NZ620272B2 - Protein isolation from oil seeds - Google Patents
Protein isolation from oil seeds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ620272B2 NZ620272B2 NZ620272A NZ62027212A NZ620272B2 NZ 620272 B2 NZ620272 B2 NZ 620272B2 NZ 620272 A NZ620272 A NZ 620272A NZ 62027212 A NZ62027212 A NZ 62027212A NZ 620272 B2 NZ620272 B2 NZ 620272B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- protein
- content
- native
- dry matter
- ethanol
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000164 protein isolation Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 152
- 235000019749 Dry matter Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- PCMORTLOPMLEFB-ONEGZZNKSA-N Sinapic acid Natural products COC1=CC(\C=C\C(O)=O)=CC(OC)=C1O PCMORTLOPMLEFB-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000004465 oilseed meal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 claims description 59
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 57
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003021 water soluble solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000011026 diafiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol Chemical group OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000006286 aqueous extract Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004383 glucosinolate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical class OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000208818 Helianthus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 102100006177 MT-RNR1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
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- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 144
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 32
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 30
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 25
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- 239000012223 aqueous fraction Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 12
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
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- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furfural Chemical class O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007696 Kjeldahl method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940068041 Phytic Acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HUJXHFRXWWGYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-O Sinapine Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)=CC(OC)=C1O HUJXHFRXWWGYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004164 analytical calibration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 108010083391 glycinin Proteins 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004704 ultra performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000036912 Bioavailability Effects 0.000 description 1
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
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- 102000006395 Globulins Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 108010088778 Glycine max beta-conglycinin protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001506137 Rapa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H Sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 240000001016 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
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- 108010073771 Soybean Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005042 Zier Kohl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010460 mustard Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019508 mustard seed Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 phytates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001690 polydopamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035943 smell Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002668 sodium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019710 soybean protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002753 trypsin inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/14—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from leguminous or other vegetable seeds; from press-cake or oil-bearing seeds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/14—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from leguminous or other vegetable seeds; from press-cake or oil-bearing seeds
- A23J1/142—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from leguminous or other vegetable seeds; from press-cake or oil-bearing seeds by extracting with organic solvents
Abstract
Discloses a native oilseed protein composition which comprises -a protein content of at least 80 wt%, (on dry matter); -an ethanol content of less than 0.2 wt%, (on dry matter); -an ethanol content of more than 0.001 wt%, (on dry matter); and -a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid equivalents. Also discloses a process for isolating native protein from oilseed meal or cake. ter) expressed as sinapic acid equivalents. Also discloses a process for isolating native protein from oilseed meal or cake.
Description
PROTEIN ISOLATION FROM OIL SEEDS
Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a s to isolate protein from oilseeds such as rape
seed, sunflower seed, t or soybeans.
Background of the invention
Oil present in oil seeds is commonly extracted with hexane. However, the combination of
extraction and desolventizing process can give rise to denaturation of the ns. This leads
to a conformational state in which proteins do not show technological functionality necessary for
the use of proteins in a wide range of food applications. Furthermore, this solvent has become
the focus of concerns with respect to safety and environmental s (hexane has been listed
as hazardous air pollutants).
To extract the protein fraction from oil seeds, several extraction techniques have been
employed. Mentioned can be extraction with water or alkali, NaCl and sodium
hexametaphosphate solutions. An alkaline extraction process leads to highest yields, but have
the risk of darkening of the product and a negative impact on taste or smell.
As example rapeseed will be discussed in more detail. Rapeseed is one of the most
important oil seeds in the world (number 3 after soybean and palm oil). Rapeseed ns high
amounts of oil (30-45%) and protein (20-30%). However, also anti-nutritional compounds such
as glucosinolates, polyphenols and phytic acid are present in rapeseed. Table 1 shows a l
range of these constituents in rapeseeds:
Table 1: Anti nutritional compounds in rapeseed
inolates 10-20 µmol/kg
Sinapin 1-1.5% lics total (1-3%)
Phytic acid 1-2%
For protein extraction from eds the following issues have to be addressed:
- Presence of phenolic compounds which can give rise to a dark colour after processing
and an increase in flavour and odour intensity. Canola eeds) contains about 10 to
times the quantity of phenolic nds as found in soybeans (like sinapin and
tannins). Upon oxidation those nds give rise to a dark colour. Especially strong
alkaline conditions lead to rapid oxidation of phenolics to so called quinones which then
can react with proteins (giving a dark colour). These phenolic compounds can partly bind
to ns (see US patent 3).
- Presence of phytate which can act as ing agent in the human body and reducing
the bioavailability of some metals.
- Presence of glucosinolates. The hydrolysis of glucosinolates might result in toxic
products. Glucosinolates decrease also the palatability of rapeseed meal.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides an improved s for the extraction and isolation of
protein from oil seed meal whereby this isolation takes place by adding a sufficient amount of
water-soluble solvent such as ethanol to an aqueous solution which contains protein extracted
from the meal whereby the protein present precipitates. To preserve the nativity of the proteins
the meal used for the protein extraction originates preferably from non-hexane treated oilseed.
Optionally this itate can be further purified by washing with the water-soluble
solvent such as l. The protein e can be dried using a le drying method.
According to an aspect of the invention a process is provided to isolate protein from the meal or
oil cake comprising the following steps:
extracting the meal with water to obtain an aqueous solution;
concentrating the aqueous extract to an aqueous solution comprising 5 to 30 wt%
protein, preferably 10 to 30 wt% protein;
adding a water-soluble solvent to the concentrated aqueous solution to obtain a protein
precipitate; and
separating the protein precipitate from the liquid on.
According to a further aspect of the invention is provided a process to isolate native protein from
the oilseed meal or oilseed cake comprising the following steps:
extracting the meal with water to obtain an aqueous on;
concentrating the aqueous extract to an aqueous solution comprising 5 to 30 wt%
protein
adding a water-soluble solvent to the concentrated aqueous on to obtain a protein
precipitate; whereby the water soluble t is ethanol and which ethanol is added to a
final content between 60 and 80 vol%; and
separating the protein precipitate from the liquid fraction.
According to a further aspect of the invention is provided an isolated native d protein or a
native oilseed protein ition which comprises
-a protein content of at least 80 wt%, (on dry matter);
-an ethanol content of less than 0.2 wt%, (on dry matter);
-an ethanol content of more than 0.001 wt%, (on dry matter); and
-a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid
equivalents.
