NZ620946B2 - Enhancement of beer flavor by a combination of pichia yeast and different hop varieties - Google Patents
Enhancement of beer flavor by a combination of pichia yeast and different hop varieties Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ620946B2 NZ620946B2 NZ620946A NZ62094612A NZ620946B2 NZ 620946 B2 NZ620946 B2 NZ 620946B2 NZ 620946 A NZ620946 A NZ 620946A NZ 62094612 A NZ62094612 A NZ 62094612A NZ 620946 B2 NZ620946 B2 NZ 620946B2
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- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- beer
- fermentation
- ethyl
- yeast
- yeast strain
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 241000235648 Pichia Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 235000009808 lpulo Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 title description 66
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 title description 60
- OQANPHBRHBJGNZ-BKUYFWCQSA-N (3Z)-6-oxo-3-[[4-(pyridin-2-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)C(C(=O)O)=C\C1=N/NC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NC=2N=CC=CC=2)C=C1 OQANPHBRHBJGNZ-BKUYFWCQSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 241000722885 Brettanomyces Species 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 241001489192 Pichia kluyveri Species 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 184
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 183
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940035295 Ting Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 98
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 28
- ICMAFTSLXCXHRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl pentanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)OCC ICMAFTSLXCXHRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- RGXWDWUGBIJHDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl decanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC RGXWDWUGBIJHDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- YYZUSRORWSJGET-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC YYZUSRORWSJGET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229940117955 isoamyl acetate Drugs 0.000 abstract description 11
- FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M isocaproate Chemical compound CC(C)CCC([O-])=O FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 10
- MHPUGCYGQWGLJL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 5-methylhexanoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCC([O-])=O MHPUGCYGQWGLJL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 9
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 241001123227 Saccharomyces pastorianus Species 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000003534 Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229940081969 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Drugs 0.000 abstract description 5
- 240000003665 Brettanomyces bruxellensis Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000000287 Brettanomyces bruxellensis Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 32
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 235000008694 Humulus lupulus Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid ethyl ester Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 11
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- TYZFMFVWHZKYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-mercaptohexanol Chemical compound CCCC(S)CCO TYZFMFVWHZKYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JUCARGIKESIVLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-mercaptohexyl acetate Chemical compound CCCC(S)CCOC(C)=O JUCARGIKESIVLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000143957 Vanessa atalanta Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000015107 ale Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- -1 compounds isoamyl acetate Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl hexanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC(=O)OCC SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010437 gem Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001751 gemstone Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010977 jade Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000014101 wine Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 241000690470 Plantago princeps Species 0.000 description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052949 galena Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- WKBPZYKAUNRMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1C(CCC)CN1C=NC=N1 WKBPZYKAUNRMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000584803 Xanthosia rotundifolia Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000013334 alcoholic beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000015095 lager Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011031 topaz Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052853 topaz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoamyl alcohol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940045184 Malt extract Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 240000008790 Musa x paradisiaca Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000233805 Phoenix Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000862969 Stella Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000006085 Vigna mungo var mungo Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000005616 Vigna mungo var. mungo Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000005441 aurora Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019658 bitter taste Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000020017 wheat beer Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001067407 Cometes Species 0.000 description 2
- PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl methane sulfonate Chemical compound CCOS(C)(=O)=O PLUBXMRUUVWRLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AOGQPLXWSUTHQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(C)=O AOGQPLXWSUTHQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008915 Passiflora edulis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000000370 Passiflora edulis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001809 detectable Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003988 headspace gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium(0) Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035943 smell Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SRKQWNFPTBNUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1,2-dinitroguanidine Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N(C)\C(N)=N/[N+]([O-])=O SRKQWNFPTBNUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006245 Dichrostachys cinerea Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000604 Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004157 Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710039924 MonoTPS1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014961 Protein Precursors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010078762 Protein Precursors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000814150 Riomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710035966 SCLAV_p1185 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101700062671 SIAE Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000000436 anus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000019568 aromas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010170 biological method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019994 cava Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002962 chemical mutagen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019987 cider Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 101700043297 cnsA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetyl Chemical group CC(=O)C(C)=O QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000008216 herbs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020022 lambic Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005360 mashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000015105 pale ale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N precursor Substances N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021309 simple sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004450 types of analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
- C12C11/00—Fermentation processes for beer
- C12C11/003—Fermentation of beerwort
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
- C12C12/00—Processes specially adapted for making special kinds of beer
- C12C12/002—Processes specially adapted for making special kinds of beer using special microorganisms
- C12C12/006—Yeasts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
- C12C12/00—Processes specially adapted for making special kinds of beer
- C12C12/04—Beer with low alcohol content
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
- C12C7/00—Preparation of wort
- C12C7/20—Boiling the beerwort
- C12C7/205—Boiling with hops
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
- C12C7/00—Preparation of wort
- C12C7/28—After-treatment, e.g. sterilisation
- C12C7/287—Treating beerwort with hopextract
Abstract
The disclosure relates to a method of brewing beer comprising providing a wort; adding at least one hop variety to obtain a hopped wort; fermenting the hopped wort with a Pichia spp. yeast strain, and then fermenting the hopped wort with a yeast strain belongs to the genera Saccharomyces or Brettanomyces to obtain a beer. The hop variety may be Saaz, Nelson Sauvin, Cascade or Amarillo. The yeasts may be Pichia kluyveri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus or Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The yeast may be used to increase the levels of isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate, ethyl valerate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl octanoate in the beer. myces to obtain a beer. The hop variety may be Saaz, Nelson Sauvin, Cascade or Amarillo. The yeasts may be Pichia kluyveri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus or Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The yeast may be used to increase the levels of isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate, ethyl valerate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl octanoate in the beer.
Description
ENHANCEMENT OF BEER FLAVOR BY A COMBINATION OF PICHIA YEAST AND
DIFFERENT HOP VARIETIES.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of beer brewing and ement of beer .
Specifically, the invention relates to a method of brewing beer comprising a step of
fermentation of a hopped wort with a Pichia spp. es), where there is an interaction of
the hops with the Pichia spp. yeast strain to enhance the flavor of beer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Various beers contain many flavor compounds derived from barley malts, hops, yeast
fermentation and other raw materials. r, yeast fermentation forms the core of the
beer brewing process, as during fermentation the most important flavor compounds are
formed. Fermentation is a process in which yeast metabolizes simple sugars in the wort into
ethanol and carbon dioxide. However, these components make a relatively minor
contribution to the overall beer flavor. The aroma and flavor characteristics of beer result
from the minor flavor volatiles ed by yeast during fermentation.
r important factor is the hop. There are two kinds of hops used in the y: bitter
hops and aroma hops. Bitter hops are used for lager beers to give extra bitterness to the
beer. Aroma hops are used for specialty beers to enhance the flavor.
