiscoveRx) was used to indirectly
measure S7P formation by ADP accumulation over time according to
the manufacture instructions. Recombinant sedoheptulose kinase
was usly ed in E.coli and purified by affinity
purification (Haschemi et al., Cell Metab. 15 (2012), 813-826).
Indirect calorimetry
The respiratory quotient (VCO2 production / VO2 consumption)
and energy expenditure (EE, kcal/day/kg^0.75) per activity of
mice were measured in metabolic cages (Harvard Apperatus) by
ct calorimetry. Either one CARKL transgenic mouse or a
wild-type littermate, was housed per cage for one day before it
was started to record mean respiratory quotient and energy
expenditure per activity during day (8am to 4pm) and night (8pm
to 4am).
Insulin tolerance test
Four hours pre-starved female CARKL-transgenic mice and wild
type littermate controls were i.p. ed with 0.75U insulin /
kg body weight. Blood glucose was measured before the injection
and 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after injection by using one-touch
glucose strips (Accu Check, Roche).
Oil Red Staining
Briefly, hepatocytes were cultured as ted before the
medium was removed and cells were fixed by 10% formalin. After a
wash with 60% isopropanol the wells were incubated with Oil Red
O solution (Sigma-Aldrich) and stained for 10min, washed 4 times
with water before photographs were taken at x20 magnification.
Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase activity assay
Cells were grown on polystyrene vessel tissue culture
treated glass slides, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at
-80°C. The enzyme histochemical procedure was based on the
tetrazolium salt method as described by Van Noorden and
Frederiks. The incubation medium for the demonstration of G6PD
activity contained 18% (w/v) polyvinyl l (average
molecular weight 70,000–100,000) in 0.1 M Tris-Maleate buffer,
pH 7.5, 15 mM glucosephosphate, 0.8 mM NADP, 0.4 mM magnesium
chloride, 0.45 mM 1-methoxyphenazine methosulphate, 5 mM sodium
azide and 5 mM itroblue tetrazolium chloride. The medium
was y prepared immediately before incubation. Control
reactions additionally contained 40mM aminephosphate.
Cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 s under
continuous mixing by orbital shaker. After incubation, cells
were washed 3 x 5 minutes in 60°C ate buffered saline,
dried, and mounted in glycerol gelatin, and photographed within
one day at x10 magnification.
Immune challenge and cytokine response profiling in vivo
For sublethal murine in vivo endotoxemia, 7 mg/kg LPS (Sigma
Aldrich) were injected eritoneally in male CARKL
transgenic or wild-type littermates. Serum was isolated by
VACUETTE® mini Z Serum Sep tubes from whole blood. Cytokine were
measured by milliplex map mouse cytokine profiler according to
manufactures instructions (Millipore). All animal experiments
were carried out according to an ethical animal license ol
and contract ed by the Medical University Vienna (BMWF-
66.009/0140-II/10b/2010).
CARKL single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association-study
with risk of stroke.
Study Design: 578 neurologically asymptomatic patients from
the Inflammation and Carotid Artery – Risk for Atherosclerosis
Study (ICARAS, Schillinger et al., (2005) Circulation 111
(17):2203-2209.)), recruited until 03/2003, were included into
the present analysis -inclusion and exclusion criteria have been
published previously. Briefly, asymptomatic carotid artery
disease, representing the primary inclusion criterion, was
d as the absence of transient ic attacks (TIA),
sis fugax and stroke within the last 12 months or of
residual symptoms, respectively. Besides exhaustive medical
examination (including anamnesis, physical status and blood
testing), patients ent sonography of the carotid arteries
at baseline and at a follow-up 6-9 months after study inclusion
as previously described (Schillinger et al., (2005) ation
111 (17):2203-2209.). Incidence of cardiovascular events was
recorded until 01/2006. This analysis was approved by the local
ethics committee (EC-No. 1933/2012) and has been performed in
ance with the ethical standards specified by the
Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments.
Definitions: Arterial hypertension was defined as tive
g blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and was d to be
present in patients with antihypertensive medication.
