NZ624641B2 - Amphipathic lipid-based sustained release compositions - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are chewable sustained release compositions and their methods of production. The compositions comprise (a) about 0.5 to about 90 weight percent of one or more active ingredients; (b) between about 0.5 to about 80 weight percent of one or more amphipathic lipids; and (c) between about 5 to about 90 weight percent of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent, wherein said at least one active ingredient being encapsulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent. t 5 to about 90 weight percent of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent, wherein said at least one active ingredient being encapsulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent.

Description

AMPHIPATHIC LIPID-BASED SUSTAINED RELEASE COMPOSITIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to chewable sustained release compositions and to methods of preparing and using such compositions.

PTION OF THE RELATED ART Sustained release compositions have been developed to provide a slow and ned release of a drug or active ingredient into a t over an extended period of time.

Thus, sustained release compositions te the necessity for multiple daily dosings of n drugs and other active ients. However, most existing sustained release compositions are not suitable as chewable formulations. In fact, g most sustained release compositions will inhibit their ability to slowly release the drug or active ingredient over an extended period of time and will result in an uncontrolled burst of the drug or active ingredient. Furthermore, most sustained release compositions have an unacceptable taste when chewed, which ses the willingness ofmany patients to accept such tablets.

Chewable tablets of sustained release compositions have been increasingly utilized in various pharmaceutical and veterinary markets due to their ability to n constant drug release over an extended time period and maintain taste-masking properties even after being chewed into smaller fragments. For instance, chewable sustained release tablets have developed a niche in veterinary medicine because many of the treated animals tend to chew any medicine given . Chewable sustained release tablets are also increasingly being used in human medicine for patients who have lties in swallowing or taking intact tions.

Recently, wax-based agents have been incorporated into chewable sustained release compositions in an attempt to provide the desired sustained release and taste-masking properties. For instance, US. Patent Application No. 2010/0062988 ses chewable ned release compositions produced by using dispersions of the vegetable protein zein coupled with wax-like agents and a spheronizing agent to encapsulate drugs and other active ingredients. The zein/wax matrix is able to produce a chewable sustained release ition that can add a degree of taste-masking to bitter tasting drugs. Similarly, US. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0220079 utilizes wax-like agents in conjunction with a spherizonizing agent to produce a chewable sustained release composition that can encapsulate drugs and other active ingredients. However, the chewable sustained, release compositions in both of these publications require that the compositions be heated to a temperature exceeding the melting points of the wax-like agent in order to effectively encapsulate the drug or active ingredient.

Unfortunately, this additional heating stop can increase the costs of producing these chewable sustained release compositions and potentially damage the encapsulated drug or active ient. [0006a] A reference herein to a patent document or other matter which is given as prior art is not to be taken as an admission that that document or matter was known or that the information it contains was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of any of the claims.

[0007] Accordingly, there is a need for a chewable sustained release composition, and a s for making such, that is capable of maintaining a sustained release of a drug or active ingredient over an extended time period and that exhibits certain taste-masking properties.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0008] In one embodiment of the present invention, a sustained release ition is provided. The sustained, e composition comprises (a) between about 0.5% to about 80% by weight of one or more active ingredients; (b) between about 0.5% to about 80% by weight of one or more amphipathic lipids; and (c) between about 5% to about 90% by weight of at least one bulking or nizing agent. The active ingredients are encapsulated within a matrix comprising the amphipathic lipids and the bulking or spheronizing agent. The composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of the active ingredients, as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of about % to 50% after about 2 hours, about 25% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours.

In r embodiment of the t invention, a sustained release ition is provided. The ned release composition comprises (a) between about 0.5% to about 80% by weight of one or more active ingredients; (b) between about 0.5% to about 80% by weight of one or more athic lipids selected from the group consisting of phospholipids and ins; and (c) between about 5% to about 80% by weight of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent. The active ingredients are encapsulated within a matrix comprising the amphipathic lipids and the bulking or nizing agent. The composition ts an in vitro dissolution rate of the active ingredients, as measured. by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of about 10% to 90% after about 2 hours, about 20% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 70% after about 16 hours.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a process to produce a sustained, release composition is provided. The s comprises the steps of: (a) combining one or more active ingredients and one or more lipids in a solvent to produce an -containing solution or sion; (b) mixing the active-containing solution or suspension with at least one nizing or bulking agent to produce a mixture; and (c) forming the mixture into tablets. The tablets t an in vitro dissolution rate of the active ingredients, as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of about 10% to 90% after about 2 hours, about 20% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 70% after about 16 hours. In addition, steps (a)-(c) are performed at temperatures that do not exceed the melting points of the lipids. [0010a] More specifically, there is provided according to a first embodiment of the invention a chewable composition comprising: (a) about 0.5 to about 90 weight percent of one or more water soluble active ingredients; (b) between about 0.5 to about 80 weight t of one or more amphipathic lipids; and (c) between about 5 to about 90 weight t of at least one bulking or nizing agent, wherein said at least one active ingredient being encapsulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent; wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II of about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about % to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours; and wherein said composition has not been ted to temperatures exceeding the melting points of said one or more amphipathic lipids. [0010b] According to a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided a chewable composition comprising: (a) about 0.5 to about 80 weight percent of one or more active ingredients; (b) about 0.5 to about 80 weight percent of one or more amphipathic lipids selected from the group consisting of phospholipids and lecithins wherein said phospholipids comprise phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanol, phosphatidylserine, or mixtures thereof; (c) about 5 to about 80 weight percent of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent, wherein said at least one active ingredient being ulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing, agent; wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II of about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about % to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours; and wherein said composition has not been ted to temperatures ing the melting points of said one or more athic lipids. [0010c] According to a third embodiment of the ion, there is provided a process for preparing tablets of a sustained release composition comprising: (a) dissolving or dispersing one or more active ients and one or more lipids in a solvent to produce an active-containing solution or suspension; (b) mixing said active-containing on or suspension with at least one spheronizing or bulking agent to produce a mixture; and (c) forming said mixture into tablets, wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about 25% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours, wherein said steps (a)-(c) are performed at temperatures not exceeding the melting point of said one or more lipids. [0010d] Throughout the description and claims of the specification, the word "comprise" and variations of the word, such as "comprising" and "comprises", is not intended to e other additives, components, integers or steps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS depicts in vitro dissolution profiles of phenylpropanolamine HCl ("PPA") sustained release tablets at two different phospholipid concentrations as compared to PPA extended release tablets containing hypromellose. depicts in vitro dissolution es of PPA sustained release tablets at two different phospholipid concentrations. depicts in vitro dissolution profiles of PPA sustained release tablets formulated with two different types of lecithin. depicts in vitro ution profiles of PPA sustained, release tablets formulated with cholesterol and phospholipids. depicts in vitro dissolution profiles of PPA sustained release tablets formulated with about 1% and 3% ethylcellulose plasticized with phospholipids. depicts in vitro dissolution profiles of PPA sustained release tablets formulated with phospholipids and 5% and 10% glyceryl behenate. depicts in vitro ution profiles of PPA sustained release tablets formulated with phospholipids and 10% and 20% hydrogenated cottonseed oil.

