NZ619221B2 - Method of treatment of cattle - Google Patents
Method of treatment of cattle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ619221B2 NZ619221B2 NZ619221A NZ61922113A NZ619221B2 NZ 619221 B2 NZ619221 B2 NZ 619221B2 NZ 619221 A NZ619221 A NZ 619221A NZ 61922113 A NZ61922113 A NZ 61922113A NZ 619221 B2 NZ619221 B2 NZ 619221B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- formulation
- eprinomectin
- cattle
- animal
- injectable
- Prior art date
Links
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- WPNHOHPRXXCPRA-TVXIRPTOSA-N Eprinomectin Chemical compound O1[C@@H](C)[C@@H](NC(C)=O)[C@H](OC)C[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@@H](OC)C[C@H](O[C@@H]2C(=C/C[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C[C@@]4(O3)C=C[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(C)C)O4)OC(=O)[C@@H]3C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4OC\C([C@@]34O)=C\C=C/[C@@H]2C)\C)O[C@H]1C WPNHOHPRXXCPRA-TVXIRPTOSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229960002346 eprinomectin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000000507 anthelmentic Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 244000144980 herd Species 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-HSACVWGTSA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (E)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-HSACVWGTSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 210000004080 Milk Anatomy 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 244000045947 parasites Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940046009 Vitamin E Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003712 vitamin E derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940074076 glycerol formal Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940088594 Vitamin Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003346 cobalamin group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930003231 vitamins Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MEJYDZQQVZJMPP-ULAWRXDQSA-N (3S,3aR,6R,6aR)-3,6-dimethoxy-2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan Chemical compound CO[C@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@H](OC)CO[C@@H]21 MEJYDZQQVZJMPP-ULAWRXDQSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMA Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960001452 alpha-Tocopherol Acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940113088 dimethylacetamide Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ZAKOWWREFLAJOT-CEFNRUSXSA-N D-α-tocopherylacetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C ZAKOWWREFLAJOT-CEFNRUSXSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000006551 Parasitic Disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000036281 parasite infection Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229960004217 benzyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000004540 pour-on Substances 0.000 description 15
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N [(2R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (Z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- LADGBHLMCUINGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricaprin Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC LADGBHLMCUINGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 8
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940079593 drugs Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 229940036592 ANTHELMINTICS Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000000921 anthelmintic agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid;octanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- AZSNMRSAGSSBNP-XPNPUAGNSA-N 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a Chemical compound C1C[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)O[C@@]21O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C3)[C@@H](OC)C1)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/1[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\1)O)C[C@H]4C2 AZSNMRSAGSSBNP-XPNPUAGNSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000005660 Abamectin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001556 benzimidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000035639 Blood Levels Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229960002418 Ivermectin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N Levotetramisole Chemical compound C1([C@H]2CN3CCSC3=N2)=CC=CC=C1 HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960001614 levamisole Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000699 topical Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229950008167 Abamectin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- QLFZZSKTJWDQOS-YDBLARSUSA-N Doramectin Chemical compound O1[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)C[C@H](O[C@@H]2C(=C/C[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C[C@@]4(O3)C=C[C@H](C)[C@@H](C3CCCCC3)O4)OC(=O)[C@@H]3C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4OC\C([C@@]34O)=C/C=C/[C@@H]2C)/C)O[C@H]1C QLFZZSKTJWDQOS-YDBLARSUSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YZBLFMPOMVTDJY-LSGXYNIPSA-N Moxidectin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(\C)=C\C(C)C)[C@@H](C)C(=N/OC)/C[C@@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\C[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1 YZBLFMPOMVTDJY-LSGXYNIPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960004816 Moxidectin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 210000003491 Skin Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000001058 adult Effects 0.000 description 3
- RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N avermectin B1a Chemical compound C1=C[C@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)O[C@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](OC)C3)[C@@H](OC)C2)[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1 RRZXIRBKKLTSOM-XPNPUAGNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960003997 doramectin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000037149 energy metabolism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000181 nicotinic agonist Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 description 3
- UMZCLZPXPCNKML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-imidazo[4,5-d][1,3]thiazole Chemical class C1=NC2=NCSC2=N1 UMZCLZPXPCNKML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000238876 Acari Species 0.000 description 2
- JYZIHLWOWKMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC=NC2=C1 JYZIHLWOWKMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 Blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241000244203 Caenorhabditis elegans Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001126268 Cooperia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001147667 Dictyocaulus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000243976 Haemonchus Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000036917 MEAN CMAX Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036170 Mean AUC Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002445 Nipples Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241000510960 Oesophagostomum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000243795 Ostertagia Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000002381 Plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229960004546 Thiabendazole Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tiabendazole Chemical compound S1C=NC(C=2NC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)=C1 WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001793 endectocide Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002147 killing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001418 larval Effects 0.000 description 2