Preferably the process of the invention comprises an additional step of washing the protein
precipitate. The process of the invention optionally provides the additional step of drying the
W0 20131013949 l3-l
extraction step and before the addition of the water-soluble solvent, the aqueous on
or concentrated s solution is diafiltrated preferably by using UF (ultra filtration).
Preferably soluble carbohydrates, glucosinolates or their derivatives, phytates or
polyphenolic (or phenolic) compounds or a combination of one or more of these
compounds are removed from the aqueous solution or concentrated aqueous solution.
According to one embodiment of the ion the diafiltration takes place before, during
or after concentrating the aqueous extract. According to a further preferred ment
the water soluble solvent is methanol, ethanol or acetone, preferably ethanol. The meal
used in the process of the invention can for example be rapeseed, sunflower or soy
meal. Advantageously the isolated protein of the invention has a higher degree of native
n than n derived from hexane d meal or state of the art extraction
methods which leads to a better technological functionality for the ed protein of the
invention. This functionality has advantages in the use of proteins in a wide range of food
applications.
The present invention also provides an isolated protein or a protein composition
which comprises
—a protein content of at least 80 wt%, preferably at least 85 wt%, more preferably
at least 90 wt%, and most preferably between 92 and 99 wt% (on dry matter);
-an ethanol content of less than 0.2 wt%, preferably less than 0.1 wt% (on dry
2O matter);
-an ethanol content of more than 0.001 wt%, preferably more than 0.01 wt% (on
dry matter); and
—a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, preferably less than 0.05 wt%, more
ably less than 0.02 wt% (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid equivalents.
In case the protein isolate or protein composition comprises rape seed protein,
the ition comprises a ic content of less than 0.1 wt%, preferably less than
0.05 wt%, more preferably less than 0.02 wt% (on dry matter) expressed as c acid
equivalents. In case the protein isolate or protein composition comprises soy protein, the
composition comprises a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, preferably less than 0.05
wt%, more ably less than 0.02 wt% (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid
equivalents. In case the protein isolate or protein composition comprises sun flower
protein, the composition ses a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, ably
less than 0.05 wt%, more preferably less than 0.02 wt% (on dry matter) expressed as
sinapic acid equivalents.
W0 20131013949 l3-l
Preferably the protein isolate or protein composition of the invention has a
glucosinolate content of less than 10 umol/g, preferably less than 1 umolfg (on dry
matter).
In general the n isolate or protein composition of the invention will have a lipid
content of 2 to 15 wt%, preferably 2 to 10 wt%, more preferably 2 to 8 wt% (on dry
matter) in case of rape seed or sun flower n or of 2 to 20 wt%, more preferably 2
to 15 wt% (on dry matter) in case of soy n.
The n isolate or protein composition of the invention will preferably have a phytate
content (P x 3.5) of less than 0.5 wt%, preferably less than 0.2 wt% (on dry matter).
The protein isolate or protein composition of the invention will preferably have a solubility
of at least 30 NS%, preferably at least 50 NS%, more ably at least 60 NS%, even
more preferably at least 70 NS% and most preferably at least 75 NS%.
The protein isolate or protein composition of the ion preferably have a dry matter
content of at least 70 wt%, preferably at least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 85 wt%,
even more preferably at least 90 wt%, still more preferably at least 91 wt%,even still
more preferably has a dry matter content of 92 to 99 wt% and most preferably of 93 to
98 wt%.
The protein e or protein composition of the ion preferably comprises
rapeseed, sunflower or soy protein. In case of rape seed the protein isolate or protein
2O ition of the ion will preferably have 28 protein and 128 protein present in a
ratio of 1:6 to 6:1, preferably in a ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (wt/wt on dry matter).
For three commercially available protein isolates which were not produced
according to the invention a solubility of 69 NS%, 55 NS% and 67 NS%, respectively,
were measured.
Detailed description of the invention
Protein es or concentrates derived from plants or oilseed and intended for
consumption share one main problem for the industrial processor or formulator namely
the presence of utritional factors like phenolic compounds that are present in the
source material. Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in the oilseeds like soy, sunflowers
and ed and are responsible for colouring, off taste and off flavour of the protein
isolates. Therefore, there is a need to remove or decrease unwanted compounds like
phenolic compounds down to the trace levels in the final products especially in case of
intended use for (human) consumption.
W0 20131013949 PCT/EPZOIZ/ll63l3-l
One of the methods to remove phenolic compounds from protein formulations is
to wash them out with soluble solvents like methanol, acetone, ethanol etc.
Different approaches are possible, for e pre—processing, such as applying a
solvent leaching step prior to extraction of the proteins or post—processing, such as
washing of the protein isolates after extraction or isolation.
The process of the invention provides inclusion of solvent treatment after the
extraction of n but before isolation of protein isolates takes place. The inventors
have found that in general proteins can be ed from unwanted compounds such as
phenolic nds by bringing the n in aqueous solution. Preferably the protein
is purified from the low molecular compounds like carbohydrates and other compounds
such as part of the phenolic compounds, present in the crude extract. Such purification
can for example be achieved by diafiltration in an UF (UltraFiltration step). The inventors
observed that a ntial part of the phenolic compounds present in the crude extract
can be removed by for example UF, but not all. Still, there are some phenolic
compounds left in the protein isolate that cannot be removed by for example diafiltration.
In literature this enon has been observed with sunflowers.
A possible explanation might be that these phenolic compounds are embedded in
the protein tertiary structures and are attached to the hydrophobic epitopes of proteins
by weak tion forces. According to the present invention the ns are preferably
maintained as native or non-denaturated proteins by selecting suitable sing
conditions prior to application of a t. In general it is important to prevent phenolic
compounds to form irreversible complexes with proteins. These complexes might be
formed under certain conditions such as the presence of dissolved oxygen, a pH of
above 8 and/or an elevated temperature higher than 60 °C.
The isolation of protein according to the ion can be achieved by adding
water soluble solvent like ethanol to the aqueous solution preferably at the same time
stirring. Attraction forces between phenolic compounds and the proteins will be
weakened by the presence of ethanol, allowing iation of the phenolic compounds
from the amino—acid chains. These ic nds will subsequently diffuse into
the bulk of the liquid phase. To minimize risk for irreversible denaturation, temperature
is preferably kept in the range of O to 30 °C, preferably 0 to 20 °C. However, the present
invention does not stand or fall with this explanation or hypothesis which is only posed
by the inventors to make the process steps easy understandable rather than to limit the
scope of the present invention.