[0018] depicts in vitro dissolution es of guaifenesin sustained release tablets ated with phospholipids. depicts in vitro dissolution profiles of dextromethorphan HBr sustained release s formulated with phospholipids.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure is directed to chewable sustained release itions that comprise at least one amphipathic lipid. An “amphipathic lipid,” as used herein, pertains to any molecule that is lipophilic and has at least one region that is polar or ionic (i.e., hydrophilic).

The ned release compositions of the present disclosure can comprise, t essentially of, or consist of: (i) at least one active ingredient, (ii) at least one amphipathic lipid, and (iii) at least one bulking and/or spheronizing agent. Furthermore, the sustained released composition of the present disclosure can take the form of s or multiparticulates. In certain embodiments, the sustained release compositions ed herein are capable of maintaining the sustained release of active ingredients subsequent to chewing or being fragmented into smaller pieces. In other ments, the compositions of the present disclosure have minimal initial burst of active ingredients to enable the making of taste-masking ations.

Unless ted otherwise, any weight percentage is the weight of the listed component relative to the total weight of a composition, to the total weight of a tablet, or to the total weight of a multiparticulate.

As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.

As used in the present disclosure, the term "about" refers to any value in the range of 90% to 110% of the specified value.

Amphipathic Lipids The sustained release composition of the t disclosure comprises one or more amphipathic lipids. In certain embodiments, the amphipathic lipids can comprise at least about 0.5, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 weight percent of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate. Additionally or alternatively, the amphipathic lipids can comprise no more than about 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 weight t of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate.

In one embodiment, the amphipathic lipids can include any lipid that exhibits both hydrophilic and ilic properties. In certain ments, the amphipathic lipids are selected from the group consisting of phospholipids, lecithins, steroids, sphingolipids, ceramides, and glycolipids. In a more particular embodiment, the amphipathic lipids are selected from the group consisting of phospholipids and lecithins. In one embodiment, the amphipathic lipids do not include lipids formed from hydrophobic polymers and/or hilic polymers.

Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that generally contain lipophilic hydrocarbon tails and a hydrophilic head comprising a phosphate group. Due to this hydrophilic head, phospholipids can be readily soluble or dispersable in various organic solvents. Lecithin is lly an unrefined mixture of phospholipids that contains a non-defined ratio of phosphatidylcholine. The ratio of phosphatidylcholine in the lecithin depends on the source of the lecithin.

In one embodiment, the phospholipids comprise phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanol, phosphatidylserine, or mixtures f. In another ment, the olipids comprise at least about 5, 10, 15, or 20 and/or not more than 99, 95, or 90 weight percent of atidylcholine. Exemplary phospholipids include, for example, PHOSPHOLIPON 90H and PHOSPHOLIPON 20 from LIPOID (Newark, NJ). Exemplary lecithins include, for example, ULTRALEC from ARCHER S MIDLAND (Decatur, IL) and lecithin from BULKFOODSCOM o, OH).

Steroids are amphipathic lipids that generally contain a base structure of at least four cycloalkane rings that are joined together. Various functional groups can be attached to this four ring core in order to impart hydrophilic properties onto the steroid. Exemplary ds include, for example, cholesterol.

The amphipathic lipids can include, for example, lipids that are suspended, dispersed, or dissolved in an aqueous, lcoholic, or organic solvent. In one embodiment, the amphipathic lipids can be suspended, dispersed, or dissolved in a solvent ed from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and es thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the amphipathic lipids do not include solutions of polymers in organic solvents.

In certain embodiments, the amphipathic lipids are not exposed to any temperatures that exceed their melting points during the production of the sustained release 2012/067361 compositions. For e, during production of the sustained e compositions, the amphipathic lipids may not be subjected to temperatures exceeding 120°C, 110°C, 100°C, 90°C, 80°C, 70°C, 60°C, 50°C, 40°C, 35°C, or 30°C. Unlike conventional wax-based lipids, amphipathic lipids do not need to be melted in any degree in order to effectively encapsulate the active ingredients. The e of a g step can reduce production costs and ze potential degradation to the active ingredients during production.

It is theorized that the mechanism ed in this disclosure is based on the formation of a solid matrix of the active ingredient by the amphipathic lipids. The amphipathic lipids "seal" the active ingredients by embedding the active ingredient in the matrix. For clarification, the amphipathic lipids of this disclosure are not used as a coating.

Active Ingredients As used in the present disclosure, the term “active ingredient” includes any active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and nutraceutical ingredient(s). The active ingredients in the composition may be any active ingredients (i.e., a compound or a composition) with beneficial pharmaceutical, therapeutic, nutritional, or cosmetic effects. The active ingredients can comprise at least about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 weight percent of the composition, , or articulate. Additionally or alternatively, the active ingredients can comprise no more than about 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, , 20, 15, or 10 weight percent of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is phenylpropanolamine (“PPA”) or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride). PPA has been used as a decongestant and an appetite suppressant in humans. In nary medicine, it is also used to control urinary incontinence in dogs.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may be one or more analgesics or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such as acetaminophen, a centrally acting analgesic agent, opiate, narcotic, nonsteroidal nflammatory drugs (“NSAID”), and/or salicylate. ary NSAIDs include, for example, aspirin, carprofen, deracoxib, etodolac, xib, celecoxib, diclofenac, diflunisal, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, kietorolac, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, naproxen, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, rofecoxib, sulindac, tepoxalin, valdecoxib, and/or vedaprofen.

In certain ments, the active ingredient may be one or more medications for treating respiratory congestion, allergy symptoms, nasal discharge, or tussis. These include, for example, bromopheniramine, heniramine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, ephedrine, guaifenesin, PPA, pseudoephedrine, and/or acceptable salts thereof.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may be an pileptic, anti- seizure, anti-convulsant, or GABA-ergics. These include, for example, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamates, carbamazepines, gabapentin, oxazoladinediones, phenytoin, potassium bromide, pregabalin, pyrrolidines, succinimides, sulfonamides, triazines, topiramate, valproamines, zonisamide, and/or able salts thereof.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is a dietary supplement or nutraceutical, such as vitamins, vitamins (i.e., a mixture of multiple vitamins, such as a e of two or more fat-soluble ns, a mixture of two or more soluble vitamins, and a mixture of one or more fat-soluble vitamins and one or more water-soluble vitamins), minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, proteins (e.g., milk protein concentrates), idants (e.g., grape seed extract and milk thistle), anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., bromelain), carotenoids (e.g., lycopene and lutein), ids (e.g., quercetin and rutin), prebiotics (e.g., arabinogalactan and fructooligosaccharides), and/or weight loss agents (e.g., garcinia cambogia).