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000024241 parasitism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002085 persistent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000005326 tetrahydropyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004308 thiabendazole Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010296 thiabendazole Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012049 topical pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GGXQONWGCAQGNA-UUSVNAAPSA-N (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;1-methyl-2-[(E)-2-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)ethenyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrimidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.CN1CCCN=C1\C=C\C1=C(C)C=CS1 GGXQONWGCAQGNA-UUSVNAAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWRCYAZJKNPEQR-NIEARKAZSA-N (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;1-methyl-2-[(E)-2-thiophen-2-ylethenyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrimidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.CN1CCCN=C1\C=C\C1=CC=CS1 VWRCYAZJKNPEQR-NIEARKAZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTPDWCMLUKMQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine Chemical group C1NCC=CN1 OTPDWCMLUKMQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UDFXVGGMFIJSGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5H-thieno[2,3-d]imidazole Chemical class C1=NC2=CCSC2=N1 UDFXVGGMFIJSGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004373 Acetylcholine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002669 Albendazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001147657 Ancylostoma Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940064005 Antibiotic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940083879 Antibiotics FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940042052 Antibiotics for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940042786 Antitubercular Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000204727 Ascaridia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000244186 Ascaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001669060 Astyanax anterior Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000000131 Beta tubulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050008483 Beta tubulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004204 Blood Vessels Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000931178 Bunostomum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000253350 Capillaria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000242722 Cestoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000893172 Chabertia Species 0.000 description 1
- DYVLXWPZFQQUIU-WGNDVSEMSA-N Derquantel Chemical compound O1C(C)(C)C=COC2=C1C=CC1=C2NC[C@]11C(C)(C)[C@@H]2C[C@]3(N(C4)CC[C@@]3(C)O)C(=O)N(C)[C@]42C1 DYVLXWPZFQQUIU-WGNDVSEMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950004278 Derquantel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940115943 Eprinex Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000242711 Fasciola hepatica Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000006275 Fascioliasis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N GABA Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093922 Gynecological Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002216 Heart Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000920462 Heterakis Species 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imidazole Chemical compound C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940025708 Injectable Product Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010022044 Injection site abscess Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010022114 Injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 Lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003563 Lymphoid Tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 102000028664 Microtubules Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091022031 Microtubules Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004688 Microtubules Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- CKVMAPHTVCTEMM-ALPQRHTBSA-N Milbemycin oxime Chemical compound O1[C@H](C)[C@@H](C)CC[C@@]11O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\C[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/2[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)C(=N/O)/[C@H]3OC\2)O)C[C@H]4C1.C1C[C@H](C)[C@@H](CC)O[C@@]21O[C@H](C\C=C(C)\C[C@@H](C)\C=C\C=C/1[C@]3([C@H](C(=O)O4)C=C(C)C(=N/O)/[C@H]3OC\1)O)C[C@H]4C2 CKVMAPHTVCTEMM-ALPQRHTBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950003439 Monepantel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003546 Morantel Tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000244206 Nematoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001137882 Nematodirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010067482 No adverse event Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000904715 Oxyuris Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010033799 Paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000244187 Parascaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001674048 Phthiraptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 229960000996 Pyrantel Pamoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AQXXZDYPVDOQEE-MXDQRGINSA-N Pyrantel pamoate Chemical compound CN1CCCN=C1\C=C\C1=CC=CS1.C1=CC=C2C(CC=3C4=CC=CC=C4C=C(C=3O)C(=O)O)=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=CC2=C1 AQXXZDYPVDOQEE-MXDQRGINSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010041415 Spastic paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 Stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000122932 Strongylus Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000004304 Subcutaneous Tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940024982 Topical Antifungal Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000607216 Toxascaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000244031 Toxocara Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000869417 Trematodes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000243797 Trichostrongylus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001489151 Trichuris Species 0.000 description 1
- -1 Vitamin Acetate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000037374 absorbed through the skin Effects 0.000 description 1
- OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylcholine Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXHWSAZORRCQMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N albendazole Chemical compound CCCSC1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 HXHWSAZORRCQMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008361 aminoacetonitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000111 anti-oxidant Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003115 biocidal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M buffer Substances [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- HDDSHPAODJUKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N fenbendazole Chemical compound C1=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=CC=C1SC1=CC=CC=C1 HDDSHPAODJUKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003278 mimic Effects 0.000 description 1
- WTERNLDOAPYGJD-SFHVURJKSA-N monepantel Chemical compound C([C@@](C)(NC(=O)C=1C=CC(SC(F)(F)F)=CC=1)C#N)OC1=CC(C#N)=CC=C1C(F)(F)F WTERNLDOAPYGJD-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940005935 ophthalmologic Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BEZZFPOZAYTVHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxfendazole Chemical compound C=1C=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=CC=1S(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BEZZFPOZAYTVHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Provided is an injectable anthelmintic formulation of eprinomectin. A preferred formulation comprises at least 1.5% w/v eprinomectin, benzyl alcohol, sorbitan monooleate, a vegetable oil or derivative and one or more co-solvents. Further provided is a method of treating cattle by injecting an animal at an injection site, at or near the rear of the animal with the formulation, and a method of treating a herd of cattle, with each animal being treated in a milking shed, by injecting an animal, at or near the rear of the animal with the formulation, whilst the animal is in a bail in the milking shed. al at an injection site, at or near the rear of the animal with the formulation, and a method of treating a herd of cattle, with each animal being treated in a milking shed, by injecting an animal, at or near the rear of the animal with the formulation, whilst the animal is in a bail in the milking shed.
