NZ615400B2 - Vacuum assisted slot die coating techniques - Google Patents
Vacuum assisted slot die coating techniques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ615400B2 NZ615400B2 NZ615400A NZ61540012A NZ615400B2 NZ 615400 B2 NZ615400 B2 NZ 615400B2 NZ 615400 A NZ615400 A NZ 615400A NZ 61540012 A NZ61540012 A NZ 61540012A NZ 615400 B2 NZ615400 B2 NZ 615400B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- wet film
- slot die
- substrate
- width
- thickness
- Prior art date
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- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin hydride Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium(0) Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C11/00—Component parts, details or accessories not specifically provided for in groups B05C1/00 - B05C9/00
- B05C11/10—Storage, supply or control of liquid or other fluent material; Recovery of excess liquid or other fluent material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C11/00—Component parts, details or accessories not specifically provided for in groups B05C1/00 - B05C9/00
- B05C11/10—Storage, supply or control of liquid or other fluent material; Recovery of excess liquid or other fluent material
- B05C11/1002—Means for controlling supply, i.e. flow or pressure, of liquid or other fluent material to the applying apparatus, e.g. valves
- B05C11/1005—Means for controlling supply, i.e. flow or pressure, of liquid or other fluent material to the applying apparatus, e.g. valves responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material already applied to the surface, e.g. coating thickness, weight or pattern
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C5/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
- B05C5/02—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
- B05C5/0254—Coating heads with slot-shaped outlet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/26—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by applying the liquid or other fluent material from an outlet device in contact with, or almost in contact with, the surface
- B05D1/265—Extrusion coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/04—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases
- B05D3/0493—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases using vacuum
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3271—Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
- G01N27/3272—Test elements therefor, i.e. disposable laminated substrates with electrodes, reagent and channels
Abstract
Systems, apparatuses, techniques and processes for applying a wet film (18) to a substrate (16) using a slot die (22) are provided. In one form, the air pressure around at least a portion of the discharge end of the slot die is adjustable by the application of a vacuum force (23) in order to control the width and thickness of the wet film being applied to the substrate. In one aspect of this form, the wet film is a narrow, continuous stripe of reagent material applied to a moving web of the substrate from which a plurality of test elements will be obtained. However, different forms and applications are also envisioned. the width and thickness of the wet film being applied to the substrate. In one aspect of this form, the wet film is a narrow, continuous stripe of reagent material applied to a moving web of the substrate from which a plurality of test elements will be obtained. However, different forms and applications are also envisioned.
Description
Roche Diagnostics GmbH & F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
VACUUM ASSISTED SLOT DIE COATING TECHNIQUES
The use of disposable test elements has become commonplace to measure the presence and/or
trations of selected analytes in test samples. For e, patients suffering from
diabetes and similar medical conditions ofien engage in self-monitoring of blood e
wherein the t monitors his or her blood glucose levels. The purpose ofmonitoring the
blood glucose level is to determine the concentration level and then to take corrective action,
based upon whether the level is too high or too low, to bring the level back within a normal
range. The failure to take corrective action can have serious medical implications. Glucose
monitoring is a fact of everyday life for diabetic individuals. Failure to test blood e
levels properly and on a regular basis can result in serious diabetes-related complications,
including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage and blindness.
A number of analyte measurement systems are currently available that, in combination with a
disposable test element, permit an individual to test or measure for a targeted analyte in a test
sample. For e, a able test element can be used with a glucose meter to measure
the amount of glucose in a blood sample electrochemically or optically. In current glucose
meters, the ation displayed as a consequence of a successful blood glucose
measurement is the respective blood glucose value, typically shown in mg/dL or mmol units,
and perhaps the time and date the measurement was performed. This information in
combination with ation of planned or known intake of ydrates or planned or
known activities and knowledge of other situational or individual factors is in most cases
ent to allow diabetics to adjust or derive their dietary intake and/or an immediate dose
of insulin to inject to control blood glucose level on the short-term. Also, in case of low
glucose values, ics can detect the need for intake of sugar to avoid hypoglycemia.
t trends in analyte testing and test elements require smaller test s and faster
analysis times. In the case of diabetics for example, this es a significant benefit to the
patient, allowing the use of smaller blood samples that can be obtained from less sensitive
areas of the body. Additionally, faster test times and more accurate results enable patients to
better control their blood sugar level.
In one form, disposable test elements used with meters for electrochemically measuring the
amount of glucose in the blood sample include an electrode arrangement and a coating of a
WO 39767
reagent material for producing an electrochemical signal in the presence of e.
Numerous variations of the reagent coating are possible depending upon the specific
analyte(s) to be tested, and there are lly numerous tries available for use with
each of the various analytes. Generally speaking, however, it is desirable to form the reagent
layer in the test strip or biosensor as thin and as uniform as possible. For example, a thinner
reagent layer will hydrate more quickly and will therefore produce a quicker test result. In
addition, variations in thickness of the t layer increasingly affect the accuracy of the
test result. As a , non-unifonnities in the reagent layer can lead to inconsistency in
filling a sample receiving chamber of the test t, ged dissolution intervals, and
inconsistent mixing of the reagent with the sample fluid, and, ultimately, poor test results. The
same considerations apply not only for electrochemical test strips but also for test elements
that use optical principles, like absorption, transmission, remission, fluorescence etc. that can
be used together with respectively ed meters.
Nonetheless, while forming a thin and uniform reagent layer that hydrates quickly with a
small volume is desirable, it is not easily obtained because of the difficulties in working with
small volumes of liquid reagent, variations in the substrate al of the test elements, and
limitations in processing equipment. For example, when the t layer is applied to a test
element by a slot die coating process, current ts at achieving thickness uniformity of
the reagent layer on the substrate of the test element are made by moving the slot die relative
to the substrate in order to adjust the thickness of the reagent layer in response to, for
example, thickness variations of the substrate. However, the ability to control ess
uniformity of the t layer by this approach is limited because movement of the slot die
relative to the substrate can ofien be delayed and/or result in a reduced coating gap between
the discharge end of the slot die and the substrate, which can result in wet film deformities,
such as streaking, caused by debris trapped n the slot die and the substrate and/or
otherwise impact the coating process due to variations in the thickness of the substrate.
With regard to a slot die coating process, certain other methods and parameters ng to the
reagent coating layer itself are also known to facilitate thickness uniformity. See, e.g., US.
Patent No. 7,749,437 and US. Patent No. 7,879,619, the disclosures of which are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
In View of the foregoing, and given the ramifications of accurately analyzing selected es
in test samples, there remains a need for improvements in the application of the reagent layer
on test ts.
Systems, apparatuses, techniques and processes for applying a wet film to a substrate using a
slot die are provided. In one aspect, the air pressure around at least a portion of the discharge
end of the slot die is adjustable in order to control the width and thickness of the wet film
being d to the substrate. Among other things, this technique allows the coating gap
between the discharge end of the slot die and the substrate to be increased, which results in
d wet film deformities, such as streaking, caused by debris trapped between the slot die
and the ate. Increased. coating gaps also reduce the impact that variations in the
substrate thickness have on the coating process. In addition, the ability to control the width
and thickness of the wet film also increases thickness uniformity along the substrate which, in
the case of the substrate being used to form test elements for measuring the presence and/or
concentrations of selected analytes in test s, results in greater lot to lot consistency and
accuracy in the test elements.
In one aspect, a method for applying a wet film to a substrate includes applying a coating
material from a rge end of a slot die onto a moving web of the substrate to form the wet
film on the substrate. The wet film includes a width and a thickness relative to the substrate.