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is one or more anti-infective or anti- microbial agents or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof including, for example, B-lactam otics (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin, and fur), lincosamides, mycin, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, macrolides, ketolides, penicillins, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline), cycloserine, vancomycin, linezolid, oxazolidinone, pyrimethamine, atovaquone, tigecycline, glycylcyclines, anthelmintics, antifungals, larial agents, antiprotozoal agents, leprostatics, antituberculosis agents, and/or anti-parasitics. In other embodiments, the anti-infective agent is azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, telithromycin, ciprofloxacin, a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, and/or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is a thyroid or a thyroid modulating agent, including levothyroxine sodium useful for treating hypothyroidism and azole useful for treating hyperthyroidism. 2012/067361 In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is a behavior modifying drug, such as anti-anxiety agents and antidepressants. Exemplary behavior modifying drugs include, for e, buspirone hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, paroxetine, amitriptyline hloride, clomipramine hydrochloride, doxepin, and mine hydrochloride.

In certain embodiments, the active ient is an anti-diabetic agent.

Exemplary anti-diabetic agents include, for example, glipizide, metformin, acarbose, and glibenclamide.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is a phosphate binding compound.

Exemplary compounds include, for example, sevelamer hydrochloride, aluminum carbonate, and aluminum hydroxide.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is one or more antiviral agents or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as, for example, abacavir, acyclovir, ganciclovir, lammivudine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, valacyclovir, and zidovudine.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is an antacid such as, for example, sodium antacids (e.g., trisodium ate), calcium antacids (e. g., calcium carbonate), aluminum antacids (e.g., um ide), magnesium antacids (e.g., magnesium hydroxide), and combinations thereof.

In n embodiments, the active ingredient is one or more insect growth tors (“IGR”) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof such as, for e, methoprene, kinoprene, hydroprene, diflubenzuron, and/or pyriproxifen.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is one or more idants or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof such as, for example, ascorbic acid, bromelain, grapeseed extract, milk e, rose hip, alpha lipoic acid, beta carotene, lycopene, lutein, and/or alpha tocopherol.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient is a high dose active ingredient. An active ingredient of "high dose" refers to an active ingredient that is orally administered at a daily dose of about or greater than 1 mg/kg body weight to an adult human patient or an adult non- human subject. In one embodiment, the active ingredient has a daily dose about or greater than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg body weight for an adult human or an adult non- human subject. In another embodiment, the active ingredient has a daily dose about or greater than 100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 mg for an adult human or an adult non-human subject. In yet another embodiment, the active ingredients are those that must be given at about 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, or 1 g per dose in a twice-a-day, once-a-day, or once-per-treatment regimen.

Exemplary active ients of high dose include, for example, guaifenesin (100 mg/dose or more), acyclovir (200 mg/dose), acetaminophen (300 mg/dose), min (500 mg/dose), ntin (100-800 mg/dose), glucosamine, glucosamine sulfate, and glucosamine HCl (500 mg/dose).

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient has a short half-life. An active ingredient of "short half-life" refers to an active ient that has a ife about or less than 12 hours. In other embodiments, the active ingredient of the present disclosure has a half-life of about or less than about ll, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 hours in a human or non-human subject.

In general, an active ingredient of a short ife is required to be taken more than twice a day in its immediate release forms to in the efficacious blood concentration level through the day.

In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may be insoluble, slightly soluble, sparingly soluble, soluble, freely soluble, or very soluble in water.

In certain embodiments, the composition may fiarther comprise a second active ingredient. In one embodiment, the other active ingredient may have the same or similar pharmacological effect as the first active ingredient. In r embodiment, the second active ingredient may have a cological effect different from the first active ingredient.

Secondary Sustained Release Agent In certain embodiments, a secondary sustained release agent can be added to the composition in order to supplement and reinforce the amphipathic lipids. In such an embodiment, the secondary sustained e agent comprises at least about 0.5, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 weight percent of the composition, tablet, or articulate. Additionally or atively, the ary sustained release agent can comprise no more than about 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 weight percent of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate.

In one embodiment, the secondary sustained release agent is different from the amphipathic lipids. The secondary sustained release agent can comprise, for example, esters of a fatty alcohol and a saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acid, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di-, or triglycerides), hydrogenated fats, hydrogenated vegetable oils, cholesterol, hydrocarbons, waxes, hydrophobic polymers having a hydrocarbon backbone, hydrophilic polymers having a hydrocarbon backbone, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the secondary sustained e agent comprises a wax, such as animal and insect waxes (e.g., beeswax, Chinese wax, shellac wax, spermaceti wax, and lanolin wax), vegetable waxes (e.g., bayberry wax, candelilla wax, camauba wax, castor wax, esparto wax, Japan wax, jojoba oil, ouricury wax, and rice bran wax), mineral waxes (e.g., ceresin waxes, montan wax extracted from lignite and brown coal, ozocerite, and peat waxes), petroleum waxes (e.g., paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax), and/or tic waxes (e.g., polyethylene waxes, chemically modified waxes, substituted amide waxes, and polymerized alpha-olef1ns).

In another embodiment, the secondary sustained release agent comprises vegetable wax, candelilla wax, a wax, castor wax, esparto wax, Japan wax, jojoba oil, ouricury wax, and/or rice bran wax.

In yet another ment, the secondary sustained release agent comprises hydrogenated vegetable oils such as, for example, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil, enated soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and stearyl alcohol.

Bulking or nizing Agents The sustained release compositions of the present disclosure also comprise one or more bulking or spheronizing agents. The bulking or spheronizing agents can comprise at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, or 50 weight percent of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate. Additionally or alternatively, the bulking or spheronizing agent can comprise no more than about 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, or 50 weight t of the composition, , or multiparticulate.

A "bulking agent," as used herein, refers to an agent that es the ability of the sustained release composition to form into a cohesive plastic mass that can subsequently be granulated or extruded and compressed into s.

A onizing agent," as used , refers to an agent that es the ability of the sustained release composition to form into a cohesive plastic mass that may be subsequently spheronized to e spherical s or fragmented to form non-spherical pellets.

In one embodiment, the bulking or spheronizing agent is selected from a group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pregelatinized starch, dicalcium phosphate, powdered sugar, calcium phosphate, calcium e, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, sodium chloride, ol, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the g or spheronizing agent is microcrystalline cellulose. In other embodiments, the bulking or spheronizing agent is a combination of rystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate.

Sustained Release The sustained release composition of the present disclosure provides sustained release of the active ingredient. The term "sustained release," as used herein, refers to a e of an active ingredient that occurs more slowly ve to an immediate release dosage form.

The term may be used interchangeably with "slow-release, controlled release," "modified release," or ded release.’ The sustained release ty of a composition is typically measured by an in vitro dissolution method and confirmed by an in vivo blood concentration- time profile (i.e., a pharmacokinetic profile).