Hyperlipidemia was diagnosed in patients with a total serum
cholesterol >200 mg/dL or LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dL and was
considered to be present in all patients taking lipid-lowering
drugs. es mellitus was diagnosed as supposed by Expert
Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes
Mellitus. Peripheral artery disease was graded using Fontaine’s
classification system, coronary artery disease was defined
according to the classification by the Canadian Cardiovascular
Society (CCS). Anamnestic myocardial infarction was defined
according to Alpert. Stroke was defined by a ogical
deficit persisting >24h and was evaluated ing to the
modified Rankin stroke scale. Progression of carotid artery
atherosclerosis was defined as an increase in stenosis by at
least one NASCET raphic degree.
ping: DNA was isolated from nticoagulated whole
blood by means of spin-column based nucleic acid purification.
Genotyping was done on an ABI TaqMan® 7900HT fast-realtime
thermocycler (Applied Biosystems, uz, Switzerland) using
the 5’-Nuclease-Assay[7]. This assay es the sequencespecific
binding of labeled DNA-probes. During the annealing
phase of each step, sequence-specific probes containing a
fluorophore on their 5’-ends bind their respective allele. The
fluorescence of the fluorophore is masked by a 3’-quencher,
until the -polymerase separates these compounds by its 5’-
exonuclease activity during the elongation phase. End-pointmeasurement
of the intensity of sequence-specific fluorescence
indicates the presence of the corresponding allele. In the
present study, rs465563 was analyzed in a total reaction volume
of 10µL using a commercially available TaqMan® SNP genotyping
assay (Assay ID: C____717358_1_, Applied Biosystems) and TaqMan®
Genotyping Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) according to the
standard protocol supplied by the manufacturer. The results were
interpreted using SDS 2.4 sequence detection software (Applied
tems).
Statistical Analysis: Continuous data are given with respect
to its distribution as mean and rd deviation or median and
interquartile range. Categorical data are presented as counts
and percentage. Presence of normal distribution within subgroups
was assessed by orov-Smirnov-tests. Metric variables were
compared by hitney U tests. Connections between genotypes
and study end points as well as relative risks were estimated by
contingency-tables and Pearson’s χ²-tests. Event-free survival
was estimated by -Meier-Analysis, data was compared
pairwise by Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) tests. Multivariable models
were ated by means of binary logistic regression and
evaluated by drawing ROC (Receiver-Operator-Characteristics)
plots. Results were considered statistically icant at
p<0.05 unless otherwise noted. All p-values were interpreted
two-sided unless otherwise stated. All statistical calculations
were done using IBM SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, USA).
Results
Diet-derived sedoheptulose uptake in humans
To ine if nutritional sedoheptulose is absorbed from
diets via the digestive tract into the human blood, which is a
al step for sedoheptulose to become a metabolic active
carbohydrate, glucose (C6) and sedoheptulose (C7) levels were
measured in carrots and in human serum. To determine the C6/C7
ratio of carrots plant tissue was homogenized, extracted the
small molecule fractions and measured simultaneously relative
glucose and ptulose amounts by GC-MS (Figure 1A). Leaves
of Sedum Spectabile, a succulent plant which contains high
sedoheptulose levels, were analyzed in parallel as positive
l. The leaves of Sedum Spectabile contained glucose and
approximately twice as much sedoheptulose, which resulted in a
C6/C7 ratio of approximately 0.5. In fresh food grade organic
carrots almost equal quantities of e and sedoheptulose
were detected and y a C6/C7 ratio of around 1. Potatoes,
in contrast to carrots, were reported to contain no
sedoheptulose (Kardon et al., FEBS Lett. (2008) Oct 15, 582(23-
24)) and are therefore expected to possess a very high (or even
infinite) C6/C7 ratio. Next it was sed if diet-derived
sedoheptulose, originating from carrots, reaches the human blood
by monitoring serum level of glucose and sedoheptulose before
and after a meal containing mainly steamed carrots (~700g per
male adult) with some olive-oil, salt and pepper. Two hours
after the meal, an approximately two-fold increase in
sedoheptulose serum levels was ed in humans (Figure 1B).