The method also includes ng a vacuum force adjacent the discharge end of the slot die
and adjusting the vacuum force in real-time while ng the coating material to control the
width and ess of the wet film.
In one refinement of the aspect the method further includes sensing the width of the wet film,
and adjusting the vacuum force is performed in response to determining the width
corresponds to a value other than a predetermined value.
In r refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is about 5 millimeters.
In another refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is about 7 millimeters.
In r refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is between about 4.7 millimeters
and about 5.3 millimeters.
In another ent of the aspect the predetermined value is between about 6.7 millimeters
and about 7.5 millimeters.
In another refinement of the aspect the substrate is formed of a polymer material on which a
plurality of ode patterns may be positioned.
In another refinement of the aspect the method further includes applying the coating material
from the rge end of the slot die over the electrode ns to form the wet film on the
ode patterns.
In another refinement of the aspect applying the vacuum force includes positioning a vacuum
box adjacent the discharge end of the slot die. The vacuum box includes a pair of vacuum
outlets positioned opposite one another and am from the wet film.
In another refinement of the aspect the method r includes maintaining a constant coating
gap between the slot die and the moving web.
In another refinement of the aspect the coating gap is between about 40 pm and about 450
In another refinement of the aspect the coating material includes a reagent for producing an
optical or electrochemical signal in the presence of a test analyte.
In r refinement of the aspect the test analyte is glucose and the reagent includes at least
one of an enzyme, co-enzyme and co—factor.
In another refinement, the thickness of the wet film is between about 40 pm and about 100
pm.
In another refinement, the method further includes drying the wet film to provide a dried layer
of the coating material on the substrate. The dried layer of the coating material includes a
dried thickness between about 3 pm and about 20 pm.
In another refinement, applying the vacuum force creates a pressure differential n an
upstream side of the rge end and a downstream side of the discharge end.
In a further aspect, an apparatus for applying a wet film to a substrate includes a slot die
positionable adjacent to the substrate and including a discharge end from which a coating
al is dischargeable onto the substrate to form the wet film. The apparatus also es
an air pressure regulation system operable to control width and thickness of the wet film
relative to the substrate by adjusting air pressure adjacent the discharge end of the slot die as
the coating material is discharged onto the substrate.
In one refinement of the aspect the air re regulation system includes an enclosure at
least partially surrounding the discharge end of said slot die, and a vacuum source coupled
with the enclosure.
In another refinement of the aspect the apparatus further includes a sensor configured to
determine the width of the wet stripe and e a corresponding sensor signal entative
of the width. The apparatus also includes a controller responsive to the sensor signal to adjust
an amount of vacuum d by the vacuum source to the enclosure when the sensor signal is
representative of a width that ponds to a value other than a predetermined value.
In another refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is between about 4.7 millimeters
and about 5.3 millimeters.
In another refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is between about 6.7 millimeters
and about 7.5 eters.
In another refinement of the aspect the vacuum source is coupled with the enclosure at a
location upstream from the wet film.
In another ent of the aspect the enclosure es a pair of vacuum outlets positioned
opposite one r.
In another refinement of the aspect the apparatus filrther includes a moving web of the
substrate with the web being formed of a polymer material on which a plurality of electrode
patterns may be positioned. The slot die is positionable over the electrode patterns such that
the coating material is dischargeable from the discharge end to form the wet film on the
electrode patterns.
In another refinement of the aspect a coating gap in the range of about 40 um to about 450 um
extends between the discharge end of the slot die and the substrate.
In another refinement of the aspect the apparatus further es a roller system operable to
move a web of the substrate ve to the slot die.
In another refinement of the aspect the apparatus further includes a oir containing a
quantity of the coating material, and the coating material includes a reagent for producing an
optical or electrochemical signal in the ce of a test analyte.
In another refinement of the aspect the test analyte is glucose and the reagent includes at least
one of an , co-enzyme and co-factor.
In another aspect, a method for applying a wet film to a substrate es applying a coating
material from a discharge end of a slot die onto the substrate to form the wet film on the
substrate; controlling a thickness of the wet film relative to the substrate by adjusting a
pressure differential existing between an upstream side of the slot die and a downstream side
of the slot die; and maintaining a constant coating gap between the discharge end of the slot
die and the substrate while controlling the thickness of the wet film.
In one refinement of the aspect adjusting the pressure ential includes changing an
amount of vacuum applied adjacent to the upstream side of the discharge end of the slot die.
In another refinement of the aspect ing the pressure differential is performed in response
to determining that a width of the wet film corresponds to a value other than a predetermined
value.
In another refinement of the aspect the predetermined value is n about 2.5 millimeters
and 7.5 millimeters.
In another refinement of the aspect the method further es maintaining a constant flow
rate of the coating material through the slot die while controlling the thickness of the wet film.
In another refinement of the aspect the method further includes moving the substrate relative
to the slot die, and maintaining a constant rate of nt of the substrate relative to the slot
die while controlling the thickness of the wet film.
In another refinement of the aspect the g gap is n about 40 um and about 450
In another refinement of the aspect the coating material includes a reagent for producing an
optical or electrochemical signal in the presence of a test analyte.
Another aspect of the present application is a unique technique for forming test elements
useful for measuring the presence and/or concentrations of selected analytes in test samples.
Other aspects include unique methods, systems, devices, kits, assemblies, equipment, and/or
apparatus related to slot die coating processes, including those used to apply a reagent
material to a test element.
Further s, embodiments, forms, features, benefits, objects, and advantages shall become
apparent from the detailed description and figures provided herewith.
is a diagrammatic illustration of a slot die coating tus.
is an enlarged, side plan view of a slot die assembly of the apparatus of
is a front, plan view of the slot die assembly illustrated in rotated ninety degrees
relative to the view of
is an enlarged, diagrammatic illustration of an operation for applying a coating
material to a ate with the slot die coating tus illustrated in
is a diagrammatic illustration of a vacuum supply system configured to be coupled
with the slot die assembly of
is a side plan view of a substrate material on which a wet film has been formed.
is a diagrammatic ration of a system for controlling operation of the slot die
coating apparatus of and vacuum supply system of
FIGS. 8-9 are cal illustrations of the thickness profile of a layer of reagent material
across its width.
is a perspective view of a portion of a web of substrate material from which a
plurality of test elements will be obtained.
is a cal illustration representing the relationship between various process
parameters of slot die coating techniques.
For purposes ofpromoting an understanding of the principles of the ion, reference will
now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and c language will be
used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of
the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated
device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein
being contemplated as would ly occur to one d in the art to which the invention
relates.
Systems, apparatuses, ques and processes for applying a wet film of a coating material
to a substrate using a slot die are provided. In one aspect, air pressure adjacent to and/or
around a discharge end of the slot die are regulated in order to control the width and thickness
of the wet film of coating material that is being d to the substrate. More particularly, in
one form, a vacuum source is applied to an upstream side of the slot die and the amount of
vacuum applied by the vacuum source is regulated as appropriate to control the width and
thickness of the wet film of the coating material that is being d to the substrate. By way
of non-limiting example, controlling the width and thickness of the wet film can include
maintaining the width and thickness at a certain value or within a range of values and/or
changing the width and ess. In one aspect, regulation of the vacuum source
automatically occurs following a determination that the width of the wet film of coating
material applied to the substrate falls outside of a predetermined range. Moreover, while
bed herein below in connection with the application of the coating material in the form
of a reagent material to a web of substrate material from which a ity of test elements
will be obtained, it should be appreciated that the systems, apparatuses, ques and
ses disclosed herein may also be used in connection with the application of one or more
different coating materials to one or more different types of substrates. Further aspects and
features of the present application are described with respect to the rated embodiments as
follows.