To achieve this effect in for example rapeseed proteins, the ethanol t in the final
mother liquor is preferably between 60 and 80 vol%, more preferably between 65 and 75 vol%.
If this content is significantly lower, the purification is less effective. If this t is higher, the
n might undergo faster denaturation and the efficiency of purification is less optimal.
In WO 02/060273 it was suggested that exposure of sunflower protein to an ethanol
solution of more than 40% ethanol may lead to denaturation of proteins. We have surprisingly
found that rapeseed n isolated in 70 vol% ethanol on and subsequently dried
remained native protein and preserved their functional properties relevant for food applications
such as: foaming ability, solubility, water binding ability etc.
The process of the invention when used for sunflower seed provided protein isolates
with high yield, high purity and low content of ic compounds. This protein isolate also
showed good functional properties, giving support to our explanation or hypothesis.
The discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like is included in
this specification solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not
ted or represented that any or all of these matters formed part of the prior art base or
were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed
before the priority date of each claim of this application.
Throughout the present specification and the accompanying claims, the words "comprise"
and "include" and variations such as "comprises", "comprising", "includes" and "including" are to be
interpreted ively. That is, these words are intended to convey the possible inclusion of other
elements or integers not specifically recited, where the context allows.
The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to one
or at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an t” may
mean one element or more than one element.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed
(and in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola) is a bright yellow flowering member
of the family caceae (mustard or cabbage family), (Wanasundara, 2011). The proteins
present in ed se 2S protein (monomeric protein such as napin) and 12S protein
(hexameric n such as cruciferin). In native kernel about 7 wt% 2S, 2 wt% 7S and 12 wt%
12S protein is present.
The ated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the 67 species in the genus
Helianthus and is a member of the Compositae (Asteraceae) family. The proteins present in
sunflower consist of two major s, the 11S globulin (such as helianthinin) and the 2S
sunflower albumins. In sunflower seeds about 60% of the proteins consist of 11S protein, while
the 2S sunflower ns account for about 20% of the proteins.
Soybeans contain about 40% protein on dry matter (DM). Based on their sedimentation
cients soybean proteins can be classified into 2S (13-18%), 7S (30-46%), 11S (36-53%),
and 15S (0-4%) fractions. The 11S and 15S fractions consist of glycinin and glycinin polymers
respectively. The ty of the 7S fraction is β-conglycinin. The 2S fraction consists of
Bowman-Birk and Kunitz trypsin inhibitors, cytochrome c, and α-conglycinin.
Processing of rapeseed for oil production provides rapeseed meal or oil cake as byproduct
from crushing, expelling and optionally extracting oil from oilseed rape and is in general
in meal form. By “oil cake” is meant the t after crushing and expelling. By “meal” is meant
that at least part of the oil removed, for example by extraction, from the oil cake. The oil cake
and meal by-product has a high-protein t. Other oil seeds give similar meal or oil cake as
by-product.
It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a process to isolate protein from a
meal or oil cake comprising protein and polyphenolic compounds. Therefore the process of the
present ion comprises the following steps:
- extracting the meal with water to obtain an aqueous on;
- concentrating the s extract to an aqueous on comprising 5 to 30 wt%
protein, preferably 10 to 30 wt% protein;
- adding a water-soluble solvent to the concentrated aqueous solution to obtain a protein
precipitate; and
- separating the protein precipitate from the liquid on.
ageously the process may further se one or a combination of the additional
or subsequent steps of
- washing the protein precipitate; and
- drying the protein precipitate.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention after the extraction step and before the
addition of the water-soluble t, the aqueous solution or concentrated aqueous solution is
diafiltrated preferably by using UF (ultra filtration). During this diafiltration step soluble
carbohydrates, glucosinolates or their derivatives, phytates or polyphenolic compounds or a
combination of one or more of these compounds may be removed from the aqueous solution or
concentrated aqueous solution. This diafiltration takes place before, during or after
concentrating the aqueous t. The diafiltration may be done separate from the
concentration step or may be combined with the concentration step, for example by using UF.
W0 20131013949 l3-l
The water soluble solvent is preferably methanol, ethanol or acetone, more
preferably l. Preferably the liquid fraction after tion comprises polyphenolic
compounds.
The present invention discloses a process for the production of isolated protein or
a protein composition in a way that is economical attractive and at the same time is
sustainable because of the use of recyclable compounds like water and water-soluble
solvents such as ethanol which may give rise to the tion of food grade protein
products.
The dried protein precipitate or protein isolate has a protein content of at least 80
wt%. Protein content is determined on dry matter basis by the Kjeldahl . A protein
isolate is an isolated protein fraction of oil seed meal, wherein the isolate has greater
than or equal to 80 wt%, preferably at least 90 wt% protein content on dry matter.
Typically, the protein isolate has 92 to 99 wt% protein content on dry . Typically,
the non-protein t of the protein isolate includes non-protein compounds such as
anti—nutritional substances, fat, fiber, and other components. Examples of oilseed meal
include seed cake, defatted meal or protein— enriched meal. The meal is a meal of an oil
seed such as rape seed, soy bean, sunflower seed, coconut, traditional flax, linola or
mustard seed, preferably the meal is rape seed meal. Although the process of the
invention is disclosed herein in more detail for ularly rape seed meal, the t
ion may be applied to other oil seed meals as well. The meal may be any meal
ing from the l of oil from seed with varying levels native (non-denaturated)
protein, resulting, for example, from hot or cold oil extrusion methods. By native or non—
denaturated protein is meant protein that has retained to a large extent its functional
properties which are relevant for applications in food industry such as:
-solubility in aqueous solutions,
-water-binding capacity,
-fat-binding capacity and/or
—foaming ability.