This result clearly indicated that nutritional sedoheptulose is
absorbed by the human digestive tract and that it enters the
blood to become ble as a carbohydrate for subsequent
metabolism. Serum glucose levels normalized already within two
hours after food uptake and thereby suggest that humans
metabolize sedoheptulose and glucose differently.
These s indicate that carrots, which are ered as
healthy vegetables and constituents of diets around the world,
are a natural ptulose source for . It is interesting
to n that carrots, although they contain carbohydrates
such as glucose, are suitable and well tolerated by diabetics
and even protect people with common genetic risk factors for
type-2 es (Patel CJ et al., Hum Genet. 132 (2013): 495-
508).
The C6/C7 ratio in natural and manufactured human food products
Next, the concentration of e, fructose and
sedoheptulose was measured in carbohydrate extracts from Coca-
Cola®, Red Bull®, orange-, apple-, tomato-, and carrot-juice to
establish the C6/C7 index for common beverages and thereby
estimate the actual human sedoheptulose-exposure. Soft- and
energy drinks contained glucose and fructose but no
sedoheptulose (Figure 1C). Fruit-juices contained similar
amounts of C6 (the sum of e and fructose) as soft-/energy
drinks (100mM range), but in contrast to the latter they also
ned sedoheptulose in the 100µM range. In vegetable-juices
glucose and fructose levels were reduced, whereas sedoheptulose
concentrations were found greatly increased (mM range). The
C6/C7 ratios of the individual beverages, calculated as s
well as weight ratios, are given in Figure 1D. In two fruitjuices
C6/C7 ratios of around 2000/1 were found. In tomato- and
carrot-juices the ratio was 75/1 and 20/1, respectively.; Coca-
Cola® and Red Bull® contained no detectable amounts of
ptulose. Hence, the C6/C7 ratio for these drinks could not
be calculated and is therefore not applicable (N.A.) to such
food products if they are not additionally supplemented with C7.
These findings clearly indicate that manufactured food products
lack carbohydrate complexity and therefore also sedoheptulose.
Notably, in absolute numbers these data indicate that 1 kg of
diet-derived sedoheptulose is consumed per 9 kg diet-derived
e if the natural carbon-mixture of carrot-juice was chosen
over soft-/energy drinks - the consequences of chronic
sedoheptulose deprivation by an unbalanced human ion are
currently n.
Sedoheptulose kinase oscillates and is highly expressed in
metabolically active tissue.
To understand how sedoheptulose kinase CARKL and therefore
sedoheptulose lism is distributed and controlled in
various mammalian tissues, different tissues were tested for
mRNA expression levels. CARKL expression, in a ly
available database for circadian expression profiles (CircaDB),
was found oscillating in mouse liver d 20.0, Figure 2A)
and adrenal gland (period 24.0, data not shown). ptulose-
7P levels were previously ed to oscillate in plants,
peaking during the regenerative-phase of carbon-fixation to
reconvert ribose moieties. The mammalian circadian clock is in
part set by the redox-state. CARKL overexpressing RAW264.7 cells
indicated that high sedoheptulose kinase expression induces a 4
fold increase of factors like reduced nicotinamide,
adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and also glutathione (GSH) level
increase (Figure 2B and mi et al., Cell Metab. 15 (2012),
813-826). Deficiency of CARKL and ore also lack of
sedoheptulose turnover showed the opposite effect (Figure 2C).
This data indicates that sedoheptulose metabolism is under the
control of circadian rhythm and acts simultaneously as modulator
of cellular redox-states. In order to specify which tissue
consumes nutritional sedoheptulose, mRNA levels of sedoheptulose
kinase (CARKL) were measured in a mouse cDNA tissue library
(Figure 2D). Sedoheptulose kinase is the rate-limiting enzyme of
sedoheptulose metabolism and was highly expressed in liver,
kidney, in brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT),
digestive organs, in glands, in the male reproductive system as
well as in the brain. These results demonstrate that dietderived
sedoheptulose can become a systemic ydrate source
for many tissues but especially for metabolically active organs
such as the liver, kidney and adipose tissue.