The use of starter cultures is a common practice in yeast industries. However, a pure yeast
strain often does not combine all optimal traits desired in brewing, as there are two major
objectives for using specific yeast s in the beer industry: improving the efficiency of
the production process and obtaining a good quality of the final product (Saerens et al.
2010).
An additional, more recent trend in the food and beverage industry is the production of
beverages that support human health. For example, brewing industry has invested in
research focused on production of beers with less alcohol and sugar.
To ensure a good quality of beer, the reduction of “bad” flavors and the enhancement of
desirable flavors have been an important issue in the brewing industry. Reduction of bad
flavors is focused on a low production of diacetyl, an undesirable flavor compound in beer
with a ‘butterscotch’ aroma. The most desirable flavor compounds in beer are esters and
higher alcohols, giving a fruity aroma to the beer (Verstrepen et al. 2003). The most
important -active esters in beer are acetate , such as ethyl e (“solvent”-
like aroma) and isoamyl acetate (“banana” , and ethyl esters, such as ethyl
hexanoate and ate (“apple” aroma). The most ant higher alcohol is isoamyl
l (“banana” aroma).
Due to the increasing demand for healthier food and beverages, the reduction of ethanol
and carbohydrates in alcoholic beverages, especially beer and wine, is of considerable
cial interest. Current production methods of low-alcohol, reduced-alcohol and non-
alcohol beer, i.e. ed fermentation or post-fermentation removal of ethanol, result in
either a wort-like taste or a loss of aroma components, respectively (Zufall and
Wackerbauer 2000). In an alcohol-free lager beer, the absence of ethanol (les than 0.1%)
strengthens any “worty” off-flavors in beers ed by a cold contact process.
An improvement of the organoleptic quality of beverages and the development of new
beverages can be attained through bioflavoring (Vanderhaegen et al. 2003). This que
relies on the production and conversion of flavor compounds and flavor precursors by
biological methods, such as the use of special yeast strains. Traditionally, brewers have
distinguished two types of brewer’s yeast: ale and lager yeast, according to their use for the
production of ales and lagers, respectively. Ale and lager brewer’s yeasts belong to the
genus Saccharomyces: S. cerevisiae (ale yeast) and S. pastor/anus (lager yeast). Lager
yeast is used for the production of pilsner beers, which comprises 90% of the beers
produced in the world. The other 10% are specialty beers, produced by ale yeast. In
m (and now also in USA) one other yeast species is used for the production of lambic
and gueuze beers, Brettanomyces bruxe/lensis (Verachtert et al. 1989). This is in huge
contrast to the wine industry, where a lot of non-Saccharomyces s are used to
e the ‘wild’ character of spontaneous fermentations (Domizio et al. 2011). These
strains are today commercially available for the wine industry h companies such as
Christian Hansen and Lallemand.
International patent application is related to yeast strains for use in
fermentation processes and to a method of enhancing flavor in a product of fermentation by
use of a non-Saccharomyces yeast strain. relates to fermentation of wine
and does not n use of non-Saccharomyces species in brewing of beer.
No studies have examined the effects of non-Saccharomyces species on the level of esters
and higher alcohols in beer. Also only a few studies report on the influence of yeast on hop
flavor in beer. Three studies so far report the influence of either Saccharomyces species or
Brettanomyces species on the enhancement of hop terpenoids in beer (King and Dickinson,
2003, Daenen et al. 2007 and Takoi et al. 2010).
International patent application bes a process for producing
40 alcoholic beverages with increased and/or different ic terpene content by using
genetically modified microorganisms expressing genes which code for monoterpene
synthase during fermentation. In this Pichia is mentioned in a list of
theoretically possible yeast strains (together with other yeast strains such as e.g.
romyces) for fermenting alcoholic beverages (beer is mentioned as an example
together with other alcoholic beverages such as wine, cava, gne, cider and sake).
In other words use of Pichia spp. for making of beer is not exactly and unambiguously
sed in .
German patent DD 288619 A5 describes the use of Pichia yeast to ferment beer wort. The
beer wort is not added hops.
An understanding of the biological ses that l the presence and amount of
compounds in a tation process is highly desirable. In particular, being able to
regulate the amount and type of acetate esters in beer would be very beneficial to brewers.
Regulation of the amount of esters and higher alcohols, and in particular isoamyl acetate, in
combination with hop s in beer would allow for the development of new logies
permitting the brewers to more precisely alter the amounts of these desirable flavors in
their product. Such a logy would, therefore, be of significant commercial value.
In addition to that, flavor enhancement can be a useful way to produce low-alcohol,
reduced-alcohol or non-alcohol beers. The problem with production of low-alcohol, reduced-
alcohol or non-alcohol beers is the wort-like taste or loss of aroma compounds, either
because of removal of the ethanol or because of the low density of the wort.
Thus, there exists a need for ed processes for enhancement of desirable flavors in
beer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The problem to be solved by the present invention relates to the provision of a new method
for brewing beer wherein the presence of desirable flavor nds, such as esters and
higher alcohols, is enhanced.
The solution is based on the surprising findings by the inventors that by using a method
comprising fermenting hopped wort with a Pichia spp. yeast strain prior to or at the same
time as fermentation of the hopped wort with a conventional brewer’s yeast one is able to
produce a beer with an improved flavor profile.
Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention relates to a method of brewing beer comprising
the steps of:
a) providing a wort;
b) adding at least one hop variety to obtain a hopped wort;
c) fermenting the hopped wort with a first yeast , wherein the first yeast
strain is a Pichia spp. yeast strain; and
d) ting the hopped wort with a second yeast strain to obtain a beer,
wherein the second yeast strain belongs to the group consisting of
Saccharomyces species and Brettanomyces species.
A second aspect of the present invention relates to a beer obtainable by the method
according to the first aspect of the invention.
A third aspect of the t invention relates to use of a Pichia species for enhancement of
beer flavor.
