NZ616047B2 - Polymeric acid catalysts and uses thereof - Google Patents
Polymeric acid catalysts and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ616047B2 NZ616047B2 NZ616047A NZ61604712A NZ616047B2 NZ 616047 B2 NZ616047 B2 NZ 616047B2 NZ 616047 A NZ616047 A NZ 616047A NZ 61604712 A NZ61604712 A NZ 61604712A NZ 616047 B2 NZ616047 B2 NZ 616047B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- poly
- styrene
- divinylbenzene
- polymer
- Prior art date
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- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 title description 67
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 412
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 126
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 150000007516 brønsted-lowry acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- 230000002378 acidificating Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinylbenzene Substances C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 527
- -1 alkylene ether Chemical class 0.000 claims description 227
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 206
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 168
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 123
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 102
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims description 102
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 100
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 92
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 89
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 43
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N Xylose Natural products O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N Fructose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000000593 degrading Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229960003487 Xylose Drugs 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000003197 catalytic Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N D-Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N OBO Chemical compound OBO ZADPBFCGQRWHPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000005549 heteroarylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000001165 hydrophobic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N D-(+)-Galactose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001479 arabinose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000009279 wet oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N α-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N HCl Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000005717 substituted cycloalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O triphenylphosphanium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[PH+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002209 hydrophobic Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene (PE) Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;pyrazine Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O piperidinium(1+) Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]CC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridazin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]N=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-O [H+].C1COCCN1 Chemical compound [H+].C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=C[NH+]=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=[NH+]1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000024881 catalytic activity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulphite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M methanoate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005620 boronic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;1H-pyrrole Chemical compound [NH2+]1C=CC=C1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyrazolium Chemical compound C1=CN[NH+]=C1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-O tributylphosphanium Chemical compound CCCC[PH+](CCCC)CCCC TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-O trichlorophosphanium Chemical compound Cl[PH+](Cl)Cl FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylphosphanium Chemical compound CC[PH+](CC)CC RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- XOLXAUPCXVTPCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluorophosphanium Chemical compound F[PH+](F)F XOLXAUPCXVTPCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 5
- YWWDBCBWQNCYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-O trimethylphosphanium Chemical compound C[PH+](C)C YWWDBCBWQNCYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- KCTAHLRCZMOTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-O tripropylphosphanium Chemical compound CCC[PH+](CCC)CCC KCTAHLRCZMOTKM-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 5
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 4
- VTIHQWFJKPPNEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium;hydron;sulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCC[NH+]1C=CN=C1 VTIHQWFJKPPNEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- KQUUEOOQGFIOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N S([O-])(O)(=O)=O.C(CCC)C=1[NH+](C=CN1)C=C Chemical compound S([O-])(O)(=O)=O.C(CCC)C=1[NH+](C=CN1)C=C KQUUEOOQGFIOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- IBVSJLVOJTXSHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cl-].C(CCC)C=1[NH+](C=CN1)C=C Chemical compound [Cl-].C(CCC)C=1[NH+](C=CN1)C=C IBVSJLVOJTXSHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000218 acetic acid group Chemical group C(C)(=O)* 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 64
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 43
- 230000002255 enzymatic Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 167
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 113
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 103
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 103
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 95
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 91
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 90
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 83
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 79
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 72
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 70
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 58
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 55
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 52
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 51
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 37
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid ethyl ester Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 34
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 25
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 25
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 23
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- HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid;sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O.OS(O)(=O)=O HIFJUMGIHIZEPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 18
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 17
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 14
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 12
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- MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Methylimidazole Chemical compound CN1C=CN=C1 MCTWTZJPVLRJOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-VAWYXSNFSA-N Azobisisobutyronitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)\N=N\C(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylene dichloride Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 description 6
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 5
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- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 5
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 5
- STCBHSHARMAIOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-ium;chloride Chemical group Cl.CN1C=CN=C1 STCBHSHARMAIOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VMSBGXAJJLPWKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=C VMSBGXAJJLPWKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imidazole Chemical compound C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- QLULGIRFKAWHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-4-ylboronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)C1=CC=NC=C1 QLULGIRFKAWHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical class [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003003 spiro group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003930 superacid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001367 tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009997 thermal pre-treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical group Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000870 ultraviolet spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229930003231 vitamins Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GTLQJUQHDTWYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Se-2] GTLQJUQHDTWYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N β-1,4-Galactotrioside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
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- C08F12/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F12/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
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- C08F212/08—Styrene
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- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by heteroatoms or groups containing heteroatoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by heteroatoms or groups containing heteroatoms
- C08F212/16—Halogens
- C08F212/18—Chlorine
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by heteroatoms or groups containing heteroatoms
- C08F212/22—Oxygen
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by heteroatoms or groups containing heteroatoms
- C08F212/30—Sulfur
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- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/34—Monomers containing two or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals
- C08F212/36—Divinylbenzene
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
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- C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F226/08—N-Vinyl-pyrrolidine
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/18—Introducing halogen atoms or halogen-containing groups
- C08F8/24—Haloalkylation
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
- C08F8/32—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups by reaction with amines
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- C08F8/34—Introducing sulfur atoms or sulfur-containing groups
- C08F8/36—Sulfonation; Sulfation
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- C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
Abstract
The disclosure relates to polymers comprising acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymer backbone, wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group, and wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group. The disclosure also relates to the use of the polymers as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes, wherein they hydrolyze cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides. Example polymers include: poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-4-boronyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium nitrate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium chloride-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium bisulfate-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium acetate-codivinylbenzene]. oup or phosphorous-containing cationic group, and wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group. The disclosure also relates to the use of the polymers as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes, wherein they hydrolyze cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides. Example polymers include: poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-4-boronyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium nitrate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium chloride-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium bisulfate-codivinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium acetate-codivinylbenzene].
Description
POLYMERIC ACID CATALYSTS AND USES THEREOF
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/447,311 filed February 28, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/522,351
filed August 11, 2011, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
FIELD
The present disclosure relates generally to catalysts that may be used in
saccharification of biomass, and more specifically to polymeric acid catalysts that may be used
to hydrolyze cellulose and/or hemicellulose.
BACKGROUND
Saccharification of cellulosic materials, particularly biomass waste products of
agriculture, forestry and waste treatment are of great economic and environmental relevance. As
part of biomass energy utilization, attempts have been made to obtain ethanol (bioethanol) by
hydrolyzing cellulose or hemicellulose, which are major constituents of plants. The hydrolysis
products, which include sugars and simple carbohydrates, may then be subjected to further
biological and/or chemical conversion to produce fuels or other commodity chemicals. For
example, ethanol is utilized as a fuel or mixed into a fuel such as gasoline. Major constituents of
plants include, for example, cellulose (a polymer glucose, which is a six-carbon sugar),
hemicellulose (a branched polymer of five- and six-carbon sugars), lignin, and starch. Current
methods for liberating sugars from lignocellulosic materials, however, are inefficient on a
commercial scale based on yields, as well as the water and energy used.
Work from the 1980's on the hydrolysis of ~-glycosidic bonds using perfluoronated
solid superacid microporous resins, such as Dupont Nafion®, attempted to develop catalytic
methods for use in digesting cellulose. Batch reactors and continuous-flow fixed-bed tube
reactors were used to demonstrate hydrolysis of cello-oligosaccharides to monomeric sugars;
however, these processes were unable to achieve appreciable digestion of cellulose or
hemicellulose, and in particular, the crystalline domains of cellulose.
As such, there is an ongoing need for new catalysts that can efficiently generate
sugar and sugar-containing products from biomass on a commercially-viable scale.
wo 2012/118767
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present disclosure addresses this need by providing polymeric materials that can
be used to digest the hemicellulose and cellulose, including the crystalline domains of cellulose,
in biomass. Specifically, the polymeric materials can hydrolyze the cellulose and/or
hemicellulose into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides.
In one aspect, provided is a polymer having acidic monomers and ionic monomers
that are connected to form a polymeric backbone, in which each acidic monomer has at least one
Bronsted-Lowry acid, and each ionic monomer independently has at least one nitrogen
containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group. In some embodiments,
each acidic monomer has one Bronsted-Lowry acid. In other embodiments, some of the acidic
monomers have one Bronsted-Lowry acid, while others have two Bronsted-Lowry acids. In
some embodiments, each ionic monomer has one nitrogen-containing cationic group or
phosphorous-containing cationic group. In other embodiments, some of the ionic monomers
have one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group, while
others have two nitrogen-containing cationic groups or phosphorous-containing cationic groups.
In some embodiments, the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently
selected from sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and
perfluorinated acid. In certain embodiments, the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is
independently sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid. In one embodiment, the Bronsted-Lowry acid at
each occurrence is sulfonic acid.
In some embodiments, the one or more of the acidic monomers are directly
connected to the polymeric backbone. In other embodiments, the one or more of the acidic
monomers each further include a linker connecting the Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric
backbone. In certain embodiments, some of the the Bronsted-Lowry acids are directly connected
to the polymeric backbone, while other the Bronsted-Lowry acids are connected to the polymeric
backbone by a linker.
In those embodiments where the Bronsted-Lowry acid is connected to the polymeric
backbone by a linker, the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from unsubstituted
or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted
alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene,
unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and
unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate. In certain embodiments, the linker is
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unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene. In certain
embodiments, the linker is unsubstituted or substituted arylene. In one embodiment, the linker is
phenylene. In another embodiment, the linker is hydroxyl-substituted phenylene.
In those embodiments where the Bronsted-Lowry acid is connected to the polymeric
backbone by a linker, the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker form a side chain. In some
embodiments, each side chain may independently be selected from:
o=s=o
-:;::::::::-o
HO/~ 1/'oH
o=s=o
o=s=o
OH OH
0 '-..OH
p:::?" 4,~
H0/1 I
H0/1
P~o P~o
H0/1 H0/1
OH OH
HO ~~OH
"l,"
OH 0
NH OH
pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium,
(10682604_1):RTK
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(I ~.
f\NH
('JN+
('JN+
HN_J HN_J
(_~ HN
N\__
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o· o·
In those embodiments where the phosphorous-containing cationic group is linked to
the polymeric backbone by a linker, the phosphorous-containing cationic group and the linker
form a side chain. In some embodiments, each side chain is independently selected from:
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, and
In those embodiments where the cationic group is connected to the polymeric
backbone by a linker, the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from unsubstituted
or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted
alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene,
unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and
unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate. In certain embodiments, the linker is
unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene. In certain
embodiments, the linker is unsubstituted or substituted arylene. In one embodiment, the linker is
phenylene. In another embodiment, the linker is hydroxyl-substituted phenylene.
In some embodiments, the polymeric backbone is selected from polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyphenol
aldehyde, polytetrafluoroethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, and
poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).
In certain embodiments, the polymeric backbone is polyethyelene or polypropylene.
In one embodiment, the polymeric backbone is polyethylene. In another, the polymeric
backbone is polyvinyl alcohol. In yet another embodiment, the polymeric backbone is
polystyrene.
polyalkylenepyrazinium, polyalkylenepyridazinium, polyalkylenethiazinium,
(10682604_1):RTK
oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium,
(10682604_1):RTK
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In certain embodiments, the linker is unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or
substituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the linker is unsubstituted or substituted
arylene. In one embodiment, the linker is phenylene. In another embodiment, the linker is
hydroxyl-substituted phenylene.
In those embodiments, where the Bronsted-Lowry acid and/or the cationic group of
the acidic-ionic monomer is linked to the polymeric backbone by a linker, the Bronsted-Lowry
acid and/or the cationic group and the linker form a side chain of the acidic-ionic monomer. In
some embodiments, each side chain of the acidic-ionic monomer may independently be selected
from:
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In some embodiments, the polymer has a total amount of Bronsted-Lowry acid of
between 0.1 and 20 mmol, between 0.1 and 15 mmol, between 0.01 and 12 mmol, between 0.05
and 10 mmol, between 1 and 8 mmol, between 2 and 7 mmol, between 3 and 6 mmol, between 1
and 5, or between 3 and 5 mmol per gram of the polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have sulfonic acid.
In those embodiments where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have sulfonic acid, the
total amount of sulfonic acid in the polymer is between 0.05 and 10 mmol, between 1 and 8
mmol, or between 2 and 6 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have phosphonic
acid. In those embodimenst where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have phosphonic
acid in the polymer, the total amount of phosphonic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 12
mmol, between 0.05 and 10 mmol, between 1 and 8 mmol, or between 2 and 6 mmol per gram of
polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have acetic acid. In
those embodiments where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have acetic acid, the total
amount of acetic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 12 mmol, between 0.05 and 10 mmol,
between 1 and 8 mmol, or between 2 and 6 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have isophthalic
acid. In those embodiments where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have isophthalic
acid, the total amount of isophthalic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol, between
0.05 and 5 mmol, between 1 and 4 mmol, or between 2 and 3 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have boronic acid.
In those embodiments where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have boronic acid, the
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total amount ofboronic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 20 mmol, between 0.05 and 10
mmol, between 1 and 8 mmol, or between 2 and 6 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the acidic monomers have perfluorinated
acid. In those embodiments where at least a portion of the acidic monomers have perfluorinated
acid, the total amount of perfluorinated acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol,
between 0.05 and 5 mmol, between 1 and 4 mmol, or between 2 and 3 mmol per gram of
polymer.
In some embodiments, each ionic monomer further includes a counterion for each
nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group. In certain
embodiments, the counterion at each occurence is independently selected from halide, nitrate,
sulfate, formate, acetate, or organosulfonate. In some embodiments, the counterion is fluoride,
chloride, bromide, or iodide. In one embodiment, the counterion is chloride. In another
embodiment, the counterion is sulfate. In yet another embodiment, the counterion is acetate.
In some embodiments, the polymer has a total amount of nitrogen-containing
cationic groups and counterions or a total amount of phosphorous-containing cationic groups and
counterions of between 0.01 and 10 mmol, between 0.05 and 10 mmol, between 1 and 8 mmol,
between 2 and 6 mmol, or between 3 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ionic monomers have imidazolium.
In those embodiments where at least a portion of the ionic monomers have imidazolium, the total
amount of imidazolium and counterions in the polymer is between 0.01 and 8 mmol, between
0.05 and 8 mmol, between 1 and 6 mmol, or between 2 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ionic monomers have pyridinium. In
those embodiments where at least a portion of th ionic monomers have pyridinium, the total
amount of pyridinium and counterions in the polymer is between 0.01 and 8 mmol, between 0.05
and 8 mmol, between 1 and 6 mmol, or between 2 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the ionic monomers have triphenyl
phosphonium. In those embodiments where at least a portion of the ionic monomers have
triphenyl phosphonium, the total amount of triphenyl phosphonium and counterions in the
polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol, between 0.05 and 5 mmol, between 1 and 4 mmol, or
between 2 and 3 mmol per gram of polymer.
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Provided are also polymers selected from:
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
iodide-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
bromide-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-nitrate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bromide
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-iodide-co-
3-methyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium chloride-coboronyl
( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium chloride-co(4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-l-( 4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-l-( 4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium nitrate-co(4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene];
poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride
co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
chloride-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate
co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
acetate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vin ylbenzyltriphen ylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene)
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium nitrate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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pol y(butyl-vin ylimidazolium chloride-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co
vinylbenzenesulfonic acid);
pol y(butyl-vin ylimidazolium bisulfate-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co
vinylbenzenesulfonic acid);
poly(benzyl alcohol-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol);
poly(benzyl alcohol-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol).
In some embodiments, the polymer is:
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; or
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene].
In other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene].
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; or
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene].
In other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene].
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In other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; or
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium chloride-co(4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene].
In other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridiniumchloride
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; or
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-co-divinyl
benzene]; or
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polynmer is:
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-piperidine-co-divinyl
benzene]; or
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poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium chloride-ca-di vinyl benzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene].
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly[ styrene-co-( 4-vinylbenzylamino )-acetic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene].
In some embodiments, the polymer is:
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene); or
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene).
In other embodiments, the polymer is:
poly(benzyl alcohol-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol).
In some embodiments, the polymer is:
poly(styrene-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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poly(styrene-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl
phosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl
phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene); or
poly(styrene-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene).
In yet other embodiments, the polymer is:
pol y(butyl-vin ylimidazolium bisulfate-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co
butylimidazolium bisulfate-co-styrene).
In some embodiments, the polymer described herein has one or more catalytic
properties selected from:
a) disruption of a hydrogen bond in cellulosic materials;
b) intercalation of the polymer into crystalline domains of cellulosic materials; and
c) cleavage of a glycosidic bond in cellulosic materials.
In some embodiments, the polymer has a greater specificity for cleavage of a
glycosidic bond than dehydration of a monosaccharide in cellulosic materials.
In some emodiments, the polymer is capable of degrading biomass into one or more
sugars at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.001 per hour. In other embodiments, the polymer
is capable of degrading biomass to produce the sugars at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.1,
at least 0.15, at least 0.2, at least 0.25, at least 0.3 or at least 0.5 per hour.
In some embodiments, the polymer is capable of converting biomass into one or
more sugars and residual biomass, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization
of less than 300. In other embodiments, the polymer is capable of converting biomass into one
or more sugars and residual biomass, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of
polymerization of less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, or less than
In some embodiments, the polymer is substantially insoluble in water or an organic
solvent.
Provided is also a solid particle that includes a solid core and any of the polymers
described herein, in which the polymer is coated on the surface of the solid core. In some
embodiments, the solid core is made up of an inert material or a magnetic material. In one
embodiment, the solid core is made up of iron.
In some embodiments, the solid particle is substantially free of pores.
In other embodiments, the solid particle has catalytic activity. In certain
embodiments, at least about 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% of the
catalytic activity of the solid particle is present on or near the exterior surface of the solid
particle.
Provided is also a composition that includes biomass and any of the polymers
described herein. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a solvent. In one
embodiment, the composition further includes water. In some embodiments, the biomass has
cellulose, hemicellulose, or a combination thereof. In yet other embodiments, the biomass also
has lignin.
Provided is also a chemically-hydrolyzed biomass composition that includes any of
the polymers described herein, one or more sugars, and residual biomass. In some embodiments,
the one or more sugars are one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a
mixture thereof. In other embodiments, the one or more sugars are two or more sugars that
include at least one C4-C6 monosaccharide and at least one oligosaccharide. In yet other
embodiments, the one or more sugars are selected from glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and
arabinose.
Provided is also a saccharification intermediate that includes any of the polymer
described herein hydrogen-bonded to biomass. In certain embodimemts of the saccharification
intermediate, the ionic moiety of the polymer is hydrogen-bonded to the carbohydrate alcohol
groups present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and other oxygen-containing components of biomass.
In certain embodiments of the saccharification intermediate, the acidic moiety of the polymer is
hydrogen-bonded to the carbohydrate alcohol groups present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and
other oxygen-containing components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the glycosidic
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linkages between sugar monomers. In some embodiments, the biomass has cellulose,
hemicellulose or a combination thereof.
Provided is also a method for degrading biomass into one or more sugars, by: a)
providing biomass; b) contacting the biomass with any of the polymers described herein and a
solvent for a period of time sufficient to produce a degraded mixture, in which the degraded
mixture has a liquid phase and a solid phase, and the liquid phase includes one or more sugars,
and the solid phase includes residual biomass; c) isolating at least a portion of the liquid phase
from the solid phase; and d) recovering the one or more sugars from the isolated liquid phase.
In some embodiments, the isolating of at least a portion of the liquid phase from the
solid phase produces a residual biomass mixture, and the method further includes: i) providing a
second biomass; ii) contacting the second biomass with the residual biomass mixture for a period
of time sufficient to produce a second degraded mixture, in which the second degraded mixture
has a second liquid phase and a second solid phase, and the second liquid phase includes one or
more second sugars, and wherein the second solid phase includes second residual biomass; iii)
isolating at least a portion of the second liquid phase from the second solid phase; and iv)
recovering the one or more second sugars from the isolated second liquid phase.