The meal is the by—product after the pressing or extraction of the oil from the oil
seed or oil cake. The t of the process of the invention can be used for human
consumption. It is advantageous that the conditions in the processes used to e the
oil from the oil seed do not result in the ntial denaturation of the protein present in
the oil seed or meal. Preferably conditions are chosen that will result in the preservation
of the nativity and functionality of the proteins in the meal. An example of mild conditions
W0 20131013949 l3-l
is the cold-pressing of oil seed such as rapeseed. Mild conditions during oil isolation as
well as the ions of the present s will result in a protein product that has a
high functionality and therefore has a high value for human consumption. It was found
that the protein isolate produced by the process of the present invention is native (non—
denatured) protein. Advantageously the process of the invention results in protein
whereby the native protein content of the ed protein is ntial. Native protein
content is the fraction of native protein present in a protein (in wt%).
Suitable conditions for the s extraction of protein from the meal are a
temperature of between 8 and 80 °C and preferably between 10 and 55 °C. In general
the pH is in between 5 and 10, preferably between 6 and 8.
The extraction of the protein from the oil seed meal is carried out in any
convenient manner consistent with effecting a continuous extraction of n from the
oil seed meal, such as by passing the mixture of oil seed meal and food grade aqueous
solution h a conduit having a length and at a flow rate for a residence time
sufficient to effect the desired extraction.
Alternatively, the extraction may be effected in a stirred tank into which the
mixture of oil seed meal and s solution is continuously or discontinuously fed and
from which the aqueous protein solution is continuously or discontinuously removed. In
addition, the procedure may be effected in a semi-continuous manner equivalent to
continuous n a mixture of oil seed meal aqueous solution is, fed into a first stirred
vessel in which the extraction is effected to form the aqueous n solution while
aqueous protein solution is continuously fed from a second stirred vessel to the residual
meal separation step described below. When the aqueous protein solution has been
formed in the first vessel and the second vessel has been depleted of aqueous n
solution, the first vessel then becomes the first vessel and vice versa.
The aqueous phase or solution resulting from the extraction step may be
separated from the residual meal in any convenient manner, such as by employing
filtration and/or centrifugation to remove residual meal. The separated residual meal may
be dried.
The aqueous phase or aqueous solution may be used as such in the next step
(addition of water-soluble solvent such as ethanol) or preferably may be concentrated
before the next step of addition of water—soluble solvent such as ethanol. The
tration step may be effected in any convenient manner consistent with a (semi)
uous or batch (discontinuous) ion, such as by employing any convenient
W0 20131013949 PCT/EPZOIZ/ll6313-l
selective membrane technique, such as ultrafiltration (UF), to permit the desired degree
of concentration of the aqueous protein solution. Advantageously, before, after or during
the concentration step, diafiltration may be performed. This diafiltration takes place after
the tion step and before the addition of the water—soluble solvent. UF may be used
for tration. So UF may be used for diafiltration as well as concentration, or UF may
be used for diafiltration and the concentration step is done separately. By using UF for
the diafiltration, most of the soluble carbohydrates and ANF’s (antinutritional s like
glucosinolates and their derivatives, phytates and most of the polyphenolic compounds)
present in the aqueous extract can be advantageously removed.
The concentration step may be effected at any convenient temperature, generally
to 80 °C, and for the period of time to effect the desired degree of tration. The
ature and other conditions used to some degree depend upon for example the
membrane equipment used to effect the concentration and the desired protein
concentration of the solution.
In the step n water—soluble solvent such as ethanol is added, ably a
water—soluble solvent of at least 90 vol% of solvent is used, preferably at least 92 vol% of
solvent. 80 in the step wherein ethanol is added, preferably at least 90 vol% ethanol is
used, preferably at least 92 vol%. Water-soluble solvent such as l addition is
needed to obtain a concentration of water-soluble solvent such as ethanol that is high
2O enough to precipitate the protein present. A concentration of about 70 vol% ethanol is
sufficient to precipitate the protein.
Separation of the protein precipitate and the liquid fraction can be done in any
suitable separator such as by employing filtration and/or centrifugation. The liquid
on will contain mainly anti—nutritional compounds (such as phytates, phenolics and
inolates) and sugars in case rape seed meal is used as starting meal. In case a
diafiltration step is used as described before, only remainders of these compounds may
be present. The precipitate mainly comprises 28 protein (napins or albumins) and 128
protein (cruciferins or globulins), when originating from ed.
The precipitate can be washed for example with a water / water—soluble solvent
such as ethanol solution containing less than 70 vol% water—soluble solvent, preferably
comprising 50 to 70 wt% water-soluble solvent, more preferably 50 to 70 vol% ethanol,
even more ably 50 to 65 vol% ethanol and most preferably 50 to 60 vol% ethanol.
The precipitate can be dried to remove al water-soluble t such as
ethanol to the level of preferably less than 0.2 wt%, preferably less than 0.1 wt% water—
soluble solvent such as ethanol. In general the protein isolate or protein composition obtained
by the process of the present invention has a purity of more than 90 wt% (on dry matter).
phenolic compounds are present in a concentration of less than 0.1 wt%, preferably less
than 0.05 wt%, more preferably less than 0.02 wt% and most preferably less than 0.01 wt% (on
dry matter). The protein isolate or protein composition may be dried in any convenient manner,
such as by spray drying, fluidized bed , freeze drying or vacuum drum drying, to a dry
form, to provide a dry protein isolate having a protein content of at least 70 wt%, preferably at
least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 85 wt% and even more preferably at least 90 wt%.
Preferably the dry protein isolate or protein composition has a dry matter content of at least 70
wt%, preferably at least 80 wt%, more preferably at least 85 wt% and even more preferably at
least 90 wt%, still more preferably at least 91 wt%, even still more preferably has a dry matter
t of 92 to 99 wt% and most preferably of 93 to 98 wt%. In general the temperature of the
protein isolate is kept below 60 ºC during .
According to one aspect of the invention the protein isolate obtained with the process of
the present invention, is suitable for human consumption. The removal of phytates, ics
(or polyphenolics) and glucosinolates prevents unattractive flavor and coloration and decreased
nutritional value of the n isolate. At the same time this l enhances the protein
content of the protein isolate.
Liquids having ent amounts of water-soluble t such as ethanol are used in
the t process. The skilled person will understand that several of the water-soluble solvent
like flows in the process can be re-circulated, can be used again in other parts of the process or
can be re-used after sing for example after distilling to increase the solvent content. The
skilled person will appreciate that an optimal use of water-soluble solvent such as ethanol can
be designed and less as possible of water-soluble solvent such as ethanol will be “consumed” in
the process in order to obtain a nable process.