A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to use of a Pichia species for brewing of
beer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 illustrates acetaldehyde concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 2 rates acetaldehyde concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = l
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 3 illustrates ethyl acetate concentrations in tation products of tial and
control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 4 illustrates ethyl acetate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 5 illustrates isobutyl e concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
2012/067076
Figure 6 illustrates isobutyl acetate concentrations in fermentation products of tial
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 7 illustrates isoamyl acetate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 8 illustrates l acetate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
tation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 9 illustrates hexyl e concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 10 rates hexyl acetate trations in tation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 11 illustrates ethyl propionate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and l fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 12 illustrates ethyl propionate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
tation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 13 illustrates ethyl butyrate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 14 illustrates ethyl butyrate concentrations in tation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 15 illustrates ethyl valerate concentrations in fermentation ts of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 16 illustrates ethyl valerate trations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 17 illustrates ethyl hexanoate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential tation.
Figure 18 illustrates ethyl hexanoate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control tations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
tation and seq = tial fermentation.
Figure 19 illustrates ethyl octanoate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = l
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 20 illustrates ethyl octanoate trations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 21 illustrates ethyl decanoate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 22 illustrates ethyl decanoate concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 23 rates isobutanol concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = l
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 24 illustrates isobutanol concentrations in fermentation products of sequential and
control tations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 25 illustrates isoamyl alcohol concentrations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = l
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 26 illustrates isoamyl alcohol trations in fermentation products of sequential
and control fermentations at 22°C, taken at day 5 (d5) and day 13 (d13). Con = control
fermentation and seq = sequential fermentation.
Figure 27 illustrates acetaldehyde concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 28 illustrates ethyl acetate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 29 illustrates isoamylacetate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 30 illustrates ethyl propionate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 31 illustrates ethyl butyrate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 32 illustrates ethyl valerate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 33 rates ethyl hexanoate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 34 illustrates ethyl octanoate concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 35 illustrates ethyl decanoated concentrations in ed beers.
Figure 36 illustates isobutanol concentrations in finished beers.
Figure 37 illustrates isoamyl alcohol trations in finished beers.
Figure 38 illustrates concentrations of the thiols 3-mercaptohexanol and 3-mercaptohexyl
acetate in beer ed with and without .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
The term “wort” herein has the conventional meaning in the art and refers to the sugary
liquid ted from the g process of beer brewing.
The term “beer” as used herein refers at least to beers ed from mashes prepared
from malted cereals as well as mashes prepared from unmalted cereals, and mashes
prepared from a mixture of malted and unmalted cereals. The term “beer” also refers to
beers prepared with adjuncts and beers with all possible alcohol contents.
The term “reduced-alcohol beer” herein refers to a beer with an l content of between
1.2% to 4.2% alcohol by volume (ABV).
The term “low-alcohol beer” herein refers to a beer with an alcohol content of between
0.50/0 t0 1.20/0 ABV.
The term “non-alcohol beer” herein refers to a beer with an alcohol content of less than
0.5% ABV.
The term “hopped wort” herein refers to a wort whereto hops have been added either prior
to boiling or after boiling of the wort.
The term ically modified organism” herein has the meaning as defined by the 1996
Organic Trade Association and refers to an sm, such as a microorganism, such as
yeast, which have been made with techniques that alter the molecular or cell biology of an
organism by means that are not le under natural conditions or processes.
The term “non-genetically modified” herein refers to a microorganism which does not
contain heterologous genes.
In the present context, the term “mutant” should be understood as a strain derived from a
strain of the invention by means of e.g. genetic engineering, radiation and/or chemical
treatment. It is preferred that the mutant is a functionally equivalent mutant, e.g. a mutant
that has substantially the same, or improved, ties (e.g. regarding ement of
desirable beer flavor compounds) as the mother strain. Such a mutant is a part of the
present invention. Especially, the term “mutant” refers to a strain obtained by subjecting a
strain of the invention to any conventionally used mutagenization treatment including
ent with a chemical mutagen such as ethane methane sulphonate (EMS) or N-
methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG), UV light or to a spontaneously occurring mutant. A
mutant may have been subjected to several mutagenization treatments (a single treatment
should be understood one mutagenization step ed by a screening/selection step), but
it is presently preferred that no more than 20, or no more than 10, or no more than 5,
treatments (or ing/selection steps) are carried out. In a presently preferred mutant,
less that 5%, or less than 1% or even less than 0.1% of the tides in the yeast
genome have been shifted with another nucleotide, or deleted, compared to the mother
In the present context, the term “variant” should be understood as a strain which is
functionally equivalent to a strain of the invention, e.g. having substantially the same, or
40 improved, properties (e.g. regarding enhancement of desirable beer flavor compounds).
Such variants, which may be fied using appropriate screening ques, are a part of
the present invention.
The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of
bing the invention (especially in the t of the following claims) are to be
construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless ise indicated herein or
clearly contradicted by context. The terms "comprising", "having", "including" and
"containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not
d to,") unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely
intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value
falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is
incorporated into the specification as if it were individually d herein. All methods
bed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein
or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary
language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the
invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise
claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any aimed
element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Implementation and s of the invention
The process of brewing beer is well known to the skilled person and can be outlined in the
following way; malt is ed from dried, germinated cereal grains (mainly barley or
wheat) and grounded into a grist which may contain unmalted adjuncts. The grist is mashed
(mixed with water and steeped) to allow enzymes in the malt to convert the starch into
sugars. The grain particles and adjuncts are separated from the liquid wort in a process
called lautering. The malt making and mashing steps can be skipped by adding water to
malt extract. After addition of hops and/or other ingredients such as herbs and sugars, the
wort is boiled (hops may also be added after boiling), cooled and aerated. The wort is then
moved to a fermentation tank and fermented by the addition of a brewer’s yeast. The
primary fermentation, lasting typically 5 to 10 days, may be followed by a secondary
fermentation step using a further ’s yeast. After fermentation the fresh beer or
” beer, is ioned, optionally filtrated and carbonated.