In some embodiments, the method further includes contacting the second biomass
and the residual biomass mixture with a second polymer, in which the second polymer can be
any of the polymers described herein. In other embodiments, the method further includes
contacting the second biomass and the residual biomass mixture with a second solvent. In some
embodiments, the method further includes recovering the polymer after isolating at least a
portion of the second liquid phase. In certain embodiments of the method, the solvent includes
water.
In some embodiments of the method, the biomass has cellulose and hemicellulose,
and the biomass is contacted with the polymer and the solvent at a temperature and/or at a
pressure suitable to preferentially hydrolyze the cellulose or suitable to preferentially hydrolyze
the hemicellulose.
In some embodiments of the method, the one or more sugars are selected from one or
more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a combination thereof. In certain
embodients, the one or more monosaccharides are one or more C4-C6 monosaccharides. In
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certain embodiments, the one or more sugars are selected from glucose, galactose, fructose,
xylose, and arabinose.
In some embodiments, the method further includes pretreating the biomass before
contacting the biomass with the polymer. In certain embodiments, the pretreatment of the
biomass is selected from washing, solvent-extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling,
steam pretreatment, explosive steam pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water
pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia
fiber explosion, organosolvent pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation,
ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical C0 , supercritical H 0, ozone, and gamma
irradiation, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments of the method, the residual biomass has a degree of
polymerization of less than 300. In other embodiments of the methods, the residual biomass has
a degree of polymerization of less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60,
or less than 50.
In some embodiments of the method, the degrading of the biomass to produce the
sugars occurs at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.001 per hour. In other embodiments of
the method, the degrading of the biomass to produce the sugars occurs at a first-order rate
constant of at least 0.1, at least 0.15, at least 0.2, at least 0.25, at least 0.3 or at least 0.5 per hour.
Provided is also a method for pretreating biomass before hydrolysis of the biomass
to produce one or more sugars, by: a) providing biomass; b) contacting the biomass with any of
the polymers described herein and a solvent for a period of time sufficient to partially degrade
the biomass; and c) pretreating the partially degraded biomass before hydrolysis to produce one
or more sugars. In some embodiments, the biomass has cellulose, hemicellulose, or a
combination thereof. In other embodiments, the biomass also has lignin. In some embodiments,
the pretreatment of the partially degraded biomass mixture is selected from washing, solvent
extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam
pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime
pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent
pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation,
microwave, supercritical C0 , supercritical H 0, ozone, and gamma irradiation, or a
combination thereof.
Provided is also a method of hydrolyzing pretreated biomass to produce one or more
sugars, by: a) providing biomass pretreated according any of the pretreatment methods described
herein; and b) hydrolyzing the pretreated biomass to produce one or more sugars. In some
embodiments, the pretreated biomass is chemically hydrolyzed or enzymatically hydrolyzed. In
some embodiments, the one or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of glucose,
galactose, fructose, xylose, and arabinose.
Provided is also a use of any of the polymers described herein for degrading biomass
into one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a combination thereof. In
some embodiments, the one or more monosaccharides are one or more C4-C6 monosaccharides.
In other embodiments, the one or more sugars are selected from glucose, galactose, fructose,
xylose, and arabinose. In some embodiments, the biomass has cellulose, hemicellulose, or a
combination thereof. In yet other emobidments, the biomass also has lignin.
Provided is also a use of any of the polymers described herein for pretreating
biomass before further treatment using one or more methods selected from washing, solvent
extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam
pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime
pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent
pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation,
microwave, supercritical C0 , supercritical H 0, ozone, and gamma irradiation.
Provided is also a sugar composition obtained by any of the methods for degrading
biomass into one or more sugars described herein that employs any of the polymers described
herein.
Provided is also a sugar composition obtained by contacting biomass with any of the
polymers described herein for a period of time sufficient to hydrolyze the biomass into one or
more sugars. In some embodiments, the sugar composition has at least 0.1 %, at least 0.2%, at
least 0.3%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.6%, at least 0.7%, at least 0.8% or at least 0.9%
by weight a mixture of sugars, wherein the mixture of sugars comprises one or more C4-C6
monosaccharides and one or more oligosaccharides. In certain embodiments of the sugar
composition, the one or more C4-C6 monosaccharides are selected from glucose, galactose,
fructose, xylose, and arabinose.
pyridazinium compound, a thiazinium compound, a morpholinium compound, a piperidinium
(10682604_1):RTK
thiazolium compound, a pyridinium compound, a pyrimidinium compound, a pyrazinium
compound, a pyridazinium compound, a thiazinium compound, a morpholinium compound, a
(10682604_1):RTK
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in which A represents monomer that have an acidic moiety and B represents monomers that have
an ionic moiety (e.g., a cationic moiety, a basic moiety or a salt). The acidic moiety includes a
Br!i)nsted-Lowry acid, and the ionic moiety includes a nitrogen-containing functional group.
Moreover, a and b are stochiometric coefficients, such that a and b together make up a
substantial portion of the co-monomer subunits of the polymer. For example, a and b together
make up at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least
about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99% or
substantially all of the co-monomer subunits of the polymer.
In some embodiments, the polymer of Formula (I) is a polymer of Formula (Ia):
which includes monomers C that are covalently bound to and are cross-linked with other
monomers in the polymer, and c is a stochoimetic coefficient.
In other embodiments, the polymer of formula (I) is a polymer of Formula (lb):
which includes monomers D that are covalently bound to other monomers in the polymer, and d
is a stochoimetric coefficient.
In other embodiments, the polymer of formula (I) is a polymer of Formula (Ic):
In certain embodiments, monomers Dare non-functionalized moieties, such as
hydrophobic moieties (e.g., phenyl).
Another exemplary polymer is provided in Formula (II):
La·~ Lb' ""-..
A' B' (II),
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in which each of La' and Lb' is independently for each occurrence a linker or absent; each A' for
each occurrence is an acidic moiety; each B' for each occurrence is an ionic (e.g., cationic)
moiety; each n is independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and a and bare
stochiometric coefficients together make up a substantial portion of the co-monomer subunits of
the polymer. For example, a and b together make up at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at
least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%,
at least about 95%, at least about 99% or substantially all of the monomers of the polymer. Each
of La' and Lb' can independently have a plurality of A' moieties and B' moieties, respectively.
Another exemplary polymer is provided in Formula (III):
,Ar ,Ar /Ar
A'"" B'"" XL""
(Ill)
in which each Ar is independently for each occurrence an aryl or heteroaryl moiety; each A' for
each occurrence is an acidic moiety; each B' for each occurrence is an ionic moiety (e.g., a
cationic moiety); each XL for each occurrence is a cross-linking moiety; and a, b, c, and dare
stochoimetric coefficients, such that when taken together make up a substantial portion of the co
monomer subunits of the polymer. For example, a, b, c, and d together make up at least about
%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least
80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99% or substantially all of the
about
co-monomer subunits of the polymer. Each Ar can independently have a plurality of A'
moieties, B' moieties, and XL moieties, respectively.
Another exemplary polymer is provided in Formula (IV):
Lab'
AB (IV)
in which each of Lab is independently for each occurrence a linker or absent; each AB for each
occurrence is a moiety that includes an acidic and an ionic moiety (e.g., a cationic moiety); each
n is independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and ab is a stochiometric coefficient,
such that ab makes up a substantial portion of the co-monomer subunits of the polymer. For
example, ab makes up at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about
60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least
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about 99% or substantially all of the co-monomer subunits of the polymer. Each of Lab can
independently have a plurality of acidic moieties and ionic moieties (e.g., cationic moieties),
respectively.
Where polymers such as Formula (1), (Ia), (lb), (Ic), (II), (Ill), or (IV) are depicted
herein, the connectivity as shown above does not require a block polymer, but can also include
other configurations of the A and B monomers, including random polymers. Moreover, the
depiction of attachment of the monomers, such as that of A to B, does not limit the nature of the
attachment of the monomers, such as A to B by way of a carbon-carbon bond, but can also
include other attachments such as a carbon-heteroatom bond.
In certain embodiments, the polymer of Formula (1), (Ia), (lb ), (Ic ), (II), (III), or (IV)
can catalyze the break-down of polysaccharides such as cellulose, and hemicellulose, for
example, through cleavage of the glycosidic bond between sugar moieties. In general, it is the
acidic moiety on the polymer of Formula (1), (Ia), (lb ), (Ic ), (II), (Ill), or (IV) that catalyzes the
cleavage of the glycosidic bonds. However, polymer of Formula (1), (Ia), (lb), (Ic), (II), (III), or
(IV) also includes an ionic moiety (e.g., a cationic moiety), which is generally present as a
nitrogen containing salt. This salt functionality of the polymer of Formula (1), (Ia), (lb ), (Ic ),
(II), (III), or (IV) can promote the break-down of the tertiary structure of the polysaccharides
described herein, such as cellulosic materials. For example, the ionic moiety can disrupt inter
and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in polysaccharide materials (e.g., disrupting the tertiary
structure of the material), which can allow the acidic moiety of the polymer to access more
readily the glycosidic bonds of the polysaccharides. Accordingly, the combination of the two
functional moieties on a single polymer can provide for a catalyst that is effective in the break
down of polysaccharides using relatively mild conditions as compared to those methods that
employ a more corrosive acid, or methods that employ harsh conditions such as high
temperatures or pressure.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The following description sets forth exemplary compositions, methods, parameters
and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a
limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of
exemplary embodiments.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer that has a polymeric backbone
and side chains.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer, in which a side chain with the
acidic group is connected to the polymeric backbone by a linker and in which a side chain with
the cationic group is connected directly to the polymeric backbone.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer, in which the monomers are
randomly arranged in an alternating sequence.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer, in which the monomers are
arranged in blocks of monomers, and the block of acidic monomers alternates with the block of
wmc monomers.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a portion of exemplary polymers with cross-linking
within a given polymeric chain.
FIGS. SA, SB, SC and SD illustrate a portion of exemplary polymers with cross-
linking between two polymeric chains.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer with a polyethylene backbone.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer with a polyvinylalcohol
backbone.
illustrates a portion of an exemplary polymer with an ionomeric backbone.
A illustrates two side chains in an exemplary polymer, in which there are three
carbon atoms between the side chain with the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the side chain with the
cationic group.
illustrates two side chains in another exemplary polymer, in which there are
zero carbons between the side chain with the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the side chain with the
cationic group.
depicts an exemplary arrangement of the linear beta-(1-4)-glucan chains in
crystalline cellulose.
depicts interactions that may occur during saccharification between an
exemplary polymer and the carbohydrate alcohol groups present in biomass containing
crystalline cellulose.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters and the like. It
should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope
of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.
Described herein are polymers that can be used, in some embodiments, as an acid
catalyst to hydrolyze cellulosic materials to produce monosaccharides, as well as
oligosaccharides. Such polymers are herein referred to as "polymeric acid catalysts". In
particular, the polymeric acid catalysts provided herein can disrupt the hydrogen bond
superstructure typically found in natural cellulosic materials, allowing the acidic pendant groups
of the polymer to come into chemical contact with the interior glycosidic bonds in the crystalline
domains of cellulose.
Unlike traditional catalysts known in the art used to hydrolyze cellulosic materials
(e.g., enzymes, concentrated acids or dilute aqueous acids), the polymeric acid catalysts
described herein provide effective cellulose digestion, as well as ease of recycle and reuse. The
ability to recycle and and reuse the catalyst presents several advantages, including reducing the
cost of converting lignocellulose into industrially important chemicals, such as sugars,
oligosaccharides, organic acids, alcohols and aldehydes. Unlike enzymes and dilute aqueous
acids, the polymeric catalysts described herein can penetrate deeply into the crystalline structure
of cellulose, resulting in higher yields and faster kinetics for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials to
produce monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides. Unlike concentrated acids, which require
costly, energy-intensive solvent extraction and/or distillation processes to recover the acid
catalyst following lignocellulose digestion, the polymeric catalysts described herein are less
corrosive, more easily handled, and can be easily recovered because they naturally phase
of the polymeric acid catalysts provided herein
separate from aqueous products. Further, the use
does not require solubilization of the cellulosic material in a solvent such as molten metal
halides, ionic liquids, or acid/organic solvent mixtures. Thus, provided herein are stable,
recyclable, polymeric catalysts that can efficiently digest cellulosic materials on a commercially
viable scale.
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Definitions
As used herein, "alkyl" includes saturated straight-chain or branched-chain
monovalent hydrocarbon radicals, and combinations of these, which contain only C and H when
unsubstituted. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and pentyl. When an alkyl residue
having a specific number of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of
carbons are intended to be encompassed and described; thus, for example, "butyl" is meant to
include n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl; "propyl" includes n-propyl, and iso-propyl.
The total number of carbon atoms in each such group is sometimes described herein. For
example, when the group can contain up to ten carbon atoms it can be represented as 1-1 OC or as
C 1-C 10 or C 1-10. In some embodiments, alkyl may be substituted. Suitable alkyl substituents
may include, for example, hydroxy, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "alkylene" refers to the same residues as alkyl, but having bivalency.
Examples of alkylene include methylene ( -CHr ), ethylene ( -CH CHr ), propylene
( -CH2CH2CH2-), butylene ( -CH2CH2CH2CH2-).
As used herein, "alkylene carbamate" refers to an alkylene moiety, in which one or
more of the methylene units of the alkylene moiety has been replaced with a carbamate moiety(
C(0)NR- or C(O)-NR-, where R can be, for example, alkyl or aryl). In some
embodiments, alkylene carbamate may be substituted. Suitable alkylene carbamate substituents
may include, for example, hydroxyl, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "alkylene ester" refers to an alkylene moiety, in which one or more
of the methylene units of the alkylene moiety has been replaced with an ester moiety (-C(0)
or C(O)-). In some embodiments, alkylene ester may be substituted, further bearing one or
more substituents. Suitable alkylene ester substituents may include, for example, hydroxyl,
amino, and halo.
As used herein, "alkylene ether" refers to an alkylene moiety, in which one or more
of the methylene units of the alkylene moiety has been replaced with an ether moiety ( -C(O)-).
In some embodiments, alkylene ether may be substituted, further bearing one or more
substituents. Suitable alkylene ether substituents may include, for example, hydroxyl, amino,
and halo.
As used herein, "alkenyl" refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon group having at least
one site of olefinic unsaturation (i.e., having at least one moiety of the formula C=C). Alkenyl
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contains only C and H when unsubstituted. When an alkenyl residue having a specific number
of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended to be
encompassed and described; thus, for example, "butenyl" is meant to include n-butenyl, sec
butenyl, and iso-butenyl. Examples of alkenyl may include -CH=CH , -CHrCH=CH and
CHrCH=CH-CH=CH . In some embodiments, alkenyl may be substituted. Suitable alkyenyl
substituents may include, for example, hydroxy, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "alkenylene" refers to the same residues as alkenyl, but having
bivalency. Examples of alkenylene include ethylene ( -CH=CH-), propylene ( -CHrCH=CH-)
and butylene ( -CHrCH=CH-CHr ).
As used herein, "alkynyl" refers to "an unsaturated hydrocarbon group having at
least one site of acetylenic unsaturation (i.e., having at least one moiety of the formula C=C.
Alkynyl contains only C and H when unsubstituted. When an alkynyl residue having a specific
number of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended
to be encompassed and described; thus, for example, "pentynyl" is meant to include n-pentynyl,
sec-pentynyl, iso-pentynyl, and tert-pentynyl. Examples of alkynyl may include -C=CH or
C=C-CH . In some embodiments, alkynyl may be substituted. Suitable alkynyl substituents
may include, for example, hydroxy, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "aryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a
single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl), which
condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. Aryl contains only C and H when unsubstituted.
An aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be
connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring
position. In one variation, an aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is
non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position. Examples of aryl
may include phenyl, phenol, and benzyl. In some embodiments, aryl may be substituted.
Suitable aryl substituents may include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, amino, and
halo.
As used herein, "arylene" refers to the same residues as aryl, but having bivalency.
As used herein, "cycloalkyl" includes a carbocyclic, non-aromatic group that is
connected via a ring carbon atom, which contains only C and H when unsubstituted. The
cycloalkyl can consist of one ring, such as cyclohexyl, or multiple rings, such as adamantyl. A
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cycloalkyl with more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or combinations thereof.
Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
adamantyl, and decahydronaphthalenyl. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl may be substituted.
Suitable cycloalkyl substituents may include, for example, alkyl, hydroxy, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "cycloalkylene" refers to the same residues as cycloalkyl, but having
bivalency.
As used herein, "heteroaryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group
having from 1 to 10 annular carbon atoms and at least one annular heteroatom, including but not
limited to heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heteroaryl group may have a
single ring (e.g., pyridyl, pyridinyl, imidazolyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl,
benzothienyl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. A heteroaryl group having
more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent
structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, a
heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected
to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position. Examples of heteroaryls may include
pyridyl, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, and thiazolyl. In some embodiments, heteroaryl may be
substituted. Suitable heteroaryl substituents may include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
hydroxy, amino, and halo.
As used herein, "heteroarylene" refers to the same residues as heteroaryl, but having
bivalency.
It should be understood that the alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
ether, ester, and carbamate may be substituted, where the particular group or groups being
described may have no non-hydrogen substituents, or the group or groups may have one or more
non-hydrogen substituents. If not otherwise specified, the total number of such substituents that
may be present is equal to the number of H atoms present on the unsubstituted form of the group
being described.
Polymeric Acid Catalysts
In one aspect, the polymeric acid catalysts provided herein are polymers made up of
acidic monomers and ionic monomers (which are also known as "ionomers) connected to form a
polymeric backbone. Each acidic monomer includes at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and each
ionic monomer includes at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-
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containing cationic group. Some of the acidic and ionic monomers may also include a linker that
connects the Bronsted-Lowry acid and cationic group, respectively, to the polymeric backbone.
For the acidic monomers, the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker together form a side chain.
Similarly, for the ionic monomers, the cationic group and the linker together form a side chain.
With reference to the portion of the exemplary polymer depicted in the side chains are
pendant from the polymeric backbone.
a) Acidic and Ionic Monomers
The polymers described herein contain monomers that have at least one Bronsted-
Lowry acid and at least one cationic group. The Bronsted-Lowry acid and the cationic group
may be on different monomers or on the same monomer.
In some embodiments, the acidic monomers may have one Bronsted-Lowry acid. In
other embodiments, the acidic monomers may have two or more Bronsted-Lowry acids, as is
chemically feasible. When the acidic monomers have two or more Bronsted-Lowry acids, the
acids may be the same or different.
Suitable Bronsted-Lowry acids may include any Bronsted-Lowry acid that can form
a covalent bond with a carbon. The Bronsted-Lowry acids may have a pK value of less than
about 7, less than about 6, less than about 5, less than about 4, less than about 3, less than about
2, less than about 1, or less than zero. In some embodiments, the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each
occurrence may be independently selected from sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid,
isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
The acidic monomers in the polymer may either all have the same Bronsted-Lowry
acid, or may have different Bronsted-Lowry acids. In an exemplary embodiment, each Bronsted
Lowry acid in the polymer is sulfonic acid. In another exemplary embodiment, each Bronsted
Lowry acid in the polymer is phosphonic acid. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the
Bronsted-Lowry acid in some monomers of the polymer is sulfonic acid, while the Brons ted
Lowry acid in other monomers of the polymer is phosphonic acid.
In some embodiments, the ionic monomers may have one cationic group. In other
embodiments, the ionic monomers may have two or more cationic groups, as is chemically
feasible. When the ionic monomers have two or more cationic groups, the cationic groups may
be the same or different.
pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrolizinium. In
(10682604_1):RTK
wo 2012/118767
% internally-coordinated, at most 20% internally-coordinated, at most 10% internally
coordinated, at most 5% internally-coordinated, at most 1% internally-coordinated, or less than
1% internally-coordinated. It should be understood that internally-coordinates sites are less
likely to exchange with an ionic solution that is brought into contact with the polymer.