Methods and Materials
Protein content
Protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method according to AOAC Official Method
991.20 Nitrogen (Total) in Milk. A converstion factor of 6.25 was used to ine the amount
of protein (% (w/w)).
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Moisture content
The re content was determined according to the: Food al Codex, edition 7,
General tests and , Appendix II, pages 1133 — 1134
Total ash content
The total ash content was ined according to the Food Chemical Codex edition
7, General tests and assays, Appendix II, C, page 1746 .
Phytate content
The phytate content was based on the e assay described in the Food Chemical
Codex (FCC 7, General tests and assays, appendix V, pages 1207 — 1208. Reagents
and solutions used are similar with the exception of the acetate buffer, which additionally
contains 1% (v/v) Tween 20. In stead of the substrate solution, a nce phytate
solution containing 10 mM phytate in acetate buffer was used. A solution containing 1.25
e units/ml in acetate buffer was used for conversion of phytate. A e
calibration line has been created in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mM phytate. For all s
and standards, incubation was performed at 37°C for 120 s. Content of phytate in
the samples has been derived directly from the relation for the phytate standard between
2O the phytate concentration and the absorption after the reaction at 415 nm
Nitrogen solubility (NS%)
Protein solutions were prepared by dissolving protein powder at a protein tration
of 2% (w/w) in demineralized water. pH was adjusted to 8.0 with 4M HCI or 4M NaOH..
(No additional salt was added).
Solutions were incubated for 2 hour at 50°C while vigorous shaking. Subsequently,
samples were centrifuged at 20.000 9 for 5 min and supernatant was collected. The
protein content of the supernatant and the protein powder samples was analyzed by the
Kjeldahl method. Nitrogen solubility (NS%) was defined as:
nitrogen in the supernatant (mg)
NS A)0 0
= X 100 /°
total nitrogen in a 100 mg sample
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Polypheno/ or phenolic content
The polyphenol or phenolic concentration was determined using a UPLC-UV method for
the quantification of sinapic acid and its analogs. The method is based on the is of
potato ics described by Narvaez—Cuenca et al. l of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 2011, 59 (10247—10255) with minor adaptations as described below.
An Acquity UPLC (Waters) system was ed with an y UPLC BEH C18
column (1.7 um, 2.1 x 150 mm, Waters) using a PDA detector at 320 nm for detection.
Mobile phase A consisted of 0.1 % formic acid in water and mobile phase B consisted of
0.1 % formic acid in acetonitril applying a flow of 0.4 mL/min in gradient mode. Column
ature was set at 30° C and injection volume was 2 uL.
Sinapic acid was used as nce standard (calibration curve 0.1—100 mg/L) dissolved
in 50 vol% methanol containing 0.5 wt% acetic acid. imately 1.0 g of sample was
dissolved in 10 mL 70 vol% methanol and uently mixed for 1 h. An aliquot was
transferred into an Eppendorf tube, centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 rpm and the
supernatant was diluted 1:1 with 50 vol% methanol containing 0.5 wt% acetic acid.
The enol concentration was calculated by determining the total peak area of
sinapic acid and its analogs by interpolation with the sinapic acid calibration curve. Total
polyphenol concentration was expressed as wt%.
ydrate content:
Total carbohydrate concentration was determined by the phenol-sulphuric acid analysis
which has been described by Rao et al. Anal. Biochem. 181 (1989), pp. 18—22. The
method includes the degradation of the polysaccharide fraction via acid hydrolysis with
sulphuric acid (approximately 70 %) into monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, mannose) at
elevated temperature. In this acidic environment, the monosaccharides are subsequently
dehydrated and converted into 2—furaldehydes, also called furfurals. In the acidic
environment, phenol is protonized, leaving a reactive molecule which will react with the
furfural molecules. The condensation product is highly conjugated and chromogenic. The
intensity of the orange colour can be measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm.
The colour of this compound corresponds to the amount of mono—saccharide present.
The actual content has been derived from a ation curve produced using glucose as
standard.
Fat content
W0 20131013949 PCT/EPZOIZ/ll6313-l
The fat content was determined ing to the method of_AOCS 6‘h n, Ce 1-62
GIucosino/ate content
The inolate content was determined according to the COMMISSION
REGULATION (EEC) No 1864/90 of 29 June 1990 amending Regulation (EEC) No
1470/68
l content (of the product or the composition of the invention)
The ethanol content was determined with use of a GC headspace analysis.
25 mg of the sample and 1.5 g sodiumchloride were put into a glass vial with cap. The
sample was suspended into 1 ml water and the vial was closed. At a temperature of 60
°C after the headspace equilibrium was reached, 1 ml of the headspace was injected
onto a gaschromatograph by means of a split injection 1:20.
The gaschromatograph was equipped with a DB 624 column (60 m x 0.25 mm id, film
1.2 pm) and a flame ionization detector. Nitrogen gas was used as the carrier gas with a
flow of 3 ml/min. The temperature of the column was initially set at 50 °C, followed by a
linear temperature gradient of 30 “C/min to 200 °C, at which value it was held for 6 min.
Ethanol was measured with the flame ionization detector and the Chromeleon was
employed for data processing. The ion of ethanol on this system was determined
by injecton of a standard ethanol. The quantity of ethanol in the sample was determined
by the use of rd addition of ethanol to the sample in a suitable range.
Determination of protein content of 8 fraction, for example the 2S and 128 protein
content in rape seed protein
The t of the S fractions was determined using Size ion Chromatography,
with commercially purified rapeseed proteins as reference. Protein samples have been
dissolved in the eluent, 0.1 M NaCI solution. Separation was performed on a Waters
BEH200 column (1.7 pm, 4.6X 150 mm), at 40°C and 0.5 ml/min. Detection of the
protein peaks was performed using UV absorption at 280 nm and tive index.
fication of content of the S ons was performed based on the area of the main
peaks in the chromatograms of the reference proteins.
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1 kg of two times pressed rapeseed cake was ded with 5 liters of water.
During mixing, pH was adjusted to 7 using a sodium hydroxide solution. The extraction
was done at a controlled temperature of 30 °C for 1 hour under stirring. The solid liquid
separation was performed for 30 minutes at approximately 4000 g at ambient
temperature (22 °C). The supernatant was collected by decanting and sieving (0.15 —
0.25 mm sieve) to remove the fatty top layer.