Hops are added to the wort to balance the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and impart
onto the beer desirable flavors and aromas. Several varieties exist including but not limited
to m, Amarillo, Apollo, Cascade, Centennial, Chinook, Citra, Cluster, Columbus,
Crystal, Eroica, Galena, Glacier, Greenburg, Horizon, Liberty, Millenium, Mount Hood, Mount
Rainier, Newport, Nugget, Palisade, m, Simcoe, Sterling, Summit, Tomahawk, Ultra,
Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus, Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, n, Challenger, First
40 Gold, Fuggles, gs, Herald, Northdown, Northern Brewer, Phoenix, Pilot, Pioneer,
2012/067076
Progress, Target, Whitbread Golding Variety (WGV), tau, Hersbrucker, Saaz,
Tettnang, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy, Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin, Pacific
Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of Ringwood, Riwaka, rn Cross, Lublin, Magnum,
Perle, Polnischer , Saphir, Satus, Select, Strisselspalt, Styrian Goldings, Tardif de
Bourgogne and Tradition. Further varieties eXist including but not limited to Bravo, Calypso,
Chelan, Comet, El Dorado, San Juan Ruby Red, Satus, Sonnet Golding, Super Galena,
Tillicum, Bramling Cross, Pilgrim. Hallertauer Herkules, Hallertauer Magnum, Hallertauer
Taurus, Merkur, Opal, Smaragd, Halleratau Aroma, Kohatu, Rakau, , Sticklebract,
Summer Saaz, Super Alpha, Super Pride, Topaz, Wai-iti, Bor, Junga, Marynka, Premiant,
Sladek, Styrian Atlas, Styrian , Styrian Bobek, Styrian Celeia, Sybilla and Sorachi
Ace.
The inventors of the present invention have uneXpectedly found that certain Pichia spp.
yeast strains, when combined with the addition of different varieties of hops to the wort,
have advantageous properties useful in the fermentation s of beer brewing. In
particular, the Pichia spp. yeast strains enhance desirable s from the hops when the
hopped wort is fermented with the Pichia spp. yeast strains in sequence to tation of
the hopped wort with a yeast strain conventionally used for beer brewing, including yeasts
of the genera Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces.
From the complete flavor analysis of all the fermentations outlined in the Examples below, it
is clear that almost every compound measured was present in higher concentrations in the
sequential fermentations, compared to the l fermentations. This means that the
Pichia spp. strain has a huge effect on the flavor profile of the final beer, as addition of
Pichia spp. in the beginning of fermentation was the only difference between the tial
and the control tations. As huge increases were found for all desirable flavor
compounds, such as isoamyl and isobutyl acetate and ethyl propionate and valerate, this
shows an enormous potential of using Pichia spp. in the brewing industry. Especially for
low-alcohol, d-alcohol and non-alcohol beers, the enhancement of fruity flavors can
mask the worty flavors normally t. As this is an emerging market, huge ial is
available for the use of Pichia spp. in these beer fermentations.
The method for brewing beer of the present invention comprises the steps of:
a) providing a wort;
b) adding at least one hop variety to obtain a hopped wort;
c) fermenting the hopped wort with a first yeast strain, wherein the first yeast
strain is a Pichia spp. yeast strain; and
d) fermenting the hopped wort with a second yeast strain to obtain a beer,
wherein the second yeast strain belongs to the group consisting of
40 Saccharomyces species and Brettanomyces species.
By this method one can enhance the flavor compounds and optimize the flavor profile of the
beer by adding different varieties of hops as shown in the Examples.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention step c) and step d) are carried out
sequentially, i.e. the hopped wort is inoculated first with a Pichia spp. yeast strain under
conditions suitable for fermentation and subsequently the hopped wort is inoculated with a
second yeast strain under conditions suitable for fermentation.
In a more preferred embodiment the fermentation in step c) is allowed to proceed for at
least 12 hours, such as for at least 24 hours, such as for at least 36 hours, such as for at
least 48 hours, such as for at least 60 hours, such as at least 72 hours prior to inoculation
of the second yeast strain in step d). In a most preferred embodiment the tation in
step c) is allowed to proceed for at least 36 hours.
It is part of the present invention that different flavor profiles of beer can be achieved by
using the different varieties of hops. The at least one variety of hop may be selected from
the list consisting of Ahtanum, Amarillo, Apollo, e, nial, Chinook, Citra,
Cluster, Columbus, l, Eroica, Galena, Glacier, Greenburg, Horizon, Liberty, Millenium,
Mount Hood, Mount Rainier, Newport, Nugget, Palisade, Santiam, Simcoe, Sterling, Summit,
Tomahawk, Ultra, Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus, Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, Bullion,
Challenger, First Gold, Fuggles, Goldings, Herald, Northdown, Northern , Phoenix,
Pilot, Pioneer, Progress, , Whitbread Golding Variety (WGV), tau, Hersbrucker,
Saaz, ng, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy, Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin,
Pacific Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of Ringwood, , Southern Cross, Lublin,
, Perle, Polnischer Lublin, Saphir, Satus, Select, Strisselspalt, Styrian Goldings,
Tardif de Bourgogne and ion, but use of further varieties of hops is also part of the
invention.
In a preferred embodiment the at least one hop variety is selected from the group
consisting of Saaz, Nelson Sauvin, Cascade and lo.
The at least one variety of hop may also be selected from the list consisting of Bravo,
Calypso, Chelan, Comet, El , San Juan Ruby Red, Satus, Sonnet Golding, Super
Galena, Tillicum, Bramling Cross, Pilgrim. Hallertauer Herkules, Hallertauer Magnum,
Hallertauer , Merkur, Opal, Smaragd, Halleratau Aroma, Kohatu, Rakau, Stella,
Sticklebract, Summer Saaz, Super Alpha, Super Pride, Topaz, i, Bor, Junga, Marynka,
Premiant, Sladek, Styrian Atlas, Styrian Aurora, Styrian Bobek, Styrian Celeia, Sybilla and
Sorachi Ace.
In r preferred embodiment of the present invention the tation in step c) is
carried out at a temperature of between about 12°C and about 28°C.
In a more preferred ment the fermentation temperature in step c) is between about
°C and about 22°C. Most preferably the fermentation temperature in step c) is about
°C.
Preferably, the Pichia spp. yeast strain is left in the tation culture during
fermentation with the second yeast strain. However, the Pichia spp. yeast strain may also
be removed prior to inoculation of the second yeast strain by techniques known to the
skilled person.
In another embodiment of the present invention step c) and step d) are carried out at the
same time by co-inoculation of the first yeast strain of step c) and the second yeast strain
of step d).