Some of the monomers in the polymer contain both the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the
cationic group in the same monomer. Such monomers are referred to as "acidic-ionic
monomers". In exemplary embodiments, a side chain of an acidic-ionic monomer may contain
imidazolium and acetic acid, or pyridinium and boronic acid.
With reference to the portion of an exemplary polymer depicted in the
Bronsted-Lowry acid and the cationic group in the side chains of the monomers may be directly
connected to the polymeric backbone or connected to the polymeric backbone by a linker.
Suitable linkers may include, for example, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene,
unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted
or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted
alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted
alkylene carbamate. In some embodiments, the linker is an unsubstituted or substituted C5 or C6
arylene. In certain embodiments, the linker is an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene. In one
exemplary embodiment, the linker is unsubstituted phenylene. In another exemplary
embodiment, the linker is substituted phenylene (e.g., hydroxy-substituted phenylene).
Further, it should be understood that some or all of the acidic monomers connected
by a linker may have the same linker, or independently have different
to the polymeric backbone
linkers. Similarly, some or all of the ionic monomers connected to the polymeric backbone by a
linker may have the same linker, or independently have different linkers. Further, some or all of
the acidic monomers connected to the polymeric backbone by a linker may have the same or
different linkers as some or all of the ionic monomers connected to the polymeric backbone by a
linker.
In certain embodiments, the acidic monomers may have a side chain with a
Bronsted-Lowry acid that is connected to the polymeric backbone by a linker. Side chains with
one or more Bronsted-Lowry acids connected by a linker may include, for example,
wo 2012/118767
o=s=o
-:;::::::-o
HO/" /j '-.,.OH
o=s=o o=s=o
\,#o
0 '-.,.OH
H0/1 I
H0/1
#0 #0
p:::?' OH p:::?'
HO''" ...... I
H0/1
OH OH
HO ~~OH
"l,"
NH OH
, and
HO OH
HO OH
As used herein, .JV\JVV'I. denotes the point of attachment to the polymeric backbone.
In other embodiments, the acidic monomers may have a side chain with a Bronsted-
Lowry acid that is directly connected to the polymeric backbone. Side chains with a Bronsted
Lowry acid directly connected to the polymer backbone may include, for example,
wo 2012/118767
o=s=o , HO-P=O ,
,and
OH OH
In certain embodiments, the ionic monomers may have a side chain with a cationic
group that is connected to the polymeric backbone by a linker. Side chains with one or more
cationic groups connected by a linker may include, for example,
NH +
NH + NH +
+H N
(I ~.
N~NH
('JN+ ('JN+
HN_j HN_j
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wo 2012/118767
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p~ p~
, and
In other embodiments, the ionic monomers may have a side chain with a cationic
group that is directly connected to the polymeric backbone. Side chains with a nitrogen
containing cationic group directly connected to the polymeric backbone may include, for
example,
wo 2012/118767
T T T T/ T/
(_),
OC)OC)
, and
Side chains with a phosphorous-containing cationic group directly connected to the
polymeric backbone may include, for example,
In other embodiments, the monomers may have a side chain containing both a
Bronsted-Lowry acid and a cationic group, where either the Bronsted-Lowry acid is connected to
the polymeric backbone by a linker or the cationic group is connected to the polymeric backbone
by a linker. Monomers that have side chains containing both a Bronsted-Lowry acid and a
cationic group may also be called "acidic ionomers". Such side chains in acidic-ionic monomers
that are connected by a linker may include, for example,
wo 2012/118767
, and
OH OH
In other embodiments, the monomers may have a side chain containing both a
Bronsted-Lowry acid and a cationic group, where the Bronsted-Lowry acid is directly connected
to the polymeric backbone, the cationic group is directly connected to the polymeric backbone,
or both the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the cationic group are directly connected to the polymeric
backbone. Such side chains in acidic-ionic monomers may include, for example,
In some embodiments, the acidic and ionic monomers make up a substantial portion
of the polymer. In certain embodiments, the acidic and ionic monomers make up at least about
%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least
about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the monomers of the
polymer, based on the ratio of the number of acidic and ionic monomers to the total number of
monomers present in the polymer.
The ratio of the total number of acidic monomers to the total number of ionic
monomers may be varied to tune the strength of the acid catalyst. In some embodiments, the
total number of acidic monomers exceeds the total number of ionic monomers in the polymer. In
other embodiments, the total number of acidic monomers is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at
least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9 or at least 10 times the total number of ionic
monomers in the polymer. In certain embodiments, the ratio of the total number of acidic
monomers to the total number of ionic monomers is 1:1,2:1,3:1,4:1,5:1,6:1,7:1, 8:1,9:1 or
:1.
In some embodiments, the total number of ionic monomers exceeds the total number
of acidic monomers in the polymer. In other embodiments, the total number of ionic monomers
is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9 or at least 10
times the total number of acidic monomers in the polymer. In certain embodiments, the ratio of
the total number of ionic monomers to the total number of acidic monomers is 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1,
:1, 6:1,7:1, 8:1, 9:1 or 10:1.
The polymers described herein may be characterized by the chemical
functionalization of the polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer may have between 0.1 and
mmol, between 0.1 and 15 mmol, between 0.01 and 12 mmol, between 0.01 and 10 mmol,
between 1 and 8 mmol, between 2 and 7 mmol, between 3 and 6 mmol, between 1 and 5, or
between 3 and 5 mmol of the Bronsted-Lowry acid per gram of the polymer. In particular
embodiments where the polymer has at least some monomers with side chains having sulfonic
0.05 to 10 mmol of the sulfonic
acid as the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer may have between
acid per gram of the polymer. In other embodiments where the polymer has at least some
monomers with side chains having phosphonic acid as the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer
may have between 0.01 and 12 mmol of the phosphonic acid per gram of the polymer. In other
embodiments where the polymer has at least some monomers with side chains having acetic acid
as the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer may have between 0.01 and 12 mmol of the acetic acid
per gram of the polymer. In other embodiments where the polymer has at least some monomers
with side chains having isophthalic acid as the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer may have
between 0.01 and 5 mmol of the isophthalic acid per gram of the polymer. In other embodiments
where the polymer has at least some monomers with side chains having boronic acid as the
Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer may have between 0.01 and 20 mmol of the boronic acid per
gram of the polymer. In other embodiments where the polymer has at least some monomers with
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side chains having perfluorinated acid as the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the polymer may have
between 0.01 and 5 mmol of the perfluorinated acid per gram of the polymer.
In some embodiments, the polymer may have between 0.01 and 10 mmol, between
0.01 and 8.0 mmol, between 0.01 and 4 mmol, between 1 and 10 mmol, between 2 and 8 mmol,
or between 3 and 6 mmol of the ionic group. In such embodiments, the ionic group includes the
cationic group listed, as well as any suitable counterion described herein (e.g., halide, nitrate,
sulfate, formate, acetate, or organosulfonate). In particular embodiments where the polymer has
at least some monomers with side chains having imidazolium as part of the ionic group, the
polymer may have between 0.01 and 8 mmol of the ionic group per gram of the polymer. In
other embodiments where the polymer has at least some monomers with side chains having
pyridinium as part of the ionic group, the polymer may have between 0.01 and 8 mmol of the
ionic group per gram of the polymer. In other embodiments where the polymer has at least some
monomers with side chains having triphenyl phosphonium as part of the ionic group, the
polymer may have between 0.01 and 4 mmol of the ionic group per gram of the polymer.
b) Hydrophobic Monomers
The polymers described herein may further include monomers having a side chain
containing a non-functional group, such as a hydrophobic group. In some embodiments, the
hydrophobic group is connected directly to the polymeric backbone. Suitable hydrophobic
groups may include, for example, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted
cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. In some
embodiments, the hydrophobic group is unsubstituted or substituted C5 or C6 aryl. In certain
embodiments, the hydrophobic group is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. In one exemplary
embodiment, the hydrophobic group is unsubstituted phenyl. Further, it should be understood
that the hydrophobic monomers may either all have the same hydrophobic group, or may have
different hydrophobic groups.
c) Arrangement of Monomers
In some embodiments, the acidic monomers, the ionic monomers, the acidic-ionic
monomers and the hydrophobic monomers, where present, may be arranged in alternating
sequence or in a random order as blocks of monomers. In some embodiments, each block has
not more than twenty, fifteen, ten, six, or three monomers.
In some embodiments, the polymer is randomly arranged in an alternating sequence.
With reference to the portion of the exemplary polymer depicted in , the monomers are
randomly arranged in an alternating sequence.
In other embodiments, the polymer is randomly arranged as blocks of monomers.
With reference to the portion of the exemplary polymer depicted in , the monomers are
arranged in blocks of monomers.
The polymers described herein may also be cross-linked. Such cross-linked
polymers may be prepared by introducing cross-linking groups. In some embodiments, cross
linking may occur within a given polymeric chain, with reference to the portion of the exemplary
polymers depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B. In other embodiments, cross-linking may occur between
two or more polymeric chains, with reference to the the portion of the exemplary polymers in
FIGS. SA, SB, SC and SD.
1 2 3
With reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B and SA, it should be understood that R , R and R ,
respectively, are exemplary cross linking groups. Suitable cross-linking groups that may be used
to form a cross-linked polymer with the polymers described herein include, for example,
substituted or unsubstituted divinyl alkanes, substituted or unsubstituted divinyl cycloalkanes,
substituted or unsubstituted divinyl aryls, substituted or unusbsituted heteroaryls, dihaloalkanes,
dihaloalkenes, dihaloalkynes. For example, corss-linking groups may include divinylbenzene,
diallylbenzene, dichlorobenzene, divinylmethane, dichloromethane, divinylethane,
dichloroethane, divinylpropane, dichloropropane, divinylbutane, dichlorobutane, ethylene glycol,
and resorcinol.
d) Polymeric Backbone
The polymeric backbone described herein may include, for example, polyalkylenes,
polyalkenyl alcohols, polycarbonate, polyarylenes, polyaryletherketones, and polyamide-imides.
In certain embodiments, the polymeric backbone may be selected from polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyphenol
aldehyde, polytetrafluoroethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, and
poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).
With reference to , in one exemplary embodiment, the polymeric backbone
is polyethylene. With reference to , in another exemplary embodiment, the polymeric
backbone is polyvinyl alcohol.
polyalkylenepyrazinium, polyalkylenepyridazinium, polyalkylenethiazinium,
(10682604_1):RTK
wo 2012/118767
Exemplary polymers described herein include:
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol
l-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
iodide-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
bromide-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazol-l-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-nitrate
co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bromide
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-iodide-co-
3-methyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate
comethyl-l-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-
4-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covin ylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-triphenyl-( 4-vin ylbenzyl )-phosphonium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin
ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium
acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium chloride-coboronyl
( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium chloride-co(4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium bisulfate-co-l-( 4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium acetate-co-l-( 4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-l-ium nitrate-co(4-
vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethyl
vinyl-pyridinium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide
co-divinyl benzene];
poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazol-l-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
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poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-ca
di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-
3H-imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene];
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride
co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
chloride-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate
co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
acetate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vin ylbenzyltriphen ylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene)
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium nitrate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co
divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate
co-divinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
acetate-ca-di vinylbenzene);
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pol y(butyl-vin ylimidazolium chloride-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co
vinylbenzenesulfonic acid);
pol y(butyl-vin ylimidazolium bisulfate-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co
vinylbenzenesulfonic acid);
poly(benzyl alcohol-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol);
poly(benzyl alcohol-covinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol).
Properties of the Polymeric Acid Catalysts
The polymers described herein have one or more catalytic properties. As used
herein, a "catalytic property" of a material is a physical and/or chemical property that increases
the rate and/or extent of a reaction involving the material. The catalytic properties may include
at least one of the following properties: a) disruption of a hydrogen bond in cellulosic materials;
b) intercalation of the polymeric acid catalyst into crystalline domains of cellulosic materials;
and c) cleavage of a glycosidic bond in cellulosic materials. In other embodiments, the
polymeric acid catalysts that have two or more of the catalytic properties described above, or all
three of the catalytic properties described above.
In certain embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts described herein have the
ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by donation of a proton, and may be regenerated during
the reaction process.
In some embodiments, the polymers described herein have a greater specificity for
cleavage of a glycosidic bond than dehydration of a monosaccharide.
Solid Particles
The polymers described herein may form solid particles. One of skill in the art
would recognize the various known techniques and methods to make solid particles. For
example, a solid particle may be formed through the procedures of emulsion or dispersion
polymerization, which are known to one of skill in the art. In other embodiments, the solid
particles may be formed by grinding or breaking the polymer into particles, which are also
techniques and methods that are known to one of skill in the art.
In certain embodiments, the solid particles are substantially free of pores. In certain
embodiments where the solid particles are substantially free of pores, the solid particles contain
no more than 50%, no more than 40%, no more than 30%, no more than 20%, no more than
%, no more than 10%, no more than 5%, or no more than 1% of pores. Such particles may be
advantangeous since solvent and soluble species (e.g., sugars) are less likely to permeate into the
solid particle.
In other embodiments, the solid particles include a microporous gel resin. In yet
other embodiments, the solid particles include a macroporous gel resin.
Other methods known in the art to prepare solid particles include coating the
polymers described herein on the surface of a solid core. The solid core can be a non-catalytic
support. Suitable materials for the solid core may include an inert material (e.g., aluminum
oxide, com cob, crushed glass, chipped plastic, pumice, silicon carbide, or walnut shell) or a
magnetic material. Polymeric coated core particles can be made by techniques and methods that
are known to one of skill in the art, for example, by dispersion polymerization to grow a cross
linked polymer shell around the core material, or by spray coating or melting.
The solid particles coated with the polymer described herein have one or more
catalytic properties. In some embodiments, at least about 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at
least 80% or at least 90% of the catalytic activity of the solid particle is present on or near the
exterior surface of the solid particle.
This form of the polymeric acid catalysts can be advantageous over other catalysts
known in the art due to, for example, ease of handling. The solid nature of the polymeric
catalysts can provide for ease of recycling (e.g., by filtering the catalyst), without requiring
distillation or extraction methods. For example, the density and size of the particle can be
selected such that the catalyst particles can be separated from the materials used in a process for
the break -down of biomaterials. Particles can be selected based on sedimentation rate, e.g.,
relative to materials used or produced in a reaction mixture, particle density, or particle size.
Alternatively, solid particles coated with the polymeric acid catalysts that have a magnetically
active core can be recovered by electromagnetic methods known to one of skill in the art.
Saccharification Using the Polymeric Acid Catalysts
In one aspect, provided are methods for saccharification of cellulosic materials (e.g.,
biomass) using the polymeric acid catalysts described herein. Saccharification refers to the
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hydrolysis of cellulosic materials (e.g., biomass) into one or more sugars, by breaking down the
complex carbohydrates of cellulose (and hemicellulose, where present) in the biomass. The one
or more sugars may be monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides. As used herein,
"oligosaccharide" refers to a compound containing two or more monosaccharide units linked by
glycosidic bonds. In certain embodiments, the one or more sugars are selected from glucose,
cellobiose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose, mannose and galactose.
It should be understood that the cellulosic material may be subjected to a one-step or
a multi-step hydrolysis process. For example, in some embodiments, the cellulosic material is
first contacted with the polymeric acid catalyst, and then the resulting product is contacted with
one or more enzymes in a second hydrolysis reaction (e.g., using enzymes).
The one or more sugars obtained from hydrolysis of cellulosic material may be used
in a subsequent fermentation process to produce biofuels (e.g., ethanol) and other bio-based
chemicals. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more sugars obtained by the methods
described herein may undergo subsequent bacterial or yeast fermentation to produce biofuels and
other bio-based chemicals.
Further, it should be understood that any method known in the art that includes
pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis (saccharification), fermentation, or a combination thereof,
can be used with the polymeric acid catalysts in the methods described herein. The polymeric
acid catalysts may be used before or after pretreatment methods to make the cellulose (and
hemicellulose, where present) in the biomass more accessible to hydrolysis.
a) Cellulosic Materials
Cellulosic materials may include any material containing cellulose and/or
hemicellulose. In certain embodiments, cellulosic materials may be lignocellulosic materials that
contain lignin in addition to cellulose and/or hemicellulose. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that
includes a linear chain ofbeta-(1-4)-D-glucose units. Hemicellulose is also a polysaccharide;
however, unlike cellulose, hemicellulose is a branched polymer that typically includes shorter
chains of sugar units. Hemicellulose may include a diverse number of sugar monomers
including, for example, xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans.
Cellulosic materials can typically be found in biomass. In some embodiments, the
biomass used with the sold polymeric acid catalysts described herein contains a substantial
proportion of cellulosic material, such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% or greater
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than 90% cellulose. In some embodiments, cellulosic materials may include herbaceous
materials, agricultural residues, forestry residues, municipal solid waste, waste paper, and pulp
and paper mill residues. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is com stover, com
fiber, or com cob. In other embodiments, the cellulosic material is bagasse, rice straw, wheat
straw, switch grass or miscanthus. In yet other embodiments, cellulosic material may also
include chemical cellulose (e.g., Avicel®), industrial cellulose (e.g., paper or paper pulp),
bacterial cellulose, or algal cellulose. As described herein and known in the art, the cellulosic
materials may be used as obtained from the source, or may be subjected to one or pretreatments.
For example, pretreated com stover ("PCS") is a cellulosic material derived from com stover by
treatment with heat and/or dilute sulfuric acid, and is suitable for use with the polymeric acid
catalysts described herein.
Several different crystalline structures of cellulose are known in the art. For
example, with reference to crystalline cellulose are forms of cellulose where the linear
beta-(1-4)-glucan chains may be packed into a three-dimensional superstructure. The aggregated
beta-(1-4)-glucan chains are typically held together via inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen
bonds. Steric hindrance resulting from the structure of crystalline cellulose may impede access
of the reactive species, such as enzymes or chemical catalysts, to the beta-glycosidic bonds in the
glucan chains. In contrast, non-crystalline cellulose and amorphous cellulose are forms of
cellulose in which individual beta-(1-4)-glucan chains are not appreciably packed into a
hydrogen-bonded super-structure, where access of reactive species to the beta-glycosidic bonds
in the cellulose is hindered.
One of skill in the art would recognize that natural sources of cellulose may include a
mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline domains. The regions of a beta-(1-4)-glucan chain
where the sugar units are present in their crystalline form are referred to herein as the "crystalline
domains" of the cellulosic material. Generally, the beta-(1-4)-glucan chains present in natural
cellulose exhibit a number average degree of polymerization between 1,000 and 4,000
anhydroglucose ("AHG") units (i.e., 1,000-4,000 glucose molecules linked via beta-glycosidic
bonds), while the number average degree of polymerization for the crystalline domains is
typically between 200 and 300 AHG units. See e.g., R. Rinaldi, R. Palkovits, and F. Schuth,
Angew. Chern. Int. Ed., 47, 8047 -8050 (2008); Y.-H. P. Zhang and L.R. Lynd,
Biomacromolecules, 6, 1501-1515 (2005).
Typically, cellulose has multiple crystalline domains that are connected by non-
crystalline linkers that may include a small number of anhydroglucose units. One of skill in the
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art would recognize that traditional methods to digest biomass, such as dilute acidic conditions,
may digest the non-crystalline domains of natural cellulose, but not the crystalline domains.
Dilute acid treatment does not appreciably disrupt the packing of individual beta-(1-4 )-glucan
chains into a hydrogen-bonded super-structure, nor does it hydrolyze an appreciable number of
glycosidic bonds in the packed beta-(1-4)-glucan chains. Consequently, treatment of natural
cellulosic materials with dilute acid reduces the number average degree of polymerization of the
input cellulose to approximately 200-300 anhydroglucose units, but does not further reduce the
degree of polymerization of the cellulose to below 150-200 anhydroglucose units (which is the
typical size of the crystalline domains).