The term "immediate release dosage forms" refers to release forms wherein at least 75% of the active ient is released or dissolved within about one-half hour after in vivo administration or in an in vitro dissolution assay as known in the art or tested using a USP Dissolution Apparatus II.

In certain embodiments, the sustained release composition releases the active ingredient in a nearly linear fashion for at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ll, l2, 14, or 16 hours. An active ingredient is released in a "nearly linear" fashion for a ed period of time if the release rate of the agent does not change more than 20% during each hour within the ied period of time.

In certain embodiments, the sustained release composition has an in vitro dissolution rate, as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of at least about 5%, 10%, %, 20%, 25%, or 30% of the active ingredient released after 2 hours, at least about 10%, 15%, %, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of the active ingredient released after 4 hours, at least about 20%, %, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of the active ingredient released after 6 hours, at least about %, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of the active ingredient released after 8 hours, at least about %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or 55% of the active ingredient released after 10 hours, at least about 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% of the active ingredient ed after 12 hours, and/or at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% of the active ingredient released after 16 hours.

In certain embodiments, the sustained release composition has an in vitro dissolution rate, as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of no more than about 10%, %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient ed after 2 hours, no more than about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient released after 4 hours, no more than about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient released after 6 hours, no more than about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient released after 8 hours, no more than about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient released after 10 hours, no more than about 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ient released after 12 hours, and/or no more than about 70%, 80%, or 90% of the active ingredient ed after 16 hours.

The term "initial burst" refers to uncontrolled or quick release of the active ient (e.g., greater than 10% of the drug load) from a dosage form immediately following an exposure to an aqueous medium (such as saliva or gastric fluid). A burst is undesired as it defeats the purpose of a sustained release and/or taste-masking for a chewable composition.

In certain embodiments, the sustained release composition can have minimal initial burst of no more than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% during the first 1 to 5 minutes as measured in an in vitro dissolution assay by a USP Dissolution tus II. Such a feature allows the making of taste-masking formulations, especially desirable for active ingredients with unpleasant tastes (e. g., phenylpropanolamine, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and certain vitamins).

In n embodiments, the sustained release compositions are chewable.

"Chewable," as used herein, refers to the ability of a tablet or multiparticulate composition to in its ned release property and taste-masking property if fragmented into a plurality of smaller .

In certain embodiments, when the tablets or multiparticulates are broken into a plurality of fragments, the fragmented composition can maintain an in vitro dissolution rate of the active ient, as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II, of no more than about 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, or 20% of the active ingredient released after 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 hours.

In n embodiments, the average in vitro dissolution rate of the sustained release composition in tablet or multiparticulate forms, as measured by a USP ution tus 11, does not increase by more than about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, %, 20% or 10% during the first 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 hours when the tablets or pellets are fragmented.

In certain embodiments, the ned release composition, when administered orally to a patient in need of the equivalent daily dose of an immediate release formulation, provides a plasma concentration of its active ingredient at or above its minimum ive concentration for a period of time at least about the same as, or about 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or 5 times of, that of the immediate release formulation administered at a daily standard dose (i.e., the daily dose according to the official product description for the formulation or the dose approved by a regulatory authority for the ation).

Multiparticulates In certain embodiments, the sustained release composition is in the form of multiparticulates, which are discrete particles that make up a multiple-unit dosage form.

Multiparticulates include, for example, pellets (e.g., spherical or non-spherical pellets) and granules.

The term "pellets" refers to small particles with approximately uniform shapes and sizes produced by an extrusion process. A "small particle" refers to a particle of which diameter, length, height, and width is at most 10 mm (e.g., at most 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 mm).

In certain embodiments, the ition of the present disclosure is in the form of spherical pellets. The term ical pellet" refers to beads, beadlets, spherical particles, spheroids, or the like that are of round or about round in shape and are generally made by an extrusion and spheronization process.

Additional Ingredients and Coatings Optionally, the sustained release composition may comprise one or more excipients, including s, antioxidants, colorants, lubricants, glidants, and flavoring agents.

In one ment, the excipients can comprise at least about 0.1, l, 5, 10, or 15 and/or no more than about 50, 40, 25, 20, 15, or 10 by weight of the composition, tablet, or multiparticulate.

Suitable binders e water-soluble hydroxyalkyl celluloses such as povidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, cellulose gums (e.g., hydroxypropyl cellulose, ypropyl methylcellulose (“HPMC”), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose sodium (“CMC”)), n, starch, and/or water-insoluble polymers (e.g., pre-gelatinized starch, acrylic polymers or copolymers, or alkyl celluloses such as ethyl cellulose).

Suitable antioxidants e butylated hydroxyanisole (“BHA”), butylated hydroxytoluene (“BHT”), vitamin E, and/or ascorbyl palmitate.

Suitable colorants may be selected from any FD&C pigments or dyes.

Suitable lubricants include talc, stearic acid, vegetable oil, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, and/or magnesium stearate.

Suitable glidants e talc, silicon dioxide, and cornstarch.

Other excipients that may be incorporated into the sustained release compositions e preservatives or any other excipient commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

In n embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure is optionally coated for additional drug release control, appearance, moisture protection, taste, or flavor improvement.

The term "sustained e barrier g" refers to a coating on the tablets or multiparticulates that substantially slows the release of the active ingredient. More specifically, the presence of a sustained release barrier coating reduces the in vitro dissolution rate of the active ingredient within the first two hours by at least about 50%.

Suitable sustained release coating materials include water-insoluble waxes and polymers such as hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., hydrogenated seed oil), polymethacrylates, and/or water-insoluble celluloses (e.g., ethylcellulose).

Exemplary Embodiments Unless otherwise provided, the exemplary formulations described in this section may comprise any active ingredient, especially one or more of those cally described above, any amphipathic lipid, any secondary sustained release agent, and any bulking or nizing agent. In addition, such exemplary formulations can be in tablet or multi- particulate forms and e sustained e of the active ingredient.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 1% to about 70% by weight of an active ingredient; (b) from 1% to 30% by weight of one or more amphipathic lipids; (c) from about 10% to about 80% by weight of secondary sustained release agent, and (d) from about 5% to about 70% by weight of a bulking or spheronizing agent.

In certain ments, the composition of the present sure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of an active ingredient; (b) from about 0.5% to about 40% by weight of one or more amphipathic lipids; and (c) from about 10% to about 60% by weight of a one or more bulking or spheronizing agents.