In a preferred embodiment the second fermentation step in step d) is d to proceed
for at least 12 hours, such as at least 24 hours, such as at least 48 hours, such as at least
72 hours, such as at least 96 hours, such as at least 120 hours.
In a preferred embodiment of the present ion the Pichia spp. yeast strain is a non-
genetically modified yeast strain.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the Pichia spp. yeast strain is a
Pichia k/uyveri yeast strain.
Preferably, the Pichia k/uyveri yeast strain is selected from the group consisting of the
Pichia k/uyveri PK-KRl and PK-KR2 strains as deposited on 24 August 2006 at the National
ement Institute, 541-65 Clarke Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia, by
University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and
given the accession numbers V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively, and mutants and
variants thereof. The strains are described in international patent application WO
2009/110807.
In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention the second yeast strain is
selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces
pastorianus and nomyces bruxe/lensis. Preferably, the second yeast strain is a
Saccharomyces siae yeast strain.
In a red embodiment of the present invention the beer is a low-alcohol, reduced-
40 alcohol or non-alcohol beer.
In another red embodiment, the use of a Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases
the content of at least one flavor compound ed from the group consisting of isoamyl
e, isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate, ethyl valerate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl
decanoate by at least 50%, such as by at least 100%, such as by at least 150%, such as by
at least 200%, such as by at least 250%, such as by at least 300%..
Preferably, the use of a Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases the content of at least
one flavor compound selected from the group consisting of l acetate, isobutyl
acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl valerate by at least 50%, such as by at least 100%,
such as by at least 150%, such as by at least 200%, such as by at least 250%, such as by
at least 300%.
In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention the use a Pichia spp. yeast
strain in step c) increases the content of at least two or more flavor compounds selected
from the group consisting of isoamyl acetate, isobutyl e, ethyl propionate, ethyl
valerate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate by at least 50%, such as by at least 100%,
such as by at least 150%, such as by at least 200%, such as by at least 250%, such as by
at least 300%.
Preferably, the use of a Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases the content of at least
two or more flavor compounds selected from the group consisting of isoamyl acetate,
isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl valerate by at least 50%, such as by at least
100%, such as by at least 150%, such as by at least 200%, such as by at least 250%, such
as by at least 300%.
In another much preferred embodiment the use of a Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c)
ses the content of the thiol aptohexyl acetate by at least 10%, such as by at
least 20%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 50%.
The terms “increases the content of at least one flavor compound” and “increases the
content of the thiol 3-mercaptohexyl e” may be seen as inherent properties of using
Pichia spp. as discussed below.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention when the at least one hop variety in
step b) is Saaz and the fermentation in step c) is carried out at a temperature of about
°C the use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases the level of ethyl decanoate
with at least 50% more than when the at least one hop variety is Cascade, Nelson Sauvin or
Amarillo.
In r preferred embodiment of the invention when the at least one hop variety in step
b) is Nelson Sauvin and the fermentation in step c) is carried out at a temperature of about
°C the use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases the level of ethyl decanoate
with at least 50% more than when the at least one hop variety is Cascade or Amarillo.
In further embodiment of the invention when the at least one hop y in step b) is
Cascade or Nelson Sauvin and the fermentation in step c) is d out at a temperature of
about 20°C the use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) increases the level of ethyl
valerate with at least 50% more than when the at least one hop variety is Amarillo and
Saaz.
In an even further embodiment when the at least one hop variety in step b) is e and
the fermentation in step c) is carried out at a temperature of about 20°C the use of the
Pichia yeast strain in step c) increases the level of ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate with
at least 50% more than when the at least one hop variety is Nelson Sauvin, Amarillo or
Saaz.
In yet another embodiment of the invention when the at least one hop variety in step b) is
any variety selected from the group ting of Ahtanum, Amarillo, Apollo, Cascade,
nial, Chinook, Citra, Cluster, Columbus, Crystal, Eroica, Galena, Glacier, urg,
Horizon, Liberty, Millenium, Mount Hood, Mount Rainier, Newport, Nugget, Palisade,
Santiam, , Sterling, Summit, Tomahawk, Ultra, Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus,
Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, Bullion, Challenger, First Gold, Fuggles, Goldings, Herald,
Northdown, Northern Brewer, PhoeniX, Pilot, Pioneer, Progress, Target, Whitbread Golding
y (WGV), Hallertau, Hersbrucker, Saaz, Tettnang, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy,
Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin, Pacific Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of
Ringwood, Riwaka, rn Cross, Lublin, , Perle, Polnischer , Saphir, Satus,
Select, Strisselspalt, n Goldings, Tardif de Bourgogne and ion, the use of the
Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) will result in a flavor profile of levels of the flavor
compounds isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl valerate which is
different from a flavor profile resulting from use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c)
when the hop variety in step b) is any other variety selected from the group consisting of
Ahtanum, Amarillo, Apollo, Cascade, Centennial, Chinook, Citra, Cluster, Columbus, l,
Eroica, Galena, Glacier, Greenburg, Horizon, Liberty, Millenium, Mount Hood, Mount Rainier,
t, Nugget, de, Santiam, Simcoe, Sterling, Summit, Tomahawk, Ultra,
Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus, Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, Bullion, Challenger, First
Gold, Fuggles, Goldings, Herald, Northdown, Northern Brewer, PhoeniX, Pilot, Pioneer,
Progress, Target, Whitbread Golding Variety (WGV), Hallertau, Hersbrucker, Saaz,
Tettnang, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy, Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin, c
40 Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of Ringwood, Riwaka, Southern Cross, , Magnum,
Perle, Polnischer Lublin, Saphir, Satus, Select, Strisselspalt, Styrian Goldings, Tardif de
Bourgogne and Tradition.