In certain embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts described herein may be used to
digest natural cellulosic materials. The polymeric acid catalysts may be used to digest crystalline
cellulose by a chemical transformation in which the average degree of polymerization of
cellulose is reduced to a value less than the average degree of polymerization of the crystalline
domains. Digestion of crystalline cellulose can be detected by observing reduction of the
average degree of polymerization of cellulose. In certain embodiments, the polymeric acid
catalysts can reduce the average degree of polymerization of cellulose from at least 300 AGH
units to less than 200 AHG units.
It should be understood that the polymeric acid catalysts described herein may be
used to digest crystalline cellulose, as well as microcrystalline cellulose. One of skill in the art
would recognize that crystalline cellulose typically has a mixture of crystalline and amorphous or
non-crystalline domains, whereas microcrystalline cellulose typically refers to a form of
cellulose where the amorphous or non-crystalline domains have been removed by chemical
processing such that the residual cellulose substantially has only crystalline domains.
b) Pretreatment of Cellulosic Materials
In some embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts described herein may be used
with cellulosic materials that have been pretreated. In other embodiments, the polymeric acid
catalysts described herein may be used with cellulosic materials before pretreatment.
Any pretreatment process known in the art can be used to disrupt plant cell wall
components of cellulosic material, including, for example, chemical or physical pretreatment
processes. See, e.g., Chandra et al., Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic
hydrolysis of lignocellulosics?, Adv. Biochem. Engin.!Biotechnol., 108: 67-93 (2007); Galbe and
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Zacchi, Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials for efficient bioethanol production, Adv.
Biochem. Engin.!Biotechnol., 108: 41-65 (2007); Hendriks and Zeeman, Pretreatments to
enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass, Bioresource Technol., 100: 10-18 (2009);
Mosier et al., Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass,
Bioresource Technol., 96: 673-686 (2005); Taherzadeh and Karimi, Pretreatment of
lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review, Int. J. of Mol. Sci., 9:
1621-1651 (2008); Yang and Wyman, Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic
ethanol, Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining (Biofpr), 2: 26-40 (2008). Examples of suitable
pretreatment methods are described by Schell et al. (Appl. Biochem. and Biotechnol., 105-108:
69-85 (2003) and Mosier et al. (Bioresource Technol., 96: 673-686 (2005), and in U.S. Patent
Application No. 2002/0164730.
In other embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts described herein may be used
with cellulosic materials that have not been pretreated. Further, the cellulosic material can also
be subjected to other processes instead of or in addition to pretreatment including, for example,
particle size reduction, pre-soaking, wetting, washing, or conditioning.
Moreover, the use of the term "pretreatment" does not imply or require any specific
timing of the steps of the methods described herein. For example, the cellulosic material can be
pretreated before hydrolysis. Alternatively, the pretreatment can be carried out simultaneously
with hydrolysis. In some embodiments, the pretreatment step itself results in some conversion of
biomass to sugars (for example, even in the absence of the polymeric acid catalysts described
herein).
Several common methods that may be used to pretreat cellulose materials for use
with the polymeric acid catalysts are described below.
Steam Pretreatment
Cellulosic material is heated to disrupt the plant cell wall components (e.g., lignin,
hemicellulose, cellulose) to make the cellulose and/or hemicellulose more accessible to enzymes.
Cellulosic material is typically passed to or through a reaction vessel, where steam is injected to
increase the temperature to the required temperature and pressure is retained therein for the
desired reaction time.
In certain embodiments where steam pretreatment is employed to pretreat the
cellulosic materials, the pretreatment can be performed at a temperature between 140°C and
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230°C, between 160°C and 200°C, or between 170°C and 190°C. It should be understood,
however, that the optimal temperature range for steam pretreatment may vary depending on the
polymeric acid catalyst used.
In certain embodiments, the residence time for the steam pretreatment is 1 to 15
minutes, 3 to 12 minutes, or 4 to 10 minutes. It should be understood, however, that the optimal
residence time for steam pretreatment may vary depending on the temperature range and the
polymeric acid catalyst used.
In some embodiments, steam pretreatment can be combined with an explosive
discharge of the material after the pretreatment, which is known as steam explosion-a rapid
flashing to atmospheric pressure and turbulent flow of the material to increase the accessible
surface area by fragmentation. See Duff and Murray, Bioresource Technol., 855: 1-33 (1996);
Galbe and Zacchi, Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol., 59: 618-628 (2002); U.S. Patent Application
No. 2002/0164730.
During steam pretreatment, acetyl groups in hemicellulose can be cleaved, and the
resulting acid can autocatalyze the partial hydrolysis of the hemicellulose to monosaccharides
and/or oligosaccharides. One of skill in the art would recognize, however, that lignin (when
present in the cellulosic material) is removed to only a limited extent. Thus, in certain
embodiments, a catalyst such as sulfuric acid (typically 0.3% to 3% w/w) may be added prior to
steam pretreatment, to decrease the time and temperature, increase the recovery, and improve
enzymatic hydrolysis. See Ballesteros et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 129-132: 496-508
(2006); Varga et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 113-116: 509-523 (2004); Sassner et al.,
Enzyme Microb. Technol., 39: 756-762 (2006).
Chemical Pretreatment
Chemical pretreatment of cellulosic materials can promote the separation and/or
release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin by chemical processes. Examples of suitable
chemical pretreatment processes include, for example, dilute acid pretreatment, lime
pretreatment, wet oxidation, ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (APEX), ammonia percolation
(APR), and organosolvent pretreatments.
In one embodiment, dilute or mild acid pretreatment is employed. Cellulosic
material may be mixed with a dilute acid and water to form a slurry, heated by steam to the
desired temperature, and after a residence time flashed to atmospheric pressure. Suitable acids
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for this pretreatment method may include, for example, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, citric acid,
nitric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, hydrogen chloride, or mixtures thereof.
In one preferred variation, sulfuric acid is used. The dilute acid treatment may be conducted in a
pH range of 1-5, a pH range of 1-4, or a pH range of 1-3. The acid concentration may be in the
range from 0.01 to 20 wt% acid, 0.05 to 10 wt% acid, 0.1 to 5 wt% acid, or 0.2 to 2.0 wt%
acid. The acid is contacted with cellulosic material, and may be held at a temperature in the
range of 160-220°C, or 165-195°C., for a period of time ranging from seconds to minutes (e.g., 1
second to 60 minutes). The dilute acid pretreatment can be performed with a number of reactor
designs, including for example plug-flow reactors, counter-current reactors, and continuous
counter-current shrinking bed reactors. See Duff and Murray (1996), supra; Schell et al.,
Bioresource Technol., 91: 179-188 (2004); Lee etal.,Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 65:93-
115 (1999).
In another embodiment, an alkaline pretreatment may be employed. Examples of
suitable alkaline pretreatments include, for example, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, ammonia
percolation (APR), and ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (APEX). Lime pretreatment may be
performed with calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or ammonia at temperatures of 85°C to
150°C, and at residence times from 1 hour to several days. See Wyman et al., Bioresource
Technol., 96: 1959-1966 (2005); Mosier et al., Bioresource Technol., 96: 673-686 (2005).
In yet another embodiment, wet oxidation may be employed. Wet oxidation is a
thermal pretreatment that may be performed, for example, at 180°C to 200°C for 5-15 minutes
with addition of an oxidative agent such as hydrogen peroxide or over-pressure of oxygen. See
Schmidt and Thomsen, Bioresource Technol., 64: 139-151 (1998); Palonen et al., Appl.
Biochem. Biotechnol., 117: 1-17 (2004); Varga et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 88: 567-574 (2004);
Martinet al., J. Chern. Technol. Biotechnol., 81: 1669-1677 (2006). Wet oxidation may be
performed, for example, at 1-40% dry matter, 2-30% dry matter, or 5-20% dry matter, and the
initial pH may also be increased by the addition of alkali (e.g., sodium carbonate). A
modification of the wet oxidation pretreatment method, known as wet explosion-a combination
of wet oxidation and steam explosion, can handle dry matter up to 30%. In wet explosion, the
oxidizing agent may be introduced during pretreatment after a certain residence time, and the
pretreatment may end by flashing to atmospheric pressure. See .
In yet another embodiment, pretreatment methods using ammonia may be employed.
See e.g., WO 20061110891; WO 2006111899; WO 2006111900; and WO 20061110901. For
example, ammonia fiber explosion (APEX) involves treating cellulosic material with liquid or
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gaseous ammonia at moderate temperatures (e.g.' 90-1 00°C) and at high pressure (e.g.' 17-20
bar) for a given duration (e.g., 5-10 minutes), where the dry matter content can be in some
instances as high as 60%. See Gollapalli et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 98: 23-35 (2002);
Chundawat et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 96: 219-231 (2007); Alizadeh et al., Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol., 121: 1133-1141 (2005); Teymouri et al., Bioresource Technol., 96: 2014-2018
(2005). APEX pretreatment may depolymerize cellulose, partial hydrolyze hemicellulose, and,
in some instances, cleave some lignin-carbohydrate complexes.
Organosolvent Pretreatment
An organosol vent solution may be used to delignify cellulosic material. In one
embodiment, an organosolvent pretreatment involves extraction using aqueous ethanol (e.g., 40-
60% ethanol) at an elevated temperature (e.g., 160-200°C) for a period of time (e.g., 30-60
minutes). See Pan et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 90: 473-481 (2005); Pan et al., Biotechnol.
Bioeng., 94:851-861 (2006); Kurabi etal.,Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 121:219-230 (2005). In
one variation, sulfuric acid is added to the organosolvent solution as a catalyst to delignify the
cellulosic material. One of skill in the art would recognize that an organosolvent pretreatment
can typically breakdown the majority of hemicellulose.
Physical Pretreatment
Physical pretreatment of cellulosic materials can promote the separation and/or
release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin by physical processes. Examples of suitable
physical pretreatment processes may involve irradiation (e.g., microwave irradiation),
steaming/steam explosion, hydrothermolysis, and combinations thereof.
Physical pretreatment can involve high pressure and/or high temperature. In one
embodiment, the physical pretreatment is steam explosion. In some variations, high pressure
refers to a pressure in the range of 300-600 psi, 350-550 psi, or 400-500 psi, or about 450 psi. In
some variations, high temperature refers to temperatures in the range of 100-300°C, or 140-
2350C.
In another embodiment, the physical pretreatment is a mechanical pretreatment.
Suitable examples of mechanical pretreatment may include various types of grinding or milling
(e.g., dry milling, wet milling, or vibratory ball milling). In some variations, mechanical
pretreatment is performed in a batch-process, such as in a steam gun hydrolyzer system that uses
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high pressure and high temperature (e.g., a Sunds Hydrolyzer available from Sunds Defibrator
AB, Sweden).
Combined Physical and Chemical Pretreatment
In some embodiments, cellulosic material can be pretreated both physically and
chemically. For instance, in one variation, the pretreatment step can involve dilute or mild acid
treatment and high temperature and/or pressure treatment. It should be understood that the
physical and chemical pretreatments can be carried out sequentially or simultaneously. In other
variation, the pretreatment may also include a mechanical pretreatment, in addition to chemical
pretreatment.
Biological Pretreatment
Biological pretreatment techniques can involve applying lignin-solubilizing
microorganisms. See, e.g., Hsu, T.-A., Pretreatment of Biomass, in Handbook on Bioethanol:
Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212
(1996); Ghosh and Singh, Physicochemical and biological treatments for enzymatic/microbial
conversion of cellulosic biomass, Adv. Appl. Microbial., 39: 295-333 (1993); McMillan, J.D.,
Pretreating lignocellulosic biomass: a review, in Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels
Production, Himmel, M. E., Baker, J. 0., and Overend, R. P., eds., ACS Symposium Series 566,
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., chapter 15 (1994); Gong, C. S., Cao, N.J., Du,
J., and Tsao, G. T., Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical
Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T., ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65:
207-241 (1999); Olsson and Hahn-Hagerdal, Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for
ethanol production, Enz. Microb. Tech., 18: 312-331 (1996); and Vallander and Eriksson,
Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: State of the art, Adv. Biochem.
Eng.!Biotechnol., 42: 63-95(1990). In some embodiments, pretreatment may be performed in an
aqueous slurry. In other embodiments, the cellulosic material is present during pretreatment in
amounts between 10-80 wt %, between 20-70 wt %, or between 30-60 wt %, or about 50 wt %.
Furthermore, after pretreatment, the pretreated cellulosic material can be unwashed or washed
using any method known in the art (e.g., washed with water) before hydrolysis to produce one or
more sugars or use with the polymeric acid catalyst.
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c) Saccharification
Saccharification is typically performed in stirred-tank reactors or vessels under
controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions. One skilled in the art would recognize that
suitable processing time, temperature and pH conditions may vary depending on the type and
amount of cellulosic material, polymeric acid catalyst, and solvent used. These factors are
described in further detail below.
Processing time, temperature and pH conditions
In some embodiments, saccharification can last up to 200 hours. In other
embodiments, saccharification can take place from 1 to 96 hours, from 12 to 72 hours, or from
12 to 48 hours.
In some embodiments, saccharification is performed at temperature in the range of
about 25°C to about 150°C. In other embodiments, saccharification is performed at temperature
in the range of about 30°C to about l25°C, or about 80°C to about l20°C, or about 100°C to
l10°C.
The pH for saccharification is generally affected by the intrinsic properties of the
polymeric acid catalyst used. In particular, the acidic moiety of the polymeric acid catalyst may
affect the pH of saccharification. For example, the use of sulfuric acid moiety in a polymeric
acid catalyst results in saccharification at a pH of about 3. In other embodiments,
saccharification is performed at a pH between 0 and 6. The reacted effluent typically has a pH of
at least 4, or a pH that is compatible with other processes such as enzymatic treatment. It should
be understood, however, that the pH can be modified and controlled by the addition of acids,
bases or buffers.
Moreover, the pH may vary within the reactor. For example, high acidity at or near
the surface of the catalyst may be observed, whereas regions distal to the catalyst surface may
have a substantially neutral pH. Thus, one of skill would recognize that determination of the
solution pH should account for such spatial variation.
It should also be understood that, in certain embodiments, the saccharification
methods described herein may further include monitoring the pH of the saccharification reaction,
and optionally adjusting the pH within the reactor. In some instances, as a low pH in solution
may indicate an unstable polymeric acid catalyst, in which the catalyst may be losing at least a
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portion of its acidic groups to the surrounding environment through leaching. In some
embodiments, the pH near the surface of the polymeric acid catalyst is below about 7, below
about 6, or below about 5.
Amount of cellulosic material used
The amount of the cellulosic material used in the methods described herein relative
to the amount solvent used may affect the rate of reaction and yield. The amount of the
cellulosic material used may be characterized by the dry solids content. In ceratin embodiments,
dry solids content refers to the total solids of a slurry as a percentage on a dry weight basis. In
some embodiments, the dry solids content of the cellulosic materials is between about 5 wt% to
about 95 wt %, between about 10 wt% to about 80 wt %, between about 15 to about 75 wt %, or
between about 15 to about 50 wt %.
Amount of polymeric acid catalyst used
The amount of the polymeric acid catalysts used in the saccharification methods
described herein may depend on several factors including, for example, the type of cellulosic
material, the concentration of the cellulosic material, the type and number of pretreatment(s)
applied to the cellulosic material, and the reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, time, and pH).
In one embodiment, the weight ratio of the polymeric acid catalyst to the cellulose material is
about 0.1glg to about 50 gig, about 0.1glg to about 25 gig, about 0.1 gig to about 10 gig, about
0.1 gig to about 5 gig, about 0.1 gig to about 2 gig, about 0.1 gig to about 1 gig, or about 0.1 to
about 1.0 gig.
Solvent
In certain embodiments, hydrolysis using the polymeric acid catalyst is carried out in
an aqueous environment. One suitable aqueous solvent is water, which may be obtained from
various sources. Generally, water sources with lower concentrations of ionic species are
preferable, as such ionic species may reduce effectiveness of the polymeric acid catalyst. In
some embodiments where the aqueous solvent is water, the water has less than 10% of ionic
species (e.g., salts of sodium, phosphorous, ammonium, magnesium, or other species found
naturally in lignocellulosic biomass).
Moreover, as the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed, water is consumed on a mole-for-
mole basis with the sugars produced. In certain embodiments, the saccharification methods
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described herein may further include monitoring the amount of water present in the
saccharification reaction and/or the ratio of water to biomass over a period of time. In other
embodiments, the saccharification methods described herein may further include supplying water
directly to the reaction, for example, in the form of steam or steam condensate. For example, in
some embodiments, the hydration conditions in the reactor is such that the water-to-cellulosic
material ratio is 5:1,4:1, 3:1,2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or 1:5, or less than 1:5. It should be
understood, however, that the ratio of water to cellulosic material may be adjusted based on the
specific polymeric acid catalyst used.
Batch versus continuous processing
Generally, the polymeric acid catalyst and the cellulosic materials are introduced into
an interior chamber of a reactor, either concurrently or sequentially. Saccharification can be
performed in a batch process or a continuous process. For example, in one embodiment,
saccharification is performed in a batch process, where the contents of the reactor are
continuously mixed or blended, and all or a substantial amount of the products of the reaction are
removed. In one variation, saccharification is performed in a batch process, where the contents
of the reactor are initially intermingled or mixed but no further physical mixing is performed. In
another variation, saccharification is performed in a batch process, wherein once further mixing
of the contents, or periodic mixing of the contents of the reactor, is performed (e.g., at one or
more times per hour), all or a substantial amount of the products of the reaction are removed
after a certain period of time.
In other embodiments, saccharification is performed in a continuous process, where
the contents flow through the reactor with an average continuous flow rate but with no explicit
mixing. After introduction of the polymeric acid catalyst and the cellulosic materials into the
reactor, the contents of the reactor are continuously or periodically mixed or blended, and after a
period of time, less than all of the products of the reaction are removed. In one variation,
saccharification is performed in a continuous process, where the mixture containing the catalyst
and biomass is not actively mixed. Additionally, mixing of catalyst and biomass may occur as a
result of the redistribution of polymeric acid catalysts settling by gravity, or the non-active
mixing that occurs as the material flows through a continuous reactor.
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Reactors
The reactors used for the saccharification methods described herein may be open or
closed reactors suitable for use in containing the chemical reactions described herein. Suitable
reactors may include, for example, a fed-batch stirred reactor, a batch stirred reactor, a
continuous flow stirred reactor with ultrafiltration, a continuous plug-flow column reactor, an
attrition reactor, or a reactor with intensive stirring induced by an electromagnetic field. See e.g.,
Fernanda de Castilhos Corazza, Flavio Faria de Moraes, Gisella Maria Zanin and Ivo Neitzel,
Optimal control in fed-batch reactor for the cellobiose hydrolysis, Acta Scientiarum. Technology,
: 33-38 (2003); Gusakov, A. V., and Sinitsyn, A. P., Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of
cellulose: 1. A mathematical model for a batch reactor process, Enz. Microb. Technol., 7: 346-
352 (1985); Ryu, S. K., and Lee, J. M., Bioconversion of waste cellulose by using an attrition
bioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25: 53-65(1983); Gusakov, A. V., Sinitsyn, A. P., Davydkin, I.
Y., Davydkin, V. Y., Protas, 0. V., Enhancement of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis using a
novel type of bioreactor with intensive stirring induced by electromagnetic field, Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol., 56: 141-153(1996). Other suitable reactor types may include, for example, fluidized
bed, upflow blanket, immobilized, and extruder type reactors for hydrolysis and/or fermentation.
In certain embodiments where saccharification is performed as a continuous process,
the reactor may include a continuous mixer, such as a screw mixer. The reactors may be
generally fabricated from materials that are capable of withstanding the physical and chemical
forces exerted during the processes described herein. In some embodiments, such materials used
of tolerating high concentrations of strong liquid acids; however, in
for the reactor are capable
other embodiments, such materials may not be resistant to strong acids.