Referring to there is illustrated a slot die g apparatus 10 red to apply a
coating material 12 in the form of reagent al 14 (see for e) to a web 16 of
substrate material 18 from which a plurality of test elements are ed. Apparatus 10
includes a plurality of rollers 20a-c through which web 16 is fed. More particularly, with
reference to roller 20b for example, it is rotated in a ise ion as indicated by arrow
A as web 16 is fed through apparatus 10. Apparatus 10 also includes a slot die assembly 22
positioned adjacent to roller 20b, a reservoir 21 fluidly coupled with slotdie assembly 22 by
conduit 21a and configured to hold a quantity of coating material 12, and a vacuum system 23
coupled with slot die assembly 22 by conduits 23a, only one of which is illustrated in
Further details of these es will be provided below in connection with FIGS. 2-5.
More particularly, slot die assembly 22 includes a slot die head 26 and a housing 28 that
cooperates with slot die head 26 and to which vacuum system 23 is coupled as will be
discussed below. Slot die head 26 includes an upstream bar 30 positioned opposite of a
downstream bar 32. As illustrated in for example, slot die head 26 includes a discharge
end 35 that includes a generally planar surface 31 on upstream bar 30 facing web 16 and a
generally planar surface 33 on ream bar 32 facing web 16. In the illustrated form,
surface 31 is offset toward web 16 relative to e 33, although forms in which es 31,
33 are even or surface 33 is offset toward web 16 relative to surface 31 are also contemplated.
A slot 36 is formed between upstream bar 30 and downstream bar 32 and opens through slot
die head 26 adjacent to surfaces 31, 33. Slot 36 generally allows coating material 12 to be
passed through slot die head 26 onto web 16, which is positioned between roller 20b and slot
die head 26. In one form, upstream bar 30 and downstream bar 32 may be adjustably movable
relative to one another to allow changes to the dimensions of slot 36 positioned therebetween.
Further, in other non-illustrated forms, upstream bar 30 may e a drip bib coupled
therewith.
Turning now to housing 28, it includes a pair of oppositely positioned lateral side panels 38,
40, with side panel 38 extending between a first end 42 and a second end 44 and side panel 40
extending between a first end 46 and a second end 48. As illustrated in for e,
side panel 38 includes a concavely shaped surface 39 extending between first end 42 and
second end 44. In addition, side panel 40 also includes a surface 41 extending between first
end 46 and second end 48 that is concavely shaped similar to surface 39. The concavity of
WO 39767
surfaces 39, 41 is generally configured to correspond to the convexity of roller 20b such that
side panels 38, 40 can be positioned against or in close proximity to roller 20b. However, in
other non-illustrated forms, different configurations for surfaces 39, 41 are plated. As
rated in for example, upstream bar 30 and a portion of downstream bar 32 are
positioned between side panels 38, 40 and between first ends 42, 46 and second ends 44, 48
thereof such that slot 36 is also positioned n side panels 38, 40 and between first ends
42, 46 and second ends 44, 48. A cross member 50 extends between side panels 38, 40
adjacent second ends 44, 48 on a first side of housing 28 facing roller 20b, and a back panel
51 extends between side panels 38, 40 on an opposite second side. In one or more non-
illustrated forms, cross member 50 can include a recessed portion through which web 16
extends as it is moved along roller 20b. Cross member 50 may also include portions on
opposite sides of the recessed portion, when present, which can be positioned against or in
close proximity to roller 20b.
While not previously discussed, it should be appreciated that side panels 38, 40 and cross
member 50 can be positioned in close proximity with roller 20b such that a lly enclosed
environment or chamber 58 is provided upstream from slot 36. Further, as will be explained
in greater detail below, surfaces 31, 33 of slot die head 26 are positioned in relatively close
proximity to web 16. Similarly, this arrangement of slot die head 26 relative to web 16, as
well as the discharge of coating material 12 from slot 36, generally encloses or seals chamber
58 adjacent to first ends 42, 46 of side panels 38, 40 as coating material 12 is applied to web
16. In view of the foregoing, it should be appreciated that chamber 58 is generally enclosed or
sealed from the surrounding environment when coating material 12 is applied to web 16. It
should be appreciated that it is not necessary for chamber 58 to be entirely sealed from the
surrounding environment, although forms in which it is sealed in such a manner are also
contemplated. Rather, it is lly ent for r 58 to be sealed or enclosed from
the surrounding environment in a manner that allows air re within chamber 58 to be
controlled relative to the surrounding environment, further details of which will be provided
below. In one form for e, it is plated that housing 28 can be positioned relative
to roller 20b such that a gap n about 5 pm and 250 um extends between roller 20b and
surfaces 39, 41. Forms in which housing 28 is positioned in contact with roller 20b are also
contemplated. For example, in one form, surfaces 39, 41 of side panels 38, 40 and cross
member 50 can be formed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or another suitable material that
allows side panels 38, 40 and cross member 50 to be positioned against roller 20b while it is
rotated. In another form, one or more rubber, silicone or other suitable seals can be oned
on surfaces 39, 41 and cross member 50 such that side panels 38, 40 and cross member 50 are
positioned in close proximity or adjacent to roller 20b with the seals filling any gap
therebetween.
Housing 28 also includes a pair of oppositely positioned outlets 60, 62 which open into
chamber 58 opposite of one another and upstream from slot die head 26. In the illustrated
form, outlets 60, 62 are d by conduits 23a with vacuum system 23 that is le to
regulate air pressure in r 58. More particularly, with reference to for example,
there is provided a diagrammatic illustration of one miting form for vacuum system 23
that can be utilized for regulating air pressure in chamber 58. Vacuum system 23 includes a
blower 72 that is coupled in fluid ication with baffle tank 74 by conduit 76. Blower
72 is lly configured to pull air toward it and away from baffle tank 74 to create a
vacuum. In other lustrated forms, it is contemplated that the vacuum can be created
using a pump or other s in addition to or in lieu ofblower 72. Conduits 23a extend from
baffle tank 74 and are coupled with outlets 60, 62 of housing 28. Similarly, the vacuum
applied to baffle tank 74 by blower 72 is transferable from baffle tank 74 through conduits
23a to chamber 58. System 23 also includes a conduit 82 that is coupled with and extends
between a drain outlet of housing 28 and drain tank 84 and is operable to drain any liquid that
may collect in housing 28.
System 23 further includes a flow control valve 86 that is positioned between blower 72 and
baffle tank 74 and in communication with the vacuum force present in conduit 76 when
blower 72 is operating. A breather 88 is positioned adjacent to control valve 86 and is
operable to allow ambient air into conduit 76 in response to certain operations of control
valve 86. For example, in one form, vacuum system 23 may e one or more sensors
configured to determine the th or level of the vacuum force in conduit 76, baffle tank 74
or chamber 58, just to provide a few non-limiting possibilities, and control valve 86 may be
responsive to the one or more sensors to adjust the amount of ambient air allowed into t
76 to adjust the level of the vacuum force of system 23. In this or other forms, system 23 may
also include one or more controllers, such as a frequency inverter driver, configured to control
the operation ofblower 72 such that the amount or force of the vacuum created by blower 72
is adjusted in response to the vacuum levels measured by the one or more sensors. As
ted above, the illustrated form of vacuum system 23 is non-limiting, and it should be
further appreciated that other forms and arrangements are le and contemplated for
system 23.