In n embodiments, the composition of the t disclosure in tablet or multiparticulate forms comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 3% to about 25% by weight of an active ingredient; (b) from 1% to 15% by weight of one or more amphipathic lipids; (c) from about 5% to about 55% by weight of a secondary sustained release agent, and (d) from about 15% to about 45% by weight of a g or spheronizing agent.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or articulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 1% to about 80% by weight of an active ingredient; (b) from 1% to 30% by weight of phospholipids from an lic dispersion; (c) from about 1% to about 70% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid, or vegetable wax, and (d) from about 5% to about 50% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or articulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 3% to about 25% by weight of an active ingredient; (b) from 1% to 15% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) from about 1% to about 25% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid, or vegetable wax, and (d) from about 15% to about 45% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, ethylcellulose, ium phosphate or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists ially of, or consists of: (a) from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) from 0.5% to 10% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) from about 10% to about 40% by weight of microcrystalline ose, and (d) from about 5% to about 25% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 1% to about 10% by weight of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) from 5% to 25% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) from about 40% to about 65% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil or vegetable oil (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil, stearic acid, and camauba wax), (d) from about 15% to about 35% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, and (e) from about 10% to about 20% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

] In certain ments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) from about 1% to about 50% by weight of multi-vitamins and minerals, (b) from about 1% to about 25% by weight of phospholipids from an lic dispersion, (c) from about 1% to about 20% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil or vegetable wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil, stearic acid, or camauba wax), and (d) from about 10% to about 50% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists ially of, or consists of: (a) from about 5% to about 30% by weight of a water-soluble drug or salt thereof, (b) from about 1% to about 25% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion, (c) from about 5% to about 50% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil or vegetable wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil, c acid, or camauba wax), and (d) from about 15% to about 60% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present sure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) about 8% or 9% by weight of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) about 8.5% by weight of olipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) about 10% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid, or vegetable wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil and camauba wax), (d) about 24% by weight of rystalline cellulose, and (e) about 14% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, ts ially of, or consists of: (a) about 8.25% by weight of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) about 16.5% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) about 48% by weight of hydrogenated ble oil, stearic acid, or 2012/067361 ble wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil and camauba wax), (d) about 24% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, and (e) about 14% by weight of dicalcium ate.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) about 10% by weight of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) about 8.5% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) about 1 to about 10% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid, or ble wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil and camauba wax), (d) about 27% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, and (e) about 24% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form ses, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) about 8.25% by weight of guaifenesin; (b) about 8.25% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic dispersion; (c) about 1% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid, or vegetable wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil and camauba wax), (d) about 25% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, and (e) about 33% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

In certain embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure in a tablet or multiparticulate form ses, consists essentially of, or consists of: (a) about 0.9% by weight of dextromethorphan HBr; (b) about 8.25% by weight of phospholipids from an alcoholic sion; (c) about 1% by weight of hydrogenated vegetable oil, c acid, or vegetable wax (e.g., hydrogenated cottonseed oil and camauba wax), (d) about 25% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, and (e) about 40% by weight of dicalcium phosphate.

Dosage Forms In another aspect, oral dosage forms that comprise the compositions disclosed herein are provided. The term "oral dosage form" refers to a device that collectively delivers, by oral ingestion, the desired amount of an active ingredient, to achieve a desired dose of the active ingredient. lly, the oral dosage form is a powder for oral suspension, a unit dose packet or sachet, a tablet, or a capsule.

In n embodiments, the s of the present disclosure may be mixed with a vehicle and packaged in a container such as a screw cap bottle. Prior to dosing, the mixture is added with water or another liquid and shaken to form an "oral suspension." In this oral suspension, the pellets containing the active ingredient may be (a) completely suspended in the vehicle, or (b) lly suspended in the vehicle and partially in on with the vehicle.

] In certain ments, the multiparticulate composition of the present disclosure may be mixed with or placed on feed to allow the animal patient to eat voluntarily.

The term "vehicle" refers to a mixture that facilitates the suspension of pellets and improves the taste of an oral suspension. A vehicle useful in this invention may n suspending agents, aking agents, s, sweeteners, flavorants, colorants, and/or lubricants.

Examples of suspending agents or thickeners include xanthan gum, starch, guar gum, sodium te, ymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl ose, polyacrylic acid, silica gel, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, and/or titanium dioxide.

Examples of anti-caking agents or fillers include colloidal silicon oxide and lactose.

In certain ments, the dosage form may be ed in a bottle, packet, pouch, sachet, or capsule.

In certain embodiments, the dosage form comprises the active ingredient at a dose of at least about 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 750, 800, or 900 mg, or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 gram per dose.

In certain embodiments, the dosage form is for single dose use. "Single dose," as used herein, refers to administering only one dose of an active ingredient in the full course of therapy.

In certain ments, the dosage form, upon oral administration to a patient in need thereof, provides a plasma concentration of the active agent in the patient at or above its m effective concentration for at least about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, l2, l4, 16, 18, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, or 168 hours.

In certain embodiments, the dosage form, upon oral administration to a patient in need thereof, provides a plasma concentration of the active agent in the patient at or above its minimum effective concentration for a period of time that is at least about 2, 3, 4, or 5 times of that of an immediate release formulation administered at a standard dose.

Methods of Producing the Sustained Release Composition In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for making the compositions and dosage forms described herein.

WO 82470 In certain ments, the present disclosure provides a method for making the sustained release composition that comprises: (a) combining one or more active ingredients and one or more amphipathic lipids in a solvent to produce an active-containing solution or suspension; (b) mixing the active-containing solution or suspension with at least one spheronizing or bulking agent to produce a mixture; and (c) forming the mixture into tablets. In such an embodiment, steps ) are performed at temperatures that do not exceed the melting point of the amphipathic lipids. The solvent can be selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, ethyl e, acetone, and es thereof.

In another embodiment, the method comprises: (a) combining one or more active ingredients and one or more amphipathic lipids in a solvent to produce an active-containing solution or suspension; (b) mixing the active-containing solution or suspension with at least one spheronizing or bulking agent to produce a mixture; (c) ating or extruding the mixture of step (b) to obtain wet granules or ates, (d) drying the granules or extrudates to produce a dry granule or extrudate, and (e) sizing the dry granules or fragmenting the dry extrudates to form pellets. In such an embodiment, steps (a)-(e) are performed at temperatures that do not exceed the melting point of the athic lipids. In r ment, steps (a)-(e) are performed at temperatures that do not exceed 120°C, 110°C, 100°C, 80°C, 60°C, 50°C, 40°C, °C, or 30°C. In yet another embodiment, at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 99.9 percent of the active ingredient added in step (a) remains present in the extrudates, granules, or pellets in steps (d) or (e).

As used herein, the term "granules" refers to small particles without approximately uniform shapes and sizes formed by the process in the present disclosure. es generally are less uniform in size or shape than pellets.

In certain embodiments, the dry granules or s are fiarther filled into es.

In certain embodiments, the dry granules or pellets are further coated with a coating composition provided .