In a further embodiment of the invention when the at least one hop y in step b) is any
variety selected from the group consisting of Ahtanum, Amarillo, Apollo, Cascade,
nial, Chinook, Citra, Cluster, Columbus, Crystal, , , Glacier, Greenburg,
Horizon, Liberty, Millenium, Mount Hood, Mount Rainier, Newport, Nugget, Palisade,
Santiam, Simcoe, Sterling, Summit, Tomahawk, Ultra, Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus,
Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, Bullion, Challenger, First Gold, Fuggles, Goldings, Herald,
Northdown, Northern Brewer, Phoenix, Pilot, Pioneer, Progress, Target, Whitbread Golding
Variety (WGV), Hallertau, Hersbrucker, Saaz, Tettnang, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy,
Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin, c Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of
Ringwood, Riwaka, Southern Cross, Lublin, Magnum, Perle, Polnischer , Saphir, Satus,
Select, Strisselspalt, Styrian Goldings, Tardif de Bourgogne, Tradition, Bravo, Calypso,
Chelan, Comet, El Dorado, San Juan Ruby Red, Satus, Sonnet g, Super ,
Tillicum, Bramling Cross, Pilgrim. tauer Herkules, Hallertauer Magnum, Hallertauer
Taurus, Merkur, Opal, Smaragd, Halleratau Aroma, Kohatu, Rakau, Stella, ebract,
Summer Saaz, Super Alpha, Super Pride, Topaz, Wai-iti, Bor, Junga, Marynka, Premiant,
Sladek, Styrian Atlas, Styrian Aurora, Styrian Bobek, Styrian Celeia, Sybilla and Sorachi
Ace, the use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in step c) will result in a flavor profile of levels of
the flavor compounds isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl valerate
which is different from a flavor profile resulting from use of the Pichia spp. yeast strain in
step c) when the hop variety in step b) is any other variety selected from the group
consisting of Ahtanum, Amarillo, Apollo, Cascade, nial, Chinook, Citra, r,
Columbus, Crystal, Eroica, Galena, Glacier, Greenburg, n, y, Millenium, Mount
Hood, Mount r, Newport, Nugget, Palisade, Santiam, Simcoe, Sterling, ,
Tomahawk, Ultra, Vanguard, Warrior, Willamette, Zeus, Admiral, Brewer’s Gold, Bullion,
Challenger, First Gold, Fuggles, gs, Herald, Northdown, Northern Brewer, Phoenix,
Pilot, Pioneer, Progress, Target, Whitbread g Variety (WGV), Hallertau, Hersbrucker,
Saaz, Tettnang, Spalt, Feux-Coeur Francais, Galaxy, Green Bullet, Motueka, Nelson Sauvin,
Pacific Gem, Pacific Jade, Pacifica, Pride of Ringwood, Riwaka, Southern Cross, Lublin,
Magnum, Perle, Polnischer Lublin, Saphir, Satus, Select, Strisselspalt, Styrian Goldings,
Tardif de Bourgogne, Tradition, Bravo, Calypso, Chelan, Comet, El Dorado, San Juan Ruby
Red, Satus, Sonnet Golding, Super Galena, um, Bramling Cross, Pilgrim. Hallertauer
Herkules, Hallertauer , Hallertauer Taurus, Merkur, Opal, Smaragd, Halleratau
Aroma, Kohatu, Rakau, Stella, Sticklebract, Summer Saaz, Super Alpha, Super Pride,
Topaz, Wai-iti, Bor, Junga, Marynka, Premiant, Sladek, Styrian Atlas, n Aurora,
Styrian Bobek, Styrian , Sybilla and Sorachi Ace.
The present ion in a second aspect relates to a beer obtainable by the method of the
first aspect.
The beer according to the present ion may comprise detectable amounts of Pichia
spp. yeast. Although, in some instances the yeast is removed from the beer after
fermentation.
However, the use of Pichia spp. will give the beer a flavor e different from the prior art
as shown herein in the es, and thus the beer prepared using Pichia spp. and
different hop varieties will itself be novel.
The beer brewed with Pichia spp. contains a different flavor profile when different hop
varieties are used. As an example, the ethyl decanoate level is at least 50% more increased
when Saaz hop is used, compared to when Cascade, Nelson Sauvin or Amarillo is used and
is at least 50% increased when Nelson Sauvin is used, compared to when Cascade or
Amarillo is used in the fermentations performed at 20°C (see Fig. 21). The ethyl valerate
concentration is at least 50% increased when Cascade or Nelson Sauvin hop is used,
ed to when Amarillo or Saaz is used in fermentations performed at 20°C (see Fig.
). The ethyl ate and ethyl octanoate concentrations are at least increased with
% when Cascade hops is used, ed to when Nelson Sauvin, Amarillo or Saaz hops
are used in fermentations performed at 20°C (see Fig. 17 and 19).
It is also contemplated that the beer brewed using Pichia spp. will n detectable
amounts of thiols (in ular 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) and 3-mercaptohexanol
(3MH)) such as described for wine in .
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Materials and methods
Fermentation set-up
Lab-scale fermentation trials were carried out in 500 ml of wort. The wort was prepared
with wheat malt extract (Brewferm). The malt extract was mixed with water to reach an
initial sugar content of 10°P. 4 times 3 liter wort was boiled with 4 different hop varieties:
Nelson Sauvin, Amarillo, Saaz and Cascade. Hop pellets were added in a closed coffee filter
to the wort and this was boiled for 30 min to extract the hop flavor and to add bitterness to
the beer. Hop pellets were added to reach 23 EBU. After boiling, the coffee filter was
removed from the wort and the wort was transferred to 1L bottles, which were closed by
40 water locks.
WO 30398
Per hop variety, 4 fermentations were carried out. Two tation temperatures were
used: 20°C and 22°C. Per fermentation temperature, 2 different inoculations were done:
one bottle was inoculated with Pichia kluyveri PK-KRl (for sequential inoculation) and the
second bottle was inoculated with a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wheat yeast
strain, Safbrew WB-06 (Lesaffre) (control fermentation) according to the supplier
recommendations. Both yeast strains were inoculated at 5 million cells per ml. Table 1 gives
an overview of the fermentation set-up.
Table 1. Fermentation set-up
°C 22°C Se uential inoculation l
Nelson Sauvin 1 1
Amarillo 1 1
Saaz 1 1
Cascade 1 1
For the sequential ation, the wheat yeast strain (Safbrew WB-06) was inoculated after
2 days to the Pichia kluyveri inoculated ferments to complete the fermentation. All
fermentations were ended after 13 days. Samples were taken at day 5 and day 13.