Sedoheptulose metabolism is important for the function and
metabolic health of cells
To igate the metabolic consequences of exposure to
sedoheptulose, human and murine cells in the e media were
exposed to either glucose in combination with fructose (GF) or
to glucose, fructose and sedoheptulose (GFS), while keeping the
total carbohydrate load constant. The function of adipocytes,
hepatocytes and macrophages was tested to evaluate the
importance of ptulose in complementing nutritional
carbohydrate loads. The ptulose used in these experiments
was isolated from sedum telephium plants.
In the human body, adipocytes fulfil the crucial function to
store energy in form of lipids and are therefore very important
cells to maintain health. In metabolically unhealthy or in most
morbidly obese patients adipocytes do not function properly,
increase their cell size to account for excessive lipid loads,
become inflamed inflammation, a low-grade but chronic type
of inflammation) and ultimately contribute to the pment of
disorders like insulin resistance or cardio-vascular diseases.
In human adipocytes, differentiated from subcutaneous precursor
cells, an increase in sedoheptulose kinase CARKL mRNA expression
was found if sedoheptulose was added to the culture media
(Figure 3A). Furthermore, an increase in adiponectin and UCP-1
expression, two functional relevant adipocyte marker genes, was
observed in the GFS ed to GF treated cells (Figure 3B und
3C). To test for s in cellular metabolism, ar oxygen
consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates
(ECAR) were measured as indicators for mitochondrial respiration
and lactic acid fermentation, respectively. Human ytes,
entiated and cultured in sedoheptulose containing media,
showed comparable ECAR to WT controls, while their cellular
oxygen ption rates were increased (Figure 3D und 3E).
Together, these data show that subcutaneous adipocytes
maintain and improve their function (increase in adiponectin,
UCP-1 and oxygen consumption) in the presence of sedoheptulose
compared to a situation where only glucose and se are
present as bio-fuel.
To better define the beneficial role of sedoheptulose in
preventing metabolically unhealthy states like chronic low-grade
inflammation, the cytokine profiles of primary mature murine
adipocytes, primary murine hepatocytes, and naïve as well as
lysaccharide (LPS)-induced activated primary macrophages
cultured in GF or GFS media were measured. Mature adipocytes,
which were ated in sedoheptulose containing media,
produced less TNFa and IL-6 mRNA than adipocytes cultivated with
glucose and fructose alone (Figure 3F and 3G). Similarly to
that, hepatocytes also produced less IL-6 if cultivated with
sedoheptulose (Figure 3H). In primary macrophages basal TNFa and
IL-6 mRNA expression, and cytokine secretion were found blocked
by sedoheptulose containing media (Figure 3I-L). LPS-induced
macrophage activation resulted in strongly enhanced TNF-a and
IL-6 secretion in GF cultured cells (Figure 3M and 3N). LPS -
induced macrophages ated in GFS media increased IL-6 to
comparable levels as GF treated macrophages, but reduced their
TNFa secretion by imately 40%. This shows that addition of
sedoheptulose to macrophages on the one hand reduces their basal
matory state, measured by TNFa and IL-6, but on the other
hand retains their natural function in immunity as seen for IL-
To conclude, addition of sedoheptulose to the culture media
significantly enhanced aneous adipocyte function and
reduced the inflammatory state of cells and thereby might
positively influence the pathogenesis of obesity, type II
diabetes and cardiovascular es also summarized in part by
the metabolic syndrome.
Sedoheptulose kinase CARKL overexpression
Transgenic mice overexpressing sedoheptulose kinase
ubiquitously in the entire body were generated to isolate
genetically engineered primary cells overexpressing CARKL and to
test sedoheptulose metabolism in vivo. CARKL transgenic mice did
not show any obvious phenotypes and their organ weight was not
different to organ weights of WT littermate control animals
(data not shown). It was hypothesized that increased
ptulose metabolism can either be achieved by increasing
the tration of the substrate ptulose, or by
elevating the level of its imiting enzyme ptulose
kinase (CARKL). To test this in an in vitro kinase assay, a
constant amount of recombinant CARKL protein was incubated with
increased doses of sedoheptulose. This resulted in enhanced
ptulose turnover rates as measured by ADP formation
e 4A). The same effect was observed by increasing CARKL
n concentration, while sedoheptulose tration was
kept constant e 4B). These results demonstrate that CARKL
overexpression is a valid model to investigate the effects of
increased sedoheptulose metabolism. Next, primary hepatocytes,
as liver tissue appeared to endogenously metabolize
sedoheptulose (FIGURE 2D), were isolated to study the effects of
C7- and C6-metabolism at increased CARKL expression levels.