Description
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
METHOD OF TREATMENT OF CATTLE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the treatment of cattle especially in large herds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Treatment of cattle to prevent and control parasite infection is an important aspect of
modern farming, especially the treatment of roundworm.
Typical roundworm parasite known to infect cattle include parasite belonging to the
following genera: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Nemaodirus, Cooperia, Ascaris,
Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia, Trichuris, Strongylus, Trichonema,
Dictyocaulus, Capillaria, Heterakis, Toxocara, Ascaridia, Oxyuris, Ancylostoma, Unicinaria,
Toxascaris and Parascaris. Certain of these, such as Nematodirus, Cooperia and
Oesophagostomum attack primarily the intestinal tract while others, such as Haemonchus
and Ostertagia, are more prevalent in the stomach while others such as Dictyocaulus are
found in the lungs. Still other parasites may be located in other tissues such as the heart and
blood vessels, subcutaneous and lymphatic tissue and the like.
The effect on cattle health and well‐being can be significant, and can range from mild ill‐
health through to death. In adult cattle even sub‐clinical parasitism can result in productivity
loss through reduced body condition, reduced weight gain and reduced milk production.
Typically these parasites are controlled by specific chemical agents developed to meet
certain criteria. These criteria include:
- High effectiveness against the target parasites – this could either be via broad‐
spectrum efficacy in which a wide range of parasites are controlled or alternatively
via narrow spectrum of activity in which a more limited selection of parasites are
controlled.
- Wide margin of safety to the host animal
- Low potential to cause toxic residues that could cause harm to humans consuming
meat or milk products from the animal
Over the past 50‐60 years there have been 5 major classes of broad‐spectrum anthelmintic
developed that can be used to provide treatment of livestock for parasitism. These 5 classes
are as follows:
Benzimidazoles.
The first chemical class of modern anthelmintics developed was the benzimidazoles (BZD).
The first drug in this class, thiabendazole (TBZ) was introduced in 1961. Other members of
the benzimidazole class includes fenbendazole, albendazole and oxfendazole.
Benzimidazole based anthelmintics interfere with the worm's energy metabolism on a
cellular level. The molecule binds to a specific building block called beta tubulin and
prevents its incorporation into certain cellular structures called microtubules, which are
essential for energy metabolism. Interfering with energy metabolism is a much more basic
mode of activity than that which occurs with other classes of anthelmintics. For this reason,
benzimidazoles are also able to kill worm eggs. Benzimidazoles have a wide margin of safety
and broad spectrum activity.
Nicotinic agonists
Nicotinic agonists comprise the secod class of anthelmintics. They include imidazothiazoles
and tetrahydropyrimidines . The imidazothiazole group includes levamisole, while the
tetrahydropyrimidine group includes pyrantel pamoate, pyrantel tartrate, and morantel
tartrate.
The tetrahydropyrimidines mimic the activity of acetylcholine, a naturally occuring
neurotransmitter that initiates muscular contraction. Upon exposure to the active
ingredient, the worm is unable to feed and quickly starves. Tetrahydroyrimidines only affect
adult populations of worms. They do not have activity against the larval stages and are
ineffective against cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (liver flukes).
Imidazothiaoles have a similar mode of action causing spastic paralysis of the worms. The
group includes the drug levamisole discovered in 1966.
Compared to other anthelmintics, levamisole has the narrowest margin of safety, though
toxicity is usually the result of excess dosage. Levamisole has a broad spectrum of activity
and is effective against many larval stages of parasites; though not arrested larvae.
Macrocyclic lactones
The next anthelmintic class to be developed was the macrocyclic lactones (MLs) developed
from the Streptomyces genus of soil dwelling‐organisms. The first drug of the class,
ivermectin, was introduced in the early 1980s.
Macrocyclic lactones consist of two closely related chemical groups: avermectins and
milbemycins. The avermectins include abamectin, ivermectin doramectin and eprinomectin.
The milbemycin group is represented by milbemycin oxime and moxidectin, introduced in
1997.