In certain embodiments, the dry granules or pellets are fiarther mixed with other tabletting ingredients and compressed into tablets. In other embodiments, the tablets are further coated with a coating composition ed herein. 2012/067361 The drying step is primarily used to remove water, hydroalcoholic, or organic solvent from the mixture and to cause the granules/extrudates/pellets to sufficiently harden. A lower temperature (e.g., no more than about 40°C, 35°C, or 30°C) is usually sufficient for the drying purpose and is preferred for the stability of the active ingredient. In a preferred embodiment, the drying step does not occur at temperatures that exceed the melting points of the athic lipids. For instance, the drying step does not exceed temperatures of 120°C, 110°C, 100°C, 80°C, 60°C, 50°C, 40°C, 35°C, or 30°C.

The drying time may vary from 10 minutes to several hours or longer depending upon the batch size, efficiency of the dryer used, and the drying temperature. The drying stage will continue until a substantial portion of the water, hydroalcoholic, or organic solvent has been d from the granules or extrudates. As used herein, the term “dry,” as used in conjunction with the granules, extrudates, and pellets, refers to granules, ates, or pellets haVing a residual solvent content of less than 10 weight percent. In other embodiments, the drying step can continue until the granules, extrudates, or pellets contain a residual solvent content of no more than 7, 5, or 3 weight percent.

In certain embodiments, the drying step may be performed in a lyophilizer, fluid bed process, convection oven, or microwave oven.

In certain embodiments, the method of the present disclosure does not utilize a g step that uses temperatures exceeding the melting points of the amphipathic lipids. In such an ment, the active ients exhibit little or no degradation during the production method provided herein.

In certain embodiments, the dry granules, pellets, extrudates, or tablets produced via the above ion process are further coated with a coating composition. Such a coating composition may comprise amphipathic lipids, a ary sustained release agent, a nt, a colorant, or a combination thereof.

Methods of Using Compositions In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods for using the sustained e compositions and dosage forms described herein for ng or preventing diseases or disorders. The diseases or disorders include, for example, inence, tion, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, anxiety, depression and other behaVioral disorders, pain, inflammation, infection, diabetes, hyperphosphataemia, chronic diseases, and dietary ncies. As previously mentioned, the sustained release composition described herein can be used to treat diseases or ers in human or non-human ts.

This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of ments thereof, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for the es of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated.

ENABLING EXAMPLES The following examples are provided by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation.

Example 1 Chewable sustained release tablets containing PPA were ed by first mixing phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90, “PL90H”) with a PPA dissolved in ethanol at about 30°C to about 40°C to produce a dispersion. Using a low-shear mixer, microcrystalline cellulose, liver blend, and dicalcium phosphate were mixed with the dispersion to produce a wet-mass material.

Extrudates (i.e., wet granules) were produced by passing the wet-mass al through a 16- mesh screen. The granules were dried at ambient temperature over night until the moisture level was not more than 5% by weight. The dried granules were then further fragmented by forcing them through a lO-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were ssed into tablets having the target weight and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP. The ned release tablets contained PPA and varying amounts of phospholipids as shown in TABLE 1. The PPA potency in each of the tablet samples was calculated using a RP-HPLC .

TABLE l PHOSPHOLIPON 90H ——40% 44-75% Microcrystalline Cellulose 24.75% 24.75% 6% Liver Blend Stearic Acid 1% Total Tablet Weight % 100% ] The in Vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets were tested by using a USP Dissolution Apparatus 11. Each tested sample was filtered through a 10 micron filter prior to testing. The in Vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets were compared to PPA extended release tablets comprising hypromellose ”), 100 mg PPA, and no phospholipids. The formulation of this tablet is shown in TABLE 1. The in Vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets of TABLE 1 are presented in The tablets containing 16.5% and 8.25% of phospholipids trated similar dissolution rates to the HPMC . Both of these formulations continuously released PPA over a period of 16 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for PPA extended release tablets.

Example 2 This example focused on the effects that PHOSPHOLIPON 20 had on the in Vitro dissolution of the chewable sustained release tablets. ned release tablets were prepared using the method outlined in Example 1. The sustained e tablets contained 100 mg of PPA and varying amounts of phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 20, “PL20”) as shown in TABLE 2.

The PPA potency of the s was confirmed using the method outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 2 1:1 PPA: 1:2 PPA: 1:3 PPA: Phospholipon 20 Phospholipon 20 Phospholipon 20 PPA 8.25% 8.25% 8.25% PHOSPHOLIPON 20 8.25% 16.5% 24.75% ium Phosphate 30% 30% 30% Microcrystalline Cellulose 21.75% 21.75% 13.75% Total Tablet Weight % 100% 100% 100% The in Vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets were tested as outlined in Example 1. The in Vitro dissolution profiles of the ned release tablets in TABLE 2 are presented in The tablets containing 24.75% and 16.5% of PHOSPHOLIPON 20 demonstrated similar dissolution rates to the HPMC PPA tablet of Example 1. Both of these formulations consistently released PPA over a period of 16 hours, thus g USP criteria for PPA extended release tablets.

Example 3 This example d on the effects that different types of lecithin have on the in vitro dissolution of the chewable sustained release tablets. Sustained release tablets were prepared using the method outlined in Example 1. The sustained release s contained 100 mg ofPPA and lecithin from either ODS.COM or ULTRALEC as shown in TABLE 3.

The PPA potency of the tablets was confirmed using the method outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 3 1:2 PPA:LEC 1:2 PPA:ULTRALEC 8.25% 8.25% ODSCOM lecithin 16.5% ULTRATEC lecithin - 16.5% Dicalcium Phosphate 33% 33% Microcrystalline Cellulose Liver Blend Stearic Acid Total Tablet Weight % The in vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets were tested as outlined in Example 1. The in vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets in TABLE 3 are presented in Both sustained release tablets containing lecithin consistently released PPA over a period of 16 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for PPA extended release tablets.

Example 4 This example focused on the production of chewable sustained e tablets containing PPA with taste-masking properties. The sustained e tablets were produced by adding and dissolving PPA in isopropanol at about 30°C. terol was then added and dissolved in the mixture. Subsequent to dissolving the terol, olipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 20) were added to the mixture to thereby produce a neous dispersion.

Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium ate, microcrystalline ose, and liver blend) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The isopropanol mixture was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous mixture was produced. The homogenous mixture was passed through a l6-mesh screen and the produced granules were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were fiarther nted by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were compressed into tablets having the target weight of 1,200 mg and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP. The produced tablets were 1.2 g in weight and round in shape and were suitable for administration to animals for the condition of incontinence.

As shown in TABLE 4, the produced tablets contained cholesterol and, in some cases, a mixture of phospholipids. The PPA potency of the tablets was confirmed using the method outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 4 1:1/2:1/2 1:3/2:3/2 Component 1:1 PPA:Cholesterol PPA:Cholesterol/PL PPA:Cholesterol/PL 20 Microcrystalline Liver Blend Total Tablet Weight % The in vitro ution s of the sustained release tablets were tested as outlined in Example 1. As shown in the combination of cholesterol and phospholipids provided a ned release of PPA over the course of about 16 hours. In addition, the mixture of cholesterol and phospholipids in the tablets provided an effective taste-masking barrier to the bitter tasting PPA.