Referring again to further details regarding the application of coating material 12 to
web 16 to form wet film 15 thereon will now be provided. It should be appreciated that
housing 28 and roller 20b are not illustrated in in order to enhance clarity. In addition,
the following parameters and description are applicable to the ation of coating material
12 in the form of reagent material 14 to web. Similarly, it should be iated that
alternative values for the process parameters sed below may be applicable to the slot die
coating technique described herein for use with other forms of coating material 12 or upon the
occurrence of other changes. In addition, it should also be appreciated that the below-
described parameters may also change as the desired thickness T and width W ( of wet
film 15 changes from the values described below.
Discharge end 35 of slot die head 26 is positioned in close proximity to web 16 such that a
coating gap CG extends therebetween. In one non-limiting form, coating gap CG is between
about 20 um and about 600 pm. In another more particular form, coating gap CG is n
about 40 um and about 450 um. Still, in another more particular form, coating gap GC is
between about 40 pm and about 200 pm. However, it should be appreciated that alternative
values for coating gap GC are possible and contemplated and can be affected by the rheology
and weight of coating material 12, surface tension and speed of web 16, the radius of roller
20b, the lengths of upstream and downstream bars 30, 32 of slot die head 26, inlet gap and
length of slot die head 26, and the angle, if any, of upstream bar 30 ve to the downstream
bar 32.
In one form for applying reagent material 14, slot 36 includes a width between side panels
38, 40 between about 4 millimeters and about 10 millimeters. In another more particular form
for applying reagent material 14, the width of slot 36 between side panels 38, 40 ofhousing
28 is 5 millimeters. In r more particular form for applying reagent material 14, the
width of slot 36 between side panels 38, 40 ofhousing 28 is 7 eters. Still, other values
for the width of slot 36 between side panels 38, 40 of housing 28 are possible. In on, slot
36 also includes a height 37 between am bar 30 and downstream bar 32 between about
100 um and about 300 pm. In ular forms where the width of slot 36 is 5 millimeters of 7
eters, height 37 is about 250 pm. As illustrated in for example, slot die head 26
generally extends orthogonally to web 16 at the location where discharge end 35 is positioned
adjacent o. However, in other forms it is also contemplated that slot die head 26 can
extend obliquely relative to web 16. In addition, as best seen in for example, slot die
head 26 is oriented at an oblique angle relative to central axis 25 of roller 20b which, in one
form, can be between about 10 degrees and about 25 degrees, although other variations are
also contemplated.
As indicated above, web 16 is moved relative to slot die assembly 22 by rollers 20a—c of
apparatus 10. In one form, web 16 is moved relative to slot die ly 22 at a rate between
about 35.0 m/min and about 45.0 m/min. In another more particular form, web 16 is moved
relative to slot die assembly 22 at a rate n about 38.0 m/min and about 44 m/min,
although other variations for the rate at which web 16 is moved are contemplated depending
on the desired width and thickness of the coating relative to the particular application of the
method and apparatus disclosed herein, and also depending on the flow rate of the discharged
coating material. For example, in certain experimental coating processes described in greater
detail below in the “EXAMPLES” section of the subject document, the web was moved
relative to the slot die assembly at a rate n about 8.0 m/min and 12.0 m/min, and more
particularly at a rate of about 10.0 m/min.
As web 16 is moved relative to slot die assembly 22, coating al 12 is delivered to slot
die head 26 from reservoir 21 using, by way of non-limiting example, one or more pumps,
pistons, es, or bladder systems. Coating material 12 is forced through slot die head 26
and exits slot 36 at discharge end 35 where it is d onto web 16 of substrate 18 to form
wet film 15 which includes a width W and a thickness T relative to web 16 as rated in
for example. In one form, the discharge rate of coating material 12 from discharge end
is between about 10.0 mL/min and about 20.0 mL/min. In another more particular form,
the discharge rate of coating al 12 from discharge end 35 is between about 12.0 mL/min
and about 18.0 mL/min. In another form, the discharge rate of coating material 12 from
discharge end 35 is between about 15.0 mL/min and about 18.0 mL/min. Still, other variations
for the rate at which coating material 12 is rged from discharge end 35 are also
contemplated, and can be dependent on, amongst other things, the desired width and thickness
of the g relative to the particular application of the method and apparatus disclosed
herein, and also on the rate at which web 16 is moved relative to slot die head 22. For
example, in n experimental g processes described in greater detail below in the
“EXAMPLES” section of the subject document, the discharge rate of coating al from
the slot die head was between about 2.0 mL/min and about 4.0 mL/min.
In one form, the targeted width W of wet film 15 is between about 4 millimeters and about 8
millimeters. In a more particular form, the targeted width W of wet film 15 is between about 5
millimeters and about 7 millimeters. In another more particular form, the targeted width W of
wet film 15 is between about 4.7 millimeters and about 5.3 millimeters. In still another more
particular form, the targeted width W of wet film 15 is between about 6.7 millimeters and
about 7.5 millimeters. In addition, in one form the targeted thickness T of wet film 15 is
between about 20 um and about 200 um. In another more particular form, the targeted
thickness T of wet film is between about 40 um and about 100 um. However, it should be
appreciated that alternative values for the targeted width W and ess T of wet film 15 are
also contemplated.
also illustrates that a first pressure P1 is present downstream of slot die head 26 and
that a second pressure P2 is t upstream from slot die head 26. More particularly, first
pressure P1 is indicative of ambient air pressure in the atmosphere nding apparatus 10,
while second pressure P2 is indicative of air pressure in chamber 58 of housing en
vacuum system 23 applies a vacuum force to chamber 58, second pressure P2 is less than first
pressure P1 and the difference between first pressure P1 and second pressure P2 defines a
coating vacuum. In one form, the coating vacuum is between about 1 inch of H20 (0.2491
kPa) and about 10 inches ofH20 (2.4908 kPa). In another form, the coating vacuum is
between about 2 inches of H20 (0.4982 kPa) and about 9 inches of H20 (2.2417 kPa). In still
another form, the coating vacuum is between about 1 inch ofH20 (0.2491 kPa) and about 6
inches ofH20 (1.4945 kPa). In yet another form, the coating vacuum is between about 1 inch
of H20 (0.2491 kPa) and about 4 inches of H20 3 kPa). However, it should be
iated that other values for the coating vacuum are contemplated and fall within the
scope of the subject document.
It has been surprisingly discovered that adjustments to the coating vacuum can be used to
l in real time the width W and thickness T of wet film 15 that will be applied to web 16.
More particularly, increases in the amount of vacuum force applied to chamber 58 by vacuum
system 23 will generally result in increases to the width W of wet film 15 that is formed by
coating material 12 applied to web 16 following the increase in the amount of vacuum force.
Moreover, it should be appreciated that, by way of non-limiting example, a 0.3 millimeter
change to a 5.0 millimeter width W of wet film 15 will result in a 6% change in the thickness
T of wet film 15. Similarly, regulating the width W of wet film 15 by controlling the amount
ofvacuum force applied to chamber 58 is an effective way of lling the thickness T of
wet film 15 along web 16. Further, the ability to control thickness T of wet film 15 in this
manner provides an improved approach for ing and maintaining relative tency
and uniformity in the thickness T of wet film 15 along web 16. Similarly, each of the test
elements obtained from web 16 will have a more uniform thickness T of t material 14,
thereby resulting in greater lot to lot tency in the finished test elements.