All of the macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics have the same mode of action. They interfere
with GABA‐mediated neurotransmission, causing paralysis and death of the parasite.
Macrocyclic lactones are the most potent killer of worms and are more persistent in their
effect. The duration of persistent activity varies according to the drug and formulation.
Macrocyclic lactones have the unique quality of also killing several types of external parasite
such as lice, mites, and ticks. Because of this they are also known as “endectocides” (end‐
ecto‐cides), meaning control of internal and external parasites. Generally, the macrocyclic
lactones have a wide margin of safety in treated livestock and are effective against all stages
of worms, including inactive forms.
Amino‐acetonitrile derivatives
In 2009, the first of this new class of anthelmintics was introduced. “Monepantel” acts by
paralyzing worms by attacking a previously undiscovered receptor HCO‐MPTL‐1, present
only in nematodes.
Spiroindoles
In 2010 Derquantel (2‐ deoxoparaherquamide), the first of yet another new class of
anthelmintic was introduced.
Some of these anthelmintic types have been used to treat adult dairy cattle. Over the years,
there have been anthelmintic formulations from at least the benzimidazole, nicotinic
agonist and macrocyclic lactone classes that have been used to fulfil this requirement.
Formulation types have included slow‐release bolus formulations, oral drenches and in‐feed
materials and, more recently, topical or “pour‐on” formulations of the macrocyclic lactone
class of chemicals. It is this latter class that has now become the de‐facto norm for
treatment of lactating dairy cows. “Nil‐milk” or zero‐milk withholding period pour‐on
formulations have been developed with all of the commercially available macrocyclic
lactone active ingredients including; abamectin, ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin and
moxidectin.
The chemical structure of each of these active ingredients is as follows:
Abamectin (AvermectinB1aB1b)
Ivermectin B & Ivermectin B
1a 1b
Doramectin
Eprinomectin
Moxidectin
In each case, the pour‐on formulation consists of a quantity of the macrocyclic lactone
active dissolved in one or more organic solvents. This is then applied topically to the back of
the animal from where it is absorbed through the skin. The dose rate typically applied is
500mcg/kg at a dose volume of around 1mL/10kg or 1mL/20kg. In New Zealand, such
formulations have been the only nil‐milk treatments available for at least the past 20 years.
This has been due to their supposed convenience and the absence of alternative treatment
forms and methods of treatment.
In large dairy herds, it can be difficult to treat cows with an anthelmintic due to the design
of modern dairy sheds and the lack of effective formulations designed for use in such
situations.
The need for speed in milking has led to advances in the design of milking installations making it
difficult to treat cows using conventional pour on, drenching or injection techniques. Each cow
typically weighs in excess of 500kg making it impractical to manipulate them, particularly when the
farmer may be treating 500 or more cows at a time. Most milking installations use either
herringbone configuration sheds, or rotary milking platforms.
Treatment with an injectable formulation is desirable as when compared to the topical delivery
route. Injectable formulations are capable of delivering much higher blood levels of the drug.
Injectable anthelmintic formulations (designed for injection to the anterior neck portion of a cow)
containing a macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic are usually formulated to deliver 200mcg/kg of the
drug. Typically, this is administered from a 1% formulation via a 1mL/50kg dose rate. This size of
injectable anthelmintic dose is very impractical for such large animals. If a typical injectable were
administered a 500kg cow would generally be given a dose of around 10mls. This would mean a
standard 500mL pack would only be capable of treating 50 cows. On many large farms, a rotary
platform holds 70‐80 cows. In addition, 10mL is a relatively large dose that would take a reasonable
period of time to inject. There is also a tendency for doses of this size to leak from the injection site,
particularly when the injection is administered subcutaneously. The design of the rotary platform
makes it difficult for the farmer to access the anterior portion of the neck where such treatments are
typically administered. Attempting to reach between or across cows to reach the anterior neck
portion could also be highly dangerous and subject the farmer to possible injury. The time taken to
do this would also make it impracticable.
There is at present no nil‐milk withholding injectable anthelmintic formulations currently available.
This means that it is only possible to treat cows at a time of year when lactation is not occurring.
In New Zealand, the rotary cow shed has become the most popular form of milking parlour.
This is due to the high speed at which large groups of cows can be milked. Unlike older walk
through and herringbone designs, the flow of cows through a rotary cow shed is continuous.
As shown in figure 1, the un‐milked cows walk into stalls on to a large platform, which
moves in a gradual circular movement around a central point. It is important to note that
the cows are facing toward the centre with their posterior end toward the outside of the
platform. Such a positioning means that it is easy for the milker standing at position X to
place the milking machine “cups” on the teats of the cow.
As the platform gradually rotates, the cow is milked. At the end of the rotation the cups are
removed either automatically, or by a second milker standing at position Y. After cup
removal the cow then backs off the platform.