Example 5 This example d on the production of le PPA sustained release tablets containing phospholipids and ethylcellulose. The sustained e tablets were produced by adding and ving PPA in ethanol at 30°C. Ethylcellulose and phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) were then added to the PPA/ethanol on and mixed in until a homogenous liquid was obtained without any visible solid particles. Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, and roast beef flavor) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The ethanol-based homogenous liquid was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous mixture was produced. The homogenous mixture was passed through a l6-mesh screen and the produced granules were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were filrther fragmented by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the es were compressed into tablets with a 1.6 cm circular biconvex die. As shown in TABLE 5, the produced tablets contained ethylcellulose and phospholipids as the sustained release agents. The PPA potency of the tablets was ed using the method outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 5 Component 1 % Ethylcellulose 3 % Ethylcellulose PPA 8.25% 8.25% PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 5.5% 5.5% Microcrystalline Cellulose 30.2% 28.2% Total Tablet Weight % 100% 100% The in vitro dissolution profiles of the sustained release tablets were tested as outlined in Example 1. As ed in the combination of ethylcellulose and phospholipids provide a sustained release of PPA over the course of about 16 hours.

Furthermore, these results indicate that olipids are a good plasticizer for ethylcellulose films, which are used to encapsulate the PPA. Consequently, the ethylcellulose is able to form a continuous and flexible controlled release barrier for the PPA during dissolution. Additionally, the ethylcellulose plasticized with phospholipids showed flexibility that is equivalent to ellulose films cast with traditional plasticizers such as triethyl e and dibutyl phthalate.

Example 6 This example focused on the production of chewable PPA sustained release tablets ning glyceryl behenate. The sustained release tablets were produced by adding and dissolving PPA in ethanol at 30°C. Glyceryl te (COMPRITOL 888 ATO) was added and mixed into the hanol solution. After mixing in the glyceryl behenate, phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90) were then added and mixed in until a crude emulsion was obtained.

Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, and roast beef flavor) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The crude emulsion was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous mixture was produced. The homogenous mixture was passed through a 16-mesh screen and the produced es were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were fiarther nted by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were compressed into tablets having the target weight of 1,200 mg and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP. As shown in TABLE 6, the produced tablets contained varying amounts of glyceryl behenate. The PPA y of the tablets was confirmed using the method outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 6 % Glyceryl Behenate 10% Glyceryl Behenate 8.25% 8.25% PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 5.5% 5.5% Dicalcium Phosphate 50% 50% Microcrystalline Cellulose 25.2% 20.2% Roast Beef Type Flavor Stearic Acid tol 888 ATO Total Tablet Weight % The produced tablets were broken into four parts and then subjected to in vitro dissolution analysis as outlined in Example 1. As ed in the s containing yl behenate consistently released PPA over a period of 16 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for PPA extended release s.

Example 7 This e focused on the production of chewable PPA sustained release tablets containing hydrogenated cottonseed oil. The sustained e tablets were produced by adding and dissolving PPA in l at 30°C. Hydrogenated cottonseed oil (STEROTEX NF) was added and mixed into the PPA/ethanol solution. After mixing in the hydrogenated cottonseed oil, phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90) were then added and mixed in until a crude emulsion was obtained. Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, and roast beef flavor) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The crude emulsion was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous mixture was ed. The homogenous mixture was passed through a 16-mesh screen and the produced granules were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were fiarther nted by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were compressed into s having the target weight of 1,200 mg and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP.

As shown in TABLE 7, the produced tablets contained g amounts of hydrogenated cottonseed oil. The PPA potency of the s was confirmed using the method ed in Example 1.

TABLE 7 % Sterotex Granulation 20% Sterotex Granulation 165% 165% 40% 35% 192% 142% Roast Beef Type Flavor STEROTEX NF Stearic Acid Total Tablet Weight % The produced s were broken into four parts and then subjected to in vitro dissolution analysis as outlined in Example 1. As depicted in the tablets containing hydrogenated cottonseed oil consistently released PPA over a period of 16 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for PPA extended release tablets.

] Example 8 This example focused on the production of chewable sustained release tablets containing guaifenesin. The sustained release tablets were produced by adding and dissolving guaifenesin in ethanol at 30°C. Phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90) were added and mixed in until a crude emulsion was obtained. Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, and roast beef flavor) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The crude emulsion was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous e was produced. The homogenous mixture was passed through a h screen and the produced es were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were fiarther fragmented by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized granules were then mixed with a lubricating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were compressed into tablets having the target weight of 1,200 mg and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP.

TABLE 8 Component Guaifenesin Tablet Guaifenesin 8.25% PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 8.25% Dicalcium Phosphate 33% Microcrystalline Cellulose 24.75% Liver Blend 24.75% c Acid 1% Total Tablet Weight % 100% ] The produced tablets formed with guaifenesin contained the formulation as depicted in TABLE 8. The guaifenesin potency of the tablets was confirmed using the method outlined in Example 1. The produced tablets were broken into four parts and then subjected to in vitro dissolution analysis as outlined in Example 1. As shown in the tablets tently released guaifenesin over a period of 12 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for guaifenesin extended e s.

Example 9 This example focused on the production of sustained release tablets containing dextromethorphan. The sustained release tablets were produced by adding and dissolving dextromethorphan in ethanol at 30°C. Phospholipids (PHOSPHOLIPON 90) were added and mixed in until a crude emulsion was obtained. Separately, the dry ingredients (i.e., dicalcium ate, microcrystalline cellulose, and roast beef flavor) were added to a low shear mixer and mixed together. The crude emulsion was then added to the dry ingredients and mixed until a homogeneous mixture was ed. The nous mixture was passed through a l6-mesh screen and the produced granules were dried at ambient temperature overnight. The dried granules were fiarther fragmented by forcing them through a 10-mesh screen sieve. The sized WO 82470 granules were then mixed with a ating stearic acid. Finally, the granules were ssed into tablets having the target weight of 1,200 mg and exhibiting a hardness of less than 20 kP.

TABLE 9 Component Dextromethorphan Tablet Dextromethorphan HBr 0.83% PHOSPHOLIPON 90H .25% Dicalcium Phosphate 40% Microcrystalline Cellulose Liver Blend Stearic Acid Total Tablet Weight % The produced s formed with dextromethorphan contained the ation as depicted in TABLE 9. The produced tablets were broken into four parts and then subjected to in vitro dissolution analysis as outlined in Example 1. As shown in the tablets consistently released dextromethorphan over a period of 12 hours, thus meeting USP criteria for dextromethorphan extended release tablets.

The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only, and should not be used in a limiting sense to interpret the scope of the present invention.

Modifications to the exemplary embodiments, set forth above, could be readily made by those skilled in the art t departing from the spirit of the present invention.