One non-limiting approach for maintaining consistency and uniformity in width W, and in
turn thickness T, of wet film 15 will now be described in connection with the schematic
ration of system 100 in More particularly, system 100 includes apparatus 10,
including vacuum system 23, each of which has been described above. System 100 also
includes a sensor 110 for determining the width W of wet film 15 after it has been applied to
web 16 by apparatus 10. In one form, sensor 110 can be an optical sensor, such as a digital
camera, although other forms for sensor 110 are contemplated. Sensor 110 is also operable to
generate a sensor signal corresponding to the ined width W of wet film 15 and transmit
the sensor signal to a first controller 120. First ller 120 is programmed to determine if
the width W of wet film 15 determined by sensor 110 corresponds to a value other than a
predetermined value or range of values and, if so, transmit a ponding controller signal
to a second controller 140 indicating the changes that must be made to width W of wet film
15 in order to achieve a targeted thickness T of wet film 15 based on the following equation:
ess T = 1Coating al Flow Rate)
(Web Speed)(Width W)
In one form, the predetermined value for width W is 5 millimeters. In another form, the
predetermined value for width W is 7 millimeters. In yet another form, the predetermined
range of values for width W is from 2.5 to about 7.5 millimeters. In another form, the
predetermined range of values for width W is from about 4.7 millimeters to about 5.3
eters. Still, in another form the predetermined range of values for width W is from
about 6.7 millimeters to about 7.5 millimeters. However, it should be appreciated that other
variations in the predetermined value or range of values for width W are possible.
Second controller 140 is lly programmed to control the amount ofvacuum applied by
vacuum system 23 in response to receiving from first controller 120 a controller signal
indicating that s must be made to width W of wet film 15 and/or in response to
receiving a sensor signal from vacuum sensor 130 that is indicative that the actual amount of
vacuum being applied to chamber 58 of housing 28 does not correspond to the amount of
vacuum that should be applied thereto as determined by controller 140. In view of the
foregoing, it should be appreciated that system 100 can, by way of non-limiting example,
automatically and in real-time control the width W, and in turn thickness T, of wet film 15
that is applied to web 16. More particularly, in the event any width W of wet film 15
determined by sensor 110 does not correspond to the predetermined value or range of values,
then the amount um applied by vacuum system 23 will automatically be adjusted as
appropriate to bring width W of wet film 15 back to the predetermined value or within the
range of predetermined values. Amongst other things, automatically adjusting the width W of
wet film 15 in this manner results in a more uniform and tent thickness T of wet film 15
along web 16, which in the case ofreagent material 14, results in greater consistency between
the individual test elements that will be obtained from web 14 to which wet film 15 is applied.
In on to the foregoing, it has also been singly discovered that lling the
amount um applied to chamber 58 to adjust thickness T of wet film 15 results in a
more uniform thickness profile of reagent material 14 across the width of a reagent layer
formed after wet film 15 dries. More particularly, provides a graphical illustration of
the thickness profile measured by profilometry with a FRT Non-Contact Profilometer of
reagent al 14 across the width of a dried stripe of reagent al 14 which has been
formed on web 16 ing a coating gap CG in the range of 103-114 mm and without the
application of any vacuum force to adjust width W and thickness T of the wet film. In
contrast, provides a graphical illustration of the thickness profile of reagent material 14
across the width of a dried stripe of reagent material 14 which has been formed on web 16
utilizing a constant 190 um coating gap CG and the application of a vacuum force to control
width W and thickness T of the wet film. As can be seen by comparing the graphical
illustrations of FIGS. 8 and 9, the ation of a vacuum force to control width W and
thickness T of the wet film results in a more uniform and nt thickness T of reagent
material 14 across the width of the dried stripe of reagent material 14.
The settings of the FRT Non-Contact Profilometer used in producing the graphs of FIGS. 8
and 9 were as follows:
' Scan: One-dimension (X-axis only) across the reagent .
' No. of data points = 2000 for both scan widths.
- Scan Width: 7.0 or 9.0 mm depending on width of reagent stripe. Reagent Stripe is
centered within scan.
° Scan Time: imately 11.7 seconds (2000 points at maximum scan rate).
° Minimum Intensity: 30 to 100 range.
' Maximum Working Distance: 3.0 mm.
° Working Distance: 1.7 to 1.8 mm from instrument base surface. Subtracting the
nominal PET film thickness of 10 mils - 1.45 to 1.55 mm.
0 Measurement Spot Diameter in x-y plane: 1 — 2 micron range (dependent on working
distance).
0 Surface Displacement Resolution along z-axis: 10 nm.
As will be iated by those skilled in the art, other profilometers such as the Dektak 111
Surface Profilometer are ably suitable for such type of measurement.
In addition, while not previously sed, it should also be appreciated that adjusting width
W and ess T of wet film 15 by controlling the amount of vacuum applied to chamber 58
also eliminates any need to move slot die head 26 relative to web 16 such that a constant
coating gap CG can be maintained between said slot die head 26 and web 16 as g
material 12 is applied thereto. Furthermore, a constant flow rate of coating material 12
through slot die head 26 and a constant speed of web 16 relative to slot die head 26 can also
be maintained when width W and thickness T of wet film 15 are adjusted by controlling the
amount ofvacuum applied to chamber 58. Likewise, the approach described herein
conveniently only es a change to be made to a single process parameter in order to
adjust the width W and thickness T of wet film 15.
While not previously discussed, it should be appreciated that apparatus 10 and/or system 100
can be provided with additional features useful for processing web 16 either before or after
the formation of wet film 15. For example, in one form, tus 10 also includes a dryer or
drying mechanism that facilitates drying of wet film 15 to form a layer of reagent material 14.
In one aspect, the dried layer of reagent material 14 es a thickness relative to substrate
18 between about 1 pm and about 20 pm, between about 3 pm and about 20 pm, or between
about 2 pm and about 10 pm, although other values for the thickness of the dried layer of
reagent material 14 are also contemplated. Apparatus 10 may also e one or more
cleaners or other components for preparing and/or processing web 16 for application of
coating al 12. One or more g devices can also be included with apparatus 10 to
cut web 16 into a plurality of test elements following the formation and drying wet film 15. In
one form, the test elements include a length between about 20 millimeters and about 50
eters and a width between about 5 eters and about 15 millimeters. In a more
particular form, the test elements include a length between about 33 millimeters and about 38
millimeters and a width between about 7 millimeters and about 9 millimeters.
As indicated above, the ing description regarding the application of coating material 12
has been made in connection with the formation of a wet film layer of reagent material 14 on
web 16 of substrate material 18 fi'om which a plurality of test ts will be obtained. Once
formed, the test elements can be used in a system that is useful for assessing an analyte in a
sample fluid. In one form, the e assessment may range from detecting the ce of
the analyte to determining the concentration of the analyte. The analyte and the sample fluid
may be any for which the test system is appropriate. By way of non—limiting example, one
embodiment is described below in which the analyte is glucose and the sample fluid is blood
or interstitial fluid. r, the assessment of other analytes in different sample fluids is
also contemplated.
The test elements provide an electrochemical sensor including a sample-receiving chamber
for‘ the sample fluid, and reagent material 14 is suitable for producing an electrochemical
signal in the presence of the test analyte. In one form, the test elements are in the form of
disposable test strips. The test elements are used in combination with a meter for
determination of the analyte in the sample fluid. The meter tionally includes a
connection with electrodes on the test elements and circuitry to evaluate the electrochemical
signal corresponding to the concentration of the analyte. The meter may also include means
for determining that the sample fluid has been received by the test element, and that the
amount of sample fluid is sufficient for testing. The meter typically will store and display the
results of the analysis, or may alternatively provide the data to a separate . It will be
appreciated by those of skill in the art that optical sensors (i.e. sensors configured with
reagent material to produce an optical signal in the presence of an analyte) may also be
produced ing to the teachings herein, analogously to electrochemical sensors.