Due to speed and convenience, this style of shed is very popular with farmers milking large
herds of 500 cows or more.
Farmers prefer to treat their cows with an anthelmintic while they are located or moving on
a rotary platform. Treatment may for example take place while the cows are being milked or
when the cows are specifically brought on to the rotary platform for some other purpose
such as administration of intramammary antibiotics, vaccines etc. If they are to be treated
whilst lactating then the treatment has to have an approved “nil milk withholding time”
(MWT).
In some other cases, the farmer may alternatively treat the cows while they are moving
down a race or while they are stationery within the race. Even in such situations the large
numbers of animals means that is desirable that the time taken to treat each animal is
relatively fast.
Because of various factors, including the use of rotary sheds, very large animal numbers,
and safety to the farmer, pour‐on type formulations have become the preferred form of
anthelmintic delivery as they:
‐ Do not require the farmer to access the head or neck parts of the cow, which can be
very difficult or in some cases very dangerous to access.
‐ Enables the cow to be easily treated while it is on a milking platform.
To keep up with the speed of the milking platform each cow should be able to be treated in
a similar period of time to what it would take the farmer to put the milking machine cups on
the teats of the cow. If treatment were to take longer than this time the farmer would not
keep up with the speed at which the platform is moving.
Pour‐ On formulations permit this but they do have limitations. These limitations include:
‐ Relatively low levels of drug delivered into the blood when compared to other
formulation types
‐ Susceptibility to poor delivery due to effect of rain, UV and run‐off
‐ Tendency to run‐off the back of the cow; this problem is particularly so with dairy
breed animals as they tend to have very smooth coats which do not act as a very
effective barrier to the movement of the anthelmintic solution.
Such factors would make it desirable that farmers have an alternative means of treatment
specifically designed to enable them to effectively treat large herds, and in particular
lactating dairy cows at a speed sufficient to keep up with the movement of a rotary milking
shed platform.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a method or a formulation which can be used to
treat cattle effectively and quickly, typically while located or moving on a rotary platform or
at least provide the public with a useful choice.
STATEMENT OF INVENTION
In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating cattle by injecting an animal at an
injection site at or near the rear of the animal with an anthelmintic injectable formulation
comprising eprinomectin in a suitable liquid carrier.
Preferably, the formulation is a low dose, high concentration formulation of eprinomectin.
More preferably, the invention provides a method of treating cattle by injecting an animal at an
injection site at or near the rear of the animal with a nil milk withholding time approved anthelmintic
injectable formulation comprising eprinomectin in a suitable liquid carrier, wherein the
concentration of eprinomectin is greater than 1% w/v.
Preferably, the injection site is chosen from the group comprising: the base of the tail, the tail fold,
and the depressions on either side of the tail head of the cow.
Preferably, the liquid carrier is an organic solvent and anthelmintic injectable formulation comprises
eprinomectin dissolved in the organic solvent.
Preferably, each animal is provided with an injection delivering at least 200mcg/kg of eprinomectin:
per kg of body weight of the animal.
Preferably, each animal is injected whilst being held head first in bail of a milking installation such as
a rotary milking shed, or a herringbone‐milking shed.
Preferably, anthelmintic injectable formulation is a nil milk withholding injection containing both
eprinomectin and vitamin E.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a herd of cattle, with each animal
being treated in a milking shed, by injecting an animal at an injection site at or near the rear of the
animal with an anthelmintic injectable formulation whilst the animal is in a bail in the milking shed.
It will be noted that there is an injection site on the animal but that the injection will take place
preferably when the animal is resting in a location – typically in a bail in a making shed.
Preferably, the anthelmintic injectable formulation is an approved nil milk withholding time
approved.
Preferably, the formulation is a low dose, high concentration formulation of eprinomectin.
In another aspect, the invention can be said to be the use of an anthelmintic injectable formulation
containing eprinomectin as an injection applied at an injection site at or near the rear of the animal.
In another aspect, the invention involves the use of eprinomectin in the manufacture of an
anthelmintic injectable formulation to be applied at an injection site at or near the rear of the
animal.
In another aspect, the invention provides an injectable anthelmintic formulation suitable for
treatment of cattle, the formulation comprising:
More than 1% w/v Eprinomectin;
benzyl alcohol;
sorbitan monooleate;
a Vegetable oil or derivative; and
one or more co‐solvents.
This allows a lower dose/higher concentration of eprinomectin thereby reducing the injection time
per animal.
Preferably, the formulation contains at least 1.5% eprinomectin w/v.
Preferably the co‐solvent(s) is selected from glycerol formal, dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl
isosorbide.
Preferably the Vegetable oil or derivative is selected from caprylic capric triglyceride.
Preferably the formulation further includes Vitamin E acetate.