Further, the reactor typically contains an outlet means for removal of contents (e.g., a
sugar-containing solution) from the reactor. Optionally, such outlet means is connected to a
device capable of processing the contents removed from the reactor. Alternatively, the removed
contents are stored. In some embodiments, the outlet means of the reactor is linked to a
continuous incubator into which the reacted contents are introduced. The reactor may be filled
with biomass by a top-load feeder containing a hopper capable of holding biomass. Further, the
outlet means provides for removal of residual biomass by, e.g., a screw feeder, by gravity, or a
low shear screw.
It should also be understood that additional cellulosic material and/or catalyst may be
added to the reactor, either at the same time or one after the other.
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Rate and Yield of Saccharification
The use of the polymeric acid catalysts described herein can increase the rate and/or
yield of saccharification. The ability of the polymeric acid catalyst to hydrolyze the cellulose
and hemicellulose components of biomass to soluble sugars can be measured by determining the
effective first-order rate constant,
where l1t is the duration of the reaction and Xi is the extent of reaction for species i (e.g., glucan,
xylan, arabinan). In some embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts described herein are
capable of degrading biomass into one or more sugars at a first-order rate constant of at least
0.001 per hour, at least 0.01 per hour, at least 0.1 per hour, at least 0.2 per hour, at least 0.3 per
hour, at least 0.4 per hour, at least 0.5 per hour, or at least 0.6 per hour.
The hydrolysis yield of the cellulose and hemicellulose components of biomass to
soluble sugars by the polymeric acid catalyst can be measured by determining the degree of
polymerization of the residual biomass. The lower the degree of polymerization of the residual
biomass, the greater the hydrolysis yield. In some embodiments, the polymeric acid catalysts
described herein are capable of converting biomass into one or more sugars and residual
biomass, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization of less than 300, less than
250, less than 200, less than 150, less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than
60, or less than 50.
d) Separation and Purification of the Sugars
In some embodiments, the method for degrading cellulosic material using the
polymeric acid catalysts described herein further includes recovering the sugars that are
produced from the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material. In another embodiment, the method for
degrading cellulosic material using the polymeric catalyst described herein further includes
recovering the degraded or converted cellulosic material.
The sugars, which are typically soluble, can be separated from the insoluble residual
cellulosic material using technology well known in the art such as, for example, centrifugation,
filtration, and gravity settling.
Separation of the sugars may be performed in the hydrolysis reactor or in a separator
vessel. In an exemplary embodiment, the method for degrading cellulosic material is performed
in a system with a hydrolysis reactor and a separator vessel. Reactor effluent containing the
monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides is transferred into a separator vessel and is washed
with a solvent (e.g., water), by adding the solvent into the separator vessel and then separating
the solvent in a continuous centrifuge. Alternatively, in another exemplary embodiment, a
reactor effluent containing residual solids (e.g., residual cellulosic materials) is removed from the
reactor vessel and washed, for example, by conveying the solids on a porous base (e.g., a mesh
belt) through a solvent (e.g., water) wash stream. Following contact of the stream with the
reacted solids, a liquid phase containing the monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides is
generated. Optionally, residual solids may be separated by a cyclone. Suitable types of cyclones
used for the separation may include, for example, tangential cyclones, spark and rotary
separators, and axial and multi-cyclone units.
In another embodiment, separation of the sugars is performed by batch or continuous
differential sedimentation. Reactor effluent is transferred to a separation vessel, optionally
combined with water and/or enzymes for further treatment of the effluent. Over a period of time,
solid biomaterials (e.g., residual treated biomass), the solid catalyst, and the sugar-containing
aqueous material can be separated by differential sedimentation into a plurality of phases (or
layers). Generally, the catalyst layer may sediment to the bottom, and depending on the density
of the residual biomass, the biomass phase may be on top of, or below, the aqueous phase.
When the phase separation is performed in a batch mode, the phases are sequentially removed,
either from the top of the vessel or an outlet at the bottom of the vessel. When the phase
separation is performed in a continuous mode, the separation vessel contains one or more than
one outlet means (e.g., two, three, four, or more than four), generally located at different vertical
planes on a lateral wall of the separation vessel, such that one, two, or three phases are removed
from the vessel. The removed phases are transferred to subsequent vessels or other storage
means. By these processes, one of skill in the art would be able to capture (1) the catalyst layer
and the aqueous layer or biomass layer separately, or (2) the catalyst, aqueous, and biomass
layers separately, allowing efficient catalyst recycling, retreatment of biomass, and separation of
sugars. Moreover, controlling rate of phase removal and other parameters allows for increased
efficiency of catalyst recovery. Subsequent to removal of each of the separated phases, the
catalyst and/or biomass may be separately washed by the aqueous layer to remove adhered sugar
molecules.
The sugars isolated from the vessel may be subjected to further processing steps
(e.g., as drying, fermentation) to produce biofuels and other bio-products. In some embodiments,
the monosaccharides that are isolated may be at least 1% pure, at least 5% pure, at least 10%
pure, at least 20% pure, at least 40% pure, at least 60% pure, at least 80% pure, at least 90%
pure, at least 95% pure, at least 99% pure, or greater than 99% pure, as determined by analytical
procedures known in the art, such as determination by high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), functionalization and analysis by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry,
spectrophotometric procedures based on chromophore complexation and/or carbohydrate
oxidation-reduction chemistry.
The residual biomass isolated from the vessels may be useful as a combustion fuel or
as a feed source of non-human animals such as livestock.
Polymeric Acid Catalyst-Containing Compositions
Provided herein are also compositions involving the polymeric acid catalysts that can
be used in a variety of methods described herein, including the break -down of cellulosic
material.
In one aspect, provided are compositions that include biomass, and the polymeric
acid catalysts described herein. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a
solvent (e.g., water). In some embodiments, the biomass includes cellulose, hemicellulose, or a
combination thereof.
In yet another aspect, provided are compositions that include the polymeric acid
catalysts described herein, one or more sugars, and residual biomass. In some embodiments, the
one or more sugars are one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a mixture
thereof. In certain embodiments, the one or more sugars are two or more sugars comprising at
least one C4-C6 monosaccharide and at least one oligosaccharide. In one embodiment, the one
or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and
arabinose.
Catalytic Intermediates
When the polymeric acid catalysts are used to degrade cellulosic materials, as
described above, a catalytic intermediate is formed. Provided herein are also the catalytic
intermediates, where the polymeric acid catalyst coordinates with the cellulosic material. The
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polymeric acid catalyst may be hydrogen-bonded to the cellulose and/or hemicellulose to break
down the cellulosic material to produce monosaccharides and oligosaccharides.
The ionic moiety of the polymeric acid catalysts can help to break down the tertiary
structure of the cellulosic materials. In some embodiments, the ionic moiety can disrupt inter
and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in polysaccharide materials. Disruption of the hydrogen
bonding of the tertiary structure can allow the acidic moiety to more readily access the glycosidic
bonds of the polysaccharides. In other embodiments, the acidic moiety can disrupt the
glycosidic bonds of the polysaccharides. Accordingly, the combination of the two functional
moieties on a single polymer can provide for a catalyst that is effective in the break-down of
polysaccharides using relatively mild conditions as compared to those methods that employ a
more corrosive acid, or methods that employ harsh conditions such as high temperatures or
pressure.
In certain embodimemts of the saccharification intermediate, the ionic moiety of the
polymer is hydrogen-bonded to the carbohydrate alcohol groups present in cellulose,
hemicellulose, and other oxygen-containing components of biomass. In certain embodiments of
the saccharification intermediate, the acidic moiety of the polymer is hydrogen-bonded to the
carbohydrate alcohol groups present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and other oxygen-containing
components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the glycosidic linkages between sugar
monomers. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, in certain embodiments of the
saccharification intermediate, the hydrogen-bonds between an exemplary polymer and the
carbohydrate alcohol groups present in the biomass may be as depicted in FIG.
Downstream Products
a) Fermentation of Isolated Sugars
The sugars obtained from hydrolysis of cellulosic material may be used in
downstream processes to produce biofuels and other bio-based chemicals. In another aspect, the
one or more sugars obtained from hydrolysis of cellulosic material using the polymeric acid
catalyst described herein may be fermented to produce one or more downstream products (e.g.,
ethanol and other biofuels, vitamins, lipids, proteins).
In some embodiments, saccharification may be combined with fermentation in a
separate or a simultaneous process. The fermentation may use the aqueous sugar phase or, if the
sugars are not substantially purified from the reacted biomass, the fermentation may be
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performed on an impure mixture of sugars and reacted biomass. Such methods include, for
example, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation (SSP), simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF), hybrid hydrolysis
and fermentation (HHF), separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF), hybrid hydrolysis and
co-fermentation (HHCF), and direct microbial conversion (DMC).
For example, SHF uses separate process steps to first enzymatically hydrolyze
cellulosic material to fermentable sugars (e.g., glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and pentose
sugars), and then ferment the sugars to ethanol.
In SSP, the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic material and the fermentation of
sugars to ethanol are combined in one step. See Philippidis, G. P., Cellulose bioconversion
technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor
& Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212 (1996).
SSCF involves the cofermentation of multiple sugars. See Sheehan, J., and Himmel,
M., Enzymes, energy and the environment: A strategic perspective on the U.S. Department of
Energy's research and development activities for bioethanol, Biotechnol. Frog., 15: 817-827
(1999).
HHF involves a separate hydrolysis step, and in addition a simultaneous
saccharification and hydrolysis step, which can be carried out in the same reactor. The steps in
an HHF process can be carried out at different temperatures; for example, high temperature
enzymatic saccharification followed by SSP at a lower temperature that the fermentation strain
can tolerate.
DMC combines all three processes (enzyme production, hydrolysis, and
fermentation) in one or more steps where the same organism is used to produce the enzymes for
conversion of the cellulosic material to fermentable sugars and to convert the fermentable sugars
into a final product. See Lynd, L. R., Weimer, P. J., van Zyl, W. H., and Pretorius, I. S.,
Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbial. Mol. Biol. Reviews,
66: 506-577 (2002).
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General Methods of Preparing the Polymeric Acid Catalysts
The polymers described herein can be made using polymerization techniques known
in the art, including for example techniques to initiate polymerization of a plurality of monomer
units.
In some embodiments, the polymers described herein can be formed by first forming
an intermediate polymer functionalized with the ionic group, but is free or substantially free of
the acidic group. The intermediate polymer can then be functionalized with the acidic group.
In other embodiments, the polymers described herein can be formed by first forming
an intermediate polymer functionalized with the acidic group, but is free or substantially free of
the ionic group. The intermediate polymer can then be functionalized with the ionic group.
In yet other embodiments, the polymer described herein can be formed by
polymerizing monomers with both acidic and ionic groups.
Provided herein are also such intermediate polymers, including those obtained at
different points within a synthetic pathway for producing the fully functionalized polymers
described herein. In some embodiments, the polymers described herein can be made, for
example, on a scale of at least 100 g, or at least 1 kg, in a batch or continuous process.
EXAMPLES
Preparation of Polymeric Materials
Except where otherwise indicated, commercial reagents were obtained from Sigma-
Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, and were purified prior to use following the guidelines of Perrin
and Armarego. See Perrin, D. D. & Armarego, W. L. F., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals,
3rd ed.; Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Nitrogen gas for use in chemical reactions was of ultra
pure grade, and was dried by passing it through a drying tube containing phosphorous pentoxide.
Unless indicated otherwise, all non-aqueous reagents were transferred under an inert atmosphere
via syringe or Schlenk flask. Organic solutions were concentrated under reduced pressure on a
Buchi rotary evaporator. Where necessary, chromatographic purification of reactants or products
was accomplished using forced-flow chromatography on 60 mesh silica gel according to the
of Still et al., See Still et al., J. Org. Chern., 43: 2923 (1978). Thin-layer
method described
chromatography (TLC) was performed using silica-coated glass plates. Visualization of the
developed chromatogram was performed using either Cerium Molybdate (i.e., Hanessian) stain
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or KMn0 stain, with gentle heating, as required. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopic analysis of solid samples was performed on a Perkin-Elmer 1600 instrument
equipped with a horizontal attenuated total reflectance (ATR) attachment using a Zinc Selenide
(ZnSe) crystal.
Example 1: Preparation of poly[styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene]
To a 500 mL round bottom flask (RBF) containing a stirred solution of 1.08 g of
poly(vinylalcohol) in 250.0 mL of deionized H 0 at 0°C, was gradually added a solution
containing 50.04 g (327.9 mmol) of vinylbenzyl chloride (mixture of 3- and 4- isomers), 10.13 g
(97.3 mmol) of styrene, 1.08 g (8.306 mmol) of divinylbenzene (DVB, mixture of 3- and 4-
isomers) and 1.507 g (9.2 mmol) of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in 150 mL of a 1:1 (by
volume) mixture of benzene I tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0°C. After 2 hours of stirring at 0 °C to
homogenize the mixture, the reaction flask was transferred to an oil bath to increase the reaction
temperature to 75°C, and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 28 hours. The resulting polymer
beads were vacuum filtered using a fritted-glass funnel to collect the polymer product. The
beads were washed repeatedly with 20% (by volume) methanol in water, THF, and MeOH, and
dried overnight at 50°C under reduced pressure to yield 59.84 g of polymer. The polymer beads
were separated by size using sieves with mesh sizes 100, 200, and 400.
Example 2: Preparation of poly [styrene-co methyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
50 g, 200 mmol) was charged into a 500 mL three neck flask (TNF) equipped with a mechanical
stirrer, a dry nitrogen line, and purge valve. Dry dimethylformamide (185 ml) was added into the
flask (via cannula under N ) and stirred to form a viscous slurry of polymer resin. 1-
Methylimidazole (36.5 g, 445mmol) was then added and stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After cooling,
the reaction mixture was filtered using a fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially
with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried.
The chemical functionalization of the polymer material, expressed in millimoles of
functional groups per gram of dry polymer resin (mmol/g) was determined by ion exchange
titrimetry. For the determination of cation-exchangable acidic protons, a known dry mass of
polymer resin was added to a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride and titrated against a
standard sodium hydroxide solution to the phenolphthalein end point. For the determination of
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anion-exchangeable ionic chloride content, a known dry mass of polymer resin was added to an
aqueous solution of sodium nitrate and neutralized with sodium carbonate. The resulting
mixture was titrated against a standardized solution of silver nitrate to the potassium chromate
endpoint. For polymeric materials in which the exchangeable anion was not chloride, the
polymer was first treated by stirring the material in aqueous hydrochloric acid, followed by
washing repeatedly with water until the effluent was neutral (as determined by pH paper). The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with methylimidazolium chloride groups was
determined to be 2.60 mmol/g via gravimetry and 2.61 mmol/g via titrimetry.
Example 3: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[ styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazoliumchloride-co-
divinylbenzene] (63 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 300 mL) was gradually added
into the flask under stirring which resulted in formation of dark-red colored slurry of resin. The
slurry was stirred at 85°C for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was
filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized
water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin beads were
finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin
with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 1.60 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry
following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 4: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-
imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene] (sample of example 3), contained in fritted glass
funnel, was washed repeatedly with 0.1 M HCl solution to ensure complete exchange of HS0 -
with cr. The resin was then washed with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as
determined by pH paper. The resin was finally air-dried.
Example 5: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene]
The suspension of poly[ styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl( 4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene] (sample of example 3) in 10%
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aqueous acetic acid solution was stirred for 2 h at 60°C to ensure complete exchange of HS0 -
with Aco-. The resin was filtered using fritted glass funnel and then washed multiple times with
de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral. The resin was finally air-dried.
Example 6: Preparation of poly [styrene-coethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 250 three neck flask (TNF) equipped with a mechanical
stirrer, a dry nitrogen line, and purge valve. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the
flask (via cannula under N ) and stirred to give viscous resin slurry. 1-Ethylimidazole (4.3 g,
44.8 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and stirred at 95°Cunder 8 h. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with
de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer resin with ethylimidazolium chloride groups was determined to be 1.80 mmol/g, as
determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 1.
Example 7: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly [styrene-coethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co-
divinylbenzene] (5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 45 mL) was gradually added into
the flask under stirring which resulted in the formation of dark-red colored uniform slurry of
resin. The slurry was stirred at 95-1 00°C for 6 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered
using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until
the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated beads were finally washed
with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid
groups was determined to be 1.97 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure
of Example 2.
Example 8: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl( 4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-coethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-
imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene] resin beads (sample of example 7) contained in
fritted glass funnel was washed multiple times with 0.1 M HCl solution to ensure complete
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exchange of HS0 - with cr. The resin was then washed with de-ionized water until the effluent
was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The resin was finally washed with ethanol and air dried.
Example 9: Preparation of poly [styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride
co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Chloroform (50 ml) was added into the flask and stirred to form slurry of resin.
Imidazole (2.8 g, 41.13mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and stirred at 40°C for 18 h.
After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum, washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with imidazolium chloride groups was
determined to be 2.7 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 10: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[ styrene-co-l-( 4-vinyl benzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co-
divinylbenzene](5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 80 mL) was gradually added into
the flask and stirred to form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 95°C for 8
h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and
then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH
paper. The sulfonated beads were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 1.26
mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 11: Preparation of poly [styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
benzoimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
4 g, 16 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Dry dimethylformamide (50 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N ) and stirred to
form viscous slurry of polymer resin. 1-Methylbenzimidazole (3.2 g, 24.2mmol) was then added
to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 18h. After cooling,
the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially
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with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer with methylbenzimidazolium chloride groups was determined to be 1.63 mmol/g, as
determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 12: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazolium chloride-co-
divinylbenzene] (5.5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 42 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid
(20% free S0 , 8 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to form dark-red colored
slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 85°C for 4 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was
filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized
water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated beads were
finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with
sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 1.53 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following
the procedure of Example 2.
Example 13: Preparation of poly [styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co
divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 20 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Dry dimethylformamide (45 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N ) while stirring
and consequently, the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained. Pyridine(3 mL,
37.17 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and stirred at 85-90°C for 18 h. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with
de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer resin with pyridinium chloride groups was determined to be 3.79 mmol/g, as determined
by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 14: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-co( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene] ( 4 g)
resin beads were charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 45 mL) was gradually added into the flask
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under stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored uniform slurry of
resin. The slurry was heated at 95-1 00°C under continuous stirring for 5 h. After completion of
reaction, the cooled reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and
then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH
paper. The resin beads were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 0.64 mmol/g, as
determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 15: Preparation of poly [styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co
methyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring which resulted in the formation of viscous slurry of polymer resin. Pyridine(1.6
mL, 19.82 mmol) and 1-methylimidazole (1.7 mL, 21.62 mmol) were then added to the resin
slurry and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 18 h. After completion of
reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled, filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum,
washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer with pyridinium chloride and 1-methylimidazolium chloride
groups was determined to be 3.79 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure
of Example 2.
Example 16: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-pyridiniumchloride-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-comethyl( 4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene](5 g) was charged into a 100 mL
flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98%
w/w, H S0 , 75 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 2 mL)were then gradually added
2 4 3
into the flask under stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored
uniform slurry of resin. The slurry was heated at 95-1 00°C under continuous stirring for 12 h.
After completion of reaction, the cooled reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel
under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral,
as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin beads were finally washed with ethanol and air
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dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was
determined to be 1.16 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example
Example 17: Preparation of poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium
chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (85 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring which resulted in the formation of uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin. 1-
Methylmorpholine (5.4 mL, 49.12mmol) were then added to the resin slurry and the resulting
reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 18 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered
using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol,
and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with methylmorpholinium
chloride groups was determined to be 3.33 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the
procedure of Example 2.
Example 18: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly [styrene-co4-methyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium chloride-co-
divinylbenzene](8 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 50 mL) was gradually added into
the flask under stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored slurry.
The slurry was stirred at 90°C for 8 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using
fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent
was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin beads were finally washed with
ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid groups
was determined to be 1.18 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of
Example 2.