It is contemplated that the test ts may be usefiJI for the determination of a wide variety
of analytes. For example, the test ts may be y adapted for use with t
material 14 having any suitable chemistry that can be used to assess the presence of the
analyte. In one specific form, the test elements are configured and used for the testing of an
analyte in a biological fluid. Such analytes may include, for example, glucose, cholesterol,
HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lactates, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol, uric acid, and 3—
hydroxybutric acid (ketone bodies). Non-limiting examples of ical fluids in which the
analyte can be assessed e any bodily fluid in which the analyte can be measured, such
as titial fluid, dermal fluid, sweat, tears, urine, amniotic fluid, spinal fluid and blood.
The term ” in the context of this document includes whole blood and its cell-free
components, namely plasma and serum. When the test elements are configured for the testing
of glucose, the sample fluid may cally include, for example, fresh capillary blood
obtained from the finger tip or approved alternate sites (e.g., forearm, palm, ear lobe, upper
arm, calf and thigh), and fresh venous blood. In addition, the test elements may also be useful
in connection with control fluids that are used in conventional fashion to verify the integrity
of the system for testing.
The bodily fluid containing the analyte to be assessed may be acquired and delivered to the
test elements in any fashion. For example, a blood sample may be obtained in conventional
fashion by incising the skin, such as with a lancet, and then contacting the test element with
fluid that appears at the skin surface. In one , the test elements are operable for
ing the targeted analyte with only using very small fluid samples. Similarly, in one
aspect, only a slight skin incision is necessary to produce the volume of fluid required for the
test, and the pain and other concerns with such method can be minimized or eliminated.
The test elements which are formed from web 16 on which the layer of t material 14 is
deposited include several basic components. More ularly, the test elements se a
small body defining a chamber in which the sample fluid is received for testing. This
“sample-receiving chamber” may be filled with the sample fluid by suitable means, such as
by capillary action, but also ally assisted by pressure or vacuum. The sample-receiving
chamber includes electrodes and chemistry suitable for producing an electrochemical signal
indicative of the analyte in the sample fluid.
Referring now to for e, a n ofweb 16 is illustrated and includes a
plurality of electrode systems 150a—e which will individually be included on separate test
elements formed from the illustrated portion ofweb 16. Each of the electrode systems lSOa-e
includes a ity of odes and electrode traces which terminate in contact pads. A
portion of layer 17 of reagent material 14 overlies a portion of each of the electrode systems
150a-e. Similarly, it should be appreciated that reagent material 14 is applied to web 16
following the formation of electrode systems 150a—e thereon. Further s regarding the
electrode systems 150a-e, as well as other aspects of the test elements and systems in which
they are used, are provided in US. Patent No. 7,727,467, the ts of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As also illustrated in , reagent layer
17 extends as a narrow stripe along the length of the illustrated portion of web 16 and across
each of the electrode systems 150a-e positioned thereon.
Substrate material 18 of web 16 is formed of an insulating material on which electrode
systems 150a-e are positioned. Typically, plastics such as vinyl polymers, polyimides,
polyesters, and styrenes provide the electrical and ural properties which are required.
Further, because the test elements can be mass producible from rolls of material, it is
desirable that the material properties be appropriate to have sufficient lity for roll
processing, while also giving a useful stiffness to the finished element. Substrate material 18
can be selected as a e polymeric material such as ter, including high temperature
polyester materials; polyethylene naphthalate (PEN); and polyimide, or mixtures of two or
more of these. Polyimides are available commercially, for example under the trade name
Kapton®, from E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. (duPont). One
specific possibility for substrate material 18 is MELINEX® 329 available from duPont.
The test elements are configured to detect the ce of, and/or measure the concentration
of, an analyte by way of electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions. These reactions
are transduced to an ical signal that can be correlated to an amount or concentration of
the analyte. Similar, the electrode system on each test element includes a set of measuring
electrodes, e.g., at least a working electrode and a counter electrode, that are positioned within
the sample-receiving chamber. The sample-receiving chamber is configured such that sample
fluid entering the chamber is placed in olytic t with both the working electrode
and the counter electrode. This allows electrical current to flow between the measuring
electrodes to effect the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte.
A “working ode” is an electrode at which the analyte is electrooxidized or
electroreduced with or without the agency of a redox or, while the term “counter
ode” refers herein to an electrode that is paired with the working electrode and through
which passes an electrochemical current equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the
current passed through the working electrode. The term “counter electrode” is meant to
include counter electrodes which also function as nce electrodes (i.e., counter/reference
electrodes).
The working and counter electrodes, and the remaining ns of the ode system, may
be formed from a variety of materials. In one aspect, the electrodes should have a relatively
low electrical resistance and should be electrochemically inert over the operating range of the
test elements. Suitable conductors for the working electrode include gold, palladium,
platinum, carbon, titanium, ruthenium dioxide, and indium tin oxide, and iridium, as well as
others. The counter electrode may be made of the same or different materials, e.g.,
silver/silver chloride. In one c embodiment, the working and counter electrodes are
both gold electrodes.
The electrodes may be applied to substrate material 18 in any fashion that yields electrodes of
adequate conductivity and integrity. Exemplary processes e sputtering and printing, just
to provide a few miting ilities. In one specific form, gold electrodes are provided
by coating substrate material 18 and then removing selected portions of the coating to yield
the electrode system. One particular method for removing portions of the coating include laser
ablation, and more particularly broad field laser ablation, as disclosed in US. Patent No.
246, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Laser ablative techniques typically e ablating a single metallic layer or a multi-layer
composition that includes an insulating material and a conductive material, e.g., a metallic-
laminate of a metal layer coated on or laminated to an insulating al. The metallic layer
may contain pure metals, alloys, or other als, which are metallic conductors. Examples
of metals or metallic-like conductors include: aluminum, carbon (such as graphite), ,
copper, gallium, gold, indium, iridium, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury (as an amalgam),
nickel, niobium, , palladium, platinum, rhenium, rhodium, selenium, silicon (such as
highly doped polycrystalline silicon), silver, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, m,
vanadium, zinc, zirconium, mixtures thereof, and alloys or solid solutions of these materials.
In one , the materials are selected to be essentially unreactive to biological systems,
miting examples of which include gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, silver, or alloys
of these metals or iridium tin oxide. The metallic layer may be any desired thickness which, in
one particular form, is about 500 nm.
The electrode system may have a variety of configurations suited to the operation of the test
elements and corresponding meter. In one form, the working and counter electrodes are
positioned and dimensioned to minimize the volume of sample fluid required to cover them.
In addition, the electrodes may also be configured to maintain a current flux of sufficient
magnitude as to be measurable using a relatively inexpensive hand-held meter.
By way of r example, one specific form includes a counter electrode which extends
around both sides of the working electrode. The counter electrode therefore has two elements,
one in front of the working electrode and the other behind the working electrode, as the
sample fluid enters the sample-receiving chamber. More specifically, the counter electrode
includes elements which extend across the -receiving chamber. Each of these elements
is about 250 um wide. The working electrode element has a width of about 250 um, and is
spaced from each of the two counter electrode elements by about 255 pm. It should be
iated however that the foregoing is only one of a number of configurations for the
measuring electrodes.