Preferably the formulation further includes water and a water‐soluble vitamin such as Vitamin B12.
In another aspect the invention provides a method of treating a herd of cattle with an
anthelmintic injectable formulation containing eprinomectin dissolved in an organic solvent
and in which the dosage recommendations provide for a dose rate of no less than
200mcg/kg and the injection site to be at or near the rear of each animal.
Preferably the injection site is at the base of the tail, the tail fold or the depression on either
side of the tail head of the cow.
Preferably the formulation contains greater than 1.5% w/v eprinomectin.
Preferably the method involves treating cattle with a nil milk withholding injection
containing both eprinomectin and vitamin E.
In another aspect the invention provides an injectable anthelmintic formulation suitable for
treatment of cattle containing:
‐ At least 1.5% Eprinomectin
‐ Vitamin E acetate or other oil soluble trace element
‐ Benzyl alcohol
‐ Sorbitan monooleate
‐ A Vegetable oil or derivative (e.g. Miglyol)
‐ One or more co‐solvents
‐ Optional antioxidant
Preferably the co‐solvent is selected from glycerol formal, dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl
isosorbide.
Preferably the injectable anthelmintic formulation also contains a water‐soluble vitamin
such as Vitamin B12 as well as water and other optional elements, including surfactants,
water, antioxidants, buffers and preservatives.
In the present invention two factors have been addressed to develop the improved method
of treatment:
‐ Development of a nil‐milk residue injectable formulation that also allows for the co‐
administration of other beneficial agents
‐ Development of a method of injectable treatment that can reduce the time taken to
administer an injectable treatment to cattle without reducing the quality of the
treatment.
The method of treatment subject to this invention is such that it enables the farmer to treat
animals by injection in a period of time substantially similar to that needed to administer
pour‐on treatments.
These and other aspects of this invention which should be considered in all its novel aspects
will be apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only with
reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
DRAWINGS:
Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of a conventional rotary cowshed.
Figure 2 is a graph showing the mean concentration of Eprinomectin (over time) in bovine
plasma after treatment with Eprinomectin injection or Pour‐on.
Figure 3 is a front on view of the posterior end of a cow showing the preferred application
site.
Figure 4 is a top view of a conventional herringbone milking shed.
Figure 5 is a further schematic drawing of a conventional rotary cowshed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Figure 3 shows the preferred injection site (20) on the cattle. This site has the advantage of being
easily accessiable, contains sufficiently “loose” skin to enable the area to be ‘tented’ to permit
subcutaneous administration.
In a traditional herringbone milking configuration as shown in figure 4, cattle enter (32) the shed
from the yard (36), wherein the milker/farmer (30) is located in a central race located below the
level of the cattle, which is accessed by the steps (31). Typically the milker/farmers eye level is in
line with the prosterior end of the cattle. The suction cups are then placed on the cattle by the
farmer in preparation for for milking. Once milking is completed, the suction cups are removed and
the the exit gate (33) is opened allowing the cattle to exit out to pasture (34).
As it can been seen in figure 4, cows are presented in an inline position on either side of a central
race. In such a situation it is very difficult for a farmer/milker (30) to access the back of the cow to
permit treatment with a topical/pour‐on formulation. The inventive formulation permits treatment
at a larger number of admnistration points (marked with an X).
In the rotary milking parlour situation, as shown in figures 1 and 5, the cows are on a raised central
platform while the Milker ( 43) is on a lower level. The cattle enter the rotary platfrom from the
yard (40) by means of a backing gate (41), forcing the cattle towards the entry point (42). Once on
the central rotary platform, suction cups are then placed on the cattle by machine or manually by
the milker. Milking continues for one rotation (44). Once completed, the suction cups are then
removed and the cow exits out the exit gate(45).
When treating with a typical nil‐milk topical formulation the only practical position in which the cow
can be treated is at the entry (42)or exit (45) points. The inventive formulation permits treatment at
a larger number of admnistration points (such as those marked with an X) even while the platform is
turning.
EXAMPLE 1:
Formulation
Various injectable formulations of eprinomectin were trialled in which eprinomectin and
Vitamin E oil were dissolved in a blend of Benzyl alcohol, sorbitan monooleate and caprylic
capric triglyceride (Miglyol). While the active ingredients remained within their proposed
shelf‐life specifications there was an undesirable tendency for the formulation to crystallise
upon refrigeration.
w/v% AL16‐37
Eprinomectin 2
Vit E acetate
Benzyl Alcohol 10
Sorbitan monooleate
(Span 80) 4
Caprylic capric triglyceride
(Miglyol 840) Qs
Various means were tried to eliminate this tendency. Included in these trials was the testing
of a range of co‐solvents.