Hepatocytes were cultured in media with a C6/C7 sugar ratio
of 2:1 and lically assessed by comparing the ECAR and OCR
as more general metabolic-parameters. Hepatocytes from CARKL
overexpressing mice icantly increased their lic rate
as increased ECAR and OCR levels indicated if compared to WT
control cells (Figure 4C and 4D). It appeared that sedoheptulose
induced a more efficient metabolism in these cells. To test for
the relevance of sedoheptulose and sedoheptulose kinase
expression together, hepatocytes isolated from WT and CARKL mice
were incubated in GF and GFS containing e media and their
glucose-induced ECAR was compared (after 1hr carbohydrate
starvation) as a measure to control cellular glycolysis. In WT
hepatocytes glucose-induced ECAR was reduced by sedoheptulose
administration (Figure 4E). In line with this data, glucosestimulated
cytes from WT animals cultured in GF (without
sedoheptulose) routed a larger part of glucose to lactic acid
fermentation, s cells from CARKL overexpressing mice
appeared to balance the same glucose bolus more efficiently.
These results further supported the previous data and
clearly pointed out that increased sedoheptulose metabolism has
distinct and beneficial effects on cells, which are ant
for lic .
Sedoheptulose metabolism in vivo
After validating cellular phenotypes of sedoheptulose kinase
overexpression in hepatocytes the metabolic effect of increased
sedoheptulose turnover to an entire organism was investigated by
comparing the respiratory quotient (RQ; RQ = exhaled CO2/oxygen
consumption), as well as energy expenditure per physical
activity of control and sedoheptulose kinase transgenic mice,
measured by indirect calorimetry during day and night as
systemic indicators of lism (Figure 4F and 4G).
Sedoheptulose kinase overexpressing animals ) have lower
RQ values compared to wild type (WT) littermates. CARKL mice
showed increased oxygen ption and therefore lower RQ
values, and y partly mirrored the effects of sedoheptulose
on cells. rmore, CARKL mice also tend to have a lower EE
per activity if compared to control mice. The insulin
ivity of female CARKL transgenic and WT mice were also
compared by an insulin tolerance test (ITT), to investigate if
sedoheptulose metabolism also affects n signalling in
vivo. Insulin injection (i.p.) lowered the blood glucose level
in mice overexpressing ptulose kinase faster than in WT
controls, ting that insulin sensitivity was also increased
in these animals by increasing sedoheptulose metabolism (Figure
4H). In this context it is important to mention that induction
of insulin resistance in mature adipocytes, by TNFa and hypoxia
treatment, resulted in sedoheptulose kinase loss (public Gene
expression omnibus data available at
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSM1261655).
Together, these experiments showed that increased
sedoheptulose metabolism does not only alter metabolism in vitro
but also in vivo. The lower RQ values observed in CARKL mice
combined with the by trend lower EE per physical activity and
the increased insulin sensitivity are indicative for a more
efficient and nable metabolic program, which can be
induced by increasing ptulose metabolism.
Hepatic lipid deposition is reduced by CARKL
Extensive lipid deposition in hepatocytes results in fatty
liver disease and can be accompanied by inflammation (i.e. nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH)) causing liver fibrosis,
cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. The lipid
content of hepatocytes from WT and CARKL overexpressing mice was
compared and it was found that hepatocytes from CARKL mice
contained less lipid droplets than their WT controls (Figure
5A).
In conclusion, high liver fat content, especially in
combination with inflammation, ing malfunction of
adipocytes, increases risk of many diseases including type 2
diabetes or cancer, thus both, the reduction of inflammation and
lipid accumulation in cytes by sedoheptulose might be
especially valuable for human nutrition (see bles, which
contain high C7 levels).
CARKL regulates Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase activity.
Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate limiting
enzyme of the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway
(PPP) which generates C5 bodies i.e. for nucleotide synthesis
and redox-equivalents, was previously shown to be directly
inhibited by p53 (tumor-suppressor) (Jiang et al., Nat Cell
Biol. (2011) Mar; 310-6). Mutation in p53, the most
frequently mutated gene in human tumors, results in hyperactivation
of G6PD and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.
ptulose kinase is the rate-limiting kinase of the nonoxidative
arm of the PPP and was previously shown to reduce the
oxidative PPP-flux, at least in macrophages. To test for a
possible regulation of G6PD activity in cytes by
sedoheptulose metabolism, the enzyme activity of WT and CARKL
overexpressing cells was compared (FIGURE 5B). In WT control
cells G6PD activity was observed to be evenly distributed,
whereas in cells from CARKL mice a alization of G6PD and
thereby a reduced activity in the inner space of the cells was
observed. Interestingly, the same phenotype was achieved by
incubating WT cells in cell culture media with sedoheptulose
(not shown). If alization and/or inhibition of G6PD by
sedoheptulose kinase overexpression and ptulose incubation
were the cause for the reduced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
(Figure 4A) remains to be established. Nevertheless, this data
in combination with data from macrophages shows that an elevated
sedoheptulose level may act as a rmeasure for p53 loss in
cancer cells, at least by negatively regulating G6PD activity in
some instances. Another example are estrogen dependent breast
cancer cells which se CARKL expression in response to
growth factor estrogen (public GeneChip tory data
available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles/; ID:
53372898; GDS3285 / 219713_at / SHPK), which in turn might again
result in increased G6PD activity and subsequently tumor growth.
This data also implements sedoheptulose metabolism as a
suitable target to regulate G6DP activity and for future anticancer
strategies.
Sedoheptulose and bone metabolism
Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue. The fine balance of
bone formation and resorption is ial for the proper
mechanical stability of bone. Disequilibrium between bone
formation and resorption is the cause of osteoporosis, a highly
prevalent ion of reduced bone density and disturbed bone
micro-architecture resulting in bone fragility and pathological
fractures. As the lasts, the cells responsible for bone
resorption are derived from the monocyte lineage, whose on
is strongly ed by sedoheptulose lism, it was also
tested whether osteoclast function may be modulated by the C6/C7
ratio.
Bone marrow cells were differentiated in vitro to
osteoclasts by ng the cells to M-CSF in combination with
RANKL. The cells were cultured in plates, pre-coated with a bone
mineral matrix at the bottom of the well, to provide substrate
for their bone-resorption activity. Analysis of the substrate
resorption clearly demonstrated that both, CARKL overexpression
as well as increasing C7 content in the culture media, reduced
pit formation by osteoclasts (Figure 5C). Interestingly, larger
resorption-pits were found only in the absence of sedoheptulose
(Figure 5D).
Again, this data supports the concept of the present
ion that a well-balanced C6/C7 ratio is crucial to
in health and that C7 has the potential to ate the
pathophysiologic situations of i.e. osteoporosis in humans.
Sedoheptulose kinase regulates the immune response of animals
Data of CARKL overexpression and its effects on the mouse
immune-system in a model of acute immune activation and in lowgrade
inflammation of mature adipose tissue is presented with
the present examples. In CARKL mice acute-inflammation was
ed by a sub-lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection,
which resulted in a suppressed cytokine response compared to
wild-type controls (Figure 6A). A panel of 19 cytokines was
measured in WT and CARKL mouse serum, which was isolated 24hrs
after LPS injection (7mg/kg, IP), by mouse cytokine profiler.
Twelve cytokines reached the threshold of 50% mean change, which
was defined as cut-off to highlight cytokines regulated by CARKL
overexpression in vivo. IL-13, MIP1α, RNATES, IL-12 (p70), IL-2,
TNF-α, MCP1, KC, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-15 were decreased by
at least 50% mean change in CARKL mice compared to wild-type
littermates. Cytokines IL-6, IL-17 and IL-15 even reached a
threshold of 75% mean change. In addition to inflammation,
the basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mature adipose
tissue were also assessed from two different depots
(subcutaneous and epididymal adipose tissue) of CARKL and WT
control mice. Consistently with the reduction in LPS-induced
inflammation, mRNA levels of TNFa and MCP1, a y adipokine
which recruits macrophages to adipose tissue and which belongs
to the pro-inflammatory cytokines, were found blunted by CARKL
overexpression (FIGURE 6B-E).