The concentration of the aqueous extract was performed using a 10 kD
ultrafiltration (UF) module and a pump. The concentrate was approximately ten times
concentrated in view of the supernatant before trating. The concentrate was
washed 3 times with water (volume ratio concentrate : water = 1 : 3) and the washed
concentrate was collected from the UP unit. The membrane was washed with some
water to increase protein yield and the final concentration factor was approximately four
times.
Ethanol induced precipitation was performed by adding food grade concentrated
ethanol (95%) to the washed concentrate to a final concentration of 70 vol% ethanol
(volume ratio concentrate : ethanol = 1 : 2.3). During the addition of ethanol, the e
was ghly mixed. The precipitate was removed after centrifugation (15 min 4000 g
at ambient ature) and was resuspended in 70 vol% ethanol (weight ratio of 1 : 5).
After centrifugation (15 min 4000 g at ambient temperature) the pellet was dried in a
vacuum tor (120 mbar, 45 °C) to result in 210 g rape seed protein having a dry
matter t of 93.6% dry matter.
Example 2. Lab scale, extraction at 30°C
A lab scale experiment including ethanolic precipitation (Ethanol d
Erecipitation = ElP) with rapeseed cake extracted at 30°C was.
1500 g of rapeseed cake was suspended in 7500 g process water. pH was adjusted to 7
by the addition of 70 g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was performed for 90 minutes at 30°C
under mediate ng using an overhead stirring device and a folded blade stirrer in a 10
| vessel. Starting ature of the rapeseed suspension was directed to 30°C via the
use of preheated water prior to the addition of rapeseed cake.
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out centrifuge
(4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was separated from the aqueous phase
by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
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The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at room temperature using a
pump and a 10 kD membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied was 1 bar. Washing
was performed after concentrating the aqueous fraction from 6342 g to 400 g with 3x 3
volumes of zed water. The final washed concentrate (1018 g) had a dry matter
content of 23%.
970 g of concentrate was suspended with 2266 ml of 96 vol% ethanol of 10°C.
Afterthorough mixing using an ad stirring device and a folded blade r, the
mixture was centrifuged in a swing out fuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C). The pellet
was resuspended in 1440 ml 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough mixing,
centrifuged again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried material
was further homogenized and reduced in size using an IKA M20 mixer.
Table 2. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing of rapeseed at 30°C
Sample Protein Phenolics Phenolics
(% on (% on Yield (%)
DM) DM)
Rapeseed cake 38 1.5 100
Aqueous extract . 53 2.2 53
Washed concentrate 0.24 2.7
before EIP
Washed concentrate . 0.01 0.02
after EIP and d '
Example 3. Lab scale, extraction at 15°C
A lab scale experiment ing ethanolic precipitation with rapeseed cake
extracted at 15°C was performed.
800 g of rapeseed cake was ded in 4000 9 s water. pH was adjusted to 7
2O by the addition of 35 g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was performed for 30 minutes at 15°C
under mediate stirring using an ad ng device and a folded blade stirrer in a 10
l vessel with a jacket connected to a water bath. Starting temperature of the rapeseed
suspension was directed to 15°C via the use of cold water prior to the addition of
rapeseed cake.
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out centrifuge
(4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was separated from the aqueous phase
by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at 15°C using a pump and a
kD membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied was 1 bar. Washing was
W0 20131013949 PCT/EPZOIZ/ll6313-l
performed after concentrating the aqueous fraction from 3193 g to 519 g (dry matter
content 19%) with 3x 3 volumes of zed water.
496 g of concentrate was suspended with 1165 ml of 96 vol% ethanol of 10°C.
After thorough mixing using an overhead ng device and a folded blade stirrer, the
mixture was centrifuged in a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C). The pellet
was resuspended in 1000 ml 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough mixing,
centrifuged again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried material
was further homogenized and reduced in size using an IKA M20 mixer.
Table 3. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing of ed extracted at 15°C
Sample Dry Protein Fat Phenolics Phenolics
matter (% on (% on (% on Yield (%)
°(/o) DM) DlVl) DM)-
Washed concentrate 0. 91
before EIP
Washed concentrate after 90 87 6.3 0.06 0.04
EIP and drying
The nitrogen solubility of the washed concentrate after EIP and drying was 74%
Example 4. Lab scale, extraction at 50°C
A larger scale lab experiment including ethanolic precipitation with ed cake
ted at 50°C was performed in three experiments.
In 3 te experiments. in total 4800 g of rapeseed cake was suspended in 24000 9
process water. pH was adjusted to 7 by the addition of 212 g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was
performed for 30 minutes at 50°C under mediate stirring using an overhead stirring
device and a folded blade stirrer in a 10 | vessel. Starting temperature of the rapeseed
suspension was directed to 50°C via the use of water at 60°C prior to the addition of
rapeseed cake.
After the incubation the temperature of the ed suspension was decreased to 15°C
by exchanging the water in the water bath for ice cold water. Cooling period was
approximately 30 s.
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out fuge
(4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was separated from the aqueous phase
by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
W0 20131013949
The aqueous fraction (3 batches) was concentrated and washed at 50°C using a
pump and a 10 kD membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied was 2.5 bar. g
was performed after trating the aqueous fraction from 6000 g to 600 g with 3x 3
volumes of deionized water.
1000 g of washed concentrate was suspended with 2300 ml of 96 vol% ethanol
of 10°C. After thorough mixing using an overhead stirring device and a folded blade
stirrer, the e was centrifuged in a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C).
The pellet was resuspended in 2000 ml 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough
mixing, centrifuged again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried
material was further homogenized and reduced in size using an IKA M20 mixer.
Table 4. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing of rapeseed extracted at 50°C
Dry Protein Fat Phenolics Phenolics
matter (% on (% on (% on Yield (%)
(%) DM) DM) DM)
ed cake
Aqueous extract
Experiment 1 . 52
Experiment 2 . 50
Experiment 3 . 51
Washed concentrate
Experiment 1 86
Experiment 2 85
Experiment 3 88
Washed concentrate after
EIP and drying
Experiment 1 93 87 9.7 < 0.01 <0.1
Experiment 2 96 89 9.5 < 0.01 <0.1
Experiment 3 95 88 8.5 0.01 0.1
The nitrogen solubility of the washed concentrate after EIP and drying (mixture of
experiment 1, 2 and 3) was 74%.