Alternative manufacturing methods were also attempted. Results demonstrated that the
addition of a small quantity of a co‐solvent such as glycerol formal is a preferred means of
eliminating this problem without significantly changing the base formulation:‐
Method 1:
1. In a mixing vessel, add Caprylic capric triglyceride (Miglyol 840).
2. Add and dissolve eprinomectin.
3. Add Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol formal and Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80).
4. Add and dissolve vitamin E.
. Make up volume with Caprylic capric triglyceride (Miglyol 840).
w/v%
AL16‐37 AL16‐38 AL16‐39
Eprinomectin
2 2 2
Vit E acetate
5 5
Benzyl Alcohol(BA)
10 10
Sorbitan monooleate
(Span 80) 4 4 4
Co‐solvent
3% GF 4% GF 5% GF
Caprylic capric
triglyceride (Miglyol
840) qs qs qs
Method
1 1 1
Method 2:
1. In a mixing vessel, add Caprylic capric triglyceride (Miglyol 840).
2. Add BA, GF and Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), and mix.
3. Add and dissolve eprinomectin.
4. Add and dissolve vitamin E.
. Make up volume with Caprylic capric triglyceride (Miglyol 840).
w/v%
AL16‐40 AL16‐41 AL16‐42
Eprinomectin
2 2 2
Vit E acetate
5 5
Benzyl Alcohol 10 10 10
Sorbitan monooleate
(Span 80) 4 4 4
Co‐solvent
3% GF 4% GF 5% GF
Caprylic capric
triglyceride (Miglyol
840) qs qs qs
Method
2 2 2
The results of these studies demonstrated that a level of around 3% or more would be
required to prevent crystallisation of the 5% Vitamin Acetate present in the formulation.
Observations:
BN DOM Observations
AL16-37 26/3/2012 Gelling
AL16-38 26/3/2012 Clear solution
AL16-39 26/3/2012 Clear solution
AL16-40 16/4/2012 Trace of gelling
AL16-41 16/4/2012 Clear solution
AL16-42 16/4/2012 Clear solution
Tests were then conducted to determine the suitability of the formulation in the treatment
of cattle.
The first study conducted was to determine blood levels of eprinomectin obtained by
administration of the injectable product when compared to a topical formulation of
eprinomectin. Results are presented in Table 1:
Table 1: Geometric mean AUC and Cmax values for animals treated with an Eprinomectin
injection or an Eprinomectin pour‐on
Treatment Mean AUC (SEM) Mean Cmax (SEM)
Eprinomectin injection 218.2 (31.1) 40.7 (8.2)
Eprinomectin
72.6 (10.4) 16.3 (3.3)
pour-on (EPRINEX)
= means within a column with different superscript are significantly different from each
other.
Figure 2 is a graph that shows the mean concentration of Eprinomectin in bovine plasma
after treatment with Eprinomectin injection or Pour‐on.
Such blood levels would mean that the endoparasite protection delivered by the tested
eprinomectin vitamin E injection would be likely be superior to that of the marketed
eprinomectin pour‐on formulation.
Injection Efficiency
Injection efficiency is a function of the following factors:
‐ Time taken to access and locate the injection needle at the injection site on the
animal;
‐ Time taken to inject the dose;
‐ Effectiveness of the dose (absence of injection site leakage, absence of injection site
abscesses, clinical outcome).
To treat large animals in a production herd situation it is simply not possible to access the
neck/shoulder of the animal in a milking shed or large herd situation.
In New Zealand the average herd size is approx. 350 cows. In some cases 1,000 or more
cows are present. Even if it were to take one minute for the farmer to move to a position in
which the neck/shoulder area could be accessed this would be almost 6 hours of time taken
to treat an average herd size. In actual fact Dairy NZ statistics indicate that cow throughput
at peak lactation ranges from an average of 149 cows/hour for small 40 bail rotary sheds, to
447 cows/hour for 80 bail rotaries. That is one cow milked for every 8‐24 seconds. This is an
indication of the speed at which a dairy rotary platform can move.
A second aspect to treatment of large animals by injection is that the practice can be
inherently dangerous as the cow may react violently to attempts to move its head or to lift
its neck into a position where the injection can be given. There are also practical difficulties
involved with “tenting” the skin so that the injection can be given subcutaneously. The time
taken to inject the anthelmintic solution also means that the head/neck must be held
relatively stationery for a period of time.
Treatment of a cow by injection at other sites at or near the rear of the animal is preferred.
However there are a limited number of sites on the body of the animal which allow for easy
access, easy “tenting” of the skin and are not likely to cause tissue damage/residue concerns
at the injection site if the cow is slaughtered. Of the potential sites the base of the tail, the
tail fold, or the depression on either side of the tail head would offer the best combination
of these factors. When coupled with a formulation that reduces the dose size the
administration of an anthelmintic in the desired timeframe would become easy to
accomplish.