This indicates that a nutritional supplement containing
sedoheptulose might dampen acute and low-grade chronic
inflammation. Therefore, targeting C7 metabolism, either by
nutritional or clinically applied sedoheptulose s as an
effective measure to reduce inflammation and associated
disorders.
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3’-UTR of the
CARKL gene is associated with the risk of .
535 ogically asymptomatic patients from the
Inflammation and Carotid Artery – Risk for Atherosclerosis Study
S, Schillinger et al., (2005) Circulation 111 (17):2203-
2209) were ped for the rs465563 [A] to [G] substitution in
the 3’-UTR of the CARKL gene. 33 (6.2%) patients suffered a
stroke within the observation period. In those patients, the
distribution of rs465563 alleles was significantly different
compared to the allele frequencies of the rest of the study
population (χ²=12.639, df=2, p=0.002, see Figure 6F). In detail,
homozygous carriers of the [G]-allele bore a relative risk of
3.93 (95% CI: 1.72 – 9.01) compared to [A]-homozygous, and 3.10
(95% CI: 1.40 – 6.87) compared to heterozygous duals,
tively. Statistical independence of 63 genotype
information was assessed by a binary logistic regression model
ing age, sex, histories of myocardial infarction and
stroke, nicotine consumption, body mass index, as well as
certain comorbidities (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes
mellitus) as covariates : 476, df=11, p=0.001).
Within this model, carrier status of the [G];[G] pe
presented as icant predictor (odds ratio = 5.015, 95% CI:
1.803 – 13.943) when compared to patients homozygous for the
[A]-allele. Moreover, it has been assessed by drawing Kaplan-
Meier plots whether initial stroke-free survival time depends on
rs465563 carrier status. Indeed, homozygous carriers of the [G]-
allele (1518,3 days, 95% CI: 1419,2 – 1617,4) presented with
significantly shorter event-free survival than heterozygous
individuals 1 days, 95% CI: 1584.8 – 1653.3, p=0.005) and
carriers of the [A];[A]-genotype (1788.1 days, 95% CI: 1755.7 –
1820.4, p=4.9∙10-4) (Figure 6G). Individuals homozygous for the
rs465563: [G]-allele show significantly r event-free times
than carriers of the [A]-allele.
The mechanistical background of this clinical association
remains to be clarified. However, given the ability of CARKL to
modulate macrophage polarization and the key role of the latter
in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques, it
seems likely that the rs465563 polymorphism may impact on the
risk of cerebrovascular events via modulation of macrophage
polarization within sclerotic plaques. This notion is
supported by the ation according to the present invention
that the 3’-UTR of the CARKL gene is mainly transcribed in
macrophages.
In conclusion, this association and the provided data on
metabolism and function of adipocytes, hepatocytes, and
macrophages in ation with reduced inflammation and
enhanced insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo strongly
indicates that sedoheptulose (C7-sugar) is a critical
constituent for human nutrition and simultaneously a highly
relevant medication to treat i.e. C7-defiencies or other
metabolic unhealthy disease states.
Claims (3)
1. Use of sedoheptulose as a dietary supplement.
2. Use of ptulose according to claim 1, wherein sedoheptulose induces cellular oxygen consumption for healthy individuals.
3. Use of sedoheptulose according to claim 1, wherein sedoheptulose inhibits extracellular ication, glycolysis, or lactate formation for healthy individuals.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP13160426.6 | 2013-03-21 | ||
EP13160426.6A EP2781218A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2013-03-21 | Use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement |
PCT/EP2014/055673 WO2014147213A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2014-03-21 | Use of sedoheptulose as a nutritional supplement |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NZ711528A NZ711528A (en) | 2020-09-25 |
NZ711528B2 true NZ711528B2 (en) | 2021-01-06 |
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