The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as it pertains to any apparatus not ally departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims (42)

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. A chewable ition comprising: (a) about 0.5 to about 90 weight percent of one or more water soluble active ingredients; (b) n about 0.5 to about 80 weight percent of one or more amphipathic lipids; (c) between about 5 to about 90 weight percent of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent, n said at least one active ingredient being encapsulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent; wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ients as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II of about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about 25% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours; and wherein said composition has not been subjected to temperatures exceeding the g points of said one or more amphipathic lipids.

2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition comprises at least about 1 and/or no more than about 60 weight percent of said one or more active ingredients.

3. The composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said composition comprises at least about 1 and no more than about 50 weight percent of said one or more amphipathic lipids.

4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3 n said composition comprises at least about 10 and no more than about 70 weight percent of said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent.

5. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as ed by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II of no more than 90% of said active ingredients released after 8 hours.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5 n said one or more amphipathic lipids are selected from the group consisting of phospholipids, lecithins, ceramides, sphingolipids, steroids, and glycolipids.

7. The composition ing to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said composition has not been ted to temperatures exceeding 120°C.

8. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein said composition further comprises a secondary sustained release agent selected from the group consisting of esters of a fatty alcohol and a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid glycerides, hydrogenated fats, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrocarbons, ilic polymers, waxes, and combinations thereof.

9. The composition according to claim 8 wherein said secondary sustained e agent is different from said one or more amphipathic lipids.

10. The composition according to claims 8 or 9 n said composition comprises at least about 0.5 and/or no more than about 80 weight percent of said secondary sustained release agent.

11. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is in the form of tablets or multiparticulates.

12. The composition according to claim 11 wherein said tablets or said multiparticulates are uncoated.

13. The composition according to claim 12 wherein said tablets or said multiparticulates are coated with a sustained release barrier material.

14. The composition according to any one of claims 11 to 13 n said tablets or said multiparticulates, when broken into a plurality of smaller pieces, maintain an in vitro dissolution rate of the active ingredient as measured by USP Dissolution tus II of no more than 90% of the active ient released after 4 hours.

15. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14 wherein said at least one bulking or spheronizing agent is selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pregelatinized starch, dicalcium phosphate, powdered sugar, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, mannitol, , sodium chloride, sorbitol, and combinations thereof.

16. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein said active ingredient is a drug with a half-life of less than 12 hours.

17. The composition ing to any one of claims 1 to 15 n said active ingredient comprises a ional supplement.

18. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein said active ingredient comprises one or more vitamins and minerals.

19. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein said active ingredient ses an analgesic drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

20. The composition according to claim 19 wherein said active ingredient is phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride.

21. The composition according to claim 19 wherein said active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of guaifenesin, methorophan HBr, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

22. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition comprises (a) about 1.0 to about 20 weight percent of said active ingredient, wherein said active ingredient comprises phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride; (b) about 1.0 to about 40 weight percent of said one or more amphipathic lipids; and (c) about 10 to about 60 weight percent of said g or spheronizing agent, wherein said bulking or spheronizing agent comprises microcrystalline ose.

23. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition has an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredient as measured by a USP ution tus 11 of no more than 20% of the active ingredient during the first 1 to 5 minutes.

24. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23 further comprising one or more excipients.

25. The composition according to claim 24 wherein said one or more excipients are ed from the group ting of binders, antioxidants, colorants, flavors, lubricants, and combinations thereof.

26. The ition according to claim 24 or claim 25 wherein said composition comprises about 0.1 to about 50.0 weight percent of said one or more excipients.

27. A dosage form of the composition according to any one of the ing claims in which said dosage form is capable of maintaining a plasma concentration of said active ingredient at or above its minimum effective concentration for a period of time at least 1.5 times that of the immediate release formulation administered at a daily standard dose for said active ingredient.

28. A chewable composition comprising: (a) about 0.5 to about 80 weight t of one or more active ingredients; (b) about 0.5 to about 80 weight percent of one or more amphipathic lipids selected from the group consisting of phospholipids and lecithins wherein said phospholipids comprise phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanol, phosphatidylserine, or mixtures f; (c) about 5 to about 80 weight percent of at least one bulking or spheronizing agent, wherein said at least one active ingredient being encapsulated within a matrix comprising said one or more amphipathic lipids and said at least one bulking or spheronizing, agent; wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as measured by a USP Dissolution tus II of about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about 25% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours; and wherein said composition has not been subjected to temperatures exceeding the melting points of said one or more amphipathic lipids.

29. The composition according to claim 28 wherein said amphipathic lipids are present in said composition at a level of about 1.0 to about 30 weight percent.

30. The ition according to claims 28 or 29 wherein said composition further comprises a secondary sustained release agent selected from the group consisting of esters of a fatty alcohol and a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, saturated and rated fatty acid glycerides, hydrogenated fats, hydrogenated vegetable oils, cholesterol, hydrocarbons, lipophilic polymers, waxes, and combinations thereof.

31. The composition ing to claim 30 wherein said secondary sustained release agent is different from said amphipathic lipids.

32. The composition according to claim 30 or 31 wherein said composition comprises about 1 to about 80 weight percent of said ary sustained release agent.

33. A ition according to claim 1 and substantially as herein bed with reference to the Examples.

34. A process for preparing tablets of a sustained release composition comprising: (a) dissolving or dispersing one or more active ingredients and one or more lipids in a solvent to produce an active-containing solution or suspension; (b) mixing said active-containing solution or suspension with at least one spheronizing or bulking agent to produce a mixture; and (c) forming said e into tablets, wherein said composition exhibits an in vitro dissolution rate of said active ingredients as measured by a USP Dissolution Apparatus II about 10% to 50% after about 2 hours, about 25% to 90% after about 4 hours, more than about 60% after about 12 hours, and more than about 75% after about 16 hours, wherein said steps (a)-(c) are performed at temperatures not exceeding the melting point of said one or more lipids.

35. The process according to claim 34 further comprising, prior to said step (c), granulating the mixture of step (b) to produce wet granules of said sustained release composition.

36. The process according to claim 35 further comprising, prior to said step (c), drying said wet granules of said ned release composition to produce dry granules of said ned release composition.

37. The process according to claim 36 wherein said dry granules contain a residual solvent content of less than 10 weight percent.

38. The process according to claim 36 or claim 37 wherein said step (c) comprises compressing said dry granules of said ned release composition into said tablets.

39. The s ing to any one of claims 35 to 38 further comprising mixing the es with one or more excipients.

40. The process according to any one of claims 34 to 39 wherein at least 90% of said one or more active ingredients added to said step (a) remain present in said tablets of step (c).

41. The process according to any one of claims 34 to 40 wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, ethyl acetate, e, and mixtures thereof.

42. The process according to any one of claims 34 to 41 wherein steps (a) – (c) are performed at temperatures that do not exceed 40oC.