Headspace GC-FID is
Headspace gas chromatography coupled with flame tion detection (GC-FID) was used
for the ement of acetaldehyde, e esters, ethyl esters and higher alcohols in
the tation products. Fermentation samples were fuged, after which 2 ml was
collected in vials. Samples were then analyzed with a calibrated Perkin Elmer GC System
with a headspace sampler. The GC was equipped with a DB-WAXETR column (length, 30 m;
internal diameter, 0.25 mm; layer thickness, 0.5 pm; Agilent Technologies, Germany). The
splitless injector was used and held at 180°C. Samples were heated for 30 min at
70°C in the headspace autosampler before injection (needle temperature: 110°C). Helium
was used as the carrier gas. After starting at 60°C, the oven temperature was raised after 2
min from 60°C to 230°C at 45°C/min and was finally held at 230°C for 5 min. During the
GC-program a constant flow rate (10 mL/min) of the carrier gas (He) was maintained. The
FID temperature was kept constant at 220°C respectively. The results were analyzed with
Turbochrom software.
Ethanol analysis
Ethanol was measured with the Ethanol Enzymatic Bioanalysis kit of Boehringer Mannheim.
Results
Lab-scale fermentations were carried out in wheat wort with different hop varieties and
ated with Pichia k/uyveri for 2 days, after which a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wheat
beer yeast was added to investigate the effect of a sequential inoculation in combination
with different hop varieties on beer . As a control, fermentations with only S.
cerevisiae wheat beer yeast were carried out. Both the sequential and control fermentations
were stopped after 13 days. Samples were taken at day 5 and day 13 and subsequently
analyzed for flavor compounds and ethanol concentration
Flavor is of all the fermentation products was carried out with headspace GC-FID as
described in Materials and Methods. Results are depicted in Fig. 1 and 2 (aldehydes), Fig. 3-
(acetate esters), Fig. 11-16 -chain ethyl esters), Fig. 17-22 (medium-chain ethyl
esters) and Fig.23-26 (higher alcohols).
Ethanol concentrations were measured with a kit (see Materials and Methods). The results
of the l trations are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. l concentrations of the fermentation products at day 13 of the sequential
and control fermentations at 20°C and 22°C.
Saaz con
Nelson Sauvin 3.5 3.5
‘ cascade c... L
"3.7 3.3
Amarillo con 4.0 4.2
con — l fermentation, Seq — sequentialfermentation
Conclusion
Sequential inoculation with Pichia k/uyveri as the first and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae beer
yeast as the second yeast strain in 500 ml small-scale wheat beer fermentations with
different hop varieties showed able flavor differences per hop variety, compared to a
‘normal’ control beer fermentation with only a S. cerevisiae beer yeast. This is the first time
WO 30398
it is shown that a tial inoculation with Pichia ri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
has a flavor enhancement effect in beer fermentations. Moreover, differences in flavor
profile could be seen for all flavor compounds measured when different hop varieties are
used.
Acetaldehyde concentrations were always higher in the sequential ation, compared to
the control fermentation (see Fig.1-2). However, at the end of fermentation, similar values
are obtained for both the sequential and control fermentation. As brewers don’t want too
high concentrations of this compound in the beer, the effect of the tial inoculation is
negligible.
The t flavor differences were found for . If we look closer to the acetate ester
concentrations, especially the concentration of l acetate, which is a desirable fruity
flavor compound, was highly increased in the sequential inoculation, compared to the
control. Fermentation at 20°C seemed to be more beneficial then fermentation at 22°C. The
concentration was highest in the fermentation wit addition of lo hop.
Also isobutyl acetate concentrations were highly increased in the sequential fermentations.
tation at 20°C was again better for the production of this compound than
fermentation at 22°C.
Ethyl acetate, which is a negative compound at high concentrations, but easily masked by
other acetate esters, was increased as well in the sequential tations, but only two
times the amount, compared to the controls. The fermentation with Cascade hop produced
the less ethyl acetate of all the fermentations.
Hexyl acetate increased only a little bit in all the sequential fermentations, compared to the
control tations.
The short-chain ethyl esters gave the most striking results, as ethyl propionate and ethyl
valerate were totally not are almost not produced in the control fermentation. However,
high concentrations were reached with the sequential fermentations (up to 1 ppm). For
ethyl butyrate, only an effect was seen with addition of Saaz and Nelson Sauvin hop for the
sequential fermentations.
Concentrations of ethyl hexanoate and octanoate were only ed in the sequential
fermentations with the addition of Cascade hops. However, for ethyl decanoate, the
concentrations were much higher in the tial fermentations with addition of Saaz and
Nelson Sauvin hops. The difference between the control and the sequential fermentations
were more than 10-fold.
The higher alcohols are the only compounds of which the concentrations did not increase
40 significantly in the sequential fermentations, compared to the control fermentations.
Example 2
A large-scale brewing trial was performed at a brewery to igate the possibility of using
Pichia k/uyveri for the brewing industry, especially with regard to flavor.
Materials and methods
Fermentation procedure
The control beer and Pichia beer were made on a 15 HL scale in a brewery. The wort
consisted of malt varieties typical for a pale ale beer, and the hop variety used was
Cascade. 15 hi of wort was used to ate the Pichia k/uyveri PK-KRl. Inoculation rate
was calculated to be between 1-2 n cells per ml. Every day, a sample was taken for
measurement of cell counts (see Table 3) and flavor analysis was performed on the final
beer.
Table 3. Cell count of Pichia k/uyveri PK-KRlduring the first 3 days of fermentation.
Day Cell count
0 2,00E+06
1 2,00E+06
2 07
3 05
At day 3, the normal brewing yeast was added (London Ale yeast from White Labs). The
yeast was already used for making one beer and should therefore be optimal for this brew
(2nd generation). The yeast was added while flushing air through the brew. Therefore, it
was possible to have an idea of the smell of the brew while the brewing yeast was added.
The smell was very fruity (banana, pineapple-like).
Fermentation was carried out until the sugar had been completely assimilated by the yeast.
After that, the green beer was matured at 7-8°C for at least a week.
At day 8, the fermentation was completed and the fermentation temperature was d
to 8°C. After tation, the beer matured for 7 days with the yeast still in the
tor. At day 15, the yeast was taken out and the temperature was decreased to 2°C.
After another three weeks, the beer was d, pasteurized and put into bottles.