Example 19: Preparation of [polystyrene-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-
phosphoniumchloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
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condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained. Triphenylphosphine
(11.6 g, 44.23mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction mixture was
stirred at 95°C for 18 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel
under vacuum, washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer with triphenylphosphonium chloride groups was
determined to be 2.07 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example
Example 20: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triphenyl-(4-
vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly (styrene-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium chloride- co-
divinylbenzene) (7 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 40 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid
(20% free S0 , 15 mL)were gradually added into the flask under stirring which consequently
resulted in the formation of dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After
cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed
repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The
sulfonated resin beads were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 2.12 mmol/g, as
determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 21: Preparation of poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperidine-co
divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0
mmol/g, 10 g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (50 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring which resulted in the formation of uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin.
Piperidine ( 4 g, 46.98 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction
mixture was stirred at 95°C for 16 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted
glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally
air dried.
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Example 22: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-l-( 4-
vinylbenzyl)-piperidine-co-divinyl benzene]
Poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperidine-co-divinyl benzene] (7 g) was charged
into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold concentrated sulfuric
acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 45 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 12 mL) were gradually
2 4 3
added into the flask under stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red
colored slurry. The slurry was stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After completion of reaction, the cooled
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The resin beads
were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer
with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 0.72 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry
following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 23: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium chloride-co-divinyl benzene]
Poly (styrene-co(1-piperidino )methylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) ( 4 g) was
charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Dry
dimethylformamide (40 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N ) under stirring to
obtain uniform viscous slurry. Iodomethane (1.2 ml) and potassium iodide (10 mg) were then
added into the flask. The reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 24 h. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed multiple
of r with cr. The resin was finally
times with dilute HCl solution to ensure complete exchange
washed with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The
resin was finally air-dried.
Example 24: Preparation of poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-co-divinyl
benzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (50 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and consequently, the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained.
Morpholine (4 g, 45.92 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction
mixture was heated at 95°C under continuous stirring for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the
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reaction mixture was cooled, filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed
sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried.
Example 25: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-co-divinyl benzene]
Poly[styrene-co( 4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-co-divinyl benzene] (1 0 g) was
charged into a 200 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold concentrated
sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 90 mL) and fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 10 mL)were
2 4 3
gradually added into the flask while stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of
dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After cooling, the reaction
mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with
de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin
beads were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 0.34 mmol/g, as determined by
titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 26: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co-divinyl benzene]
Poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-co-
divinyl benzene](6 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Methanol (60 mL) was then charged into the flask, followed by addition of hydrogen
peroxide (30% solution in water, 8.5 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed under continuous
stirring for 8 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered, washed sequentially with de
ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried.
Example 27: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzyl-triethylammonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and consequently the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained.
Triethylamine(5 mL, 49.41 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction
mixture was stirred at 95°C for 18 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted
glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally
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air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with triethylammonium chloride
groups was determined to be 2.61 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure
of Example 2.
Example 28: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triethyl-(4-
vinylbenzyl)-ammonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-co-triethyl-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene] (6
g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold
concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 60 mL) was gradually added into the flask under
stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored uniform slurry of resin.
The slurry was stirred at 95-1 00°C for 8 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using
fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the
effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin beads were finally washed
with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid
groups was determined to be 0.31 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure
of Example 2.
Example 29:Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-divinylbenzene) (6 g) was charged into a
100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free
S0 , 25 mL) was gradually added into the flask under stirring which consequently resulted in the
formation of dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was stirred at 90°C for 5 h. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with
de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 0.34 mmol/g, as determined by
titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 30: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-
vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride -co-
divinylbenzene](5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (20 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained. 1-Methylimidazole
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(3 mL, 49.41 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction mixture was
stirred at 95°C for 18 h. After cooling, reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel
under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water. The resin beads were finally
washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic
acid group and methylimidiazolium chloride groups was determined to be 0.23 mmol/g and 2.63
mmol/g, respectively, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 31: Preparation of poly[styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium
chloride-coboronyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and consequently the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained. 4-
Pyridyl-boronic acid(1.8 g, 14.6 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting
reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 2 days. 1-Methylimidazole(3 mL, 49.41 mmol) was then
added to the reaction mixture and stirred further at 95°C for 1 day. After cooling to room
temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed
sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer with boronic acid group was determined to be 0.28 mmol/g
respectively, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 32: Preparation of poly[styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium
chloride-co-l-( 4-vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-comethyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co-
divinylbenzene](Cr density=- 2.73 mmol/g, 5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped
with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Triethylphosphite (70 ml) was added into the flask and
the resulting suspension was stirred at 120°C for 2 days. The reaction mixture was filtered using
fritted glass funnel and the resin beads were washed repeatedly with de-ionized water and
ethanol. These resin beads were then suspended in concentrated HCl (80 ml) and refluxed at
115°Cunder continuous stirring for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture
was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized
water. The resin beads were finally washed with ethanol and air dried. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer with phosphonic acid group and methylimidiazolium chloride
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groups was determined to be 0.11 mmol/g and 2.81 mmol/g, respectively, as determined by
titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 33: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzylchloride-co-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly (styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-vinylpyridine-ca-di vinylbenzene) ( 5 g)
was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold
concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 80 mL) was gradually added into the flask under
stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was
stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using
fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent
was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated beads were finally washed with ethanol
and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with sulfonic acid groups was
determined to be 3.49 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example
Example 34: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co
vinylbenzylchloride-comethylvinyl-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid -co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-vinyl
pyridine-co-divinylbenzene] (4 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir
bar and condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under
N ) under stirring to obtain uniform viscous slurry. Iodomethane (1.9 ml) was then gradually
added into the flask followed by addition of potassium iodide (10 mg). The reaction mixture was
stirred at 95°C for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the cooled reaction mixture was
filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed multiple times with dilute HCl
solution to ensure complete exchange of r with cr . The resin beads were finally washed with
de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper and then air-dried.
Example 35: Preparation of poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-
vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co-divinyl benzene]
Poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co-divinyl benzene] (3 g)
was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Cold
concentrated sulfuric acid (>98% w/w, H S0 , 45 mL) was gradually added into the flask under
stirring which consequently resulted in the formation of dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was
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stirred at 95°C for 8 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using
fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent
was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated beads were finally washed with ethanol
and air dried.
Example 36: Preparation of poly [styrene-covinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl
( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly[styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazoliumchloride-co-
divinylbenzene] (Cr density=- 2.73 mmol/g, 5 g) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped
with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Diethylphosphite (30 ml) and t-butylperoxide (3.2 ml)
were added into the flask and the resulting suspension was stirred at 120°C for 2 days. The
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel and the resin beads were washed
repeatedly with de-ionized water and ethanol. These resin beads were then suspended in
concentrated HCl (80 ml) and refluxed at 115°C under continuous stirring for 2 days. After
cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water. The resin beads were finally washed
with ethanol and air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with aromatic
phosphonic acid group was determined to be 0.15 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following
the procedure of Example 2.
Example 37: Preparation of poly[styrene-cocarboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H
imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dimethylformamide (50 ml) was added into the flask and stirred to form a slurry of
resin. Imidazole(2.8 g, 41.13mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and stirred at 80°C for 8 h.
The reaction mixture was then cooled to 40°C and t-butoxide( 1.8 g) was added into the reaction
mixture and stirred for 1 h. Bromoethylacetate (4 ml) was then added to and the reaction mixture
was stirred at 80°C for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered
using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water. The
washed resin beads were suspended in the ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution and refluxed
overnight. The resin beads were filtered and successively washed with deionized water multiple
times and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer with
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carboxylic acid group was determined to be 0.09 mmol/g, as determined by titrimetry following
the procedure of Example 2.
Example 38: Preparation of poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-co
methyl( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under N )
while stirring and consequently the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained.
Dimethyl aminoisophthalate( 3.0 g, 14.3 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the
resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 95°C for 16 h. 1-Methylimidazole(2.3 mL, 28.4 mmol)
was then added to the reaction mixture and stirred further at 95°C for 1 day. After cooling to
room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum,
washed sequentially with de-ionized water and ethanol. The washed resin beads were suspended
in the ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution and refluxed overnight. The resin beads were filtered
and successively washed with deionized water multiple times and ethanol, and finally air dried.
The chemical functionalization of the polymer with carboxylic acid group was determined to be
0.16 mmol/ g, as determined by titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
Example 39: Preparation of poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-comethyl-
1-( 4-vinylbenzyl)-3H -imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (Cr density=- 4.0 mmol/g,
g, 40 mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Dry dimethylformamide (80 ml) was added into the flask (via cannula under
N )while stirring and consequently the uniform viscous slurry of polymer resin was obtained.
Glycine (1.2 g, 15.9 mmol) was then added to the resin slurry and the resulting reaction mixture
was stirred at 95°C for 2 days. 1-Methylimidazole(2.3 mL, 28.4 mmol) was then added to the
reaction mixture and stirred further at 95°C for 12 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with
de-ionized water and ethanol, and finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the
polymer with carboxylic acid group was determined to be 0.05 mmol/g, as determined by
titrimetry following the procedure of Example 2.
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Example 40: Preparation of poly[styrene-co-(1-vinyl-1H-imidazole)-co-divinylbenzene]
To a 500 mL round bottom flask (RBF) containing a stirred solution of 1.00 g of
poly(vinylalcohol) in 250.0 mL of deionized H 0 at 0°C is gradually added a solution containing
g (371mmol) of 1-vinylimidazole, 10 g (96 mmol) of styrene, 1 g (7.7mmol) of
divinylbenzene (DVB) and 1.5 g (9.1mmol) of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in 150 mL of a 1:1
(by volume) mixture of benzene I tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0°C. After 2 hours of stirring at 0 °C
to homogenize the mixture, the reaction flask is transferred to an oil bath to increase the reaction
temperature to 75°C, and the mixture is stirred vigorously for 24 hours. The resulting polymer is
vacuum filtered using a fritted-glass funnel, washed repeatedly with 20% (by volume) methanol
in water, THF, and MeOH, and then dried overnight at 50°C under reduced pressure.
Example 41: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
1-methylimidazole (4.61 g, 56.2 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (5.65 g, 56.2 mmol),
and triphenylphosphine (14.65, 55.9 mmol) were charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a
magnetic stir bar and a condenser. Acetone (100 ml) was added into the flask and mixture was
stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (1% DVB,
cr density= 4.18 mmol I g dry resin, 40.22g, 168 mmol) was charged into the flask while
stirring until a uniform polymer suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was
refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using a fritted glass funnel
70 °C.
under vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried overnight at
The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with chloride groups was determined to be
2.61 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 42: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl
phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-
vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene) (35.02 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 175 mL) was gradually added into the flask and
stirred to form dark-red resin suspension. The mixture was stirred overnight at 90°C. After
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cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as
determined by pH paper. The sulfonated polymer resin was air dried to a final moisture content
of 56% g H 0 I g wet polymer. The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with
sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 3.65 mmol I g dry resin.
Example 43: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
1-methylimidazole (7.02 g, 85.5 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (4.37 g, 43.2 mmol)
and triphenylphosphine (11.09, 42.3 mmol) were charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a
magnetic stir bar and condenser. Acetone (100 ml) was added into the flask and mixture was
stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (1% DVB,
cr density= 4.18 mmol I g dry resin, 40.38g, 169 mmol) was charged into flask while stirring
until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 18 h.
After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed
sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C overnight. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with chloride groups was determined to be 2.36 mmol I g
dry resin dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 44: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl
phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-
vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene) (35.12 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 175 mL) was gradually added into the flask and
stirred to form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After
cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then
washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH
paper. The sulfonated beads were finally air dried. The chemical functionalization of the polymer
resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 4.38 mmol I g dry resin.
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Example 45: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co
vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
4-methylmorpholine (8.65 g, 85.5 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (22.41, 85.3 mmol)
were charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Acetone (100
ml) was added into the flask and mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co
vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (1 % DVB, Cr density= 4.18 mmol I g dry resin,
40.12g, 167 mmol) was charged into flask while stirring until a uniform suspension was
obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction
mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone
and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C overnight. The chemical functionalization of the polymer
resin with chloride groups was determined to be 2.22 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 46: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium
bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-
vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co
divinylbenzene) (35.08 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and
condenser. Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 175 mL) was gradually added into the flask and
stirred to form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After
cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then
washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH
paper. The sulfonated beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 52% g H 0 I g
wet resin. The chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was
determined to be 4.24 mmol I g dry resin.
Example 47: Preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resin
Phenol (12.87 g, 136.8 mmol) was dispensed into a 100 mL round bottom flask
(RBF) equipped with a stir bar and condenser. De-ionized water (lOg) was charged into the
flask. 37% Formalin solution (9.24g, 110 mmol) and oxalic acid (75mg) were added. The
resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 min. Additional oxalic acid (75mg) was then
added and refluxing was continued for another 1 hour. Chunk of solid resin was formed, which
was ground to a coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. The resin was repeatedly washed with
water and methanol and then dried at 70 °C overnight.
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Example 48: Preparation of chloromethylated phenol-formaldehyde resin
Phenol-formaldehyde resin (5.23 g, 44 mmol) was dispensed into a 100 mL three
neck round bottom flask (RBF) equipped with a stir bar, condenser and nitrogen line.
Anhydrous dichloroethane (DCE, 20ml) was then charged into the flask. To ice-cooled
suspension of resin in DCE, zinc chloride (6.83g, 50 mmol) was added. Chloromethyl methyl
ether ( 4.0 ml, 51 mmol) was then added dropwise into the reaction. The mixture was warmed to
room temperature and stirred at 50°C for 6h. The product resin was recovered by vacuum
filtration and washed sequentially with water, acetone and dichloromethane. The washed resin
was dried at 40°C overnight.
Example 49: Preparation of triphenylphosphine functionalized phenol-formaldehyde resin
Triphenylphosphine (10.12, 38.61 mmol) were charged into a 100 mL flask equipped
with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Acetone (30 ml) was added into the flask and mixture
was stirred at 50°C for 10 min. Chloromethylated phenol-formaldehyde resin (4.61g, 38.03
mmol) was charged into flask while stirring. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for 24
h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum,
washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70°C overnight.
Example 50: Preparation of sulfonated triphenylphosphine-functionalized phenol
formaldehyde resin
Triphenylphosphine-functionalized phenol-formaldeyde resin (5.12 g, 13.4 mmol)
was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Fuming
sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 25 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to form dark
red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the reaction
mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with
de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated resin
was dried under air to a final moisture content of 49% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 3.85 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 51: Preparation of poly( styrene-co-vinylimidazole-co-divinylbenzene)
De-ionized water (75mL) was charged into flask into a 500 mL three neck round
bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, condenser and N line. Sodium chloride (1.18g)
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and carboxymethylcellulose (0.6lg) were charged into the flask and stirred for 5 min. The
solution ofvinylimidazole (3.9 mL, 42.62 mmol), styrene (4.9 mL, 42.33 mmol) and
divinylbenzene (0.9 mL, 4.0 mmol) in iso-octanol (25mL) was charged into flask. The resulting
emulsion was stirred at 500 rpm at room temperature for lh. Benzoyl peroxide (75%, 1.205g)
was added, and temperature was raised to 80 °C. The reaction mixture was heated for 8h at 80 °C
with stirring rate of 500 rpm. The polymer product was recovered by vacuum filtration and
washed with water and acetone multiple times. The isolated polymer was purified by soxhlet
extraction with water and acetone. The resin was dried at 40°C overnight.
Example 52: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylmethylimidazolium iodide-co
divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylimidazole-co-divinylbenzene) (3.49 g, 39 mmol) was
dispensed into a 100 mL three neck round bottom flask (RBF) equipped with a stir bar,
condenser and nitrogen line. Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20ml) was then charged into the flask.
To ice-cooled suspension of resin in tetrahydrofuran, potassium t-butoxide (5.62 g, 50 mmol)
was added and stirred for 30 min. Iodomethane (3.2 ml, 51 mmol) was then added dropwise into
the reaction. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred at 50°C for 6h. The
product resin was recovered by vacuum filtration and washed sequentially with water, acetone
and dichloromethane. The washed resin was dried at 40°C overnight.
Example 53: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate
co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylmethylimidazolium iodide-co-divinylbenzene) (3.89 g, 27.8
mmol) was charged into a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 20 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated
polymer was dried under air to a final moisture content of 51% g H 0 I g wet resin.
Example 54: Preparation of poly( styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (38.44 g, 145.1mmol). Acetone (50 mL) was added into the flask and
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mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(8% DVB, Cr density= 4.0 mmol I g dry resin, 30.12g, 115.6 mmol) was charged into flask
while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was
refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C overnight. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with triphenylphosphonium chloride groups was
determined to be 1.94 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 55: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(40.12 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 160 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 54% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 4.39 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 56: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (50.22 g, 189.6 mmol). Acetone (50 mL) was added into the flask and
mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(4% DVB, Cr density= 5.2 mmol I g dry resin, 30.06g, 152.08 mmol) was charged into flask
while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was
refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C overnight. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with triphenylphosphonium chloride groups was
determined to be 2.00 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
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Example 57: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(40.04 g,) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 160 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 47% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 4.36 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 58: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged 1-
methylimidazole (18mL, 223.5 mmol). Acetone (75 mL) was added into the flask and mixture
was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (8%
DVB, cr density= 4.0 mmol I g dry resin, 40.06, 153.7 mmol) was charged into flask while
stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for
24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum,
washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70°C overnight. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with methylimidazolium chloride groups was determined
to be 3.54 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 59: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene) (30.08
g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Fuming
sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 120 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to form
dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 50% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
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functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 2.87
mmol I g dry resin.
Example 60: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co
divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged 1-
methylimidazole (20mL, 248.4 mmol). Acetone (75 mL) was added into the flask and mixture
was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene) (4%
DVB, cr density= 5.2 mmol I g dry resin, 40.08, 203.8 mmol) was charged into flask while
stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was refluxed for
24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum,
washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70°C overnight. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with methylimidazolium chloride groups was determined
to be 3.39 mmol I g dry resin via titrimetry.
Example 61: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly( styrene-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene) (30 .14
g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser. Fuming
sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 120 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to form
dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
by pH paper. The sulfonated
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 55% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 2.78 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 62: Preparation of poly( styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (44.32 g, 163.9mmol). Acetone (50 mL) was added into the flask and
mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(13% DVB macroporous resin, cr density= 4.14 mmol I g dry resin, 30.12g, 115.6 mmol) was
charged into flask while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction
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mixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass
funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C
overnight.
Example 63: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly( styrene-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-ca-di vinylbenzene)
(30.22 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 90 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C for 1 hour. After cooling,
the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed
repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The
sulfonated beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 46% g H 0 I g wet resin. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be
2.82 mmol I g dry resin.
Example 64: Preparation of poly( styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (55.02 g, 207.7mmol). Acetone (50 mL) was added into the flask and
mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(6.5% DVB macroporous resin, cr density= 5.30 mmol I g dry resin, 30.12g, 157.4 mmol) was
charged into flask while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction
mixture was refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass
funnel under vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70°C
overnight.
Example 65: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(30.12 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 90 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C for 1 hour. After cooling,
the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed
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repeatedly with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The
sulfonated beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 49% g H 0 I g wet resin. The
chemical functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be
2.82 mmol I g dry resin.
Example 66: Preparation of poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
To a 250 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (38.42 g, 145.0 mmol). Acetone (50 mL) was added into the flask and
mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(4% DVB, Cr density= 4.10 mmol I g dry resin, 30.12g, 115.4 mmol) was charged into flask
while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was
refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70°C overnight.