The ode traces and contact pads may be provided in a variety of fashions consistent with
their intended fiinction ve to the test element. These components of the electrode system
may be composed of the same material as the odes, and are d to the base substrate
in the same manner and simultaneously with the ation of the electrodes. In one specific
embodiment, the traces and contact pads are gold, and are formed by laser on,
particularly as described in U.S. Patent No. 246, which was incorporated by reference
herein above. However, ate als and methods of application may be employed.
Reagent material 14 is operable to react with the test analyte to produce the electrochemical
signal that represents the presence of the analyte in the sample fluid. The reagent layer 17 can
include a variety of active components selected to determine the presence and/or
concentration of various es. The test chemistry is therefore selected in respect to the
e to be assessed. As is well known in the art, there are numerous chemistries available
for use with each of various analytes. For example, in one particular form, the reagent layer
17 can include one or more enzymes, co-enzymes, and co-factors, which can be selected to
determine the presence of glucose in blood. In a more specific form where the analyte is
glucose, the active components of reagent material 14 will typically e an
oxidoreductase, such as an enzyme for glucose; optionally a co—enzyme or co-factor; and a
redox mediator. These components are typically dissolved or suspended in a matrix. The
liquid test sample hydrates or dissolves the matrix, and the analyte diffuses through the matrix
to react with one or more of the active components. Typically, the enzyme oxidizes the
glucose in the test sample to gluconolactone and/or gluconic acid. The mediator, in turn,
reacts with or oxidizes the reduced enzyme, and consequently the mediator is d in the
process. The reduced or can be detected at one of the electrodes on the test strip. More
specific details regarding a specific form of t material 14 for determining the presence
of glucose in blood are found in U.S. Patent No. 7,727,467, the ts of which were
incorporated herein above by reference in their entirety.
In conventional fashion, reagent al 14 may include a variety of adjuvants to enhance
various properties or characteristics f. See e.g., U.S. Patent No. 7,749,437 referred to
hereinabove. For example, reagent material 14 may include materials to facilitate the
placement of reagent material 14 onto web 16 and to improve its adherence to web 16, or for
sing the rate of hydration ofreagent material 14 by the sample fluid. Additionally,
reagent material 14 can include components selected to enhance the physical properties of the
resulting dried t layer, and the uptake of a liquid test sample for analysis. Examples of
adjuvant materials to be used with reagent material 14 e thickeners, viscosity
2012/001599
modulators, film formers, stabilizers, buffers, detergents, gelling agents, , film openers,
coloring agents, and agents endowing thixotropy.
Non-limiting examples of thickeners that may be included in reagent material 14 include (1)
starches, gums (e.g., pectin, guar gum, locust bean (carob seed) gum, konjac gum, xanthan
gum, alginates, and agar), casein, gelatin, and phycocolloids; (2) cellulose and semi-synthetic
cellulose derivatives (carboxymethyl-cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyrnethylcellulose,
hydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose); (3) polyvinyl alcohol and carboxy-
vinylates; and (4) bentonite, silicates, and colloidal silica. More specific forms of thickeners
include a combination of a xanthan gum sold under the trade name Keltrol F by GP Kelco US,
Inc., and carboxylmethyl cellulose sold under the trade name N® CMC 7F PH by
Hercules Inc., n Division.
Film forming and thixotropic agents that can be included in reagent material 14 include
polymers and silica. One more specific thixotropic agent includes silica sold under the trade
name saure Sipemate FK 320 DS by Degussa AG, while a more specific film forming
agent includes nylpyrrolidone, sold under the trademark nylpyrrolidone Kollidon
, by BASF, and polyvinyl propionate dispersion.
Stabilizers for the enzyme in reagent material 14 can be selected from sacchhrides and mono—
or di-fatty acid salts. More specific stabilizers e trehalose sold under the trade name D—
(+)-Trehalose dihydrate by Sigma Chemical Co. and sodium ate.
Non-limiting examples of detergents that can be included in reagent al 14 include
water-soluble soaps, as well as water-soluble tic surface-active compounds such as
alkali, earth alkali or optionally substituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids, e.g., oleic or
stearic acid, es of natural fatty acids, for example, from coconut or tallow oil, fatty
sulphates, esters of sulphonic acids, salts of alkyl sulphonic acids taurine salts of fatty acids,
fatty acid amides, and ester amides. More specific forms of detergents include an ester amide,
n—octanoyl-N-methylglucamide, sold under the trade name Mega-8 by Dojindo Molecular
logies, Inc., and a fatty acid salt, N—methyl oleyl taurate sodium salt, sold under the
trade name Geropon T77 by Rhodia HPCII (Home, Personal Care and Industrial Ingredients).
In one form, reagent material 14 is formulated as a viscous solution that includes thickeners
and thixotropic agents to enhance the al properties of t layer 17. The thickeners
are selected to provide a thick, liquid matrix having the remaining components
homogeneously dispersed therein. The thickening and thixotropic agents also inhibit the
liquid or aste material from running or spreading over the surface of web 16 after it has
been deposited and before it dries. After reagent al 14 is deposited, it quickly dries to a
readily hydratable matrix.
An example of a test t that is configured for use with electrochemical techniques and
includes a layer of reagent material that can be applied in accordance with the techniques
disclosed herein is the ACCU-CHEK® Aviva test strip, which is described more fully in US.
Patent No. 7,727,467, the disclosure of which was incorporated herein above by reference in
its entirety. This exemplary test element is distributed in the United States by Roche
stics Corporation of Indianapolis, Indiana.
EXAMPLES
The following es are for illustration es and are not to be construed as limiting
the invention disclosed in this document to only the embodiments disclosed in these
examples.
EXAMPLE I
The following examples are being provided to illustrate the relationship between flow rate,
coating gap and vacuum parameters associated with the application of reagent material 14 to
web 16. Each of Examples A-G set forth below indicates the vacuum that must be applied to
maintain a 7 millimeter wet film width as the coating gap is increased at a plurality of
ent flow rates of reagent material 14 and with the substrate being moved relative to the
slot die head at a rate of about 10 m/min.
ExamgleA
(mL/min)
ExamQIeB
(mL/min)
(mL/min)
ExamgleD
(mL/min)
ExamgleE
ExampleF
(mL/min)
Reagent flow rate Coating Gap Mean (um) Vacuum (kPa)
(mL/min)
85.2
97.2 0.4359 '
3.5 109.0
121.5
133-9
149-1
161-7
1744
187-1
further provides a graphical representation of the relationship n the ters
of each Examples A-G. As indicated above, these Examples are not to be construed as
limiting the invention disclosed in this document. Moreover, it should also be appreciated that
one or more of the values disclosed in these Examples may change as various process
parameters, such as web speed and/or reagent flow rates, change.
In one embodiment, a technique for ng a g material with a slot die apparatus
includes adjusting air pressure around at least a portion of the discharge end of the slot die in
order to control the width and thickness of a wet film of the coating material being applied to
the substrate. Among other things, this technique allows the coating gap between the
discharge end of the slot die and the substrate to be increased, which results in reduced wet
film deformities, such as streaking, caused by debris trapped between the slot die and the
substrate. Increased coating gaps also reduce the impact that variations in the ate
thickness have on the coating process. In addition, the ability to control the width and
thickness of the wet film also increases thickness mity along the substrate and across
the width of the wet film which, in the case of the substrate being used to form test elements
for measuring the presence and/or concentrations of selected analytes in test samples, results
in greater lot to lot consistency and cy in the test elements. Without being limited to
any particular form, in one aspect of this embodiment the g al comprises a
reagent material for detecting the presence and/or concentration of glucose in a bodily fluid,
such as blood. However, in other aspects it is also contemplated that the g material
could be any material suitable for application with a slot die coating process.