In reality the times when cows are likely to be treated are:
‐ In a race, with the cows stationary;
‐ In a race, with cows moving through;
‐ On a dairy platform while being milked;
‐ On a dairy platform while not being milked;
The concept of a high concentration eprinomectin‐based injection combined with a low
administration dose, convenient injection site and nil milk‐withholding periods offers an
effective and desirable alternative to pour‐on formulations in all of these situations.
Where the treatment occurs while the cow is being milked on a rotary platform the method
ensures that the milker was not unnecessarily inconvenienced by the need to administer the
treatment.
Where the animals are treated in a race situation the method of treatment also ensures
greater safety to the farmer and less stress to the animal.
The general instructions given to users on packs of the formulation would be:
This product is to be given by subcutaneous injection only. The recommended dose is 1mL
per 100kg bodyweight (200mcg eprinomectin per kg). Inject under loose skin in one of the
two sites indicated in the illustration:
A. Anterior portion of the neck
B. In the depression on either side of the tail head (this injection site is recommended
for treatment of cattle in dairy shed situations or in situations where unintended
animal movement could pose a risk to the user).
Milk Residue Study
A study was undertaken in which a group of lactating dairy cows were treated with the test
product at study hour 0 at a dose volume of over 1mL/100 kg (slightly in excess of
200mcg/kg eprinomectin). Cows were milked twice daily and milk specimens were collected
from study hour 0 to study hour 96.
Milk yields and milk fat percentage were not significantly affected by the treatment.
Statistical analysis of milk eprinomectin concentrations indicated that even at the highest
observed level of eprinomectin (24 hours post treatment) the UCL (upper confidence level)
remained below the MRL of 0.02 mg/kg. This demonstrated that the formulation achieved
the objective of providing for a high sustained peak of eprinomectin in the blood without
leading to residues which would restrict its use in lactating dairy cows.
Injection Site Tolerance
Comparative injection site tolerance studies were undertaken to determine the suitability of
the tail depression as a site for injection with the invention. The study demonstrated that
the invention was well tolerated and caused no adverse reactions.
Stability
Longer term stability testing has also demonstrated that the formulation provides for very
good stability of the active ingredients over at least 12 months at room temperature.
ADVANTAGES OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Treatment with an injectable formulation is better than a topical delivery (pour on) as
injectable formulations are capable of delivering much higher blood levels of drug.
The method allows rapid treatment by injection the preferred formulation at an injection
site on the rear of the animal typically while it is trapped in the bail of a (rotary) milking
shed.
The injectable formulation provides a nil‐milk withholding injectable anthelmintic
formulation. This means that it is possible to treat cows with this injectable formation all the
year round whether they are lactating or not.
The method provides a specific method of injectable anthelmintic treatment suitable for
large herds and particularly lactating dairy cows, which can be administered in a dairy shed
situation.
The preferred formulation also provides for the supplemental delivery of other trace
elements important to the health of cattle, in particular Vitamin E and/or Vitamin B12
Having thus described in detail, preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be
understood that the invention described above is not to be limited to particular details set
forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without
departing from the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of treating cattle against parasite infection by injecting the cattle at an injection site comprising one of the depressions adjacent to the tail at the rear of the animal with a nil milk withholding time approved anthelmintic injectable formulation comprising eprinomectin in a suitable liquid carrier, wherein the concentration of eprinomectin is greater than 1.5% w/v sufficient to deliver approximately 200µg eprinomectin per kg of animal body weight.
2 A method of treating a herd of cattle as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid carrier is an organic solvent and anthelmintic injectable formulation comprises eprinomectin dissolved in the organic solvent.
3. A method of treating a herd of cattle as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein each animal is injected whilst in a bail of a rotary milking installation or a herringbone milking installation.
4. A method of treating a herd of cattle as claimed in claim 3, wherein the anthelmintic injectable formulation is a nil milk withholding injection containing both eprinomectin and vitamin E.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of eprinomectin is approximately 2% w/v.
6. An injectable anthelmintic formulation suitable for treatment of cattle against parasites, the formulation comprising: at least 1.5% w/v eprinomectin; benzyl alcohol; sorbitan monooleate; a Vegetable oil or a derivative thereof; and glycerol formal as a co‐solvent.
7. An injectable anthelmintic formulation as claimed in claim 6, having one or more co‐ solvent(s) selected from dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl isosorbide.
8. An injectable anthelmintic formulation as claimed in claim 7, wherein the formulation further includes Vitamin E acetate.
9. An injectable anthelmintic formulation as claimed in claim 8, further including water, and a water‐soluble vitamin such as Vitamin B12.
10. An injectable anthelmintic formulation according to any one of claims 6 to 9, having approximately 2% w/v eprinomectin.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ619221B2 true NZ619221B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
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