Example 5. Pilot scale, extraction at 50°C
Rapeseed cake was extracted at 50°C on pilot scale. Further processing of the
washed concentrate was performed on lab scale.
60 kg of rapeseed cake was suspended in 300 kg of water. pH was adjusted to 6 by the
on of 2.625 kg 1 N NaOH. Extraction was med at 50°C under stirring using an
overhead ng device and a small folded blade stirrer in a 500 | vessel. Water was
W0 20131013949 2012/063134
boiled and cooled to 60°C prior to the addition of rapeseed cake. The incubation lasted
for 2 hours due to the limiting ty of the decanter used (300 kg/hr).
After the decanter, the temperature of the extract was decreased to 15°C via a
heat ger. Separation of fat and liquid phase was performed using a continuous
disc stack centrifuge. Volume of the fatty side stream was 10% of the total .
The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at 50°C using an
ultrafiltration device with a 10 kD ceramic membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied
was 2.5 bar. Washing after concentration was performed continuously with 4 volumes of
deionized water.
To 10 kg of washed concentrate (dry matter content 16%), 23 l of ethanol (96
vol%, 10°C) was added slowly under stirring. The mixture at 70 vol% ethanol was
centrifuged in a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C). The pellet was
resuspended in 4 | of 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough mixing, centrifuged
again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried material (1230 g of
97% dry matter) was further homogenized and reduced in size using an Alpine mill
(sheet 1 mm mesh).
Table 5. Composition of fractions in pilot scale processing of rapeseed extracted at 50°C
Sample Protein Fat Phenolics Phenolics Phytate
(% on (% on (% on DM) Yield (%) (% on
DM) DM) DM)
Aqueous extract 48
after ming
Washed 74
trate
Washed 72
concentrate
after EIP and
drying
The nitrogen solubility of the washed trate after EIP and drying was 81%.
Example 6. Ethanolic precipitation of sun flower cake
To show the effect of ethanolic precipitation for other oil seeds than rapeseed,
the process was performed with sun flower cake (after 1x pressing).
1600 g of milled sun flower cake was suspended in 8000 9 process water.
Endogenous pH was 7 so no adjustment was applied. Sulfite was added (1 g/l) to control
W0 20131013949
microbiology and prevent oxidation of phenolic compounds. Extraction was performed
for 30 minutes at 15°C under mediate stirring using an overhead stirring device and a
folded blade stirrer in a 10 | vessel.
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out
centrifuge (4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was ted from the
aqueous phase by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at 15°C using a using an
ultrafiltration device and a 10 kD membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied was 2.5
bar. Washing was performed after concentrating the aqueous fraction with 3x 3 volumes
of deionized water.
To 200 g of washed concentrate (dry matter t 10.0%), 460 ml of ethanol
(96 vol%, 10°C) was added slowly under stirring. The mixture at 70 vol% ethanol was
centrifuged in a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C). The pellet was
ended in 200 ml 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough , centrifuged
again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried.
Table 6. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing at 15°C of sun flower cake
Sample Dry Protein Fat ics Phenolics
matter (% on (% on (% on Yield (%)
(%) DM) DM) DM)
Washed concentrate 10. O 0.26
Washed concentrate after 71.5 89 5. 7 0.01 01. 034
EIP and drying ‘ ‘ ‘
Example 7. Ethanolic precipitation of soy flour
2O A combination of cold and ethanolic precipitation with full fat enzyme active soy
flour was performed.
1600 g of milled sun flower cake was suspended in 8000 9 s water. Endogenous
pH was 6.8 so no adjustment was applied. Sulfite was added (1 g/l) to control
microbiology and t oxidation of phenolic compounds. Extraction was performed
for 30 minutes at 15°C under mediate stirring using an overhead stirring device and a
folded blade stirrer in a 10 | .
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out
centrifuge (4000 g, 30 minutes,10°C). The fatty top layer was separated from the
aqueous phase by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
W0 20131013949
The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at 15°C using a pump and a
kD membrane in a thermo stated vessel. Trans membrane pressure applied was 2.5
bar. Washing was med after concentrating the aqueous fraction with 3x 3 volumes
of pre—heated zed water.
To the supernatant (765 g), 1780 ml (1419 g) of l (96 vol%) of 10°C was
added slowly under stirring. The mixture at 70 vol% ethanol was centrifuged in a swing
out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, <10°C). The pellet was resuspended in 1500 ml 70
vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough mixing, centrifuged again. The pellet after
crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried material (189 g of 83% dry matter) was
further homogenized using an IKA M20 mixer.
Table 7. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing at 15°C of full fat enzyme
active soy flour
Sample Protein Phenolics Phenolics
(% on (% on Yield (%)
DM) DlVl)
Soy flour 42 0.08 100
Aqueous extract 53 0.11 71
Washed concentrate 65 0.05 20
before EIP
Washed concentrate 74 < 0.01 0.3
after EIP and drying
Example 8. Pretreatment of ed cake with isohexane or ethanol
To show the effect of pretreatment of rapeseed cake after pressing on removal of
phenolic compounds, an experiment has been performed comparing aqueous extraction
of rapeseed cake with ane or 70 vol% ethanol and without pretreatment. The
results show the specific effect of ethanol on phenolics removal compared to water and a
2O non water miscible solvent.
Isohexane pretreatment:
1000 g of rapeseed cake was extracted using 5 l of isohexane. After 1 hour of incubation
at room temperature, solid — liquid separation was performed by filtration. Weight of the
pellet after drying was 831.5 g, dry matter was 92.5%.
The isohexane ated rapeseed cake was suspended in 4332 g process
water. pH was ed to 7 pH by the addition of 62.72 g 4 N NaOH. tion was
performed at 30°C under stirring using an ad stirring device and a small folded
blade stirrer in a 10 | vessel.
Ethanol pretreatment:
W0 20131013949 ZOIZ/O6313-l
1000 g of rapeseed cake was extracted using 5 | of 70 vol% ethanol. After 1 hour of
incubation at 30°C, solid — liquid separation was med by centrifugation (4000 g, 30
minutes, 20°C). Weight of the pellet after drying was 844.2 g, dry matter was 86.0%.