WO 39767
In another embodiment, a method for forming a narrow, uous stripe or wet film of
coating material having a width of less than about 9 millimeters and a thickness of less than
about 100 pm on a substrate includes adjusting air pressure around at least a portion of a
discharge end of a slot die in order to control the width and thickness of the wet film of the
coating material on the substrate. One aspect of this embodiment includes maintaining
constant one or more of the flow rate of the coating material, the coating gap between the slot
die and the substrate, and the speed of the substrate ve to the slot die as the width and
thickness of the wet film of the coating material are controlled. In another aspect of this
embodiment, control of the width and thickness of the wet film includes one or both of
maintaining a constant width and thickness of the wet film and changing the width and
thickness of the wet film. In yet another aspect, the air pressure around at least a portion of the
discharge end of the slot die is automatically ed in response to a ination that a
portion of the wet film already applied to the substrate has a width that does not pond to
a predetermined value or fall within a range of predetermined values. In one form of this
aspect, the air pressure is automatically adjusted in a manner that results in subsequently
applied wet film having a width that ponds to the predetermined value of falls within
the range ofpredetermined values.
While the invention has been rated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing
description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being
understood that only certain embodiments have been shown and described and that all
changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the inventions are desired to be
ted. It should be tood that while the use of words such as preferable, preferably,
preferred or more preferred utilized in the description above indicate that the feature so
bed may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary and embodiments
lacking the same may be contemplated as within the scope of the invention, the scope being
defined by the claims that follow. In g the claims, it is intended that when words such
as “a,” “an,” “at least one,” or “at least one portion” are used there is no intention to limit the
claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claim. When the
language “at least a portion” and/or “a portion” is used the item can include a portion and/or
the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary.
The following is a list of embodiments of the invention:
1. A method for applying a wet film to a substrate, comprising:
applying a coating material a discharge rate about 2 ml/min to about 20 ml/min from a
discharge end of a slot die onto a moving web of said substrate at a moving rate of about 10.0
m/min to about 45.0 m/min to form said wet film on said substrate, said wet film including a
width and a thickness relative to said substrate, wherein said discharge end of said slot die
comprises an upstream bar and a downstream bar, each bar having an essentially planar land
surface facing said moving web, and wherein a nt coating gap of about 100 µm to about
450 µm is maintained between said discharge end of said slot die and said moving web;
applying a vacuum force adjacent said discharge end of said slot die, wherein said
vacuum force creates a pressure differential between an am side of said discharge end
and a downstream side of said rge end, and n said pressure differential is
between about 1 inch of H2O and about 10 inches of H2O; and
adjusting said vacuum force in real-time while applying said coating material to
control said width and thickness of said wet film.
2. The method of embodiment 1, which further includes sensing said width of said wet
film, and wherein ing said vacuum force is performed in response to determining said
width corresponds to a value other than a predetermined value.
3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein said predetermined value is about 5
millimeters.
4. The method of embodiment 2, wherein said predetermined value is about 7
millimeters.
. The method of embodiment 2, wherein said predetermined value is between about 4.7
eters and about 5.3 millimeters.
6. The method of embodiment 2, wherein said ermined value is between about 6.7
millimeters and about 7.5 eters.
7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said substrate is formed of a polymer material
on which a ity of electrode patterns is positioned.
8. The method of embodiment 7, which includes ng said coating material from said
discharge end of said slot die over said electrode ns to form said wet film on said
electrode patterns.
9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein applying said vacuum force includes
positioning a vacuum box adjacent said discharge end of said slot die, said vacuum box
including a pair of vacuum outlets positioned opposite one another and upstream from said
wet film.
. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said coating gap is between about 160 µm and
about 200 µm.
11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said coating material includes a reagent for
producing an electrochemical signal in the presence of a test analyte.
12. The method of embodiment 11, wherein said test analyte is glucose and said reagent
includes at least one of an , yme and tor.
13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said thickness of said wet film is between
about 40 µm and about 100 µm.
14. The method of embodiment 1, which further includes drying said wet film to provide a
dried layer of said coating material on said substrate, said dried layer of said coating material
ing a dried thickness between about 3 µm and about 20 µm.
. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said discharge rate is about 2 ml/min to about 4
ml/min.
16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said moving rate is about 10 m/min.
17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said coating gap is about 190 µm.
18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said pressure differential is about 2 inches of
H2O to about 6 inches of H2O.
Claims (19)
1. A method for applying a wet film to a substrate, comprising: applying a coating material a discharge rate about 2 ml/min to about 20 ml/min from a rge end of a slot die onto a moving web of said substrate at a moving rate of about 10.0 5 m/min to about 45.0 m/min to form said wet film on said substrate, said wet film including a width and a thickness relative to said substrate, wherein said discharge end of said slot die comprises an upstream bar and a downstream bar, each bar having an essentially planar land surface facing said moving web, and n a constant coating gap of about 100 µm to about 450 µm is maintained between said discharge end of said slot die and said moving web; 10 applying a vacuum force adjacent said discharge end of said slot die, wherein said vacuum force creates a pressure differential between an upstream side of said discharge end and a downstream side of said discharge end, and wherein said pressure differential is n about 1 inch of H2O and about 10 inches of H2O; and adjusting said vacuum force in real-time while applying said g material to 15 control said width and/or thickness of said wet film.
2. The method of claim 1, which further includes sensing said width of said wet film, and wherein adjusting said vacuum force is med in response to determining said width corresponds to a value other than a ermined value.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said predetermined value is about 5 millimeters. 20
4. The method of claim 2, wherein said predetermined value is about 7 millimeters.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein said predetermined value is n about 4.7 millimeters and about 5.3 millimeters.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein said predetermined value is between about 6.7 millimeters and about 7.5 millimeters. 25
7. The method of any one of the ing claims, wherein said substrate is formed of a polymer material on which a plurality of electrode patterns may be positioned.
8. The method of claim 7, which es applying said coating material from said discharge end of said slot die over said electrode ns to form said wet film on said electrode ns.
9. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein applying said vacuum force 5 includes positioning a vacuum box adjacent said discharge end of said slot die, said vacuum box including a pair of vacuum s positioned opposite one another and upstream from said wet film.
10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said coating gap is between about 160 µm and about 200 µm. 10
11. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said coating material includes a reagent for producing an optical or electrochemical signal in the presence of a test analyte.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said test analyte is glucose and said reagent includes at least one of an enzyme, co-enzyme and co-factor.
13. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said thickness of said wet 15 film is n about 40 µm and about 100 µm.
14. The method of any one of the preceding claims, which further includes drying said wet film to provide a dried layer of said coating material on said ate, said dried layer of said coating material including a dried thickness between about 3 µm and about 20 µm.
15. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said discharge rate is about 2 20 ml/min to about 4 .
16. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said moving rate is about 10 m/min.
17. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said coating gap is about 190 25
18. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said pressure differential is about 2 inches of H2O to about 6 inches of H2O.
19. A method according to claim 1, ntially as herein described or exemplified. WO 39767
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/088,078 | 2011-04-15 | ||
US13/088,078 US8771793B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2011-04-15 | Vacuum assisted slot die coating techniques |
PCT/EP2012/001599 WO2012139767A1 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2012-04-12 | Vacuum assisted slot die coating techniques |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ615400A NZ615400A (en) | 2015-11-27 |
NZ615400B2 true NZ615400B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
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