Flavor analysis
Headspace gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used
for the measurement of dehyde, acetate esters, ethyl esters and higher alcohols in
the fermentation products. Fermentation samples were centrifuged, after which 2 ml was
collected in vials. Samples were then analyzed with a calibrated Perkin Elmer GC System
with a headspace sampler. The GC was equipped with a DB-WAXETR column (length, 30 m;
internal diameter, 0.25 mm; layer thickness, 0.5 pm; Agilent Technologies, Germany). The
split—splitless injector was used and held at 180°C. Samples were heated for 30 min at
70°C in the headspace autosampler before injection (needle temperature: 110°C). Helium
was used as the carrier gas. After starting at 60°C, the oven temperature was raised after 2
min from 60°C to 230°C at 45°C/min and was y held at 230°C for 5 min. During the
GC-program a constant flow rate (10 mL/min) of the carrier gas (He) was maintained. The
FID temperature was kept constant at 220°C respectively. The results were analyzed with
Turbochrom software.
Thiol analysis
Thiol analyses were carried out by Hill Laboratories, on, New Zealand. Two
compounds were measured: 3-mercaptohexanol (rubarb, exotic fruit) and 3-
mercaptohexyl acetate (passion fruit).
Results
Flavor analysis of finished product was done on three samples: 1) the control beer =
Jubilaeum ol, 2) the filtered beer and 3) the unfiltered beer (see Figures 27 to 38).
The flavor is clearly shows that the beer fermented with the Pichia k/uyveri has
increased concentrations of flavor compounds. Especially, the esters isoamyl acetate (Figure
29), ethyl propionate e 30), ethyl valerate(Figure 32), ethyl octanoate (Figure 34) and
ethyl decanoate (Figure 35) are sed in high amounts. These esters are responsible for
the fruity flavors in beers and are therefore of major ance. These results also show
that production of beer on a big production scale (15 HL), which is a huge increase in scale
coming from lab-scale, confirms the increase in fruitiness in the beer. That means that
breweries can use the Pichia k/uyveri in production-scale g and still be sure of the
effect of the yeast on the beer.
The control and Pichia beer were also analyzed for thiol flavor compounds. Two compounds
were measured: 3-mercaptohexanol (rubarb, exotic fruit) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate
(passion fruit) (see Figure 38). This is the first time that it is documented that Pichia
k/uyveri can convert aptohexanol to 3-mercaptohexyl e in beer, and this to a
large extent. As can be seen from Figure 38, Pichia k/uyveri uses 3-mercaptohexanol to
produce 3-mercaptohexyl acetate, and this to a bigger extent than when only a
Saccharomyces g yeast strain was used (control beer).
DEPOSITS
The Pichia kluyveri PK-KRl and PK-KR2 s were deposited on 24 August 2006 at the
National Measurement Institute, 51-65 Clarke Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205,
Australia, by University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland 1142, New
d, and given the accession numbers V06/022711 and V06/022712, respectively, as
described in .
REFERENCES
Daenen L, Saison D, SterckX F, DelvauX FR, Verachtert H, and Derdelinckx G. (2008)
Screening and evaluation of the glucoside hydrolase activity in romyces and
nomyces brewing yeasts. J Appl Microbiol 104:478-488.
Domizio P, Romani C, Lencioni L, ni F, Gobbi M, Mannazzu I, and Ciani M. (2011)
Outlining a future for non-Saccharomyces yeasts: selection of putative spoilage wine strains
to be used in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for grape juice fermentation. Int J
Food Microbiol. 147:170-80.
King AJ, and Dickinson RJ. (2003) Biotransformation of hop aroma terpenoids by ale and
lager yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 3:53-62.
Saerens SMG, Duong CT, and Nevoigt E. (2010) Genetic improvement of brewer’s yeast:
current state, perspectives and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 5-1212.
Takoi K, Koie K, Itoga Y, Katayama Y, Shimase M, Nakayama Y, and Watari J. (2010)
Biotranformation of hop-derived monoterpene ls by lager yeast and their contribution
to the flavour of hopped beer. J Agric Food Chem 58:5050-5058.
Verachtert H, Kumara HMC, Dawoud E (1989) Yeast in mixed cultures with is on
lambic beer brewing. In: Verachtert H, De Mot R (eds) Yeast—biotechnology and
biocatalysis. Dekker, New York, pp 429—478.
Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Dufour JP, WinderickX J, Thevelein JM, Pretorius IS, and
Delvaux FR. (2003) Flavor-active esters: adding fruitiness to beer. J Biosci Bioeng —
118.
Zufall C, and Wackerbauer K (2000) Process ering parameters for the
dealcoholisation of beer by means of falling film evaporation and its influence on beer
y. Monatsschrift fl',ir Brauwissenschaft 53:124—137.
10807
DD 288619
Claims (9)
1. A method of brewing beer comprising the steps of a) providing a wort; b) adding at least one hop variety to obtain a hopped wort; 5 c) ting the hopped wort with a first yeast strain, wherein the first yeast strain is a Pichia spp. yeast strain; and d) fermenting the hopped wort with a second yeast strain to obtain a beer, wherein the second yeast strain belongs to the genera Saccharomyces or Brettanomyces.
2. The method according to claim 1, n step c) and step d) is d out sequentially.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the fermentation in step c) is allowed to 15 proceed for at least 12 hours, such as at least 24 hours, such as at least 36 hours, such as at least 48 hours, such as at least 60 hours, such as at least 72 hours, prior to the onset of the fermentation in step d).
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein step c) and step d) are carried out at the 20 same time by co-inoculation of the first yeast strain of step c) and the second yeast strain of step d).
5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step d) is allowed to d for at least 24 hours, such as at least 36 hours, such as at least 48 hours, 25 such as at least 72 hours, such as at least 96 hours, such as at least 120 hours.
6. The method ing to any of the present claims, wherein the at least one hop variety is selected from the group consisting of Saaz, Nelson Sauvin, Cascade and Amarillo.
7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation in step c) is carried out at n about 12°C and 28°C.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the fermentation in step c) is carried out at 35 between about 20°C and 22°C.
9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the Pichia spp. yeast strain is a Pichia kluyveri strain.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP11179862.5 | 2011-09-02 | ||
EP11179862 | 2011-09-02 | ||
PCT/EP2012/067076 WO2013030398A1 (en) | 2011-09-02 | 2012-09-03 | Enhancement of beer flavor by a combination of pichia yeast and different hop varieties |
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NZ620946B2 true NZ620946B2 (en) | 2015-11-03 |
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