The ethanol pretreated rapeseed cake was suspended in 4309 g process water.
pH was adjusted to 7 pH by the addition of 30.73 g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was performed
at 30°C under stirring using an overhead stirring device and a small folded blade stirrer
in a 10 | vessel.
Non pretreated ed cake:
1000 g of rapeseed cake was suspended in 5000 g process water. pH was adjusted to 7
by the addition of 40.66g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was performed for 60 minutes at 30°C
under mediate stirring using an overhead stirring device and a folded blade stirrer in a 10
IvesseL
For all 3 suspensions, separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed
using a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was
separated from the aqueous phase by pouring the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
The aqueous fraction was concentrated and washed at room temperature using a
pump and a 10 kD membrane in a 2 l vessel. Trans membrane re applied was 1
bar. Washing was performed after concentrating the aqueous fraction from 4000 g to
600 g with 3x 3 volumes of deionized water.
Table 8. Composition of fractions in lab scale processing of pretreated rapeseed cake at
°C
Sample Dry Protein Fat Phenolics Phenolics
matter (% on (% on (% on DIVI) Yield (%)
ed cake untreated
Aqueous extract 7.7
Washed concentrate
Rapeseed cake ane
extracted
Aqueous extract
Washed trate
Rapeseed cake ethanol
extracted
s t 4.6 69 2.5
Washed concentrate 13 93 3.8
W0 20131013949
Example 9. Lab scale, extraction at 30°C
1500 g of rapeseed cake was suspended in 7500 9 process water. pH was
adjusted to 7 by the addition of 59 g 4 N NaOH. Extraction was performed for 60 s
at 30°C under mediate stirring using an overhead stirring device and a folded blade
stirrer in a 10 | vessel. Starting temperature of the rapeseed suspension was directed to
°C via the use of preheated water prior to the addition of ed cake.
Separation of fat, solids and liquid phase was performed using a swing out centrifuge
(4000 g, 30 minutes, 10°C). The fatty top layer was separated from the aqueous phase
by g the extract over a sieve (0.25 mm).
The aqueous on was concentrated and washed at room temperature using a
pump and a 10 kD membrane. Trans membrane pressure applied was 1 bar. Washing
was performed after concentrating the aqueous fraction from 6000 g to 650 g with 3x 2.5
volumes of zed water. The final washed concentrate (928 9) had a dry matter
content of 21%.
842 g of concentrate was suspended with 2062 g of 96 vol% ethanol of 10°C.
Afterthorough mixing using an overhead stirring device and a folded blade r, the
mixture was centrifuged in a swing out centrifuge (4000 g, 10 minutes, 10°C). The pellet
was resuspended in 1000 ml 70 vol% ethanol of 10°C and, after thorough mixing,
centrifuged again. The pellet after crumbling with a spoon was dried. The dried material
was further homogenized and reduced in size using an IKA M20 mixer.
The l content of the washed concentrate after EIP and drying was 0.15 wt%.
Claims (20)
1. A process to isolate native protein from the oilseed meal or oilseed cake comprising the following steps: extracting the meal with water to obtain an aqueous solution; concentrating the aqueous extract to an aqueous solution sing 5 to 30 wt% protein;; adding a water-soluble solvent to the concentrated aqueous solution to obtain a protein precipitate; and separating the protein precipitate from the liquid fraction.
2. Process according to claim 1 which ses the additional step of washing the protein precipitate.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2 which ses the additional step of drying the protein precipitate.
4. Process according to any one of the previous claims y after the extraction step and before the addition of the water-soluble solvent, the aqueous solution or concentrated aqueous solution is trated.
5. Process ing to claim 4 wherein diafiltration is by using UF (ultra filtration).
6 Process according to claim 4 whereby soluble carbohydrates, glucosinolates or their tives, phytates or enolic compounds or a combination of one or more of these compounds are removed from the aqueous solution or concentrated aqueous solution.
7. s according to claim 4 whereby the diafiltration takes place before, during or after the concentrating of the aqueous extract.
8. Process according to any one of the claims whereby the water soluble solvent is methanol, ethanol or acetone..
9. A process according to any one of the previous claims wherein the meal is rapeseed, soy or sun flower meal.
10. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition which comprises -a protein content of at least 80 wt%, (on dry matter); -an ethanol content of less than 0.2 wt%, (on dry matter); -an ethanol t of more than 0.001 wt%, (on dry matter); and -a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid equivalents.
11. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition of claim 10 which has a glucosinolate content of less than 10 µmol/g(on dry matter).
12. An isolated native d protein or a native oilseed protein ition of claim 10 or 11 which has a lipid content of 2 to 15 wt% (on dry matter) in case of soy n.
13. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition of any one of claims 10 to 12 which has a phytate content (P x 3.5) of less than 0.5 wt% (on dry matter).
14. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition of any one of claims 10 to 13 which has a solubility of at least 30 NS%.
15. An isolated native d n or a native d protein composition of any one of claims 10 to 14 which has a dry matter content of at least 70 wt%.
16. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed n composition of any one of claims 10 to 15 which comprises rapeseed, sunflower or soy protein.
17. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition of any one of claims 10 to 15 which comprises rapeseed and whereby the 2S protein and 12S protein will be present in a ratio of 1:6 to 6:1. (wt/wt on dry ).
18. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition which comprises -a protein content of at least 80 wt%, (on dry matter); -an l content of less than 0.2 wt%, (on dry ); -an ethanol content of more than 0.001 wt%, (on dry matter); and -a phenolic content of less than 0.1 wt%, (on dry matter) expressed as sinapic acid equivalents; wherein said native oilseed protein or a native oilseed protein composition is obtained by a process according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
19. A process according to claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to any of the Examples.
20. An isolated native oilseed protein or a native d n composition according to claim 10, substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to any of the Examples.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11175743 | 2011-07-28 | ||
EP11175743.1 | 2011-07-28 | ||
PCT/EP2012/063134 WO2013013949A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2012-07-05 | Protein isolation from oil seeds |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ620272A NZ620272A (en) | 2016-02-26 |
NZ620272B2 true NZ620272B2 (en) | 2016-05-27 |
Family
ID=
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