Example 67: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(30.18 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 120 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
by pH paper. The sulfonated
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 59% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 3.03 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 68: Preparation of poly( styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
co-divinylbenzene)
To a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser was charged
triphenylphosphine (44.22 g, 166.9 mmol). Acetone (70 mL) was added into the flask and
mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 10 min. Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(4% DVB, Cr density= 3.9 mmol I g dry resin, 35.08 g, 130.4 mmol) was charged into flask
while stirring until a uniform suspension was obtained. The resulting reaction mixture was
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refluxed for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under
vacuum, washed sequentially with acetone and ethyl acetate, and dried at 70 °C overnight.
Example 69: Preparation of sulfonated poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium
bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
Poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene)
(30.42 g) was charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and condenser.
Fuming sulfuric acid (20% free S0 , 120 mL) was gradually added into the flask and stirred to
form dark-red colored slurry of resin. The slurry was stirred at 90°C overnight. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was filtered using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly
with de-ionized water until the effluent was neutral, as determined by pH paper. The sulfonated
beads were dried under air to a final moisture content of 57% g H 0 I g wet resin. The chemical
functionalization of the polymer resin with sulfonic acid groups was determined to be 3.04 mmol
I g dry resin.
Example 70: Preparation of poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium chloride--co-butylimidazolium
chloride-co-styrene)
To a 500 mL flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser is added
250 mL of acetone, lOg of imidzole, 14g of vinylimidazole, 15g of styrene, 30g of
dichlorobutane and lg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The solution is stirred under reflux
conditions for 12 hours to produce a solid mass of polymer. The solid polymer is removed from
the flask, washed repeatedly with acetone, and ground to a coarse powder using a mortar and
pestle to yield the product.
Example 71: Preparation of sulfonated poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium bisulfate--co
butylimidazolium bisulfate-co-styrene)
Pol y(butyl-vinylimidazolium chloride-co-butylimidazolium chloride-co-styrene)
.42 g) is charged into a 500 mL flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. Fuming sulfuric acid
(20% free S0 , 120 mL) is gradually added into the flask until the polymer is fully suspended.
The resulting slurry is stirred at 90°C for 5 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is filtered
using fritted glass funnel under vacuum and then washed repeatedly with de-ionized water until
the effluent is neutral, as determined by pH paper.
The cylindrical glass reactor from Example B1 was cooled to room temperature and
(10682604_1):RTK
[0 337] The supernatant and residual insoluble materials from Example B2 were separated by
An additional 5.0 mL of water was added to the residual solids from Example B3 and
(10682604_1):RTK
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ice-cold phosphoric acid, precipitating the extracted carbohydrates into water, and measuring the
ratio of terminal reducing sugars to the number of total sugar monomers the method of Zhang
and Lynd. See Y.-H. Percival Zhang and LeeR. Lynd, "Determination of the Number-Average
Degree of Polymerization of Cellodextrins and Cellulose with Application to Enzymatic
Hydrolysis," Biomacromolecules, 6, 1510-1515 (2005). UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis
was performed on a Beckman DU-640 instrument. In cases where the digestion of hemicellulose
was complete (as determined by HPLC), DOP determination of the residual cellulose was
performed without the need for phosphoric acid extraction. In some cases, the number average
degree of polymerization was verified by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis of
cellulose was performed using a procedure adapted from the method of Evans et al. See R.
Evans, R. Wearne, A.F.A. Wallis, "Molecular Weight Distribution of Cellulose as Its
Tricarbanilate by High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography," J. Appl. Pol. Sci., 37,
3291-3303 (1989).
In a 20 mL reaction vial containing 3 mL of dry DMSO, was suspended an
approximately 50 mg sample of cellulose (dried overnight at 50°C under reduced pressure). The
reaction vial was sealed with a PFTE septum, flushed with dry N , followed by addition of 1.0
mL phenylisocyanate via syringe. The reaction mixture was incubated at 60°C for 4 hours with
periodic mixing, until the majority of cellulose was dissolved. Excess isocyanate was quenched
by addition of 1.0 mL of dry MeOH. Residual solids were pelletized by centrifugation, and a 1
mL aliquot of the supernatant was added to 5 mL of 30% v/v MeOH I dH 0 to yield the
carbanilated cellulose as an off-white precipitate. The product was recovered by centrifugation,
and repeatedly washed with 30% v/v MeOH, followed by drying for 10 hours at 50°C under
reduced pressure. GPC was performed on a Hewlett-Packard 1050 Series HPLC using a series
of TSK-Gel (G3000Hhr, G4000Hhr, G5000Hhr) columns and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the
mobile phase with UV /Vis detection. The molecular weight distribution of the cellulose was
determined using a calibration based on polystyrene standards of known molecular weight.
For the digestion of sugarcane bagasse using catalyst as shown in Example 3, the
number average degree of polymerization of the oligo-glucans was determined to be 19 ± 4
anhydroglucose (AHG) units. The observed reduction of the degree of polymerization of the
residual cellulose to a value significantly lower than the degree of polymerization for the
crystalline domains of the input cellulose (for which DOPN> 200 AHG units) indicates that the
catalyst successfully hydrolyzed crystalline cellulose. The first order rate constant for conversion
of ~-glucan to short-chain oligo-glucans was determined to be 0.2/hr.
[0 344] An additional 10mL of water was added to the residual solids in Example B4. The
Some of the catalyst recovered from Example B5 (0.250 g dry basis) was returned to
the 15 mL cylindrical vial reactor. 0.50 g of additional biomass (composition identical to that in Example
B5) and 800 µL of deionized H O was added to the reactor, and the contents were mixed thoroughly, as
described in Example B1. The reactor was sealed and incubated at 115°C for four hours. Following the
reaction, the product mixture was separated following the procedure described in Examples B2-B5. The first-
order rate constant for conversion of xylan to xylose was determined to be 0.3/hr. The first-order rate
constant for conversion of glucan to soluble monosaccharides and oligosaccharides (including disaccharides)
was determined to be 0.1/hr. The number average degree of polymerization of residual cellulose was
determined to be DOP -glucan to
short-chain olig-glucans was determined to be 0.2/hr.
(10682604_1):RTK
Following the reaction, the product mixture was separated following the procedure described in
Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for conversion of xylan to xylose was determined
Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for conversion of xylan to xylose was determined
(10682604_1):RTK
described in Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for conversion of xylan to xylose
Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for conversion of xylan to xylose was determined
(10682604_1):RTK
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arabinan I g dry biomass, 4.8% g acetate I g dry biomass, 9.4% g soluble extractives I g dry
biomass, 24.2% g lignin I g dry biomass, and 1.2% gash I g dry biomass) was cut such that the
maximum particle size was no greater than 1 em. To a 15 mL cylindrical glass reaction vial was
added: 0.51 g of the cane bagasse sample, 0.51 g of Catalyst as prepared in Example 3 (initial
moisture content: 8.9% g H 0 I g dispensed catalyst), and 2.6 mL of deionized H 0. The
reactants were mixed thoroughly with a glass stir rod to distribute the catalyst particles evenly
throughout the biomass. The resulting mixture was gently compacted to yield a solid reactant
cake. The glass reactor was sealed with a phenolic cap and incubated at ll5°C for four hours.
Following the reaction, 10.0 mL of deionized H 0 was added to the product mixture to dissolve
the soluble species and the solids were allowed to sediment. HPLC determination of sugar
dehydration products and organic acids liberated from biomass samples was performed on an
Agilent 1100 Series instrument using a 30cm x 7.8 mm Supelcogel™ H column (or a
Phenomenex HOA column in some cases) with 0.005N sulfuric acid in water as the mobile
phase. Quantitation of sugar degradation products: formic acid, levulinic acid, 5-
hydroxymethylfurfural, and 2-furaldehyde, was performed by reference to a calibration curve
generated from high-purity solutions of known concentration. The first order rate constant for
the production of degradation products was found to be< 0.001/hr, representing >99% mol
sugars I mol degradation products.
Example B12: Fermentation of Cellulosic Sugars from Sugarcane Bagasse
Sugarcane bagasse (12.5% g H 01g wet bagasse, with a dry-matter composition of:
39.0% g glucanlg dry biomass, 17.3% g xylan I g dry biomass, 5.0% g arabinan I g dry biomass,
1.1% g galactan I g dry biomass, 5.5% g acetate I g dry biomass, 5.0% g soluble extractives I g
dry biomass, 24.1% g lignin I g dry biomass, and 3.1% g ash I g dry biomass) was cut such that
the maximum particle size was no greater than 1 em. To a 15 mL cylindrical glass reaction vial
was added: 1.6 g of the cane bagasse sample, 1.8 g of Catalyst as prepared in Example 3 (initial
moisture content: 12.1% g H 0 I g dispensed catalyst), and 5.0 mL of deionized H 0. The
reactants were mixed thoroughly with a glass stir rod to distribute the catalyst particles evenly
throughout the biomass. The resulting mixture was gently compacted to yield a solid reactant
cake. The glass reactor was sealed with a phenolic cap and incubated at ll0°C for five hours.
After five hours, an additional 1.0 mL of distilled H20 was added to the reaction mixture, which
was then incubated at 105°C for an additional2 hours. The wet reactant cake was loaded into a
syringe equipped with a 0.2 micrometer filter and the hydrolysate was pressed out of the product
mixture into a sterile container. To a culture tube was added 2.5mL of culture media (prepared
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by diluting 10 g of yeast extract and 20 g peptone to 500 mL in distilled water, followed by
purification by sterile filtration), 2.5 mL of the hydrolysate, and 100 mL of yeast slurry (prepared
by dissolving 500mg of Alcotec 24 hour Turbo Super yeast into 5mL of 30°C of sterile H 0.
The culture was grown at 30°C in shaking incubator, with 1 mL aliquots removed at 24, 48 and
72 hours. For each aliquot, the optical density of the culture was determined by
spectrophotometer aliquot. The aliquot was purified by centrifugation and the supernatant was
analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentrations of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose,
ethanol, and glycerol. After 24 hours, ethanol and glycerol were found in the fermentation
supernatant, indicating at least 65% fermentation yield on a molar basis relative to the initial
glucose in the hydrolysate.
Example B13: Fermentation of Cellulosic Sugars from Cassava Stem
Cassava stem (2.0% g H 01g wet cassava stem, with a dry-matter composition of:
53.0% g glucanlg dry biomass, 6.0% g xylan I g dry biomass, 2.5% g arabinan I g dry biomass,
.5% g acetate I g dry biomass, 5.9% g soluble extractives I g dry biomass, 24.2% g lignin I g dry
biomass, and 2.1% gash I g dry biomass) was shredded in a coffee-grinder such that the
maximum particle size was no greater than 2 mm. To a 15 mL cylindrical glass reaction vial was
added: 1.9 g of the shredded cassava stem, 2.0 g of Catalyst as prepared in Example 3 (initial
moisture content: 12.0% g H 0 I g dispensed catalyst), and 8.0 mL of deionized H 0. The
reactants were mixed thoroughly with a glass stir rod to distribute the catalyst particles evenly
throughout the biomass. The resulting mixture was gently compacted to yield a solid reactant
110°C for five hours.
cake. The glass reactor was sealed with a phenolic cap and incubated at
After five hours, an additional 2.0 mL of distilled H20 was added to the reaction mixture, which
was then incubated at 105°C for an additional2 hours. The wet reactant cake was loaded into a
syringe equipped with a 0.2 micrometer filter and the hydrolysate was pressed out of the product
mixture into a sterile container. To a culture tube was added 2.5mL of culture media (prepared
by diluting 10 g of yeast extract and 20 g peptone to 500 mL in distilled water, followed by
purification by sterile filtration), 2.5 mL of the hydrolysate, and 100 mL of yeast slurry (prepared
by dissolving 500mg of Alcotec 24 hour Turbo Super yeast into 5mL of 30°C of sterile H 0.
The culture was grown at 30°C in shaking incubator, with 1 mL aliquots removed at 24, 48 and
72 hours. For each aliquot, the optical density of the culture was determined by
spectrophotometer aliquot. The aliquot was purified by centrifugation and the supernatant was
analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentrations of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose,
ethanol, and glycerol. After 24 hours, ethanol and glycerol were found in the fermentation
50.0 mg of the oligo-glucans obtained in Example B4 was suspended in 0.4 mL of
(10682604_1):RTK
was separated following the procedure described in Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate
sample. Short-chain oligosaccharides were not detected. The residual biomass exhibited little or no
structural reduction in particle size.
(10682604_1):RTK
following the procedure described in Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for
sample. Short-chain oligosaccharides were not detected. The residual biomass exhibited little or no
structural reduction in particle size.
was separated following the procedure described in Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for
conversion of xylan to xylose was determined to be <0.05/hr. The first-order rate
(10682604_1):RTK
in the biomass sample. Short-chain oligosaccharides were not detected. The residual biomass
exhibited little or no structural reduction in particle size.
following the procedure described in Examples B2-B5. The first-order rate constant for
not detected. The residual biomass appeared physically unchanged from the input form.
(10682604_1):RTK
Claims (198)
1. A composition comprising: one or more saccharides; and a polymer; wherein the polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers in the polymer each further comprise a linker connecting the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker form an acidic side chain, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
6. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein one or more of the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acids are directly connected to the polymeric backbone.
7. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group in the polymer at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrollizinium.
8. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group in the polymer at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphonium, trimethyl phosphonium, triethyl phosphonium, tripropyl phosphonium, tributyl phosphonium, trichloro phosphonium, and trifluoro phosphonium.
9. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers in the polymer each further comprise a linker connecting the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone.
10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a nitrogen-containing side chain, wherein each nitrogen- containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: , and wherein the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a phosphorous-containing side chain, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
12. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein one or more of the at least one nitrogen- containing cationic group or one or more of the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group are directly connected to form the polymeric backbone.
13. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the polymeric backbone in the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyphenol-aldehyde, polytetrafluoroethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), polyalkyleneammonium, polyalkylenediammonium, polyalkylenepyrrolium, polyalkyleneimidazolium, polyalkylenepyrazolium, polyalkyleneoxazolium, polyalkylenethiazolium, polyalkylenepyridinium, polyalkylenepyrimidinium, polyalkylenepyrazinium, polyalkylenepyridazinium, polyalkylenethiazinium, polyalkylenemorpholinium, polyalkylenepiperidinium, polyalkylenepiperizinium, polyalkylenepyrollizinium, polyalkylenetriphenylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrimethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetriethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetripropylphosphonium, polyalkylenetributylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrichlorophosphonium, polyalkylenetrifluorophosphonium, and polyalkylenediazolium.
14. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the polymer further comprises acidic- ionic monomers connected to form the polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group.
15. The composition of claim 14, wherein one or more of the acidic-ionic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and the at least one cationic group to the polymeric backbone, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, the at least one cationic group and the linker form an acidic-ionic side chain, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
16. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid and phosphonic acid.
17. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is sulfonic acid.
18. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is phosphonic acid.
19. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is acetic acid.
20. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is isophthalic acid.
21. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is boronic acid.
22. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is perfluorinated acid.
23. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the polymer further comprises hydrophobic monomers connected to form the polymeric backbone, wherein each hydrophobic monomer comprises a hydrophobic group, wherein the hydrophobic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.
24. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the polymer is cross-linked.
25. A composition comprising: one or more saccharides; and a polymer, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium chloride-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co- 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co - 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co- 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium acetate- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- 4-boronyl(4- vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- 1-(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co- 1-(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-co(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium chloride-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co - vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene);poly(styrene-co- 4- vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene) poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co - divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene); and poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene).
26. A composition comprising: one or more saccharides; and a polymer, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium chloride-co - divinylbenzene); and poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene].
27. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 26, further comprising a solvent.
28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the solvent comprises water.
29. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more saccharides are one or more monosaccharides, or one or more oligosaccharides, or a mixture thereof.
30. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more saccharides are two or more saccharides, wherein at least one of the two or more saccharides is a C4-C6 monosaccharide, and at least one of the two or more saccharides is an oligosaccharide.
31. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more saccharides are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, mannose, and arabinose.
32. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more saccharides are one or more monosaccharides.
33. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the one or more saccharides are one or more oligosaccharides.
34. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 33, comprising no more than 5% weight/volume of the polymer.
35. A polymer comprising acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone, wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises a nitrogen-containing cationic group or a phosphorous-containing cationic group, and wherein one or more of the ionic monomers comprises a linker connecting the nitrogen-containing cationic group or the phosphorous-containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone, wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a nitrogen-containing side chain, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: , and wherein the phosphorous-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a phosphorous-containing side chain, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
36. The polymer of claim 35, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
37. The polymer of claim 35 or 36, wherein the linker of each acidic monomer at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate wherein each substituent, if present, is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, hydroxyl, amino and halo.
38. The polymer of claim 35, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker form an acidic side chain, wherein each side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
39. The polymer of claim 38, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
40. The polymer of claim 38, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
41. The polymer of claim 38, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
42. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
43. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
44. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
45. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
46. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
47. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
48. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
49. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 41, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: and .
50. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 49, further comprising acidic-ionic monomers connected to the polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic-ionic monomer comprises a Bronsted- Lowry acid and a cationic group.
51. The polymer of claim 50, wherein the cationic group is a nitrogen-containing cationic group or a phosphorous-containing cationic group.
52. A polymer comprising acidic monomers, ionic monomers, and acidic-ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group, and wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group.
53. The polymer of claim 52, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
54. The polymer of claim 52 or 53, wherein one or more of the Bronsted-Lowry acids are directly connected to the polymeric backbone.
55. The polymer of claim 52 or 53, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers each further comprise a linker connecting the Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone.
56. The polymer of claim 55, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
57. The polymer of any one of claims 52 to 56, wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrollizinium.
58. The polymer of any one of claims 52 to 56, wherein the phosphorous-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphonium, trimethyl phosphonium, triethyl phosphonium, tripropyl phosphonium, tributyl phosphonium, trichloro phosphonium, and trifluoro phosphonium.
59. The polymer of any one of claims 52 to 58, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers are directly connected to form the polymeric backbone.
60. The polymer of any one of claims 52 to 58, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers each further comprise a linker connecting the nitrogen-containing cationic group or the phosphorous- containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone.
61. The polymer of claim 60, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
62. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 61, wherein the polymeric backbone is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyphenol-aldehyde, polytetrafluoroethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), polyalkyleneammonium, polyalkylenediammonium, polyalkylenepyrrolium, polyalkyleneimidazolium, polyalkylenepyrazolium, polyalkyleneoxazolium, polyalkylenethiazolium, polyalkylenepyridinium, polyalkylenepyrimidinium, polyalkylenepyrazinium, polyalkylenepyridazinium, polyalkylenethiazinium, polyalkylenemorpholinium, polyalkylenepiperidinium, polyalkylenepiperizinium, polyalkylenepyrollizinium, polyalkylenetriphenylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrimethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetriethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetripropylphosphonium, polyalkylenetributylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrichlorophosphonium, polyalkylenetrifluorophosphonium, and polyalkylenediazolium.
63. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 62, wherein the polymer is cross-linked.
64. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 63, wherein the acidic monomers and the ionic monomers are randomly arranged in an alternating sequence or in blocks of monomers.
65. The polymer of claim 64, wherein each block has no more than twenty monomers.
66. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 65, further comprising hydrophobic monomers connected to the polymeric backbone, wherein each hydrophobic monomer comprises a hydrophobic group.
67. The polymer of claim 66, wherein the hydrophobic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, wherein each substituent, if present, is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, hydroxyl, amino and halo.
68. The polymer of claim 66 or 67, wherein the hydrophobic group is directly connected to the polymeric backbone.
69. The polymer of any one of claims 50 to 68, wherein one or more of the acidic-ionic monomers each further comprise a linker connecting the Bronsted-Lowry acid or the cationic group to the polymeric backbone.
70. The polymer of claim 69, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate, wherein each substituent, if present, is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, hydroxyl, amino and halo.
71. The polymer of claim 70, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the cationic group and the linker form an acidic-ionic side chain, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
72. The polymer of claim 71, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from: and .
73. The polymer of claim 71, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from: and .
74. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 73, wherein the polymer has a total amount of Bronsted-Lowry acid of between 0.1 and 20 mmol per gram of polymer.
75. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 74, wherein at least a portion of the acidic monomers comprise sulfonic acid.
76. The polymer of claim 75, wherein the total amount of sulfonic acid in the polymer is between 0.05 to 10 mmol per gram of polymer.
77. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 74, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid is phosphonic acid.
78. The polymer of claim 77, wherein the total amount of phosphonic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 12 mmol per gram of polymer.
79. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 74, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid is acetic acid.
80. The polymer of claim 79, wherein the total amount of acetic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 12 mmol per gram of polymer.
81. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 80, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid is isophthalic acid.
82. The polymer of claim 81, wherein the total amount of isophthalic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
83. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 82, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid is boronic acid.
84. The polymer of claim 83, wherein the total amount of boronic acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 20 mmol per gram of polymer.
85. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 84, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid is perfluorinated acid.
86. The polymer of claim 85, wherein the total amount of perfluorinated acid in the polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
87. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 86, wherein each ionic monomer further independently comprises a counterion for each nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous- containing cationic group.
88. The polymer of claim 87, wherein the counterion at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of halide, nitrate, sulfate, formate, acetate, or organosulfonate.
89. The polymer of claim 87 or 88, wherein the polymer has a total amount of nitrogen-containing cationic groups and counterions or a total amount of phosphorous-containing cationic groups and counterions of between 0.01 and 10 mmol per gram of polymer.
90. The polymer of any one of claims 87 to 89, wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group is imidazolium.
91. The polymer of claim 90, wherein the total amount of imidazolium and counterions in the polymer is between 0.01 and 8 mmol per gram of polymer.
92. The polymer of any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group is pyridinium.
93. The polymer of claim 92, wherein the total amount of pyridinium and counterions in the polymer is between 0.01 and 8 mmol per gram of polymer.
94. The polymer of any one of claims 87 to 93, wherein the phosphorous-containing cationic group is triphenyl phosphonium.
95. The polymer of claim 94, wherein the total amount of triphenyl phosphonium and counterions in the polymer is between 0.01 and 5 mmol per gram of polymer.
96. A polymer selected from the group consisting of: poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium chloride-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium nitrate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium chloride-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-ethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol ium nitrate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium iodide-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bromide-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium formate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-nitrate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co- 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bromide-co- 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-iodide-co - 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co - 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co- 3- methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium formate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 1-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium acetate- co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- 4-boronyl(4- vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium chloride-co- 1-(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co- 1-(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium acetate-co(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium nitrate-co- 1-(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- 1-methylvinyl- pyridinium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- 4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol- 1-ium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol- 1-ium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-co- 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazol- 1-ium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 3-carboxymethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- 5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co- (4-vinylbenzylamino)-acetic acid-co- 3-methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co - vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate- co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate- co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene) poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylmethylimidazolium nitrate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co - divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate- co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co- vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co - divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-co- 4-vinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium chloride co butylimidazolium bisulfate co 4- vinylbenzenesulfonic acid); poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium bisulfate co butylimidazolium bisulfate co 4- vinylbenzenesulfonic acid); poly(benzyl alcohol-co- 4-vinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co - vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzyl alcohol); and poly(benzyl alcohol-co- 4-vinylbenzylalcohol sulfonic acid-co - vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co- divinylbenzyl alcohol).
97. A polymer selected from the group consisting of: poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium iodide-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly[styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethylvinyl- pyridinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-co(4-vinylbenzylamino)-isophthalic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- imidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co-divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene); poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene); and poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co-divinylbenzene).
98. A polymer selected from the group consisting of: poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co methyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylchloride-comethylvinyl- pyridinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly(styrene-covinylbenzenephosphonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene); poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; and poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co- divinylbenzene).
99. A polymer selected from the group consisting of: poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H- benzoimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co- divinylbenzene]; poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co- vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co- divinylbenzene); and poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene].
100. A polymer selected from the group consisting of: poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholineoxide-co- divinyl benzene]; poly(styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride- co-divinylbenzene); poly [styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium iodide-co-divinylbenzene]; poly[styrene-covinylbenzenesulfonic acid-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene]; and poly[styrene-comethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazolium bisulfate-co(4- vinylphenyl)methylphosphonic acid-co-divinylbenzene].
101. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 100, wherein the polymer has one or more catalytic properties.
102. The polymer of claim 101, wherein the one or more catalytic properties are selected from the group consisting of: a) disruption of a hydrogen bond in cellulosic materials; b) intercalation of the polymer into crystalline domains of cellulosic materials; and c) cleavage of a glycosidic bond in cellulosic materials.
103. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 100, wherein the polymer has a greater specificity for cleavage of a glycosidic bond than dehydration of a monosaccharide in cellulosic materials.
104. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 100, wherein the polymer is capable of degrading biomass into one or more sugars at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.001 per hour.
105. The polymer of claim 104, wherein the polymer is capable of degrading of the biomass to produce the sugars occurs at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.1 per hour.
106. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 100, wherein the polymer is capable of converting biomass into one or more sugars and residual biomass, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization of less than 300.
107. The polymer of claim 106, wherein the polymer is capable of converting biomass into one or more sugars and residual biomass, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization of less than 100.
108. The polymer of any one of claims 35 to 100, wherein the polymer is substantially insoluble in water or an organic solvent.
109. A solid particle comprising a solid core and a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108 coated on the surface of the solid core.
110. The solid particle of claim 109, wherein the solid core comprises an inert material or a magnetic material.
111. The solid particle of claim 109 or 110, wherein the solid particle is substantially free of pores.
112. The solid particle of any one of claims 109 to 111, wherein the solid particle has catalytic activity.
113. The solid particle of claim 112, wherein at least about 50% of the catalytic activity of the solid particle is present on or near the exterior surface of the solid particle.
114. A composition comprising: biomass; and a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108.
115. A composition comprising: biomass; and a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group.
116. The composition of claim 115, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
117. The composition of claim 115 or 116, wherein: the nitrogen-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrollizinium; and the phosphorous-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphonium, trimethyl phosphonium, triethyl phosphonium, tripropyl phosphonium, tributyl phosphonium, trichloro phosphonium, and trifluoro phosphonium.
118. The composition of any one of claims 115 to 117,wherein the polymer further comprises acidic-ionic monomers connected to form the polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group.
119. The composition of any one of claims 115 to 118, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker form an acidic side chain, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
120. The composition of any one of claims 115 to 119, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous- containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone, wherein the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a nitrogen-containing side chain, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: , and wherein the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a phosphorous-containing side chain, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
121. The composition of any one of claims 115 to 120, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, the at least one cationic group and the linker form an acidic-ionic side chain, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
122. The composition of any one of claims 114 to 121, further comprising a solvent.
123. The composition of claim 122, wherein the solvent comprises water.
124. The composition of any one of claims 114 to 123, wherein the biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, or a combination thereof.
125. A chemically-hydrolyzed biomass composition comprising: a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108; one or more sugars; and residual biomass.
126. A chemically-hydrolyzed biomass composition comprising: a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group; one or more sugars; and residual biomass.
127. The composition of claim 126, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
128. The composition of claim 126 or 127, wherein: the nitrogen-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrollizinium; and the phosphorous-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphonium, trimethyl phosphonium, triethyl phosphonium, tripropyl phosphonium, tributyl phosphonium, trichloro phosphonium, and trifluoro phosphonium.
129. The composition of any one of claims 126 to 128,wherein the polymer further comprises acidic-ionic monomers connected to form the polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic-ionic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and at least one cationic group.
130. The composition of any one of claims 126 to 129, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid and the linker form an acidic side chain, wherein each acidic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
131. The composition of any one of claims 126 to 130, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers comprises a linker connecting the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous- containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone, wherein the at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a nitrogen-containing side chain, wherein each nitrogen-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of: , and wherein the at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group and the linker of an ionic monomer form a phosphorous-containing side chain, wherein each phosphorous-containing side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
132. The composition of any one of claims 126 to 131, wherein the at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, the at least one cationic group and the linker form an acidic-ionic side chain, wherein each acidic-ionic side chain is independently selected from the group consisting of:
133. The composition of any one of claims 125 to 132, wherein the one or more sugars are one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a mixture thereof.
134. The composition of any one of claims 125 to 132, wherein the one or more sugars are two or more sugars comprising at least one C4-C6 monosaccharide and at least one oligosaccharide.
135. The composition of any one of claims 125 to 132, wherein the one or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and arabinose.
136. A saccharification intermediate comprising a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108 hydrogen-bonded to biomass, wherein the biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose or a combination thereof.
137. A method for degrading biomass into one or more sugars, comprising: a) providing biomass; b) contacting the biomass with a polymer and a solvent to form a reaction mixture, wherein the polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer comprises at least one Bronsted- Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group; and c) degrading the biomass in the reaction mixture to produce a liquid phase and a solid phase, wherein the liquid phrase comprises one or more sugars, and wherein the solid phase comprises residual biomass.
138. The method of claim 137, further comprising the step of: d) isolating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the solid phase.
139. The method of claim 138, further comprising the step of: e) recovering the one or more sugars from the isolated liquid phase.
140. The method of claim 138, wherein the isolating of at least a portion of the liquid phase from the solid phase in step (d) produces a residual biomass mixture, and wherein the method further comprises: i) providing additional biomass; ii) contacting the additional biomass with the residual biomass mixture; iii) degrading the additional biomass and the residual biomass mixture to produce a second liquid phase and a second solid phase, wherein the second liquid phase comprises one or more additional sugars, and wherein the second solid phase comprises additional residual biomass.
141. The method of claim 140, further comprising the step of: iv) isolating at least a portion of the second liquid phase from the second solid phase.
142. The method of claim 141, further comprising the step of: v) recovering the one or more additional sugars from the isolated second liquid phase.
143. The method of claim 140, further comprising contacting the additional biomass and the residual biomass mixture in step (ii) with additional polymer, wherein the additional polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group.
144. The method of claim 143, wherein the polymer contacted with the biomass in step (ii) and the additional polymer are the same or different types of polymer.
145. The method of claim 140, further comprising contacting the additional biomass and the residual biomass mixture in step (ii) with additional solvent.
146. The method of claim 145, wherein the solvent in step (ii) and the additional solvent are the same or different types of solvent.
147. The method of claim 141, further comprising recovering the polymer after isolating at least a portion of the second liquid phase from the second solid phase.
148. The method of any one of claims 141 to 147, wherein the solvent comprises water.
149. The method of any one of claims 137 to 148, wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, acetic acid, isophthalic acid, boronic acid, and perfluorinated acid.
150. The method of any one of claims 137 to 149, wherein one or more of the acidic monomers in the polymer each further comprise a linker connecting the Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
151. The method of any one of claims 137 to 150, wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group in the polymer at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyridazinium, thiazinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, piperizinium, and pyrollizinium.
152. The method of any one of claims 137 to 150, wherein the phosphorous-containing cationic group in the polymer at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphonium, trimethyl phosphonium, triethyl phosphonium, tripropyl phosphonium, tributyl phosphonium, trichloro phosphonium, and trifluoro phosphonium.
153. The method of any one of claims 137 to 152, wherein one or more of the ionic monomers in the polymer each further comprise a linker connecting the nitrogen-containing cationic group or the phosphorous-containing cationic group to the polymeric backbone, wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene, unsubstituted or substituted arylene, unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether, unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester, and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.
154. The method of any one of claims 137 to 153, wherein the polymeric backbone in the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyphenol-aldehyde, polytetrafluoroethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), polyalkyleneammonium, polyalkylenediammonium, polyalkylenepyrrolium, polyalkyleneimidazolium, polyalkylenepyrazolium, polyalkyleneoxazolium, polyalkylenethiazolium, polyalkylenepyridinium, polyalkylenepyrimidinium, polyalkylenepyrazinium, polyalkylenepyridazinium, polyalkylenethiazinium, polyalkylenemorpholinium, polyalkylenepiperidinium, polyalkylenepiperizinium, polyalkylenepyrollizinium, polyalkylenetriphenylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrimethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetriethylphosphonium, polyalkylenetripropylphosphonium, polyalkylenetributylphosphonium, polyalkylenetrichlorophosphonium, polyalkylenetrifluorophosphonium, and polyalkylenediazolium.
155. The method of any one of claims 137 to 154, wherein the polymer further comprises hydrophobic monomers connected to form the polymeric backbone, wherein each hydrophobic monomer comprises a hydrophobic group, wherein the hydrophobic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.
156. A method for degrading biomass into one or more sugars, comprising: a) providing biomass; b) contacting the biomass with a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108 and a solvent for a period of time sufficient to produce a degraded mixture, wherein the degraded mixture comprises a liquid phase and a solid phase, wherein the liquid phase comprises one or more sugars, and wherein the solid phase comprises residual biomass; c) isolating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the solid phase; and d) recovering the one or more sugars from the isolated liquid phase.
157. The method of claim 156, wherein the isolating of at least a portion of the liquid phase from the solid phase produces a residual biomass mixture, and wherein the method further comprises: i) providing a second biomass; ii) contacting the second biomass with the residual biomass mixture for a period of time sufficient to produce a second degraded mixture, wherein the second degraded mixture comprises a second liquid phase and a second solid phase, wherein the second liquid phase comprises one or more second sugars, and wherein the second solid phase comprises second residual biomass; iii) isolating at least a portion of the second liquid phase from the second solid phase; and iv) recovering the one or more second sugars from the isolated second liquid phase.
158. The method of claim 157, further comprising contacting the second biomass and the residual biomass mixture with a second polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108.
159. The method of claim 157, further comprising contacting the second biomass and the residual biomass mixture with a second solvent.
160. The method of claim 157, further comprising recovering the polymer after isolating at least a portion of the second liquid phase.
161. The method of any one of claims 137 to 160, wherein the solvent comprises water.
162. The method of any one of claims 137 to 161, wherein the biomass comprises cellulose and hemicellulose, and wherein the biomass is contacted with the polymer and the solvent at a temperature and at a pressure suitable to preferentially hydrolyze the cellulose or suitable to preferentially hydrolyze the hemicellulose.
163. The method of any one of claims 137 to 162, wherein the one or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a combination thereof.
164. The method of claim 163, wherein the one or more monosaccharides are one or more C4-C6 monosaccharides.
165. The method of any one of claims 156 to 164, wherein the one or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and arabinose.
166. The method of any one of claims 156 to 165, further comprising pretreating the biomass before contacting the biomass with the polymer.
167. The method of claim 166, wherein the pretreatment of the biomass is selected from the group consisting of washing, solvent-extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical CO , supercritical H O, ozone, and gamma irradiation, or a combination thereof.
168. The method of any one of claims 156 to 167, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization of less than 300.
169. The method of claim 168, wherein the residual biomass has a degree of polymerization of less than 100.
170. The method of any one of claims 156 to 169, wherein the degrading of the biomass to produce the sugars occurs at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.001 per hour.
171. The method of claim 170, wherein the degrading of the biomass to produce the sugars occurs at a first-order rate constant of at least 0.1 per hour.
172. A method for pretreating biomass before hydrolysis of the biomass to produce one or more sugars, comprising: a) providing biomass; b) contacting the biomass with a polymer according any one of claims 35 to 108 and a solvent for a period of time sufficient to partially degrade the biomass; and c) pretreating the partially degraded biomass before hydrolysis to produce one or more sugars.
173. The method of claim 172, wherein the biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, or a combination thereof.
174. The method of claim 172 or 173, wherein the pretreatment of the partially degraded biomass mixture is selected from the group consisting of washing, solvent-extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical CO , supercritical H O, ozone, and gamma irradiation, or a combination thereof.
175. A method of hydrolyzing pretreated biomass to produce one or more sugars, comprising: a) providing biomass pretreated according any one of claims 172 to 174; and b) hydrolyzing the pretreated biomass to produce one or more sugars.
176. The method of claim 175, wherein the pretreated biomass is chemically hydrolyzed or enzymatically hydrolyzed.
177. The method of claim 175 or 176, wherein the one or more sugars are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and arabinose.
178. Use of a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108 for degrading biomass into one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a combination thereof.
179. The use of claim 178, wherein the one or more monosaccharides are one or more C4-C6 monosaccharides.
180. The use of claim 178, wherein the one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or any combinations thereof, are selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, and arabinose, or any combinations thereof.
181. The use of any one of claims 178 to 180, wherein the biomass comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, or a combination thereof.
182. Use of a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108 for pretreating biomass before further treatment using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of washing, solvent- extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical CO , supercritical H O, ozone, and gamma irradiation.
183. A method of preparing a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108, comprising: a) providing a starting polymer; b) reacting the starting polymer with a nitrogen-containing or phosphorous-containing compound to produce an ionic polymer; and c) reacting the ionic polymer with an acid to produce a polymer of any one of claims 35 to 108.
184. The method of claim 183, wherein the starting polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, or a combination thereof.
185. The method of claim 184, wherein the starting polymer is a polystyrene.
186. The method of claim 185, wherein the starting polymer is poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzylhalide- co- divinylbenzene).
187. The method of claim 186, wherein the starting polymer is poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co- divinylbenzene).
188. The method of any one of claims 183 to 187, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of a pyrrolium compound, an imidazolium compound, a pyrazolium compound, an oxazolium compound, a thiazolium compound, a pyridinium compound, a pyrimidinium compound, a pyrazinium compound, a pyridazinium compound, a thiazinium compound, a morpholinium compound, a piperidinium compound, a piperizinium compound, and a pyrollizinium compound.
189. The method of any one of claims 183 to 188, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, phosphonic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and boronic acid.
190. A method of preparing a polymer, comprising: a) providing a polystyrene; b) reacting the polystyrene with a nitrogen-containing compound to produce an ionic polymer; and c) reacting the ionic polymer with an acid to produce a polymer.
191. The method of claim 190, wherein the polystyrene is poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzylhalide-co- divinylbenzene).
192. The method of claim 191, wherein the polystyrene is poly(styrene-co- vinylbenzylchloride-co-divinylbenzene).
193. The method of any one of claims 190 to 192, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of a pyrrolium compound, an imidazolium compound, a pyrazolium compound, an oxazolium compound, a thiazolium compound, a pyridinium compound, a pyrimidinium compound, a pyrazinium compound, a pyridazinium compound, a thiazinium compound, a morpholinium compound, a piperidinium compound, a piperizinium compound, and a pyrollizinium compound.
194. The method of any one of claims 190 to 193, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, phosphonic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and boronic acid.
195. A polymer prepared of the method of any one of claims 190 to 194.
196. The polymer of claim 195, wherein the polymer has one or more catalytic properties selected from the group consisting of: a) disruption of a hydrogen bond in cellulosic materials; b) intercalation of the polymer into crystalline domains of cellulosic materials; and c) cleavage of a glycosidic bond in cellulosic materials.
197. Use of a polymer prepared by the method of any one of claims 190 to 194 for degrading biomass into one or more monosaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, or a combination thereof.
198. Use of a polymer prepared by the method of any one of claims 190 to 194 for partially digesting biomass before pretreatment using one or more methods selected from the group consisting of washing, solvent-extraction, solvent-swelling, comminution, milling, steam pretreatment, explosive steam pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, lime pretreatment, wet oxidation, wet explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, organosolvent pretreatment, biological pretreatment, ammonia percolation, ultrasound, electroporation, microwave, supercritical CO , supercritical H O, ozone, and gamma irradiation. Midori USA, Inc. By the Attorneys for the Applicant SPRUSON & FERGUSON Per: (10756462_1):JJP
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
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US201161447311P | 2011-02-28 | 2011-02-28 | |
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US201161522351P | 2011-08-11 | 2011-08-11 | |
US61/522,351 | 2011-08-11 | ||
PCT/US2012/026820 WO2012118767A1 (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2012-02-27 | Polymeric acid catalysts and uses thereof |
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